Journal articles: 'Welded steel plates'

1

Nakano, Y., Y. Saito, K. Amano, M. Koda, Y. Sannomiya, and E. Kobayashi. "Development of High-Strength Steel Plates for Low-Temperature Use." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 110, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231378.

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This paper describes the metallurgical approaches for producing 415MPa and 460MPa yield strength offshore structural steel plates and the mechanical properties of the steel plates and their welded joints. A thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP) was adopted to manufacture YP415MPa and YP460MPa steel plates with weldability comparable to conventional YP355MPa steel plates. The Charpy impact and CTOD tests of the steel plates and their welded joints proved to be very good.

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Goo, Byeong Choon. "An Experimental Study on the Fatigue of Structural Steels with Various Welding Details." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.593.

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A structural steel should satisfy various properties under varied conditions. Fatigue strength is one of them. When structural steels are used in the form of welded joints, fatigue strength is one of the key characteristics that should be considered. In this study, comprehensive fatigue tests of a structural steel with yielding strength of about 350 MPa and tensile strength of about 520 MPa were carried out. First, a lot of specimens: parent material plates, butt welded specimens with reinforcement removed, as-welded plates, plates with weld toe ground, load-carrying cruciform, non load-carrying cruciform, plates with transverse fillet welded rib, etc were prepared and tested. S-N curves for the above specimens were compared and analyzed. Secondly, some life-size rectangular beams were fabricated by welding and tested. It is found that annealing is detrimental to fatigue strength rather than beneficial. The experimental data and results may be used usefully by engineers.

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Nguyen, Tien Duong. "Residual Stress and Deformation of Butt-Welded Joint of Low Carbon Steel to Stainless Steel." Journal of Science and Technology - Technical Universities 30.7, no. 146 (November 2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/30.7.2.

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This paper investigates and determines residual stress and deformation of butt welded joint between two plates of low carbon steel and stainless steel. Based on the theoretical basis of the virtual force method [1-3], this study has constructed the formulas to calculate the residual stress and deformation in fusion welding of two dissimilar materials for butt joint and single-pass weld. The residual stresses and deformations in the butt-welded joint of two plates of 5 mm thickness, beveled edge, single-pass weld between low carbon steel and stainless steel are determined and compared to show the difference of residual stress and deformation in each plate. These results are also compared with the butt welded joint of two low carbon steel plates.

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Chance, Brent H., and Don E. Bray. "Nondestructive Monitoring of Stress Relaxation in Welded Steel Plates." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 124, no. 3 (July 26, 2002): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1491581.

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This study investigates transverse stress relaxation in welded steel plates. Two different methods of stress measurement were used; strain gages and critically refracted longitudinal LCR waves. The material investigated was ASTM 1008/1010 steel. T-shaped slots were cut from each edge of each specimen in order to provide a uniaxial tension stress field in the area of investigation. After the plates were stress-relieved by annealing, the transverse slots were then welded and allowed to cool. Strain gages were applied to the bridge area joining the middle of the plate and oriented parallel to the long side of the plate. Initial strain gage and ultrasonic measurements were then performed. At different time intervals, cutting through a sample plate’s welds relieved the stresses. Strain gage and ultrasonic measurements were then repeated. Both the strain gage and LCR methods indicate that there is a measurable stress relaxation in the plates, and that it occurs in a time-dependent and predictable manner.

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Jiang, Xiao Xia, Liang Zhu, Ji Sen Qiao, Yi Xiong Wu, Zhu Guo Li, and Jian Hong Chen. "Bending Properties of Laser Welded Web-Core Steel Sandwich Plates." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1451.

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This paper presents a detailed discussion of the bending properties of laser welded web-core steel sandwich plates and the influence of weld width on stiffness and strength. The over-hanging three point bending test was conducted on the laser welded web-core steel sandwich plates with various welds width by self-designed device, together with the finite element simulations. A good agreement is obtained between the 2D FE analyses and experiment results. The stiffness and strength of the sandwich plates increased with the increasing of weld width, especially for the weld width lower than 60% thickness of the core plate. It is necessary to consider the weld width in the design and evaluation of the stiffness and strength of the laser welded web-core sandwich plate. Base on the results, the FEM is the priority to analysis bending properties of laser welded web-core steel sandwich plates.

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Kálazi, Zoltán, Zoltán Meiszterics, Viktória Janó, Ottó Szabados, Zsuzsanna Magyar, and Gábor Buza. "Laser Welding of Steel Plates with Divided Beam." Materials Science Forum 659 (September 2010): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.659.483.

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In the steel-work the rolled coils of low carbon steel plates must be unended before pickling on the continuous mill. This was solved with butt welded joint by laser beam welding at ISD DUNAFERR Dunai Vasmő ZRt. The 8 kW light power, near TEM00 mode laser beam’s final part of optical system is a divided parabolic mirror, which creates two focal spot in the welding region. In the interest of productivity rising, the rolled bands’ ends have to be welded at the highest speed as far as possible. The welded seams have to tolerate the repeated bends on the pickling mill without cracking. The optimum parameters of laser welding technology were determined by metallography and calculation of energetic efficiency.

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Bîrdeanu, Aurel Valentin, Alin Constantin Murariu, Horia Florin Daşcău, and Iuliana Duma. "Comparison between Modelled Influence of GMAW Parameters and Corresponding Mechanical Properties of Group 1 and 2 According to ISO/TR 15608 Steel T Joints." Key Engineering Materials 890 (June 23, 2021): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.890.17.

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Reproducibility in respect to welded structures realization is one of the main requirements for a wide variety of industrial applications. One of the international tendencies regarding the use of the steel is the replacing, in critical areas, of structural steels with high performance steel, e.g. with HSLA steels. The paper presents the results of a factorial designed experimental program focused on determining mathematical correlations between the GMAW process parameters for T joints of 4mm thick steel plates of structural (S235JR+AR according to SR EN 10025-2) and hot-rolled, high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel plates (S420MC according to EN 10025-4), respectively. A comparison between the obtained mathematical correlations that connect the welding parameters and the main mechanical characteristics is presented. The correlations can be used for applying the optimal combination of welding process parameters for realizing the T-joints of welded products.

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Lukácsa, János, and Haidar Mobarkb. "Mismatch effect on fatigue crack propagation limit curves of S690QL, S960QL and S960TM type base materials and their gas metal arc welded joints." Zavarivanje i zavarene konstrukcije 65, no. 2 (2020): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zzk2002075l.

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Nowadays, one of the basic trends in the industry is the environmental impact reduction, in other words the weight decreasing of structural elements and structures, which can be approached by applying different high strength steels. In case of different steel structures, the main manufacturing and joining technology is the welding, the conventional and advanced methods of fusion and pressure welding processes. Beside the weight decreasing, the reliability and safety requirements according to steel structures have significant grown. During the welding process, the welded parts are affected with heat-effect and mechanical loads, which result in inhomogeneous welded joint. The inhomogeneity of the welded joints appears both in microstructural (local) and in geometrical (both local and global) aspects. The changes in microstructure and geometry appear in deflections (basically acceptable), or rather in failures (basically unacceptable); and these influence both the behaviour and the loadability of welded joints. Discontinuities in base materials and their welded joints have especially high danger in case of cyclic loading conditions, which are typical for different structures and structural elements (e.g. bridges, vehicles). There are different standards and prescriptions containing fatigue crack propagation limit curves and rules for the prediction of the crack growth; simple and two-stage crack growth relationships can be found in the literature, most frequently based on the Paris-Erdogan law. The paper summarizes and presents the results according to our fatigue crack growth investigations on Weldox 700E and Weldox 960E quenched and tempered (Q+T) and on Alform 960M thermomechanically treated (TM) high strength steel base materials and their gas metal arc welded joints. The mismatch effect has also been studied; matched, overmatched, undermatched and matched/overmatched (mixed-matched) welded joints were investigated. 15 mm thick plates were used for the investigations, statistical aspects were applied both for presenting the possible crack locations in the real plates, as well as for processing the measured data. Furthermore, the results will be compared with each other, and fatigue crack propagation limit curves will be derived using simple crack growth relationship.

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Li, Shu Qi, Hong Yuan Fang, Xue Song Liu, and Wei Cui. "Relationship between the Microstructure of the Welded Steel Plates and the Efficiency of Vibration Stress Relief." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 2062–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.2062.

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Welded components of low alloy steels are widely used in various applications. Stress reliving is very important to these welded structures. Vibration stress relief (VSR) is an relatively new method for this purpose. In this study, Q235 and Q345 steel plates were welded. Then they were treated by VSR. The microstructure of the welded lines were investigated and the residual stresses in two directions in these welded structures were measured. The difference of the efficiency of VSR on the two materials were investigate. It is found that, the decreasing amplitude of the residual stress in the Q235 welded structures significantly exceeded that in the Q345 welded structures. The grain size in the area near the weld lines is the main factor that affects the efficiency of the VSR treatment.

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10

Vossoughi, H., K. Soudki, R. N. White, A. R. Ingraffea, and M. Sansalone. "Fatigue of Thick Steel Plates Bent to a Low R/t Ratio." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 111, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3265673.

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The use of cold-bent plates, instead of welded corner joints, in the fabrication of pressure vessels can reduce production costs. The cold-bending operation is relatively easy, inexpensive, and requires minimum quality control. The attractiveness of using cold-bent plates as a potential substitute for plates with welded corner joints motivated the fatigue study described here. Fatigue test resutls are reported for nineteen 25-mm thick HY80 and HY100 steel plates, cold-bent to a nominal bend angle of 90 deg and an R/t (inner bend radius/thickness) of 1.5, and ten 25-mm thick HY80 welded corner joints. Testing was performed under zero-to-tension loading (stress ratio R = 0) at room temperature and at a frequency of 4 Hz on specimens that retained the actual cold-bending-induced residual stresses. These test results indicate that the cold-bent plates may be a good alternative to welded corner joints for cyclic loading histories.

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11

Varavallo, Rogério, Vitor de Melo Moreira, Vinicius Paes, Pedro Brito, Jose Olivas, and Haroldo Cavalcanti Pinto. "Residual Stresses of Explosion Cladded Composite Plates of ZERON 100 Superduplex Stainless Steel and ASTM SA516-70 Carbon Steel." Advanced Materials Research 996 (August 2014): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.996.500.

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In the present work bimetal composite plates of ZERON 100 superduplex stainless steel and ASME SA516-70 carbon steel were produced by explosion welding and submitted to post weld heat treatment for stress relief. The cross section microstructure of the cladded plates was characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and the hardness profile across the weld interface was determined. Residual stress analysis by X-ray diffraction was performed before and after heat treatment on the stainless steel side of the cladded plates. In the as-welded condition, metallography analysis indicated severe plastic deformation at the welded interface and a wavy morphology characteristic of high adhesive strength. Elevated tensile residual stresses were created as a result of the welding process. The heat treatment process applied (6h at 250°C) did not alter hardness at the welded interface nor the residual stress state in the cladded materials.

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Morsy, Morsy Amin, Sameh M. Khafagy, and Ahmed Ismail Zaky Farahat. "Weldability of Dual Phase Steel Containing Boron." Key Engineering Materials 835 (March 2020): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.835.251.

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Carbon steel containing boron-dual phase was produced by casting and were heated to 1200 °C for hot forging to produce plates of 10 and 6 mm thick. The plates produced were heated to the inter-critical annealing temperature for 15 min. and then water quenched followed by tempering process. The microstructure of the produced steel is ferrite with islands of martensite. Welding was done to the heat treated steel plates (6mm) using SMAW process and applying AWS-E11016 electrode and as a result an over-tempered region in the heat affected zone was formed with a significant reduction of the ultimate tensile strength of the welded joint. Reduction of heat input resulted in an increase in the joint strength. Welding of the hot rolled plates with a subsequent heat treatment resulted in formation of homogenous joint with good mechanical and metallurgical properties. Application of Electron Beam Welding to this dual phase steel resulted in a welded joint with good mechanical properties comparable to that of the base metal. The results were discussed based on microstructure analysis and hardness distribution of the welded joints.

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13

Kim, M. H., H. J. Kim, J. H. Han, J. M. Lee, Y. D. Kim, N. H. Kang, M. J. Kang, and C. H. Kim. "Influence of backing materials towards the fatigue strength of butt-welded joints." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 8 (June 24, 2011): 1798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211403570.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the fatigue strength of butt-welded joints with special attention paid to employing different kinds of backing plates. The effect of the under-matched weld was also considered. Four different cases of backing scenarios for butt-welded specimens such as steel backing, ceramic backing, CMT (no backing by cold metal transfer) and UM (under-matched welded specimen) were investigated. A series of fatigue tests was performed to compare the fatigue strength of butt-welded joints with respect to different backing scenarios. Effective notch stress was used for the interpretation of fatigue strength of butt-welded specimens with backing plates based on finite element analyses for calculating fatigue notch factors. When results were presented from the effective notch stress, all backing scenarios considered in this study exhibited the fatigue strengths corresponding to the FAT 225 curve. From the experimental results of this study, it was determined that the fatigue strengths of butt-welded joints were found to be in the order of CMT, ceramic backing, UM, and steel backing. No significant decrease in fatigue strength, however, was observed when backing plates were steel backing and ceramic backing types.

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14

Dogariu, A. I., A. Crișan, M. Cristuțiu, D. L. Nunes, and A. Juca. "Behavior of Steel Welded Tapered Beam-column." Open Civil Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501711010345.

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Steel structural elements with variable cross-section, made of welded plates, are largely used in the construction industry for both beams and columns in accordance with the stress and stiffness demand in the structure. These types of elements are mainly used for the design of single storey frames with pitched roof rafters and pinned column base. Rafters and columns can be designed as tapered members made of steel welded plates, respecting the bending moment diagrams for gravitational load combination. This paper deals with experimental tests performed on tapered beam-columns elements, subjected to both bending moment and compressive axial force together with analytical investigation.

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15

Komizo, Yu-ichi. "Performance of welded joint of TMCP steel plates." Journal of the Japan Welding Society 59, no. 7 (1990): 498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws1943.59.498.

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Khamari, Bijaya Kumar, Pradip Kumar Sahu, and B. B. Biswal. "Microstructure Analysis of Arc Welded Mild Steel Plates." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 377 (June 2018): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/377/1/012049.

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Komizo, Y. "Performance of welded joints in TMCP steel plates." Welding International 5, no. 8 (January 1991): 598–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507119109446783.

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Em, Vyacheslav, Wanchuck Woo, Baek-Seok Seong, Pavol Mikula, Jongdae Joo, Mi-Hyun Kang, and Kyu Hong Lee. "Residual stress determination in thick welded steel plates." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 340 (February 8, 2012): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/340/1/012025.

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Pacek, D., P. Kolodziejczak, K. Grzelak, J. Torzewski, and P. Podgorzak. "The protective capability of the laser welded armour steel plates." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, no. 5 (February 26, 2020): 711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420720906429.

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Despite the intensive development of plastics and composite materials in the case of armours employed to protect vehicles, armour steel remains a material commonly and effectively used. This is especially evident in the base armour of armoured vehicles, where the body is made of welded armour steel plates. However, the area of joining both the weld and the heat affected zone are sensitive areas with the reduced protective capability. In the case of laser welding in comparison with methods such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding, it is possible to narrow down the above mentioned areas. The paper presents the results of research on the protective capability of welded zone of armour steel plates with a hardness of 500 HB. In the first part of the work, in order to select the proper parameters for the bonding process, different connection variants were made and their microstructure and selected mechanical properties were analysed. After selecting the best variant of the welding process, samples (200 mm × 200 mm) consisting of two welded plates with dimensions 100 mm × 200 mm were made for testing. The thickness of the plates was selected in such a way that in the areas outside the bonding zone, the lack of complete perforation by the projectiles used in the tests is guaranteed. The samples were shot at the weld location and at different distances from the weld to verify, for the chosen method of joining steel plates, if the welded armour loses its protective capability and, possibly, how wide this area may be.

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Ghosh, Aniruddha, Somnath Chattopadhyaya, and S. Mukherjee. "Analysis of the Influence of the Heat Input and Bead Volume on HAZ Hardness for Submerged Arc Welding Process of Mild Steel Plates." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 2469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.2469.

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In Submerged Arc Welding process involves critical set of variables which are needed to control. An attempt has been made in this paper to find out- the influence of the heat input and bead volume on HAZ Hardness for Submerged Arc Welding Process of Mild steel plates. Mild steel plates are welded by changing input variables (current, voltage, travel speed, i.e. heat input) and Rockwell hardness no. has been observed on welded portion and at the zone adjacent to the welded portion. A detailed analysis of the microstructure changes is carried out to understand the HAZ softening phenomenon.

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Słania, J., R. Krawczyk, and D. Masłoń. "Technology of Welding Joints Mixed with Duplex Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0029.

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Results of the examinations of sample plates of mixed joints with the duplex steel were discussed. Examinations were taken on the sample plates of mixed joints of sheet plates type P355NL1 and X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 welded by the flux-cored wire DW-329A by the Kobelco company of the following category T 22 9 3 NL RC/M3 in the gas shroud M21 (Ar+18%CO2) (plate no.1), and nickel covered electrodes E Ni 6082 by the Böhler company (plate no. 2). Results of the side bend test of welded joint, transverse tensile test, stretching of the weld metal, impact strength, micro and macroscopic metallographic examinations, and measurements of the delta ferrite content were presented.

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Zhou, Nan, Jing Jiang, Kui Tang, and Song Ze Tang. "Study on Fabrication and Bonding Interface of Explosive Welded Steel/Aluminum/Steel Composite Plate." Key Engineering Materials 753 (August 2017): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.753.188.

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In order to study the explosive welding experimental fabrication technology of multi-layer dissimilar metal plates and the quality of bonding interface, three-layer steel/aluminum/steel composite plates with different thickness distributions were fabricated using the method of explosive welding when their total thicknesses remained same (total 5 mm). Then the stereomicroscope was adopted to investigate the shape of bonding interface and the formed mechanism was also analyzed. In addition, the micro-hardness (Vickers hardness, Hv) distribution of the composite plate in the thickness direction was studied by a low load Vickers hardness tester. The results show that the method of explosive welding can be used to fabricate three-layer steel/aluminum/steel dissimilar metal plates successfully. Meanwhile, wave bonding interface was formed between steel fly plate and aluminum middle plate, straight bonding interface was formed between aluminum middle plate and steel base plate. The maximum Hv value of welded plate appears at the bonding interface with high bonding strength. The bonding strength of both two kinds of welded interface was considered sufficient, which offers experimental support for the explosive welding of multi-layer plates.

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Muneshwar, Pravin, Satish Kumar Singh, K. Naresh Kumar, Bhanu Pant, and K. Sreekumar. "Metallurgical Studies on Explosive Welded Aluminium Alloy-Stainless Steel Bimetallic Plates." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.644.

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Aluminium alloys and austenitic stainless steels are often used for construction of cryogenic pressure vessels owing to their attractive properties at cryogenic temperatures. Indian space programme requires AA2219/ICSS1218-SS321 bimetallic components which are machined from explosive welded plates. Pure aluminium sheet is used as an interlayer between aluminium alloy and steel to achieve a satisfactory bond. Internal soundness of the joint is evaluated through ultrasonic testing (UT). The present paper discusses bonding trials carried out by varying the explosive parameters using facilities and expertise of Terminal Ballistic Research Laboratory (TBRL), Chandigarh and M/s Giridhari Explosives Private Limited (GEPL), Hyderabad. The welded joint is extensively characterised with respect to Lap Shear and Ultimate Tensile Strength at ambient temperature and for metallographic analysis.

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Bhowmick, Anjan K., and Gilbert Y. Grondin. "Limit state design of steel columns reinforced with welded steel plates." Engineering Structures 114 (May 2016): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.032.

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Wang, Tai, San San Ao, S. M. Manladan, Yang Chuan Cai, and Zhen Luo. "Microstructure and Properties of Surface-Modified Plates and Their Welded Joints." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 6, 2019): 2883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182883.

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The surface of Q235 low carbon steel was modified by the metal inert-gas welding (MIG) method; a 304 stainless steel surfacing layer was fabricated to improve the properties of Q235 low carbon steel. For practical industry application, keyhole tungsten inter gas (K-TIG) welding was used to weld the surface-modified plates. The microstructure, elemental distribution, micro-hardness, and corrosion resistance of the surface-modified plates and the welded joints were analyzed. The corrosion tests of welded joints and surface-modified plates were carried out with the electrochemical method and hydrochloric acid immersion method, respectively, and surface morphology after corrosion was studied. The results show that the surface-modified plates and their welded joints were defect-free. The microstructure of the surfacing layer consisted of austenite, martensite, and ferrite; and the microstructure of the weld consisted mainly of martensite. The hardness and corrosion resistance of the surfacing layer was superior to that that of low carbon steel. The micro-hardness of the weld is higher than that of the stainless steel surfacing layer and the base material. The corrosion resistance of the surfacing layer is the best, and the corrosion resistance of the welding seam is better than that of the base material.

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Preedawiphat, Pavaret, Numpon Mahayotsanun, Keerati Sa-ngoen, Mai Noipitak, Pongsak Tuengsook, Sedthawatt Sucharitpwatskul, and Kuniaki Dohda. "Mechanical Investigations of ASTM A36 Welded Steels with Stainless Steel Cladding." Coatings 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2020): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090844.

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The in-service life of ASTM A36 welded steel pipes in power plants is often shortened by ash corrosion. During the heating condition, the ash deposition on the welded steel pipes gradually reduces the thickness of the pipes, thus, reducing the lifetime. Instead of replacing the pipes with new ones, the cost could be significantly reduced if the lifetime could be further extended. Weld cladding was the method selected in this study to temporarily extend the service life of welded pipes. This paper performed the mechanical investigations of A36—A36 welded steel plates after coating the surfaces with 309L stainless steel with a cladding method. The residual stress was also tested to observe the internal stresses developed during the welding processes of A36—A36 specimens. The comparison between the coated and non-coated surfaces of welded steels was performed by using the tensile tests (at room and elevated temperatures), corrosion (pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion, and weight-loss corrosion) tests, and wear (shot blasting) tests. The life-extension of both coatings was evaluated based on the tensile tests and the corrosion and wear tests provided the qualitative evaluations of the coating performance. The results showed that surfaces coated by cladding could be used to temporarily extend the life of ASTM A36 welded steel under the studied conditions.

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Fisher, John W. "Evolution of Fatigue-Resistant Steel Bridges." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1594, no. 1 (January 1997): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1594-01.

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Fatigue cracking was seldom found in welded highway and railroad bridges from the time of their introduction in the 1950s until the late 1960s. The fatigue design specifications used in that era were developed from a limited knowledge base and largely with small-scale specimens that simulated welded details. During the AASHO Road Test in 1960 fatigue cracks were observed to develop in cover-plated steel bridge beams as a result of the heavy loads and high stress ranges. This observation subsequently resulted in a series of experimental studies supported by NCHRP starting in 1967. The laboratory studies with full-scale details were designed to evaluate the significance of many factors thought to influence fatigue resistance, including loading history (and associated stress states including residual stresses), type of steel, design details, and quality of fabrication. These studies indicated that small-scale specimens overestimated fatigue resistance and that only the stress range for a given detail was critical. As a result fatigue resistance design provisions in use since the 1950s were inadequate and overly optimistic, particularly at longer lives, because the assumption of a fatigue limit of 2 million cycles proved to be incorrect. The results of laboratory studies with full-size specimens and their impact on changing the concept of fatigue design and the bridge fatigue design provisions used for highway and railroad bridges today are reviewed. During the 1970s and 1980s fatigue cracking associated with low-fatigue-strength details (Categories E and E′), such as cover plates and lateral gusset plates, increased. Cracks were also found in transverse groove welds, particularly in attachments such as longitudinal stiffeners, gusset plates and even flange splices. These groove weld cracks generally occurred because large defects were inadvertently fabricated into the welded joint. The occurrence of these cracks was found to be predictable and in agreement with the laboratory fatigue resistance results. The 1970s also exposed an unexpected source of cracking due to the distortion of small web gaps that were frequently used in welded bridge structures. Web gap cracking continues to develop in a wide range of bridge types. It is the source of most fatigue cracks in steel bridges. Existing bridges that are susceptible to fatigue cracks or that develop fatigue cracks at primary details or from web gap distortion are easily repaired or retrofitted to ensure long-term performance. Examples of such repairs are reviewed. The future is bright for welded bridges because the knowledge base and current design provisions make it possible to design and build fatigue-resistant bridges.

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Ding, Xiao, and Xiang Li. "Influence of High-Temperature Ageing on the Microstructure of Stainless Steel/Low Alloy Steel Clad Plate Welded Joints." Materials Science Forum 878 (November 2016): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.878.38.

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This paper studies the microstructure of welded joints of Q345R/304 stainless steel clad plates after high temperature ageing. E309Nb welding rod, ER310 welding wire, and ER309L welding wire were used as cladding filling materials, and ER50-6 welding wire was used as base-layer filling material for welding. The metallographic microstructure of welding joints were studied after ageing treatment at 600°C for 100 hours. Test results showed that the microstructures of cladding weld zone were austenite and ferrite, and the ferrite in cladding weld zone of ER309L welded joints is less than the one in cladding weld zone of E309Nb and ER310 welded joints. The microstructure in the fusion zone is in-continuous, and the fine ferrite is distributed on the austenite matrix. After high temperature ageing, the width of fusion zone in ER309L welded joints is obviously less than that of the other two welded joints. The toughness of ER309L welded joints is better than that of E309Nb and ER310 welded joints.

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Bereteu, Liviu, Mircea Vodă, Tiberiu Medgyesi, Gheorghe Drăgănescu, and Dorin Simoiu. "Defects Detection on the Welded Thin Steel Plates Using Vibroacustic Method." Advanced Materials Research 1029 (September 2014): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1029.212.

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The aim of this paper is the development and validation of a vibroacustic technique to welding defects detection, especially for welded thin plate structures. In welded structures subjected to dynamic cyclic loads may appear and propagate fatigue cracks due to local structural damage. These cracks may initiate due to the technological parameters used in welding process, or due to environmental operating conditions. By the means of Finite Element Method (FEM), the natural frequencies and shape modes of welded stainless steel specimens are determined. The analysis is carried out in undamaged condition as well as damaged one, after artificially induced damages. The experimental measurement of the vibroacustic response is carried out by using a condenser microphone, which is suitable for high-fidelity acoustic measurements in the frequency range of 40 – 18.000 Hz. The vibration responses of the welded specimens, in free-free conditions, are carried out using algorithms based on Fast Fourier Transform and Prony’s series. The results are compared to modal parameters estimated using FE Analysis and with natural frequencies computed by Euler-Bernoulli theory.

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30

Ma, Hongwei, Hao Zheng, Wei Zhang, Zhanzhan Tang, and Eric M. Lui. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Mechanical Behavior of Welded Steel Plate Joints." Metals 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2020): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10101293.

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This paper describes a study of welded steel plate joints using experimental and numerical methods. The objectives of this study are to observe the mechanical behavior of welded plate joints under monotonic and cyclic loads, identify their damage degradation processes, and provide useful test data for future damage analysis of beam-column connections in steel frame structures. Six specimens were designed, of which three were tested under monotonic loads, and the other three were tested under cyclic loads. The test setup consisted of three plates arranged in a cruciform and connected by two groove welds. The monotonic and cyclic loads were applied to the free end of the two outstanding plates, inducing a pulling force on the welded joint. Because the only element studied in the present work is the weld, the sizes of the three plates were kept constant. The responses of these welded plate joints are discussed in terms of their experimentally and numerically obtained mechanical parameters, hysteretic behavior, strain variations, stiffness degradation, damage process, and failure modes. The results show that the energy damage model outperforms the displacement damage model in terms of indicating the degree of damage. Furthermore, if designed according to code, all these welded plate joints perform satisfactorily.

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KONDA, Noboru, Kazushige ARIMOCHI, and Kazuhiko HASEGAWA. "Properties in Welded Joints of Anti-fatigue Steel Plates." Journal of the Japan Welding Society 74, no. 6 (2005): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws1943.74.421.

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Sargent, J. P. "Corrosion detection in welded steel plates using Lamb waves." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 52, no. 11 (November 2010): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2010.52.11.609.

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33

Yuen, B. K. C., F. Taheri, and M. Gharghouri. "Fatigue life prediction of welded stiffened 350WT steel plates." Marine Structures 19, no. 4 (October 2006): 241–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2007.02.002.

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34

Chu, Qiaoling, Xiongwei Tong, Shuai Xu, Min Zhang, Jihong Li, FuXue Yan, and Cheng Yan. "Interfacial Investigation of Explosion-Welded Titanium/Steel Bimetallic Plates." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 29, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04535-9.

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35

Raja, Avinash Ravi, M. Z. Khan Yusufzai, and M. Vashista. "Micro-magnetic analysis of friction stir welded steel plates." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 97, no. 5-8 (May 5, 2018): 2051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2094-7.

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36

Konda, N., K. Arimochi, and K. Hasegawa. "Properties of welded joints in anti-fatigue steel plates." Welding International 20, no. 8 (August 2006): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/wint.2006.3622.

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37

Baptista, C. A. R. P., H. V. Ribeiro, M. S. F. Lima, Marcelo A. S. Torres, and D. H. S. Costa. "Fracture Resistance of Flash Welded and Laser Welded Butt Joints in a Microalloyed HSLA Steel." Key Engineering Materials 754 (September 2017): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.754.248.

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High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels are widely used in the automotive and oil industries due to their good mechanical properties and weldability. The selection of the welding process depends on several factors, including the quality of the weld bead and the production capacity. The knowledge of the mechanical performance of the welded joint is essential to ensure structural reliability. In the present work, butt joints were produced from 5 mm thick plates of a microalloyed HSLA steel by flash welding and by laser welding processes, the latter using two different heat input conditions. The microsctructure and hardness of the weld beads were evaluated. The fracture toughness of the welded joints was assessed by means of CTOD tests. The higher heat input laser welded joint presented critical CTOD comparable to that of the flash welded joint, whereas the lower heat input martensitic-bainitic laser welded joint tended to a brittle behavior.

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38

Murariu, Alin Constantin, and Aurel Valentin Bîrdeanu. "Correlation between GMAW Parameters and Mechanical Properties of Hot-Rolled, High-Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA) Steel Butt Joints." Key Engineering Materials 890 (June 23, 2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.890.25.

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In all industrial fields, the product requirements are more and more demanding. HSLA steels are designed to provide higher atmospheric corrosion resistance and improved mechanical properties than structural steels. The paper presents the results of an experimental program based on factorial design, applied to predict the mechanical properties of butt-welded joints of S420MC and S460MC hot-rolled, high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel plates with 2mm, 4mm and 8mm thickness. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) was used and correlations between the main process parameters and the related mechanical properties of the welded joints were found. Obtained mathematical correlations can be exploited to provide optimal combination of welding parameters to fit the quality requirements of the end-users for envisaged welded product.

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39

Gordo, José Manuel. "Effect of Residual Stresses on the Elastoplastic Behavior of Welded Steel Plates." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090702.

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A robust methodology to simulate virtually the residual stresses pattern in welded steel plates is presented. The methodology is applied to the structural analysis of typical welded plates belonging to ship structures, and the effect of residual stresses on the elastoplastic behavior of plates loaded axially is analyzed in comparison to the residual stress free case, both for tension and compression and including initial imperfections. Residual stresses affect in different manner plates with different geometries; thus a parametric study is performed covering the usual range of variation of the most important plate parameters that control the strength of the plates, more precisely the slenderness and the aspect ratio. The results from finite elements analysis are compared with codes and most established formulations and recommendations of applicability in the prediction of load-shortening curves for hull’s bending strength evaluation, ultimate strength and ultimate strain of plate elements are made.

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40

Başyiğit, Aziz, and Mustafa Murat. "The Effects of TIG Welding Rod Compositions on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar AISI 304L and 420 Stainless Steel Welds." Metals 8, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8110972.

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The usage of AISI/SAE 304L austenitic and 420 martensitic stainless steels is receiving greater interest especially in the defence and navy industries. 304L stainless steels exhibit excellent resistance to oxidizing media, while martensitic 420 alloy provides high strength values besides satisfactory corrosion properties at ambient atmospheres. In this work; 420 quality martensitic stainless steel is TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welded with 304L quality low carbon austenitic stainless steel plates. As filler metal dominantly determines the weld metals chemical compositions and final microstructures, 3 different TIG welding rods of ER312, ER316L ve ER2209 are used in welding operations in order to obtain 3 discrete weld metal contents under high purity argon shielding gas. Microstructural inspection, microhardness survey and Charpy V-notch impact tests are applied to all joints after welding operations. The specimen welded by ER2209 TIG welding rod executed the highest impact test results besides exhibiting the lowest micro-hardness profiles at heat affected zones and weld metals. All of the welded specimens weld region hardness profiles were determined to be lower than unwelded 420 martensitic stainless steel base metal.

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41

Choi, Jun Yong, Hyo Jin Kim, and Jae Kyoo Lim. "Effects of Sea Water Immersion and Temperature on the Strength of Spot-Welded Steel Plates." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2847.

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The spot welded structure operates in diverse climatic situations because of temperature, humidity and precipitation. In addition, factors of environmental pollution such as acid rain, that causes corrosion, have the tendency to increase. But spot welded structure strength is affected by dampness and environment temperature. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effect of temperature of the spot welded part. In this study, the strength distribution of spot welded plates is evaluated for the environmental temperature of zinc coated steel plates and the test is conducted with the welded part immersed in distilled and synthetic sea water. Specimens are immersed into water for 10, 100, 500 and 1000hours to evaluate the effects of water immersion time on tensile-shear strength under the conditions of -40, 0, 20 and 50°C. Strength is evaluated by using the tensile-shear test. The conditions of spot welding are 240kgf electrode force, 10kA welding current with 0 and 5mm clearance. In this study, spot welded specimens with clearance have lower tensile-shear strength in the distilled water or synthetic sea water compared with spot welded specimens without clearance. And they have lower tensile-shear strength under -40°C and over 50°C.

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42

Jiang, Xiao Xia, Liang Zhu, Ji Sen Qiao, Yi Xiong Wu, Zhu Guo Li, and Jian Hong Chen. "The Strength of Laser Welded Web-Core Steel Sandwich Plates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 551 (May 2014): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.551.42.

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All steel laser welded sandwich plates have found their position in the marine and land vehicles. To implement such design accurately, knowledge about its strength properties and the influence of laser weld dimensions on strength is necessary. In this paper, the over-hanging three point bending tests were conducted on the laser welded web-core steel sandwich plate with various weld dimensions by self-designed device, together with the finite element simulations. The results show that the joint is formed on the first plastic hinge when the load is no longer a linear relationship with the deflection, and the joint cracking when the load reaches the maximum bearing capacity of sandwich plate. The joint yield load and the maximum bearing capacity of the sandwich plates increased with the increasing of weld width. Meanwhile, the mode of failure of sandwich plates also changed: When the weld width is smaller, the mode of failure is joint yield, When the weld width is greater than 3mm, the mode of failure is the combination of partial joint yield, face plate and core plate local yield, while the face plate and core plate yield exists in the whole weld joint. It is necessary to consider the weld width in the design and evaluation of the strength of the laser welded web-core sandwich plate.

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43

V. Balaguru, V. Balasubramanian, and P. Shivkumar. "Tensile properties of shielded metal arc welded ultrahigh hard armour steel joints." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 071–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2020.1.2.0029.

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The present generation Armoured Tracked Vehicles (ATVs) are constructed using Rolled homogenized armour (RHA) grade steels closely confirming with AISI 4340 specifications. However, in future Armoured Tracked Vehicles (ATVs), the overall weight of ATVs has to be reduced enormously and hence, the designers have prescribed to employ Ultra High Hard Armour (UHA) steels for the construction. Welding is considered to be one of the important fabrication methods in ATVs construction. However, welding of UHA steels is highly challenging due to higher hardness and higher carbon content. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is among the most widely employed welding process in the construction of ATVs since it is more versatile and cost-effective. Armour grade steels are welded conventionally using Austenitic Stainless Steel (ASS) consumables to eliminate the serious problems of hydrogen induced cracking. Hence, in this investigation, an attempt has been made to study the influence of ASS welding consumables on tensile properties and hardness of UHA steel joints made by SMAW process. UHA steel plates having 15 mm thickness were welded by SMAW process using five different ASS consumables (having different Creq/Nieq ratio). Tensile properties (unnotched and notched) of the welded joints were evaluated. From this investigation, it was observed that the joint welded using ASS consumable (having higher Creq/Nieq ratio) exhibited superior tensile properties as result of the evolution of ferrite phase with vermicular and globular morphology in the austenite matrix at weld metal region.

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44

Chang, Kyong Ho, H. C. Park, Chin Hyung Lee, Gab Chul Jang, and E. H. Choi. "Experimental Investigation on the Fatigue Strength of the Replacement Repair Welded Joints." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.355.

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In recent years, the replacement repair welding, which repairs damaged steel girder bridges by replacement of the damaged sections with new steel plates through cutting and welding under in-service conditions, is spotlighted for its brilliant features, i.e. it can be achieved without incurring traffic dislocation. However, the mechanical behavior of the welded joints under cyclic loads due to the traffic which passes along the girder bridges is not clarified. In this paper, the fatigue strength of the replacement repair welded joints was investigated in order to improve reliability in the repair welded joints. Steel plate was extracted from the old steel girder bridge; then was welded with new steel plate to construct specimen with the replacement repair welded joints. Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) process was used to fabricate the double "V" butt joints. Fatigue tests were conducted using a servo hydraulic controlled 50tonf capacity UTM with a frequency of 5Hz under constant amplitude loading. The fatigue strength of the replacement repair welded joints was analyzed in detail.

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45

An, Gyu Baek, Seong Kil Nam, and Tae Won Jang. "Effect of Weld HAZ Softening on Tensile Strength of Welded Joint with Weld HAZ Softening." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.589.

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In recent time there are vigorous requirements for the use of thick steel plate in various industrial fields, including shipbuilding industry. Especially, application of TMCP steel plates on steel structure is progressively increasing now. Welding process with high heat input is necessary to be used in thick steel assembly for the purpose of the high productivity. However, HAZ softening of TMCP steel plates has a possibility to reduce the strength of welded joint. In this study, therefore, the tensile strength of TMCP weldments, having softened HAZ, was examined using the numerical calculation and experiments.

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46

Lazić, Vukić, Dušan Arsić, Milorad Rakičević, Ružica Nikolić, Milan Uhričik, and Branislav Hadzima. "Influence of the Welding Joint Type on Safety Properties of the Armor Steel Armox 500t." System Safety: Human - Technical Facility - Environment 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2019-0096.

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AbstractSteels of the ARMOX class belong into a group of the fine-grained, increased strength steels, which are manufactured by the quenching and low-tempering procedure, with intensive thermo-mechanical treatment at high temperatures. Combination of the heat and mechanical treatments provides for the fine grains and exceptionally good properties of these steels, while the low-tempering enables relatively high hardness and good ballistic properties. This is why the welding of these steels can negatively affect the material properties in individual zones of the welded joint, what could lead to worsening of the material's ballistic properties, as well. The model plates were welded with the specially prescribed technology; the joints were the but-joint, corner joint and the joint with the shielding plate. In this paper are presented results obtained from the ballistic tests of the plates welded by the prescribed technology; tests consisted of shooting with three types of live ammunition at different types of the welded joints.

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47

Al Jabr, Haytham M., John G. Speer, David K. Matlock, Peng Zhang, and Sang Hyun Cho. "Anisotropy of Mechanical Properties of API-X70 Spiral Welded Pipe Steels." Materials Science Forum 753 (March 2013): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.538.

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The effects of microstructure and texture on the toughness anisotropy of two API-X70 pipeline steels were investigated. One steel contained no nickel (0Ni) and the other contained 0.3 wt pct nickel (0.3Ni). Charpy V-notch impact testing was conducted on plate samples for both steels in three directions: longitudinal (L), transverse (T), and diagonal (D) with respect to the rolling direction. The microstructures of both steels were mixed and consisted of acicular ferrite, granular bainite, and small amounts of polygonal ferrite, with martensite-austenite and retained austenite islands as secondary phases. The ductile to brittle transition temperatures (DBTT) for the Charpy impact test were higher in the D direction for both plates, with a pronounced increase in the 0Ni steel. The anisotropy in toughness was mainly attributed to the crystallographic texture.

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Li, Shu Qi, Hong Yuan Fang, and Xuesong Liu. "Influence of Vibration Stress Relief (VSR) on the Residual Stress and Microstructure in Welded Plate of DH36 Low Alloy High Strength Steel." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 924–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.924.

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Welded components of DH36 low alloy high strength steel are widely used in offshore oil platforms and ships building. Stress reliving treatments to these welded components is of great importance. Vibration stress relief (VSR) method is an novel technology to release stress in welded components. In this study, 10×200×1000mm DH 36 steel plates were welded and then treated by VSR for about 1 hour. After the treatment, the residual stress was decreased by 29-72% at the welded toe, where the highest residual stress occurs. The metallographic microstructure of the joint was not changed by VSR. Investigation by transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed that the amount of dislocations was increased at the welded toe. We hope this study can provide theoretical and practical fundamentals for widespread application of VSR on welded offshore engineering components.

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Varavallo, Rogério, Vitor de Melo Moreira, Vinicius Paes, Pedro Brito, Jose Olivas, and Haroldo Cavalcanti Pinto. "Microstructure and Residual Stress Analysis of Explosion Cladded Inconel 625 and ASME SA516-70 Carbon Steel Bimetal Plates." Advanced Materials Research 996 (August 2014): 494–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.996.494.

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In the present work the explosion welded joint produced between an Inconel 625 alloy and ASTM A516-70 carbon steel sheets was investigated. After welding, the cladded plates were submitted to stress relief annealing at 600 °C for 3 h. The cross section of the cladded plates was examined in both as welded and heat treated conditions by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The hardness profile across the cladded interface was determined and the residual stress state created as a consequence of the explosion welding process was determined by X-ray diffraction. The experimental results showed that the Inconel 625 alloy adhered well to the ASTM SA516-70 steel, demonstrating the viability of the explosion cladding process for producing bimetal plates of the mentioned alloys. In the as welded condition, metallography analysis indicated severe plastic deformation close to the cladded interface and a wavy morphology characteristic of high bond strength. Elevated tensile residual stresses were created as a result of the welding process and considerable stress relaxation was attained by application of the proposed heat treatment.

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Singh, Ram, Bateshwar prasad, and B. N. Rai. "Effect of Parameters Involved in Arc Welded Mild Steel Plates." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 377 (June 2018): 012179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/377/1/012179.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Welded steel plates'

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