Dissertations / Theses: 'Welfare effects of trade interventions'

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Telford, Steven. "An economic enquiry into the welfare effects of fair-trade." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/7781.

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Fair-trade is investigated at three levels. Each level relates to a specific group of actors. The first group are the consumers of fair-trade. In this respect fair-trade overlaps with altruism. A model is developed which seeks out parameters by which to judge whether or not a person will engage into this gesture of altruism, and accordingly measures the fair-trade utility of the consumer. On the basis that it is voluntary, fair-trade is deemed to be virtuous in that it either uplifts consumer utility, or else the consumer withdraws their patronage. Information is hypothesised to play a key role in determining the depth of this relationship. The second group are neighbouring producers, that is the non fair-trade producers who compete in the same market. A situation is modelled in which fair-trade is viewed as a switch in demand preference rather than new demand. The model allows an evaluation based on the standard tenets of welfare economics: to inform upon which movements are value-creating, which are merely transfers, the symmetry of those transfers and where Pareto improvements can and cannot be realised. The policymaker is afforded a logical overview, but with the implication that many of the relevant variables may be lie beyond their direct influence. The third group are landless vineyard labours in South Africa who are empirically analysised. We observed the strongest performance of fair-trade with respect to subjective improvement in wellbeing and the sort of participation that could be categorised as empowerment.

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Triyana, Margaret M. "The effects of household and community-based interventions| Evidence from Indonesia." Thesis, The University of Chicago, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3568431.

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Low birth weight is a global health problem, especially in developing countries. Approximately 16% of all new-borns in developing countries were born with low birth weight. Motivated by this troublesome fact, this research evaluates policies that target maternal and children's health in low-resource settings. The following three essays analyze community-based and household-based health interventions. Program evaluation is important to inform future policy, and more importantly, to compare policies in order to determine the most effective strategies to improve birth outcomes in developing countries. Indonesia has implemented both community-based and household-based interventions. The three essays in this research evaluate the following three programs. The first two essays evaluate two recent programs: a household-based program, Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH), and a community-based program, PNPM Generasi Sehat dan Cerdas (Generasi ). The third essay evaluates the 'Midwife in the Village' ( Bidan di Desa) program. The 'Midwife in the Village' program is a community-based program that was implemented in the 1980s to provide each village with a trained midwife to provide prenatal care and delivery assistance. The other two programs, PKH and Generasi, were piloted in 2007. PKH is a household Conditional Cash-Transfer (CCT) program, while Generasi, functions a community CCT program; the community CCT program provides villages with block grants to fund activities that promote health and education.

The first essay analyzes the effects of Indonesia's household CCT program on the price and quality of health care services, and how these changes affect poor households. In this paper, I focus on price changes in the health care market because it is directly affected by the program and health care providers may increase prices in response to increased demand. The program is associated with higher utilization of health care, driven by increased utilization among the poor, who also experience higher quality of care. The quality improvement in the target population is driven by increased utilization, and not an improvement in quality at the local health care market. In response to the demand shock from the CCT program, I find a price increase in sub-districts that are randomized into treatment, which suggests the importance of supply response in demand-side interventions.

The second essay compares the relative effectiveness of household CCT and community CCT programs in improving birth outcomes in similar communities. Both programs have been shown to improve health-seeking behavior, but it has not been established whether these indicators translate into improved birth outcomes. To select comparable communities, the sample is restricted to areas with similar characteristics using propensity score matching. Under matching, both programs increase health seeking behavior, but there is no significant change in low birth weight. However, the household CCT program reduces preterm birth. The matching estimates suggest that the targeted household CCT program is more effective in improving birth outcomes than the broad community-based program, even though both programs improve health-seeking behavior.

The third essay analyzes the impact of the 'Midwife in the Village' program in rural Indonesia. In this essay, I extend earlier research by Frankenberg and Thomas (FT, 2001) on the effect of gaining a midwife in the village. FT find improvements in women's health status and birth weight. Using additional data, this essay estimates the longer term effect of midwife presence and the effect of losing the village midwife after the 1998 financial crisis. The effects of gaining a midwife are qualitatively similar to FT's estimates, but they are not statistically significant, which suggests that the program effects diminish over time. I find that losing a midwife has no statistically significant effect on women's health status or low birth weight. These results suggest that the program was effective in maintaining the health status of rural communities.

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Guei, Kore Marc Antoine. "Revenue, welfare and trade effects of EU FTA on South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6137.

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The study used the partial equilibrium WITS-SMART Simulation Model to assess the impact of liberalization under the Trade Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) of a free trade area between the EU and South Africa. The findings of the study reveal that total trade effects in South Africa are likely to surge by US$ 1.036 billion with a total welfare valued at US$ 134 million. Dismantling tariffs on all EU goods would be beneficial to consumers through net trade creation. Total trade creation would be US$ 782 million. However, South African producers are likely to contribute a trade diversion of US$ 254 million which has a negative impact on consumer welfare. The country might also experience a revenue loss amounting to US$ 562 million due to the removal of tariffs. On trade, the country’s export and import to the EU is expected to increase by US$ 12.419 million and US$ 1.266 million respectively. To mitigate revenue loss, the country should try to diversify its current tax base.

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Islam, Amirul. "Trade, productivity and welfare effects of regional integration in South Asia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/39.

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The thesis examines the impacts of the South Asian free trade agreement (SAFTA) on trade, productivity, and welfare of the member countries. When theoretically relevant variables are controlled for, it is found that the agreement is not effective in creating intra-regional trade flows and improving productivity of the region. India and Nepal gain welfare in the long run, while the others lose. Deeper integration, embracing factor flows, is required to make the agreement fruitful.

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Deese, William Franklin. "The Effects of Changes in Subsidies and Trade Interventions on the Sheep Industry." NCSU, 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06202003-075732/.

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The purpose of this research is to analyze the dynamic response of an industry to production subsidies and to trade restrictions on a competing product. Specifically I examine the U.S. sheep industry and compare the effects of a production intervention similar to the Wool Act and to a tariff-rate quota. I begin with a dynamic profit function and derive an Euler equation. I use the iterated generalized method of moments to estimate the demand for slaughter lambs, the Euler equation, and the demand for domestic wool. These equations are estimated separately using instrumental variable techniques to adjust for the endogenous right hand side variables and for future-dated variables, in which the number of instruments exceeds the number of parameters. In each case, the iterated generalized method of moment estimator converges and produces reasonable estimates. Separately I estimate the demand for imported lamb meat using regression with autocorrelated errors. I then generate equilibrium slaughter lamb prices and breeding stock levels for a base case, for the production-subsidies case and for the tariff-rate quota case. The equilibrium quantities and prices are generated from the solution to a variable-coefficient difference equation. A feature of the model is the effects of joint outputs, slaughter lambs and wool, are included in the model. Results are that re-imposition of the Wool Act increases breeding stock levels relative to the base case, although breeding stock levels continue to decline, and slaughter lamb prices also initially increase. Implementation of the tariff-rate quota raises slaughter lamb prices and lowers breeding stock levels relative to the base case. Effects of the tariff-rate quota are small compared with the re-imposition of the Wool Act.

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Oberhofer, Harald, and Michael Pfaffermayr. "Estimating the Trade and Welfare Effects of Brexit: A Panel Data Structural Gravity Model." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6020/1/wp259.pdf.

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This paper proposes a new panel data structural gravity approach for estimating the trade and welfare effects of Brexit. The suggested Constrained Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Estimator exhibits some useful properties for trade policy analysis and allows to obtain estimates and confidence intervals which are consistent with structural trade theory. Assuming different counterfactual post-Brexit scenarios, our main findings suggest that UKs (EUs) exports of goods to the EU (UK) are likely to decline within a range between 7.2% and 45.7% (5.9% and 38.2%) six years after the Brexit has taken place. For the UK, the negative trade effects are only partially offset by an increase in domestic goods trade and trade with third countries, inducing a decline in UKs real income between 1.4% and 5.7% under the hard Brexit scenario. The estimated welfare effects for the EU are negligible in magnitude and statistically not different from zero.
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

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Ndungo, Lusenge Patrick. "Revenue, trade and welfare effects of the COMESA FTA on the Democratic Republic of Congo." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14256.

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The present research attempts to assess the likely revenue, trade and welfare implications of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Free Trade Agreement (FTA) on the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The study adopts a partial equilibrium model based on the World Integrated Trade Solution 2010 database and the Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade (WITS-SMART) as the methodological approach. The findings of the research reveal that the COMESA FTA will be beneficial to the DRC in terms of an increase in exports of US$371.57 million and consumer welfare gain amounting to US$28.49 million. Moreover, The WITS-SMART simulation results indicate that around US$322.10 million of trade will be created in the DRC as a result of the COMESA FTA. Notwithstanding the fact that trade creation will have a positive effect on welfare, as the Congolese consumers would benefit from lower prices, some local industries in the DRC may be threaten of closure due to the lack of competitiveness. In addition, the simultation results show that the country will experience a huge fiscal revenue loss amounting to US$107.01 million due to the implementation of zero per cent tarrif rate on imports duty from the COMESA trading partners. Finally, the simultation results indicate that an equivalent value of US$49.47 million of trade will be diverted from more efficient and low cost non-member states to high cost suppliers from the COMESA region. In light of these results, the research recommends that the DRC’s government needs to come up with a strategic plan in order to protect the national industry that would be negatively affected by the trade-creation effect. In order to mitigate the expected revenue loss, the implementation of the COMESA FTA in the DRC should be accompanied by fiscal reforms to improve the tax-collection system from sales or value-added taxes (VAT) and domestic excise. Regarding the trade-diversion effect, the inefficient producers from the COMESA region could be displaced through building new capacities in short, medium and long term based on comparative advantage in order to address supply constraints in these sectors affected by trade diversion.

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Goude, Katarina. "The First, the Fastest, the Best? : A Study of Welfare Effects of the EU-Mexico Free Trade Agreement." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2204.

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Trade in agricultural products between Mexico and the EU only counts for a small percentage of total trade between them. With the entry into force of the EU-Mexico FTA in 2000, the tariffs on a number of agriculture commodities between the two parties was eliminated or reduced. This will lead to an opening in the trade of agricultural products between the two markets, something that could affect the welfare of the Mexican people positively, if new trade is created. The elimination and reduction of tariffs on agricultural goods could also lead to positive consumption effects as prices on these goods could be lowered. Lower prices on agricultural goods could help a large number of people, especially the poor people of Mexico.

In this thesis, using theories on preferential trade, I aim to examine the effects on the Mexican people due to the elimination of traiffs on agricultural goods between Mexico and the EU consequential to the EU-Mexico Free Trade Agreement. The investigation was carried out for the first two years after integration between the two parties, focusing on agricultural goods in particular. I also aim to determine if there is any group in the Mexican society that has benefited more in terms of welfare as a consequence of the new FTA.

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Li, Xiaoqian. "The Effects of Food Safety Standards on Trade and Welfare: The Case of EU Shrimp Imports." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/30.

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This research explores the link between a gravity model and welfare frameworks and then applies the quantitative model system to analyze how trade and welfare is affected by the Minimum Required Performance Limits (MRPL) in the shrimp importing market of European Union. The quantitative model system consists of two parts: first, this study uses the “phi-ness” gravity model to investigate the trade effects of MRPL on EU shrimp market. The “phi-ness” gravity model partitions the standard variables to avoid biased estimation caused by the correlation between time and country fixed effects and policy variables. The Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) method is incorporated into the estimation in order to control for the zero valued observations. Second, based on the theoretic foundation of the gravity model, this research sets up the specific nested Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) model of consumers’ utility and further explores the linkage between these two models. The nested CES model incorporates the effects of MRPL on consumers’ confidence in domestic food as well as foreign food imported from developed and developing countries. The empirical results confirm a consistent fact with previous empirical studies: stricter MRPL has significant and negative effects on trade integration between EU and trading partners with lower level of food safety standards. The welfare analysis shows that the zero tolerance policy of MRPL standard would dramatically enhance consumers’ demand for domestic shrimps and foreign shrimps imported from developed countries but reduce the quantity of shrimp supplied from developing countries. It is also indicated that the increased level of MRPL lead to an increase in welfare of domestic consumers, suppliers in developing countries, and in total international trade, as well as a decrease in the welfare of domestic suppliers and foreign suppliers from developed countries. The empirical results also indicate that the combination of GM and Welfare Approach can also be applied to research on other standards or other industries.

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Huseynov, Rashad [Verfasser]. "Welfare and economy-wide effects of Azerbaijan’s accession to the World Trade Organization : A quantitative assessment / Rashad Huseynov." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1078728526/34.

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Aho, Ida. "Cats’ nine lives : European Union legislation on the trade of endangered animals and its effects on animal welfare." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-450345.

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The issues raised in this thesis concern the adverse effects of EU's wildlife trade regulations, mainly the unequal treatment of captive and wild-born endangered animals. The nature of these regulations is analyzed from an animal law perspective. The purpose of the analysis is to determine whether the regulations are anthropocentric and, if so, what issues arise from it. Previous research has studied the legal personhood of animals in relation to animal welfare. This thesis continues that discussion by examining legal animal rights as a potential solution to the issues of wildlife trade. The analysis is pragmatic and employs a non-formalistic view of law. Consequentially, it uses a doctrinal and legal philosophical approach, meaning that sources outside of law are integral to the discussion. The results of the analysis show that EU’s wildlife trade regulations are anthropocentric and that this has led to severe issues regarding the welfare of endangered animals. In addition, the practical enforcement of the regulations has proven defective. Legal rights for animals seem to provide a viable solution to these issues, yet their practical implementation is complicated. The reasons for this are primarily financial and opinion-based. Therefore, a step-by-step approach, starting with limited fundamental rights and resulting in full legal personhood for animals, is recommended for this approach to be successful.

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Westcot, Julia Ellen. "The September 11th tragedy: Effects and interventions in the school community." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2271.

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Emadi-Moghadam, Mehrdad. "The quality, technology and welfare effects of VERs in the US automobile industry, 1975-1991 : the case for trade-cum-industrial policy in correcting the US trade deficit." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308582.

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Custódio, Guilherme Zambalde Portela. "Essays on international trade : tariff reductions and welfare gains in the automobile industry during collor/Franco mandates and the effects of antidumping policy on Brazilian exports." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/43364.

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Orientador : Prof. Dr. Mauricio Vaz Lobo Bittencourt
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias Sociais Aplicadas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Ecônomico. Defesa : Curitiba, 26/02/2016
Inclui referências : f. 81-85
Resumo: Esse trabalho compreende dois ensaios: um deles se dedica a avaliar os ganhos de bem-estar obtidos pelos agentes brasileiros durante a redução de tarifa para o setor automobilístico nos mandatos de Collor/Franco, e o outro avalia os efeitos sentidos pelas exportações brasileiras quando são mencionadas ou não em uma investigação antidumping. O primeiro é justificado com base em uma avaliação dos benefícios gerados em um breve período de atípico regime tarifário liberalizante, uma ocasião rara desde que o Brasil optou por industrializar-se via substituição de importações. O segundo ensaio se justifica por uma melhor avaliação acerca dos efeitos gerados pela utilização desse mecanismo de proteção comercial relativamente recente, e nesse caso específico, acerca dos efeitos gerados pelo uso do instrumento antidumping por terceiros contra os exportadores brasileiros no período de 1991 a 1994-07. O primeiro ensaio encontrou ganhos significativos para (consumidores + produtores) de 1991 a 1994/07, considerando uma queda nas tarifas a partir do valor em 1990 (em 2014 BRL 21,442 bilhões). No mais, também foi calculado os ganhos que poderiam ter sido gerados caso as tarifas tivesse caído para zero no mesmo período (em 2014 BRL 191,556 bilhões). No que concerne ao segundo ensaio, foi encontrado um efeito relevante sobre as exportações brasileiras quando o país é citado em uma petição, para ambos os casos em que o processo terminou com aplicação de direito definitivo e os casos terminados com aplicação de direito preliminar somente. Aquele gerou uma forte queda nos anos um e quarto após o início do processo, enquanto este gerou uma forte queda no ano um e uma forte recuperação no ano quatro. No mais, foi encontrada uma possível evidência de desvio de comércio na situação em que o Brasil não foi mencionado no processo, com as exportações brasileiras crescendo. Ainda, foi também encontrado que o setor "metais" foi o setor mais afetado em quantidade pelas investigações, e que esse também foi mais afetado pela redução das exportações brasileiras em comparação com outros setores. Palavras-chave: Análise de bem-estar. Indústria automobilística. Antidumping
Abstract: This work comprises two essays: one of them is dedicated to evaluating the welfare gains Brazilian agents obtained during the Collor/Franco reduction of tariffs for the automobile sector during their mandates, and the other one evaluates the effects Brazilian exports face when they are mentioned or not in an antidumping procedure. The former is justified on the grounds of evaluating the benefits arisen in a brief period of atypical liberalized trade regime, which has been a rare occasion since Brazil opted to industrialize via import substitution. The second one is justified by means of better assessing the effects of this relatively new trade policy, in this specific case, as to the effects of other parties’ use of the policy against Brazilian exporters in a period that spans from 1994 to 2015. The first essay found a significant gain for (consumers + producers) from 1991 to 1994/07, considering a fall in tariffs from 1990’s level of tariffs (in 2014 BRL 21.442 billion). In addition, it was calculated the gains that could have been generated if tariffs had fallen to zero in that very period(in 2014 BRL 191.556 billion). As for the second essay, it was found a relevant effect on Brazilian exports when the country is mentioned in a petition, both for the cases where the process ended with the application of definitive measures and the cases where there was the application of provisional measures. The former case generated a strong fall in years one and four after the beginning of the process, whereas the latter one generated a strong fall in year one and a strong recovery in year four. In addition, it was found a possible evidence of trade diversion in the situation where Brazil was not mentioned in the process, with Brazilian exports rising. Furthermore, it was also found that the "metals" sector was the most affected sector in the amount of cases initiated, and that its exports are more strongly affected by antidumping processes than other sectors. Keywords: Welfare analysis. Automobile industry. Antidumping.

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Elmahdi, Kamal. "Regional integration and the WTO agreements : effects of the common market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) on bilateral agricultural trade flows and welfare for Sudan /." Aachen : Shaker, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/479453349.pdf.

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Fiankor, Dela-Dem [Verfasser], Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Brümmer, Bernhard [Gutachter] Brümmer, Inmaculada [Gutachter] Martínez-Zarzoso, and Cramon-Taubadel Stephan [Gutachter] von. "Trade and Welfare Effects of Standards in Agricultural Markets / Dela-Dem Doe Fiankor ; Gutachter: Bernhard Brümmer, Inmaculada Martínez-Zarzoso, Stephan von Cramon-Taubadel ; Betreuer: Bernhard Brümmer." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1211816990/34.

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Fiankor, Dela-Dem Doe [Verfasser], Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Brümmer, Bernhard [Gutachter] Brümmer, Inmaculada [Gutachter] Martínez-Zarzoso, and Cramon-Taubadel Stephan [Gutachter] von. "Trade and Welfare Effects of Standards in Agricultural Markets / Dela-Dem Doe Fiankor ; Gutachter: Bernhard Brümmer, Inmaculada Martínez-Zarzoso, Stephan von Cramon-Taubadel ; Betreuer: Bernhard Brümmer." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1211816990/34.

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Elmahdi, Kamal [Verfasser]. "Regional Integration and the WTO Agreements: : Effects of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) on Bilateral Agricultural Trade Flows and Welfare for Sudan / Kamal Elmahdi." Aachen : Shaker, 2005. http://d-nb.info/1181620546/34.

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Ehrich, Malte Verfasser], Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Brümmer, Inmaculada [Gutachter] Martínez-Zarzoso, and Thomas [Gutachter] [Kneib. "Essays on effects of policy interventions in the realm of food standards, trade, and the German labour market / Malte Ehrich ; Gutachter: Bernhard Brümmer, Inmaculada Martínez-Zarzoso, Thomas Kneib ; Betreuer: Bernhard Brümmer." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1129451631/34.

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Nelgen, Signe. "Distortions to agricultural markets : trends and fluctuations, 1955 to 2010." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/78137.

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The thesis analyses the patterns and underlying political economy causes of long-run trends and short-run fluctuations in national distortions to agricultural incentives. It does so by exploiting, revising and expanding a dataset of agricultural distortion measures in developing and developed countries from 1955 to 2004 for developing and 2007 for high-income countries by Anderson and Valenzuela (2008). More specifically, it extends its time period to 2009 for developing countries and 2010 for high-income countries. An essential contribution of the thesis is the update of this database to 2010 in order to capture the most recent international food price spike period. The large dataset makes it possible to analyse insulating behaviour in agricultural markets historically over the past 55 years, and to compare governments' reactions to food market shocks and upwards and downwards price spikes in the most recent years vis-a-vis those in the past. The thesis examines the extent of domestic market insulating behaviour of governments by both food-exporting and food-importing countries. This is because the policies of both country groups contribute substantially to international food price volatility and therefore to economic instability and to trade and welfare fluctuations. The international-to-domestic food price transmission elasticity is used as one indicator of such policy action. The evidence also allows us to test to what extent the policy decisions of governments achieve the goal of protecting domestic producers or consumers from international price spikes in either direction. The results of the analysis are subdivided into the contribution of different regions, country groups and policy instruments. The study also quantifies the extent of the contribution of changes in national agricultural trade restrictions to food price spikes internationally, over and above to the initial exogenous price shock. Reactions of food-exporting and food-importing countries at the same time exacerbate price spikes in international food prices and therefore are a concern for all trading nations because of their nontrivial contribution to domestic and international volatility and uncertainty. To test empirically the political economy causes of such market insulating behaviour of governments, the loss aversion theory of Freund and Oezden (2008), with amendments by Jean, Laborde and Martin (2010) to ensure suitability for agricultural markets, is drawn upon. The focus of this part of the thesis is on the question as to why countries alter assistance levels through variations in trade restrictions to protect one domestic group at the cost to others within the nation, rather than more-direct, more-efficient domestic policy instruments to protect either producers or consumers from price spikes. The final part of the thesis focuses on potential future developments in agricultural market distortions and provides an alternative agricultural protection counterfactual for trade policy modelling than the status quo. After identifying the crucial influencing factors on agricultural distortions in the past, projections of assistance measures are provided for the year 2030. These projections make it possible to model an alternative scenario of the costs based on newly estimated political econometric equations of trade-distorting policies in the future, to compare with one that assumes no future policy changes in their baseline.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Economics, 2012

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Fiankor, Dela-Dem Doe. "Trade and Welfare Effects of Standards in Agricultural Markets." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-13CE-E.

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Jian, Pei-xing Zhang, and 張簡沛馨. "The trade policy effects on social welfare under domestic capacity constraint." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47645062130853925926.

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碩士
國立高雄大學
經營管理研究所
103
Although capacity constraint seems quite common to firm operation, little researches in the field of international trade address the effects of firms with capacity constraint. This paper investigates the effects of government’s trading policies on social welfare under domestic capacity constraint. In the tariff regime, we find that a binding domestic capacity constraint results in higher equilibrium domestic market price and lower social welfare comparing to the non-binding situation. In the quota regime, we show that both of the relieving domestic capacity and releasing quota will increase social welfare. In the tariff-rate quota regime, we prove that lifting either in-quota tariff or over-quota tariff and relieving the constrained domestic capacity will reduce the social welfare. If the domestic capacity constraint is binding, the government can set higher over-quota tariff as a “rent shift” mechanism to shift back foreign producer’s excess profit. We conclude that binding domestic capacity constraint provides foreign producer opportunity to export more products and then affects domestic social welfare. Capacity constraint just plays the distortion role to manipulate the social welfare results in their purposes.

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"Welfare effects of trade and environmental policy for a small-polluted economy." 2004. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892257.

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Keung Kam-Yin.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-80).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Overview --- p.1
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.5
Chapter 2.1 --- Income growth and pollution --- p.5
Chapter 2.2 --- Environmental regulations and comparative advantage --- p.6
Chapter 2.3 --- Welfare implications : Optimal policy in a second-best world --- p.9
Chapter 2.4 --- Unemployment and the Environment --- p.11
Chapter 2.5 --- Labor Union and International Trade --- p.12
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Tariffs and the Environment --- p.14
Chapter 3.1 --- The model --- p.14
Chapter 3.2 --- Resource Allocation -The effects of import tariffs --- p.19
Chapter 3.3 --- National welfare --- p.23
Chapter 3.4 --- Trade Liberalization --- p.26
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Tariffs，Unemployment and the Environment --- p.28
Chapter 4.1 --- The model --- p.30
Chapter 4.2 --- Resource Allocation - The effects of import tariffs --- p.33
Chapter 4.3 --- National Welfare --- p.37
Chapter 4.4 --- Trade Liberalization --- p.40
Chapter Chapter 5 --- "Tariffs, Labor Unions and the Environment" --- p.42
Chapter 5.1 --- The model --- p.43
Chapter 5.2 --- Resource Allocation - The effects of import tariffs --- p.48
Chapter 5.3 --- National Welfare --- p.52
Chapter 5.4 --- Trade Liberalization --- p.54
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.57
Appendix I --- p.60
Appendix II --- p.64
Appendix III --- p.67
References --- p.72

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Zheng, Jing Ji, and 鄭靖吉. "The effects of trade liberalization on meat consumer''s welfare in Taiwan." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48555268625993833083.

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Boerngen, Maria Anne. "Trade and welfare effects of Japan's revised import protocol for American apples /." 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3314734.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-05, Section: A, page: 1910. Adviser: David S. Bullock. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-120) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

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Lu, Te-Cheng, and 呂得成. "Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade in a Service Industry, Intellectual Property Rights and Forming Free Trade Agreements." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44893528105750003291.

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博士
國立東華大學
經濟學系
103
The thesis analyzes three important issues in the conduct of trade theory. Chapter 2 investigates welfare effects of liberalizing trade and investment in a service sector. Chapter 3 explores the optimal trade or intellectual property rights (IPRs) policy with endogenous entry mode and R&;D investment in the presence of bilateral R&;D spillover. Chapter 4 discusses stable formation of free trade agreements among asymmetric countries. The first model (Chapter 2) examines a foreign firm’s entry decision and its effects on the host country’s welfare in a model with a composite good in which both commodity and service generate utility for consumers. Along with the commodity that it produces, a producer can provide the service by itself or outsource the service. The result shows that the incentive for foreign direct investment (FDI) in the service sector increases under liberalizing trade in the final good market. Moreover, there exist policy combinations of trade and investment liberalization, whereby the domestic firms’ profitability is traded off with the host country’s social welfare when the foreign firm provides a service through FDI or through outsourcing respectively. Finally, the welfare in the outsourcing regime after simultaneously liberalizing trade and investment is not necessarily greater than that under autarky. The second model emploies a bilateral R&;D spillover model to analyze how a domestic country coordinates polices encompassing IPRs and trade and then investigates the optimal choices corresponding to the foreign firm’s behavior: export (EX) or FDI. The domestic government and foreign firm’s preferences are consistent in some combinations of trade and IPRs policies. Under the EX regime the domestic country should keep tariffs as high as possible, which will increase with IPRs protection. Under the FDI regime the domestic country can find an optimal IPRs policy that is different from the corner solution in some conventional results. Therefore, the strict enforecment of IPRs protection may results in a welfare reducing R&;D. The third model constructs a three-country intra-industry trade model with asymmetric cost firms to analyze the welfare effects under free trade agreements on the basis of the most-favored-nation (MFN) clause. A cost-efficient (cost-inefficient) FTA member imposes a high (low) external tariff on the same non-member country. The formation of FTAs acts as a building block toward global free trade if the difference in cost efficiency relative to market size is sufficiently low, while the other Coalition-Proof Nash Equilibria (CPNE) are FTAs among asymmetric countries. Free trade agreements among asymmetric countries {A, B}, {B, C}, and {A, C} are stable if the difference in cost efficiency is moderate; If the difference in cost efficiency is sufficiently high, free trade agreement between the cost-efficient and cost-inefficient countries {A, C} is not a CPNE.

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Wei, Wenjie. "Welfare and Environmental Effects of Subsidies and Import Tariffs in North–South Trade in Renewable Energy Equipment." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110181.

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The recent China–EU and China–USA trade disputes over solar panels have no end in sight. This thesis attempts to examine the welfare and environmental effects of upstream and downstream environmental subsidies as well as an upstream trade policy, using a model where a developed country (the North) imports renewable energy equipment from a newly industrialised country (the South). Chapter 1 develops a two-country, three-good model to investigate the welfare and environmental effects of unilateral Northern policies – consisting of a downstream feed-in tariff premium for residential renewable electricity generation and an upstream import tariff on renewable energy equipment. We consider two market structures in the equipment sector – a Southern monopoly and an asymmetric Cournot international duopoly producing a homogeneous product. We show, inter alia, that domestic feed-in tariff premium always increases the endogenous Northern import tariff, and vice versa. Pollution externality reinforces rather than necessitates the policy complementarity. Chapter 2 conducts numerical simulations to illustrate Chapter 1 and address issues not solvable analytically. We study both market structures and generate a Northern policy mix. Then we shift to bilateral policies by introducing a Southern cost-reducing R&D subsidy. We find that the counter-intuitive net installation-dampening effect of the Northern FIT premium in the monopoly case is driven by its strong indirect price-raising effect, since the premium induces a higher optimal domestic import tariff. We also compare the equilibrium levels of policies, welfare and pollution harm across cooperative and non-cooperative strategies, as well as the Northern policy mix and Northern single policy scenarios. Chapter 3 theoretically extends Chapter 1 by considering three main alternative renewable energy policy instruments. Specifically, we examine how a Southern R&D subsidy and a Northern output subsidy interact with the Northern FIT premium and import tariff. Then we explore the effect of trade protection in the presence of a binding emissions target or a binding renewable energy share target. Emissions are unaffected under a binding emissions target, but interestingly, they are decreasing in the degree of trade protection under a binding renewable energy share target.

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Archuleta, Teena Marie. "Welfare effects of trade reform and macroeconomic conditions on labor market outcomes and poverty in Mexico." 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/70872239.html.

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Weidman, James Matthew. "Employment, welfare and distributional effects of a unilateral change in sugar trade policy : the United States and the State of Hawaii." Thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9206.

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Ehrich, Malte. "Essays on effects of policy interventions in the realm of food standards, trade, and the German labour market." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3DFB-3.

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Fratzscher, G. Oliver. "The political economy of trade integration welfare implications in a trading block model, political sustainability in a pressure group model, and effects of FDI in a gravity model /." 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33817049.html.

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Paul, Binny Mathew. "Anticipating the impacts of climate policies on the U.S. light-duty-vehicle fleet, greenhouse gas emissions, and household welfare." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3630.

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The first part of this thesis relies on stated and revealed preference survey results across a sample of U.S. households to first ascertain vehicle acquisition, disposal, and use patterns, and then simulate these for a synthetic population over time. Results include predictions of future U.S. household-fleet composition, use, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under nine different scenarios, including variations in fuel and plug-in-electric-vehicle (PHEV) prices, new-vehicle feebate policies, and land-use-density settings. The adoption and widespread use of plug-in vehicles will depend on thoughtful marketing, competitive pricing, government incentives, reliable driving-range reports, and adequate charging infrastructure. This work highlights the impacts of various directions consumers may head with such vehicles. For example, twenty-five-year simulations at gas prices at $7 per gallon resulted in the highest market share predictions (16.30%) for PHEVs, HEVs, and Smart Cars (combined) — and the greatest GHG-emissions reductions. Predictions under the two feebate policy scenarios suggest shifts toward fuel-efficient vehicles, but with vehicle miles traveled (VMT) rising slightly (by 0.96% and 1.42%), thanks to lower driving costs. The stricter of the two feebate policies – coupled with gasoline at $5 per gallon – resulted in the highest market share (16.37%) for PHEVs, HEVs, and Smart Cars, but not as much GHG emissions reduction as the $7 gas price scenario. Total VMT values under the two feebate scenarios and low-PHEV-pricing scenarios were higher than those under the trend scenario (by 0.56%, 0.96%, and 1.42%, respectively), but only the low-PHEV-pricing scenario delivered higher overall GHG emission estimates (just 0.23% more than trend) in year 2035. The high-density scenario (where job and household densities were quadrupled) resulted in the lowest total vehicle ownership levels, along with below-trend VMT and emissions rates. Finally, the scenario involving a $7,500 rebate on all PHEVs still predicted lower PHEV market share than the $7 gas price scenario (i.e., 2.85% rather than 3.78%). The second part of this thesis relies on data from the U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) to estimate the welfare impacts of carbon taxes and household-level capping of emissions (with carbon-credit trading allowed). A translog utility framework was calibrated and then used to anticipate household expenditures across nine consumer goods categories, including vehicle usage and vehicle expenses. An input-output model was used to estimate the impact of carbon pricing on goods prices, and a vehicle choice model determined vehicle type preferences, along with each household’s effective travel costs. Behaviors were predicted under two carbon tax scenarios ($50 per ton and $100 per ton of CO2-equivalents) and four cap-and-trade scenarios (10-ton and 15-ton cap per person per year with trading allowed at $50 per ton and $100 per ton carbon price). Results suggest that low-income households respond the most under a $100-per-ton tax but increase GHG emissions under cap-and-trade scenarios, thanks to increased income via sale of their carbon credits. High-income households respond the most across all the scenarios under a 10-ton cap (per household member, per year) and trading at $100 per ton scenario. Highest overall emission reduction (47.2%) was estimated to be under $100 per ton carbon tax. High welfare loss was predicted for all households (to the order of 20% of household income) under both the policies. Results suggest that a carbon tax will be regressive (in terms of taxes paid per dollar of expenditure), but a tax-revenue redistribution can be used to offset this regressivity. In the absence of substitution opportunities (within each of the nine expenditure categories), these results represent highly conservative (worst-case) results, but they illuminate the behavioral response trends while providing a rigorous framework for future work.
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Ghazaryan, Sevan. "Armenia's accession to the Customs Union : gains of losses?" Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-339140.

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Armenia is going to join the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia (the Eurasian Customs Union) in the coming months. The author uses partial-equilibrium model to investigate and calculate trade diversion, trade creation and net welfare effects of accession on the Armenian economy. The thesis concludes that the membership in the customs union would lead to welfare losses and negative static effects. The main reason is the pure trade diversion effect on Armenia resulting from the increased external tariff rate. Adopting the common external tariff of the Eurasian Customs Union would raise the prices of those imported goods which flow from outside the customs union. As the majority of Armenian imports come from outside the Eurasian Customs Union, the increase in import prices would carry high social costs for the Armenian consumers. In addition, the absence of shared border with the customs union member-states substantially diminishes the potential benefits from possible non-tariff barrier facilitation. Therefore, the thesis strongly recommends against the accession.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Welfare effects of trade interventions'

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