Journal articles: 'Welfare effects of trade interventions'

1

Zulfiqar, Muhammad, Dilawar Khan, Anwar F. Chishti, Munir Khan, Wasiullah Mr., Ajmal Waheed, Muhammad Zakir, and Robina Karim. "Trade Liberalisation Could Improve Producers Profitability in Agriculture: A Case of Basmati Rice." Pakistan Development Review 48, no. 4II (December 1, 2009): 771–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v48i4iipp.771-782.

Full text

Abstract:

This peace of research has been conducted, as part of PhD research of the first author, with the objectives to (i) identify various protection policies and interventions exercised in Basmati rice economy in Pakistan (ii) estimate welfare effects associated with existing protection policies and (iii) to estimate implications of WTO’s trade liberalisation in domestic economy and foreign markets. The quantitative analysis of data reveals that Basmati rice crop hanged about ‘price tax-cum-export tax’ regime during the study period. Welfare analysis of such policy interventions estimated higher losses to producers (Pak Rs 657.95 million per year) than gains to consumers (Rs 448.76 million per year) during pre-WTO period. The same trend continued during post-WTO period but producers’ losses were comparatively smaller i.e., 649.48 million per year. In case of free trade, simulation results demonstrate greater gains to producers than losses to consumers. If world market was liberalised, supplementary gains in the range of Rs 276.65 million to Rs 451.60 million per year during earlier and Rs 333.45 million to Rs 637.40 million per year during the later period would have occurred at domestic level. In light of analytical results, the following recommendations are made. (i) Government needs to curtail interventions in Basmati rice economy. (ii) Besides, improving the pace of trade liberalisation at domestic level, Pakistan should pursue with other members in WTO’s negotiations for early implementation of WTO’s trade liberalisation on international level. (iii) Government of Pakistan should gear up its efforts as facilitator of trade in accordance with WTO agreements and increase investment in areas of research, development, and out-reach. JEL classification: Q17, Q18, Q28 Keywords: Basmati Rice, Government Intervention, Welfare Effect, Trade Liberalisation, WTO.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Tälle, Malin, Lotten Wiréhn, Daniel Ellström, Mattias Hjerpe, Maria Huge-Brodin, Per Jensen, Tom Lindström, Tina-Simone Neset, Uno Wennergren, and Geneviève Metson. "Synergies and Trade-Offs for Sustainable Food Production in Sweden: An Integrated Approach." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 23, 2019): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030601.

Full text

Abstract:

The production of food can have large impacts on sustainable development in relation to various socio-ecological dimensions, like climate change, the environment, animal welfare, livestock epidemiology, and the economy. To achieve a sustainable food production system in Sweden, an integrated approach that considers all five of these dimensions, and all parts of the food production chain, is necessary. This paper systematically reviewed the literature related to food production in Sweden, especially in association with resource distribution and recycling logistics, and identified potential sustainability interventions and assessed their effects according to the five dimensions. Participation of stakeholders across the food production chain contributed with the focus of the literature search and subsequent synthesis. In general, there were synergies between the sustainability interventions and their effect on climate change and the environment, while there often were trade-offs between effects on the economy and the other dimensions. Few interventions considered effects on animal welfare or livestock epidemiology and few studies dealt with resource distribution and recycling logistics. This indicates that there is a need for future research that considers this in particular, as well as research that considers the whole food production chain and all dimensions at once, and investigates effects across multiple scales.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Tsutsui, Shunichi. "Cost differential and welfare effects of interventionist trade policies in oligopolistic international trade." Japan and the World Economy 3, no. 4 (April 1992): 341–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0922-1425(92)90003-9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Kethryn, Ravire, and Bianca Salonga. "Alternative Comparison of Government Strategies of ASEAN Countries in Addressing Public Welfare Problems During Covid-19." Journal of Asian Multicultural Research for Social Sciences Study 2, no. 2 (May 5, 2021): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47616/jamrsss.v2i2.127.

Full text

Abstract:

Cooperation takes place through ASEAN, ASEAN + 3, and other processes, as well as through cooperation with other organizations. The numerous partnerships address a variety of issues, including prevention in the health sector, economic responses, and tourism and travel interventions. Another growth approach pursued by ASEAN is trade policy. To mitigate the pandemic's effect on inter-country exchange, the ASEAN countries' primary objective is to preserve and restore trade ties by holding markets free. ASEAN interventions in response to the economic effects of the Covid-19 pandemic have been outlined in three categories: economic stimulation, monetary and fiscal policies, and exchange policies, both of which aim to maximize social welfare during the tough periods of the Covid-19 pandemic.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Levi, Retsef, Somya Singhvi, and Yanchong Zheng. "Artificial Shortage in Agricultural Supply Chains." Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 24, no. 2 (March 2022): 746–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/msom.2021.1010.

Full text

Abstract:

Problem definition: Price surge of essential commodities despite inventory availability, due to artificial shortage, presents a serious threat to food security in many countries. To protect consumers’ welfare, governments intervene reactively with either (i) cash subsidy, to increase consumers’ purchasing power by directly transferring cash; or (ii) supply allocation, to increase product availability by importing the commodity from foreign markets and selling it at subsidized rates. Academic/practical relevance: This paper develops a new behavioral game-theoretic model to examine the supply chain and market dynamics that engender artificial shortage as well as to analyze the effectiveness of various government interventions in improving consumer welfare. Methodology: We analyze a three-stage dynamic game between the government and the trader. We fully characterize the market equilibrium and the resulting consumer welfare under the base scenario of no government intervention as well as under each of the interventions being studied. Results: The analysis demonstrates the disparate effects of different interventions on artificial shortage; whereas supply allocation schemes often mitigate shortage, cash subsidy can inadvertently aggravate shortage in the market. Furthermore, empirical analysis with actual data on onion prices in India shows that the proposed model explains the data well and provides specific estimates on the implied artificial shortage. A counterfactual analysis quantifies the potential impacts of government interventions on market outcomes. Managerial implications: The analysis shows that reactive government interventions with supply allocation schemes can have a preemptive effect to reduce the trader’s incentive to create artificial shortage. Although cash subsidy schemes have recently gained wide popularity in many countries, we caution governments to carefully consider the strategic responses of different stakeholders in the supply chain when implementing cash subsidy schemes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

TOMLINSON, JIM. "CHURCHILL'S DEFEAT IN DUNDEE, 1922, AND THE DECLINE OF LIBERAL POLITICAL ECONOMY." Historical Journal 63, no. 4 (November 13, 2019): 980–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000475.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThis article uses Churchill's defeat in Dundee in 1922 to examine the challenges to liberal political economy in Britain posed by the First World War. In particular, the focus is on the impact of the war on reshaping the global division of labour and the difficulties in responding to the domestic consequences of this reshaping. Dundee provides an ideal basis for examining the links between local politics and global economic changes in this period because of the traumatic effects of the war on the city. Dundee depended to an extraordinary extent on one, extremely ‘globalized’, industry – jute – for its employment. All raw jute brought to Dundee came from Bengal, and the markets for its product were scattered all over the world. Moreover, the main competitive threat to the industry came from a much poorer economy (India), so that jute manufacturing was the first major British industry to be significantly affected by low-wage competition. Before 1914, the Liberals combined advocacy of free trade with a significant set of interventions in the labour market and in social welfare, including trade boards. The Dundee case allows us to examine in detail the responses to post-war challenges to these Liberal orthodoxies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Yin, Xiangkang, and Xiangshuo Yin. "Can developing countries benefit from export promotion?" Journal of Economic Studies 32, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 60–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443580510574841.

Full text

Abstract:

PurposeAlthough economic theory generally does not support government intervention in international trade, casual observation shows that many developing countries adopt certain trade policies to promote their exports. The objective of this paper is to answer the question that whether developing countries can benefit from export promotion.Design/methodology/approachThis paper considers a developing country which has to import new technology from the world market to improve its productivity. If it has certain economic rigidities, the country is short of foreign exchange and domestic firms cannot import an adequate amount of new technology. Even if there is no rigidity, domestic firms may not have sufficient incentive to invest in new technology. Therefore, the government can step in to subsidize exports. Through an analytical model, this paper investigates in what conditions the measures of export promotion can stimulate production and employment, and improve efficiency and social welfare.FindingsThis paper analyzes two effects of export promotion: raising the incentive of capital investment and reducing capital goods shortage caused by foreign exchange constraint. These effects might be the economic rationale for developing country governments to promote exports. It is found that export promotion can definitely raise employment and productivity, but whether these measures can stimulate the supply to the domestic market and improve domestic welfare depends on the sufficient and necessary condition given in the paper.Originality/valueEstablishes an analytical model to investigate in what conditions the measures of export promotion such as export subsidies and domestic currency devaluation can stimulate production and employment, and can improve efficiency and social welfare.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Renzaho, Andre. "The Need for the Right Socio-Economic and Cultural Fit in the COVID-19 Response in Sub-Saharan Africa: Examining Demographic, Economic Political, Health, and Socio-Cultural Differentials in COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103445.

Full text

Abstract:

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread quickly across the globe with devastating effects on the global economy as well as the regional and societies’ socio-economic fabrics and the way of life for vast populations. The nonhomogeneous continent faces local contextual complexities that require locally relevant and culturally appropriate COVID-19 interventions. This paper examines demographic, economic, political, health, and socio-cultural differentials in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. The health systems need to be strengthened through extending the health workforce by mobilizing and engaging the diaspora, and implementing the International Health Regulations (2005) core capacities. In the absence of adequate social protection and welfare programs targeting the poor during the pandemic, sub-Saharan African countries need to put in place flexible but effective policies and legislation approaches that harness and formalise the informal trade and remove supply chain barriers. This could include strengthening cross-border trade facilities such as adequate pro-poor, gender-sensitive, and streamlined cross-border customs, tax regimes, and information flow. The emphasis should be on cross-border infrastructure that not only facilitates trade through efficient border administration but can also effectively manage cross-border health threats. There is an urgent need to strengthen social protection systems to make them responsive to crises, and embed them within human rights-based approaches to better support vulnerable populations and enact health and social security benefits. The COVI-19 response needs to adhere to the well-established ‘do no harm’ principle to prevent further damage or suffering as a result of the pandemic and examined through local lenses to inform peace-building initiatives that may yield long-term gains in the post-COVID-19 recovery efforts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Slaven, Mike. "The “Pull Factor” Problematization in the Emergence of Everyday Bordering in the UK Welfare State." Genealogy 5, no. 4 (October 27, 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy5040093.

Full text

Abstract:

The “everyday bordering” concept has provided key insights into the effects of diverse bordering practices upon social life, placing the bordering of the welfare state among wider state interventions in an autochthonous politics of belonging. Sociological contributions have also introduced new explanations as to why states pursue such measures, positing that neoliberal states seek legitimacy through increasing activities to (re)affirm borders within this politics of belonging, compensating for a failure to govern the economy in the interests of citizens. To what extent is this visible in the state-led emergence of (everyday) borders around welfare in the United Kingdom, often cited as a key national case? This article draws from 20 elite interviews to contribute to genealogical accounts of the emergence of everyday bordering through identifying the developing “problematizations” connected to this kind of bordering activity, as the British state began to distinctly involve welfare-state actors in bordering policies in the 1990s and early 2000s. This evidence underlines how these policies were tied to a “pull factor” problematization of control failure, where the state needed to reduce various “pull factors” purportedly attracting unwanted migrants in order to control immigration per se, with little evidence that legitimacy issues tied to perceived declining economic governability informed these developments in this period. These findings can inform future genealogical analyses that trace the emergence of everyday bordering.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. "Implementing Monetary Policy after the 2008 Financial Crisis." Archives of Business Research 7, no. 9 (September 26, 2019): 141–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.79.7106.

Full text

Abstract:

Every six weeks or so (9 times during the year), the financial world watches as the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) decides on a target interest rate in the federal funds market for the next period. But what happens next? How do policymakers make sure that interest rates in the fed funds market trade within the target range? What will be the effect of the new target rate on the Wall Street and the Main Street? How efficient is so far the monetary policy after the latest global financial crisis? Is the target rate the correct one? The framework that the FOMC uses to implement monetary policy has changed over the last decade and continues to evolve today. Before the 2008 financial crisis, policymakers used one set of instruments to achieve the target rate. However, several policy interventions introduced soon after the crisis drastically altered the landscape of the federal funds market. This new and uncertain environment, with enormous reserves, necessitated a new set of instruments for monetary policy implementation. Lately, after December 2015, as the FOMC began to unwind the effects of these policy interventions, some questions arise: What rules will be followed by the Fed? What happens next as the federal funds market converges to a “new normal”? How effective will be the new policy? Can the Fed prevent a new crisis? The federal funds rate is very low and affects negatively the financial markets (bubbles are growing), the real rates of interest, and the deposit rates, which means the true economic welfare is falling and a new global recession is in preparation, if the latest easy money policy will continue.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Kafle, Gandhiv, Indira Bhattarai (Sharma), Arjun Kumar Shrestha, and Mohan Siwakoti. "do patients choose to consume Ayurvedic Medicines in Nepal? An exploratory study." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 9, no. 4 (January 3, 2019): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v9i4.1146.

Full text

Abstract:

Ayurvedic medicines are believed to bring harmony and balance in mind, body, spiritual well-being and social welfare of human. The reasons for preference for these medicines are of great interest for exploration. This study was carried out in Nepal in 2017 to explore the reasons for choosing to consume Ayurvedic medicines, with support of a separate survey focusing on these medicines containing Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora. An online survey (n=58) and face to face interviews (n=406) were administered using structured questionnaires to explore those reasons for choice. Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) D. Y. Hong (Scrophulariaceae) is a perennial alpine herb found in the subalpine as well as alpine zone of the eastern Himalayas comprising Sikkim, Nepal, Bhutan and China. Its rhizomes are medicinally important and in trade. Fewer or no side effects, preference to natural way of healing, belief regarding healing of disease, ease of access (availability and cost), and advertisement and recommendation from others were the major reasons that the patients chose to consume Ayurvedic medicines for own's healing. In case of Ayurvedic medicines containing Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, majority of the patients believed that these medicines have fewer or no side effects, can cure illness particularly for long run of chronic diseases, were cheaper than allopathic medicines, were easily available to purchase and were recommended by family members. Healing was not successful in past from allopathic and other types of medicines of majority of the patients who preferred to consume Ayurvedic medicines containing Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora. Further scientific studies and interventions are recommended for concerned health authorities and nursing practitioners of Nepal to test and validate the safety and effectiveness of the consumption of Ayurvedic medicines.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Komatsu, Hidenori, Hiromi Kubota, Nobuyuki Tanaka, Mariah Griffin, Jennifer Link, Glenn Geher, and Maryanne L. Fisher. "Cross-cultural comparison of nudging effects for environmental protection: A case-study of risk-averse attitudes toward disposable plastics." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): e0277183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277183.

Full text

Abstract:

Disposable plastics are drawing considerable attention as a source of environmental risk despite their benefits in daily life. Banning the use of disposable plastics could increase other types of risks, which may damage the public good in the long run. Considering the trade-off of the risks and benefits, one way to improve social welfare is to conduct proper recycling and to continue using plastics but limit them to essential use, avoiding an unnecessary ban. A potential barrier to such a policy might be risk-averse attitudes toward actions that are perceived to threaten future generations, which is a well-known phenomenon. We previously designed a framework for information provision using messages that remind individuals about familial support, which had significant effects in multiple countries on increasing positive attitudes toward air pollution caused by industrialization. We hypothesized that this information provision could also be effective for disposable plastic use. Thus, we conducted a randomized controlled trial via online surveys in Japan, Canada, and the US to identify the effects of our designed messages about recycling on increasing positive attitudes toward disposable plastics. The intervention effects were measured by the difference-in-difference method and panel analysis based on linear regression models using the respondents’ attributes and personality traits. The effects were consistently correlated with a sense of familial support, with the effect sizes varying according to country (US > Japan > Canada). Attributes that positively contributed to the message being more effective were higher agreeableness, lower Machiavellianism, lower psychopathy, and being a woman. Although personal fear about COVID-19 moderated the message effects, concern about the threats to relatives and family boosted the effects. Although the effect sizes were influenced by external factors, the results suggested that our proposed framework for information provision has the potential to be applied to a wider variety of risk-related topics.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Norman, Victor D. "Assessing trade and welfare effects of trade liberalization." European Economic Review 34, no. 4 (June 1990): 725–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(90)90051-y.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

CREMERS, EMILY T. "INTERGENERATIONAL WELFARE AND TRADE." Macroeconomic Dynamics 9, no. 5 (November 2005): 585–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136510050504037x.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper examines the dynamic effects of international commodity trade by merging two benchmark environments, namely, the static factor endowments model and the neoclassical growth model. Two main questions are asked. First, how does commodity trade affect the capital-accumulation paths of two trade partners? Second, do the welfare effects associated with these dynamics serve to reinforce or mitigate the well-known welfare effects associated with the static factor endowments model? It is demonstrated that trade will eventually, if not immediately, narrow the difference in domestic capital accumulation paths. This narrowing introduces a negative welfare effect that is large enough to worsen overall welfare for the country whose capital accumulation has declined. Thus, although the dynamic effects of trade are large enough to dominate the static effects, they do not reinforce the concept of mutually advantageous trade.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Ramaj, Vehbi, Mensur Tusha, Hazir Hajdari, and Mustafë Kadriaj. "THE 100% TAX ON SERBIA’S PRODUCTS AND INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE ON KOSOVO." Knowledge International Journal 31, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3101107r.

Full text

Abstract:

With the imposition of a 100% tax in November 2018 for products originating from Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Government of the Republic of Kosovo, like never before, reacted to aggressive Serbian diplomatic politics. As a result of Serbian diplomacy, recognitions have been contested, causing Kosovo to fail in membership in international organizations. According to the current prime minister, the Government of Kosovo is determined until the Serbian state reflects, despite the international pressure until recognition of Kosovo, as an independent country in mutual recognition. The tax, at the same time, was the awareness that every citizen tried to avoid consuming products of Serbian origin. But, despite the economic effects, Kosovo is being asked to withdraw or suspend the tax based on the principles of CEFTA and SAA, at the same time asking Kosovo to give priority to dialogue and that pressure comes from Serbia with the lobbying that it does in countries that have an impact on Kosovo. As a result of pressure, Kosovo should reflect on its friends and strategic partners because a shrinking friendship is in favor of Serbia, despite the argument that Kosovo has. Through this paper, we will bring scientific analyzes from local and international media and we will bring statements from local and international statesmen, as well as analysis from economic case-tellers by bringing conclusions and recommendations on how to approach the Kosovo Government tax and exit from this international political pressure.When a country unilaterally raises a trade barrier, other countries usually follow the same example, ie raising their trade barriers, which escalate to a large-scale commercial war, or even worse, to a military war . During the 1930s, the United States decision to set up a trade barrier ended with the famed planetary depression, or - as others say - with the onset of the Second World War. Each country wants to have full access to international markets, but at the same time, many governments and states try to help local producers in competing with foreign producers. Although consumers and businesses have their benefits of unrestricted access to imports, often governments are unable to withstand the political pressure coming from inefficient industries. (Epping, 2007, p. 71). Although a trade war may not be as destructive as a war between the armies, in both cases we have people who suffer (often those people whose defense has started the war itself). The most common barriers to trade are quotas, fees and subsidies. By imposing a quote, a country limits the amount of foreign products that can be imported. The tariff is a tax - paid for goods crossing the country's customs points, which makes the price of manufactured goods abroad to rise. Governments, on the other hand, may use taxpayers' money to provide subsidies to domestic producers, which makes the local commodity price artificially lower than the price of imported goods. (Epping, 2007, p. 69.70). With the industrial revolution and the overcoming of mass production and distribution mass, in the 19th century, have come up the new challenges of the scientific approach to the market and the different approaches of knowledge gained in school trade. (Segetlija, 2009, p.24). The welfare economy represents a theory that gives us the basic arguments of government intervention in the economy. One of the main arguments discussed so far relates to "market failures", which appear to be impossible to regulate without the government intervening in the market by imposing taxes and making expenditures that also effect redistribution of income in a desirable way from a social point of view. On the other hand, other theories point to "government failures," which appear alongside market ones, and are the source of the overwhelming public discontent over the government's role. (Haderi, Milova, 2015, p. 143).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Schmitz, Andrew, and Robert G. Chambers. "WELFARE AND TRADE EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCY PAYMENTS." Journal of Agricultural Economics 37, no. 1 (January 1986): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1986.tb00315.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Branson, William H. "‘Assessing trade and welfare effects of trade liberalization’ by V.D. Norman." European Economic Review 34, no. 4 (June 1990): 746–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(90)90052-z.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Winters, L. Alan. "‘Assessing trade and welfare effects of trade liberalization’ by V.D. Norman." European Economic Review 34, no. 4 (June 1990): 748–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(90)90053-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Felbermayr, Gabriel, and Marina Steininger. "Revisiting the Euro’s Trade Cost and Welfare Effects." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 239, no. 5-6 (September 25, 2019): 917–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2019-0015.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract When, about twenty years ago, the Euro was created, one objective was to facilitate intra-European trade by reducing transaction costs. Has the Euro delivered? Using sectoral trade data from 1995 to 2014 and applying structural gravity modeling, we conduct an ex post evaluation of the European Monetary Union (EMU). In aggregate data, we find a significant average trade effect for goods of almost 8 percent, but a much smaller effect for services trade. Digging deeper, we detect substantial heterogeneity between sectors, as well as between and within country-pairs. Singling out Germany, and embedding the estimation results into a quantitative general equilibrium model of world trade, we find that EMU has increased real incomes in all EMU countries, albeit at different rates. E. g. incomes have increased by 0.3, 0.6, and 2.1 percent in Italy, Germany, and Luxembourg, respectively.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Kreickemeier, Udo. "Unemployment and the welfare effects of trade policy." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d`Economique 38, no. 1 (February 2005): 194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-4085.2005.00275.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Montagna, Catia, Avanti Nisha Pinto, and Nikolaos Vlassis. "Welfare and Trade Effects of International Environmental Agreements." Environmental and Resource Economics 76, no. 2-3 (June 7, 2020): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00428-x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Kohler, Philippe, and Michael O. Moore. "Domestic Welfare Effects of Foreign Strategic Trade Policies." Journal of Economic Integration 18, no. 3 (September 15, 2003): 573–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2003.18.3.573.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Lahiri, Sajal, and Pascalis Raimondos. "Welfare effects of aid under quantitative trade restrictions." Journal of International Economics 39, no. 3-4 (November 1995): 297–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(95)01374-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Uzair, Lubna, and Ahmad Nawaz. "Modelling welfare effects under Pakistan–China free trade agreement." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-07-2018-0028.

Full text

Abstract:

PurposeThis paper aims to empirically examine the trade creation and diversion impacts on merchandise imports of Pakistan under the Pakistan–China Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The analysis of Pakistan’s preferential treatment with its largest trade partner as well as the most substantial exporter of the world will help to shape trade policy, open windows for academic research and also gives an immense contribution in literature.Design/methodology/approachA disaggregated panel data on the imports of Pakistan from China and other WTO member countries and tariff concessions at Harmonized System (HS) two-digit level used for the agreement period of 2006-2012. The empirical analysis takes care of bias through robust and panel-corrected standard errors with time, industry-specific effects and controlling for multilateral trade resistance.FindingsEvidence found in support of trade creation under the Pakistan–China FTA. It means overall this agreement increased the welfare of Pakistani consumers.Practical implicationsFindings are in favour of negotiations and signing for the next round of this agreement and with other major trade partners like the US and Saudi Arabia.Originality/valueIt is worth investigating empirically the impact of preferential trade liberalization between Pakistan – a developing country – and China – the largest importer of the world – explicitly, in the form of trade creation or diversion. The empirical assessment of this FTA signed with the world’s largest exporter will not only contribute immensely to the literature but also help in trade policy formulation and open windows for academic research. Another unique aspect of this study is the use of disaggregated data consisting of all goods imports along with tariff concessions at two-digit Harmonized System (HS) code.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Jain, Hansa. "Implications of SAFTA for Indian Economy: Trade, Compatibility and Welfare Effects." Foreign Trade Review 54, no. 4 (November 2019): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732519874218.

Full text

Abstract:

Among the members of South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), India dominates in terms of its geographical location, land area, population size and economic share. However, SAFTA is treated as a weak agreement as India is highly outward oriented for trade. This raises a question about India’s trade compatibility with South Asian countries. Also since SAFTA is now fully implemented, there is a need to determine its welfare effects for India as well as for the region. The study focuses on (a) trends and patterns of India’s intra-regional trade with South Asian countries, (b) trade compatibility and (c) welfare effects of SAFTA for the Indian economy. India’s trade intensity, trade share and trade compatibility with the other regional members is calculated. GTAP simulations are used to determine welfare effects. The study is based upon the secondary data. The study finds that with the implementation of SAFTA, India’s trade intensity and trade share with its regional members has slightly improved. Trade compatibility though low, is gradually improving. The study considers SAFTA as a positive sum game for India. India is likely to have favourable allocative efficiency effect, terms of trade effect and investment-savings effect if trade facilitation measures are adopted. JEL Codes: F150, F10, F140, C150

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Otieno, Gastone Omondi, Dr Mary Mbithi, and Dr Daniel Abala. "WELFARE EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF COMESA." Journal of Developing Economies 1, no. 1 (January 22, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/jde.85.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of COMESA RTA on welfare of member states.Methodology: The study has used a panel data analysis of eighteen COMESA member countries and their major trading partners to determine the effects of regional trade arrangements using the augmented gravity model of trade. A random verses fixed effect models were used to estimate the model putting into consideration the time invariant variables.Results: The results showed that the variables used are significant and determines the effects of bilateral trade on welfare. The estimated results showed that exporters GDP significantly improves export trade by more than 100%; while the importers GDP does less proportionately. The size (population) variable coefficients are positive and significant. The estimated results also shows that resistant factor (distance) as a proxy for transportation cost plays an important role in determining trade flows.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that, member countries governments promote more active regional participation that promote welfare gain that can be distributed to the nationals in terms of development projects geared towards alleviating poverty in the region.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Edwards, Sebastian, and Sweder van Wijnbergen. "The Welfare Effects of Trade and Capital Market Liberalization." International Economic Review 27, no. 1 (February 1986): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2526611.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Parikh, Kirit S., N. S. S. Narayana, Manoj Panda, and A. Ganesh Kumar. "Agricultural trade liberalization: growth, welfare and large country effects." Agricultural Economics 17, no. 1 (October 1997): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.1997.tb00460.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Mueller-Langer, Frank. "Parallel Trade and its Ambiguous Effects on Global Welfare." Review of International Economics 20, no. 1 (January 16, 2012): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2011.01016.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Redding, S. "Dynamic comparative advantage and the welfare effects of trade." Oxford Economic Papers 51, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 15–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oep/51.1.15.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Caliendo, L., and F. Parro. "Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA." Review of Economic Studies 82, no. 1 (November 14, 2014): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdu035.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Egger, Hartmut, and Peter Egger. "The trade and welfare effects of mergers in space." Regional Science and Urban Economics 40, no. 4 (July 2010): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2010.03.004.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Egger, Peter, Mario Larch, and Michael Pfaffermayr. "On the welfare effects of trade and investment liberalization." European Economic Review 51, no. 3 (April 2007): 669–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2006.03.007.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Parikh, K. "Agricultural trade liberalization: growth, welfare and large country effects." Agricultural Economics 17, no. 1 (October 1997): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5150(97)00017-0.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Falkinger, Josef. "Innovator-imitator trade and the welfare effects of growth." Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 4, no. 2 (June 1990): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-1583(90)90004-p.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Klein, Lawrence R., and Dominick Salvatore. "Welfare effects of the North American free trade agreement." Journal of Policy Modeling 17, no. 2 (April 1995): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0161-8938(94)00032-b.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Martins, Filipe, Alberto A. Pinto, and Jorge P. Zubelli. "Welfare–Balanced International Trade Agreements." Mathematics 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11010040.

Full text

Abstract:

In this work, we consider a classic international trade model with two countries and one firm in each country. The game has two stages: in the first stage, the governments of each country use their welfare functions to choose their tariffs either: (a) competitively (Nash equilibrium) or (b) cooperatively (social optimum); in the second stage, firms competitively choose (Nash) their home and export quantities under Cournot-type competition conditions. In a previous publication we compared the competitive tariffs with the cooperative tariffs and we showed that the game is one of the two following types: (i) prisoner’s dilemma (when the competitive welfare outcome is dominated by the cooperative welfare outcome); or (ii) a lose–win dilemma (an asymmetric situation where only one of the countries is damaged in the cooperative welfare outcome, whereas the other is benefited). In both scenarios, their aggregate cooperative welfare is larger than the aggregate competitive welfare. The lack of coincidence of competitive and cooperative tariffs is one of the main difficulties in international trade calling for the establishment of trade agreements. In this work, we propose a welfare-balanced trade agreement where: (i) the countries implement their cooperative tariffs and so increase their aggregate welfare from the competitive to the cooperative outcome; (ii) they redistribute the aggregate cooperative welfare according to their relative competitive welfare shares. We analyse the impact of such trade agreement in the relative shares of relevant economic quantities such as the firm’s profits, consumer surplus, and custom revenue. This analysis allows the countries to add other conditions to the agreement to mitigate the effects of high changes in these relative shares. Finally, we introduce the trade agreement index measuring the gains in the aggregate welfare of the two countries. In general, we observe that when the gains are higher, the relative shares also exhibit higher changes. Hence, higher gains demand additional caution in the construction of the trade agreement to safeguard the interests of the countries.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

THOMPSON, JADA, ERIC WAILES, ALVARO DURAND-MORAT, and AMANDA LEISTER. "WELFARE EFFECTS OF U.S. LIBERTY LINK RICE CONTAMINATION." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 47, no. 2 (April 20, 2015): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2015.7.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractUnited States consumer confidence in food safety is an increasingly more prominent issue in food production and marketing. Estimating the welfare effects of a breakdown in the supply chain can provide a benchmark for the cost of potential future events. In 2006, United States long grain rice stocks were contaminated with an unapproved genetically modified rice variety causing trade disruptions predominantly between the United States and the European Union. Using a spatial partial equilibrium model the economic effects of European policy on bilateral trade flows and prices during this event was an estimated loss of $421.3 million US dollars.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Tsounis, Nicholas. "The Trade and Welfare Effects of Greek Membership in the EU." Acta Oeconomica 52, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 473–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.52.2002.4.4.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper presents quantitative estimates of the trade and welfare effects of the entry of Greece into the EU and presents a tool for assessing the impact of the Central and Eastern European Countries' accession to the EU. Both the static and the dynamic effects of the entry of Greece into the EU are examined. When looking at the static effects, it is shown that there was a “net”trade creation of about USD 1.6 billion, which accounted for approximately 4.4% of the GDP of the year before accession. It has also been found that 86% of the total trade creation was internal trade, while 84% of the entire trade diversion was external trade diversion, these being results that accord with the theory of the customs union. When we make an assessment of the dynamic effects, we can see that Greece's EU entry had mixed reactions in different sectors: for about two-thirds of the examined sectors we find that Greece's integration into the EU was desirable - in general, however, the integration indices found are close to being the same, thereby showing that the dynamic effects of the country's EU entry have been minimal.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Dong, Yan, and John Whalley. "Model Structure and the Combined Welfare and Trade Effects of China's Trade Related Policies." Global Economy Journal 10, no. 4 (December 2010): 1850210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1642.

Full text

Abstract:

Because China’s economic structure is different from that in OECD countries, using conventional neo-classical competitive trade models to analyze the welfare and trade impacts of trade related policy change can be misleading. In particular, both the exchange rate regime and output and pricing policies of state owned enterprises (SOE’s) will have effects on trade and welfare which differ from a classical competitive model. This paper present a numerical model that captures the combined and interactive effects of three policy elements in prototype form of tariffs, policy towards SOEs in the industrial sector, and an exchange rate regime supporting large trade surpluses and additions to foreign reserves. The model has non neutral monetary features, endogenous trade imbalances and average product pricing of labor in goods. We do not claim it to be fully representative of modern China, but it does go some way beyond simple competitive models used elsewhere and points to different conclusions of policy impact. We calibrate our model to 2006 data, and then evaluate the impacts both singly and in combination of: tariff liberalization, a move to more freely floating exchange rates, and SOE enterprise reform. Results show that large differences in policy have a different impact relative to a classical competitive model. SOE reform and a freely floating Chinese exchange rate have more impact on China’s welfare than tariff liberalization. Policies of RMB appreciation and increasing China’s money stock reduce China’s trade surplus. In the traditional competitive model, trade liberalization impacts both imports and exports, while in our central case model, with endogenously determined trade surplus, trade liberalization has little effect on exports. Most of the policy impact is on imports and the trade surplus. SOE reform of China’s manufacturing sector significantly decreases production of China’s manufacturing sector and increases production in China’s other sectors.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Reimer, Jeffrey J., and Man Li. "Yield Variability and Agricultural Trade." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 38, no. 2 (October 2009): 258–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500003245.

Full text

Abstract:

We examine how changes in yield variability affect the welfare of cereal grain and oilseed buyers and producers around the world. We simulate trade patterns and welfare for 21 countries with a Ricardian trade model that incorporates bilateral trade costs and crop yield distributions. The model shows that world trade volumes would need to increase substantially if crop yield variability were to rise. Net welfare effects, however, are moderate so long as countries do not resort to policies that inhibit trade, such as export restrictions or measures to promote self-sufficiency in crops. Low-income countries suffer the most from increases in yield variability, due to higher bilateral trade costs and lower-than-average productivity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Li, Bo, Fei Xing, and Mark Yu. "Upstream Pricing Schemes, Trade Liberalization, Trade and Environmental Policies of Downstream Countries." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2018): 2428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072428.

Full text

Abstract:

Trade liberalization has a significant impact on the environment and social welfare of countries. In the real world, almost all industries exist upstream and downstream firms but the existing literature on the impact of trade liberalization rarely discuss the interaction between upstream and downstream firms. The goal of this study is to analyze the effects of trade liberalization on the trade policies, environmental policies and social welfare of downstream exporting countries when different pricing schemes (uniform pricing vs. discriminatory pricing) are implemented by upstream monopoly firms. By constructing a three-stage dynamic game model we found that, regardless of pricing schemes, trade liberalization leads to increase both environmental taxes and import taxes. Trade liberalization increases the social welfare of downstream countries under discriminatory pricing, while trade liberalization first reduces and then increases the social welfare of downstream countries under uniform pricing. The results indicate that the downstream countries always have the incentive to participate in trade agreements that integrate markets when discriminatory pricing schemes will be implemented by upstream firms. This finding is the most significant contribution of this paper which has not been addressed in the previous literature.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Chaudhuri, Shubham, Pinelopi K. Goldberg, and Panle Jia. "Estimating the Effects of Global Patent Protection in Pharmaceuticals: A Case Study of Quinolones in India." American Economic Review 96, no. 5 (November 1, 2006): 1477–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.5.1477.

Full text

Abstract:

Under the Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights, the World Trade Organization members are required to enforce product patents for pharmaceuticals. In this paper we empirically investigate the welfare effects of this requirement on developing countries using data for the fluoroquinolones subsegment of the systemic anti-bacterials segment of the Indian pharmaceuticals market. Our results suggest that concerns about the potential adverse welfare effects of TRIPS may have some basis. We estimate that the withdrawal of all domestic products in this subsegment is associated with substantial welfare losses to the Indian economy, even in the presence of price regulation. The overwhelming portion of this welfare loss derives from the loss of consumer welfare.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Huang, Kuo S. "Measuring the Effects of U.S. Meat Trade on Consumers' Welfare." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 25, no. 1 (July 1993): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800018770.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractA set of ordinary and inverse demand systems for U.S. quarterly meat consumption is estimated for use to measure the effects of U.S. meat trade on consumers' welfare. The approach is useful to incorporate all direct- and cross-commodity effects into price forecasting and the Hicksian compensating variation measurement.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Kiyota, Kozo, and Robert M. Stern. "An Assessment of the Economic Effects of the Menu of U.S. Trade Policies." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850070. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1157.

Full text

Abstract:

The Michigan Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model of World Production and Trade is used to calculate the aggregate welfare and sectoral employment effects of the menu of U.S. trade policies. The menu of policies encompasses the various preferential U.S. bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs) negotiated and in process, unilateral removal of existing trade barriers, and global (multilateral) free trade. The welfare impacts of the FTAs on the United States are shown to be rather small in absolute and relative terms. The sectoral employment effects are also generally small but vary across the individual sectors depending on the patterns of the bilateral liberalization. The welfare effects on the FTA partner countries are mostly positive though generally small, but there are some indications of potentially disruptive employment shifts in some partner countries. There are indications of trade diversion and detrimental welfare effects on nonmember countries for some of the FTAs analyzed. In comparison to the welfare gains from the U.S. FTAs, the gains from both unilateral trade liberalization by the United States and the FTA partners and from global (multilateral) free trade are shown to be rather substantial and more uniformly positive for all countries in the global trading system. The U.S. FTAs are based on “hub” and “spoke” arrangements. It is shown that the spokes emanate out in different and often overlapping directions, suggesting that the complex of bilateral FTAs may create distortions of the global trading system, which could be avoided if multilateral liberalization in the context of the Doha Round were to be carried out. Kozo Kiyota is Associate Professor of International Economics in the Faculty of Business Administration, Yokohama National University. He is also a Research Fellow at the Manufacturing Management Research Center (MMRC), the University of Tokyo and a Faculty Fellow at the Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI). He received his Ph.D. from Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. His research focuses on empirical microeconomics. He has published articles in the International Journal of Industrial Organization, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, and The World Economy. Robert M. Stern is Professor of Economics and Public Policy (Emeritus) in the Department of Economics and Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Mutondo, Joao E., B. Wade Brorsen, and Shida Rastegari Henneberry. "Welfare Impacts of BSE-Driven Trade Bans." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 38, no. 3 (December 2009): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500009576.

Full text

Abstract:

There is often a need to respond quickly to assess the likely implications of policy changes. Here, an equilibrium displacement model is adapted to study international bans on U.S. beef. An equilibrium displacement model offers a convenient way of quickly predicting the effects of supply and demand shocks. The equilibrium displacement model used here has an international sector, which allows the study of issues that past models with only a domestic sector could not. The estimated welfare loss of U.S. beef producers, due to both Japanese and South Korean bans after the discovery of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United States, is $565.31 million.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Qin, Mengzhou, Zijie Fan, and Yuan Zhong. "The Global Value Chain and Welfare Effects of Tariffs—Counterfactual Analysis of Sino–US Economic and Trade Frictions." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 8280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148280.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper aims to study the impact of Sino–US (China–United States) trade frictions on global value chains and welfare changes. We introduce the general equilibrium model for multi-country and multi-sector heterogeneous enterprises and combine it with an input–output structure. The results show that the additional tariffs on China and the US reduce bilateral trade and affect the overall imports and exports of both countries to varying degrees. The results show that the additional tariffs on China and the US affect both countries’ overall imports and exports to varying degrees. The impact of the trade of manufactured goods is greater than that of the trade of intermediate goods. The welfare effect in China has dropped by 0.163%, while the corresponding effect in the US has improved by 0.016%. The main reason for the decline in China’s welfare is the deterioration of the terms of trade. Increased tariffs between China and the US can reduce bilateral trade between the two countries, particularly in intermediate goods, and can cause a reorganization of global value chains in both regions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Nwali, Collins Sunday, Oguntade Adegboyega Eyitayo, Mafimisebi Taiwo Ejiola, and Obisesan Adekemi Adebisola. "Effects of Economic Partnership Agreements Between Ecowas and the EU on Trade, Revenue and Welfare of Agricultural Trade of Ecowas Bloc." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 4 (May 5, 2022): 642–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i4.642-656.4720.

Full text

Abstract:

This study examined the Effects of Economic Partnership Agreements between ECOWAS and the EU on Trade, Revenue and Welfare of Agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc. The specific objectives of the study were to:(i) estimate the potential trade creation and diversion effects of EPA on agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc, (ii) estimate the potential revenue effects of EPA on agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc and (iii) estimate the potential welfare effects of EPA on agricultural trade of ECOWAS bloc. World Integrated Trade Solutions provided access to an online secondary data as classified by United Nations Harmonized system. The result on the potential trade creation and diversion effects of EPA on both trading blocs showed that ECOWAS will gain US$198.9million in trade creation and lose US$58.4 million in Trade Diversion. On the other hand, there will be no trade creation for EU with negligible trade diversion of – US$0.2million. The result showed total potential tariff revenue losses of US$366.4million for ECOWAS bloc post EPA. On the other hand, EU will lose (US$951.8million) its agricultural products post EPA. The result further showed potential welfare gain of US$27.6million for consumers of ECOWAS bloc. On the other hand, there will be welfare gain of the EU at US$243.5million for their consumers post EPA. Among all the recommendations, the study therefore points out that the on-going EPA negotiations between ECOWAS and the EU need not to be hurriedly signed by ECOWAS bloc. Also, ECOWAS needs to strengthen its agricultural production efficiency to be able to compete globally and encourage its individual countries to return to a single digit borrowing interest rate to encourage more investment by local agricultural producers if they want to enjoy the benefits of trade treaties at long run if EPA is eventually signed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Ourens, Guzmán. "The long-term impact of trade with firm heterogeneity." Review of World Economics 156, no. 4 (June 20, 2020): 887–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10290-020-00384-0.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This paper explores the welfare effects of openness in a setting with firm heterogeneity and country asymmetry and presents results in terms of the well-known formula from Arkolakis et al. (Am Econ Rev 102(1):94–130, 2012). By allowing agents to save and the economy to grow, new channels for the welfare effects of openness appear, since firm selection affects the value of accumulated savings and the average efficiency of the economy, and therefore its future growth rate. Country asymmetry yields differentiated, and in some cases opposite, results between countries. In line with the empirical literature, net welfare effects in each region depend on countries’ specific conditions and losses may occur. A numerical exercise fits the model to the UK and EU economies to show the magnitude and direction that each effect can take if trade barriers increase between them. It is shown that welfare losses for UK consumers can be greatly underestimated if asymmetries and dynamics are removed from the analysis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

BEGHIN, JOHN, ANNE-CÉLIA DISDIER, STÉPHAN MARETTE, and FRANK VAN TONGEREN. "Welfare costs and benefits of non-tariff measures in trade: a conceptual framework and application." World Trade Review 11, no. 3 (July 2012): 356–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745612000201.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThis paper provides a systematic welfare-based approach to analyze the impact of non-tariff measures (NTMs) on trade and welfare in the presence of market imperfections. It focuses on standard-like measures such as technical barriers and sanitary and phytosanitary regulations. The approach overcomes the shortcomings of the mainstream approach based on the analysis of foregone trade caused by trade costs. The latter ignores market imperfections, and welfare is found to increases when NTMs are reduced and trade expands. We explain how to account for external effects and market failures in trade-focused welfare analysis, leading to a more balanced overall assessment of measures despite a potential reduction of trade flows. The relationships between trade, welfare, and NTMs are complex, and generalizations are best avoided. Very often, the optimum NTM is not the absence of regulation. An application to shrimp trade illustrates the feasibility of the proposed approach. The illustration shows that the reinforcement of a food safety standard can be socially preferable to the status-quo situation, both domestically and internationally.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Welfare effects of trade interventions'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles