Journal articles: 'Weld plasticity'

1

Malushin, N. N., D. V. Valuev, A. V. Valueva, and A. Serikbol. "Kinetic Study of the Effect of Plasticity and its Role in Stress Relaxation in the Weld Speed Steel during the Martensitic Transformation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 682 (October 2014): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.682.58.

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It is shown that in the weld metal of the type of high-speed steels observe the effect of kinetic plasticity and he owns a defining role in stress relaxation. It is shown that the kinetic effect of plasticity can be used to control the stress in the weld details.

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Oddy, A. S., J. A. Goldak, and J. M. J. McDill. "Transformation Plasticity and Residual Stresses in Single-Pass Repair Welds." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 114, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929009.

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Prediction of the residual stresses caused by welding is important when post-weld stress relief is not feasible. Phase changes and transformation plasticity have a significant effect on the residual stresses generated by welding and heat-treatment of some alloys. Transformation plasticity occurs when the stresses generated by the transformation of individual grains interact with the macroscopic stress state to produce plastic strains. Heuristic methods requiring empirical constants have been used in the past. A method based on the fundamental laws of plasticity and basic material properties is proposed to incorporate transformation plasticity in a finite element program. The transformation plasticity which occurs depends on the stress state. During any increment the stress state can change substantially. If the step size is too large, the analysis may become unstable. A method which allows larger steps while eliminating the instability and improving the convergence is presented. A three-dimensional (3D) analysis of a short longitudinal pipe weld in a typical pressure vessel steel is shown. The significance of this phenomenon in welds is demonstrated by comparing the residual stress states predicted with and without transformation plasticity.

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Cho, Jae Hyung, Suk Hoon Kang, Kyu Hwan Oh, Heung Nam Han, and Suk Bong Kang. "Friction Stir Weld Modeling of Aluminum Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 999–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.999.

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Friction stir welding (FSW) process of aluminum alloys was investigated using a two-dimensional Eulerian formulation coupling viscoplastic flow and heat transfer and strain hardening. The thermal equation for the temperature was modified to stabilize temperature distribution using a Petrov-Galerkin method. The evolution equation for strength was calculated using a streamline integration method. Predicted strength was compared with experiments. Based on crystal plasticity, texture evolution was predicted during FSW of AA6061.

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Zhang, Tian Hui, Hong Cai Fu, Wen Min Liu, Yun Chun Cheng, and Ren Ping Xu. "Influence of Weld Heat Input on Weld Joint between B610CF and 16MnR Steel." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.421.

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The influence of weld heat input on weld joint between B610CF and 16MnR steel using shielded metal arc welding method was investigated by metallographic experiment and mechanical properties experiment. Metallographic experimental results show that in welded metal with the increasing of weld heat input the quantity of bainite is decreased and crystalline grain is larger; but in both B610CF and 16MnR steel heat affected zone, with the increasing of weld heat input there is no distinct difference in microstructure. Mechanical property experimental results show that in weld metal with the increasing of weld heat input the impact toughness decreases, but in both B610CF and 16MnR heat affected zone, there is less difference in impact toughness; and there is no distinct difference in tensile strength and plasticity of weld joint, which is consistent with the metallographic experiment results.

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Jang, Gab Chul, Kyong Ho Chang, and Chin Hyung Lee. "Effect of Residual Stress and Weld Metal on Hysteretic Behavior of a Welded Tubular T-Joint." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 2077–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.2077.

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During the welding process to make welded joints, residual stress is inevitably generated and weld metal is used. Welding Residual stress is influenced on the behavior of welded joints under monotonic and cyclic loading. And the weld metals used in welding process have different mechanical characteristics than structural steels. Therefore, to accurately predict the hysteretic behavior of welded joints, the effect of residual stress and weld metal must be investigated. In this paper, the residual stress distribution in a welded tubular T-joint was investigated by carrying out three-dimensional non-steady heat conduction analysis and three-dimensional thermal elastic-plastic analysis. To consider a effect of base metal(SM490) and weld metal(E71T-1), a cyclic plasticity model was formulated based on monotonic and cyclic loading tests. And the formulated model was applied to three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis. The effect of residual stress and weld metal on hysteretic behavior of a welded tubular T-joint was investigated by carrying out numerical analyses considering residual stress and cyclic plasticity model of base metal and weld metal respectively.

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Jiang, Xiao Xia, Shang Cai Fei, Shuai Zhang, Hua Ji, and Liang Zhu. "Failure Analysis of the Laser-Welded Web-Core Steel Sandwich Panel with Narrow Weld Width T-Joints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 863 (February 2017): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.863.311.

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Static three-point bending test of the laser welded Web-core steel sandwich panel was performed. The deformation and failure of the sandwich panel with narrow weld width T-Joints were investigated. The results indicate that the deformation undertakes the following three stages: elastic deformation, plasticity deformation and T-joints cracking. The initial yield load is 25 kN, The maximum bending load is 54 kN. The high strength rate characteristic not be fully reflected. The finite simulation result shows the whole structure has no chance to reach the designed maximum value when the T-joints formed plasticity rings. Then the plastic region was developing till the weld cracked. We considered that the T-joint’s cracking is a new failure mode for the web-core steel sandwich panel. Thus, the laser welded T-joints with narrow weld width are the weakest location for the total structure. It is very necessary to consider the T-joint’s geometrical and mechanical properties for the total structural design.

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7

Lazzarin, P., and P. Livieri. "Welded joints: Limits on criteria for plasticity zones located at weld toes." Welding International 14, no. 10 (January 2000): 806–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507110009549272.

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8

Zhao, Li, Fu Ju Zhang, and Shao Hua Feng. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Weld in 980MPa Grade Steel by Ultra-Narrow Gap Welding." Advanced Materials Research 322 (August 2011): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.322.263.

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980MPa grade high strength low alloy steel was welded by ultra-narrow gap welding. Observed by optical metalloscope, there were large majority of equiaxial crystals in weld centers, which was the weld cross-section of 18.3%. Each weld could be compartmentalized into original microstructure zone, over heated zone and normalizing zone under next weld thermal cycle, in which the microstructures were almost the same. Through quantificational metallographic analysis, it was found there was more than 98.9% of acicular ferrite in weld metal, and other microstructures were fine. Mechanical test indicated that the strength of weld metal was higher than body material, and had outstanding plasticity. What is more, the toughness of weld metal was better than solder wire.

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9

Muránsky, Ondrej, Cory J. Hamelin, Mike C. Smith, Phillip J. Bendeich, and Lyndon Edwards. "The Role of Plasticity Theory on the Predicted Residual Stress Field of Weld Structures." Materials Science Forum 772 (November 2013): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.772.65.

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Constitutive plasticity theory is commonly applied to the numerical analysis of welds in one of three ways: using an isotropic hardening model, a kinematic hardening model, or a mixed isotropic-kinematic hardening model. The choice of model is not entirely dependent on its numerical accuracy, however, as a lack of empirical data will often necessitate the use of a specific approach. The present paper seeks to identify the accuracy of each formalism through direct comparison of the predicted and actual post-weld residual stress field developed in a three-pass 316LN stainless steel slot weldment. From these comparisons, it is clear that while the isotropic hardening model tends to noticeably over-predict and the kinematic hardening model slightly under-predict the residual post-weld stress field, the results using a mixed hardening model are quantitatively accurate. Even though the kinematic hardening model generally provides more accurate results when compared to an isotropic hardening formalism, the latter might be a more appealing choice to engineers requiring a conservative design regarding weld residual stress.

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10

Chen, Yun Chun, Wen Min Liu, Hou Sen Yang, Tian Hui Zhang, and Pei Jun Yan. "Influence of Weld Parameter on Penstock Joint of B610CF-16MnR Steel." Advanced Materials Research 675 (March 2013): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.675.270.

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Weld parameter is an important factor affecting micrographic structure and mechanical properties of weld joints. It was investigated by metallographic experiments and mechanical property experiments for the influence of weld heat input on dissimilar steel weld joint of penstock using B610CF and 16MnR steel in water conservancy and hydropower engineering using shielded metal arc welding method and mixed active gas arc welding method. Metallographic experimental results show that in weld metal with the increase of weld heat input the quantity of bainite decreases and crystalline grain is larger when using the same welding method; but in both B610CF and 16MnR steel heat affected zone, there is no distinct difference in microstructure. Mechanical property experimental results show that in weld metal with the increase of weld heat input the impact toughness decreases when using the same welding method, but in both B610CF and 16MnR heat affected zone, there is less difference in impact toughness; and there is no distinct difference in tensile strength and plasticity of weld joint. So moderate weld heat input is recommended.

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11

Zhang, Tian Hui, Hong Cai Fu, Pei Jun Yan, Fang Wei Jin, and Qiong Wang. "Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Weld Joint between B610CF and 16MnR Steel." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.352.

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Weldability analysis, metallographic experiments and mechanical property experiments were carried out on weld joint between B610CF and 16MnR steel using shielded metal arc welding method and mixed active-gas arc welding method. Weldability analysis shows that the weld joint has some tendency to cold crack, and preheat is needed before welding. Metallographic results show that there are ferrite and bainite in weld metal, and in heat-affected zone of B610CF side there are ferrite and bainite, on which there is much dispersed slight Fe3C, and in heat-affected zone of 16MnR side there are ferrite, pearlite. There is no quenching microstructure resulting in crack in weld joint. From mechanical property results, it can be concluded that the weld joints have excellent impact toughness at low temperature and the tensile strength and plasticity of weld joints is matched to the ones of 16MnR steel. So the welding parameters in this paper are appropriate to get qualified weld joints.

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12

MIKAMI, Yoshiki, Keisuke SOGABE, and Masahito MOCHIZUKI. "EBSP-based Crystal Plasticity FEM Simulation of Microscopic Stress Distribution in Weld Metal." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 29, no. 3 (2011): 100s—103s. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.29.100s.

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13

Wang, Qing Bao, Zhuo Xin Li, Yao Wu Shi, Guo Dong Li, and Hui Wang. "Overlaying Weld Cracks of Pinch Roller and its Formation Mechanism." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 1965–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1965.

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Overlaying pinch roller has higher surface hardness. If the overlaying technology is improper, small circumferential cracks may occur on the welded surface and even peel off. From failure analysis, it is indicated that the contents of C, S, and O were higher around the cracking area in the deposited metal. Optical microscopic observation shows that some cracks grew along the direction of columnar crystals and residual austenite. Due to high content of inclusions and austenite in the deposited material and poor plasticity of the deposited metal, small cracks are easy to be found at the defect such as blue flecks. In addition, a large number of cracks intersect on the deposite surface, resulting in large peeled area.

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14

Dimas, Agustinus, Tatacipta Dirgantara, Leonardo Gunawan, Annisa Jusuf, and Ichsan Setya Putra. "The Effects of Spot Weld Pitch to the Axial Crushing Characteristics of Top-Hat Crash Box." Applied Mechanics and Materials 660 (October 2014): 578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.578.

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Numerical study of the effect of spot weld pitch with respect to top-hat crash box crushing characteristics are presented in this paper. Belytschko-Lin-Tsay shell element was used for modeled columns wall with Piecewise Linear Plasticity material model. The impactor was modeled using hexahedral solid elements and assumed as a rigid body. Spot weld joints used to connect mild steel St37 plates of the columns were modeled using beam element and solid element. Impact characteristics related to the spot weld pitch and models were evaluated from simulation results in the form of crushing force vs axial deformation of the column. The results show that spot weld pitch does not significantly affect the crushing characteristics for top-hat crash box with beam element spot weld model, while solid element spot weld model show otherwise. The difference between beam element spot weld model and solid element spot weld model is larger at spot weld pitch 0.50H – H, and tend to close at higher spot weld pitch. Top-hat crash box model becomes stiffer with solid element applied as spot weld model.

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15

Braga, Vagner, Raquel Alvim de Figueiredo Mansur, Rafael Humberto Mota de Siqueira, and Milton Sergio Fernandes de Lima. "Formability of in-situ Austempered Transformation-induced Plasticity Steels After Laser Beam Welding." Soldagem & Inspeção 23, no. 3 (September 2018): 402–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/si2303.09.

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Abstract Laser welded Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels are known to generate martensite in the fusion (FZ) and the heat-affected (HAZ) zones. To solve this issue, the present study proposes a high temperature (HT) welding to avoid decay below the martensite start temperature after laser welding. Therefore, an inductive heating has been used to reach 500 °C before laser weld of superposed 1.6mm thick TRIP steel class 750. After welding the temperature was kept constant at 500 °C for more 10 minutes in order to austemper. The microstructures of the welds at high temperature are composed of bainite and residual austenite with an FZ hardness up to 300 HV, compared to 450 HV of the ambient temperature (AT) weld. The HT values of hardness are slightly higher than a traditional post-weld heat treatment (TW), 300 HV compared to 250 HV, because of the tempering kinetics in each case. Erichsen cup indentation tests shown the HT coupons presents better formability compared to the AT or TW conditions. The present contribution highlights a possible solution to the intrinsic brittleness during cold forming of laser welded TRIP 750 steel by applying an inductive in-situ austempering.

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Paredes, Marcelo, Junhe Lian, Tomasz Wierzbicki, Mihaela E. Cristea, Sebastian Münstermann, and Philippe Darcis. "Modeling of plasticity and fracture behavior of X65 steels: seam weld and seamless pipes." International Journal of Fracture 213, no. 1 (July 27, 2018): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10704-018-0303-x.

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17

Muránsky, O., C. J. Hamelin, M. C. Smith, P. J. Bendeich, and L. Edwards. "The effect of plasticity theory on predicted residual stress fields in numerical weld analyses." Computational Materials Science 54 (March 2012): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2011.10.026.

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18

Xiong, Ying. "Analysis of the Effect of Load Ratio on Fatigue Crack Growth." Advanced Materials Research 181-182 (January 2011): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.181-182.330.

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In this paper, fatigue test and numerical simulation are carried out for Q345 weld joint under constant amplitude loading at different R-ratio using the compact tension samples with 3.8mm thickness. The result indicates that fatigue crack growth rates in the base metal is not sensitive to R-ratio, but the fatigue crack growth rates increases in the weld zone with R-ratio increasing. The effect of R-ratio on fatigue crack growth is analyzed based on J-S cycle plasticity model and Jiang’s multiaxial fatigue criterion. The finite element method (FEM) is used for the stress-strain analysis with the implementation of an accurate J-S cyclic plasticity model. With the detailed stresses and strains, fatigue damage assessment is made using a Jiang’s multiaxial fatigue criterion.

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19

Wang, Wen-Quan, Shu-Cheng Dong, Fan Jiang, and Ming Cao. "Effects of Ar and He on Microstructures and Properties of Laser Welded 800MPa TRIP Steel." MATEC Web of Conferences 142 (2018): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814203004.

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Fiber laser welding of cold rolled TRIP steel (transformation Induced Plasticity steel) sheet with tensile strength of 820MPa and thickness of 1.4mm was carried out using shielding gases Ar and He, respectively. For the same laser power and welding speed, the effects of different shielding gases on penetration and bead section morphologies were investigated. The microstructures and properties of the TRIP steel joints were also studied. The investigation showed that higher penetration and lower porosity could be obtained under shielding gas He using the same laser power and welding speed. The microstructures of the TRIP joint mainly included martensite and retained austenite. But the joint microhardness and tensile strength were higher under the shielding gas He. The tensile strength of the welded joint perpendicular to the weld line was equal to that of the base metal. But the tensile strength of the joint parallel with the weld line was higher than that of the base metal. The plasticity and formability of the welded joint were impaired due to the formation of martensite in the weld metal.

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20

Černý, Michal, and Josef Filípek. "Synergy of corrosion activity and defects in weld bonds." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 52, no. 2 (2004): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200452020105.

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Presented work evaluates synergism of atmosphere corrosive action and material defects. These defects appear not only during particular technological process of connecting of structural material but also during cooling and up to hundreds hours afterwards. The multiplication of degradation impact of defects in joint welds and heat-affected zone caused by activity of atmosphere acidic medium is simulated in condensation chambers. The verification is realized by use of mechanical uniaxial tension loading and following fractographic and metalgraphic analysis.The metal plasticity is sufficient factor to eliminate thermal stress in tough metal (11 373). This is reflected in more homogenous weld root area (with no cracks). The corrosion influence of environment is in case of such specimens limited to very slight decrease of weld maximum load. The ultimate strength value decreases approximately for 20MPa only in contrast to dramatic strength decrease in case of 11 503 material. Before metalographic examination was observed surprisingly great value of load capacity of spot welds. These welds were not ruptured nor in a single case even during maximum length of corrosion exploitation. The consequent material analysis discovered high qualitative material and strength properties of this kind of joint.

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21

Kalácska, Eszter, Kornél Májlinger, Enikő Réka Fábián, and Pasquale Russo Spena. "MIG-Welding of Dissimilar Advanced High Strength Steel Sheets." Materials Science Forum 885 (February 2017): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.885.80.

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The need for steel materials with increasing strength is constantly growing. The main application of such advanced high strength steels (AHSS) is the automobile industry, therefore the welding process of different types of AHSSs in dissimilar welding joint was investigated. To simulate the mass production of thin steel sheet constructions (such as car bodies) automated metal inert gas (MIG) welding process was used to weld the TWIP (twinning induced plasticity) and TRIP (transformation induced plasticity) steel sheets together. The welding parameters were successfully optimized for butt welded joints. The joints were investigated by visual examination, tensile testing, quantitative metallography and hardness measurements. The TRIP steel side of the joints showed increased microhardness up to (450-500 HV0.1) through increased fraction of bainite and martensite. Macroscopically the tensile specimen showed ductile behaviour, they broke in the austenitic weld material.

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22

Wang, Q., C. L. Qi, D. L. Sun, X. L. Han, and D. Q. Wang. "Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Property of 30Si2MnCrMoV Welded Joint." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 754–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.754.

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The effect of different heat treatments on microstructure and mechanical property of 30Si2MnCrMoV steel weld specimen was studied in this paper．A stress relieving annealing on the specimen was carried out immediately after welding. And then two heat treatments were carried out on the specimen. Observation results showed that the original microstructure of 30Si2MnCrMoV welded joints was granular pearlite and the microstructure of weld bead was coarse martensite. Lots of tempered martensite exited in the weld specimen under quenching-tempering heat treatment, the carbide was coarse and the content of retained austenite was little. Under Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) heat treatment, the content of retained austenite increased to 7% and a small number of coarse carbides existed. The determination of mechanical properties showed that, comparing with quenching-tempering process, the plasticity and toughness of weld specimen treated by Q&P was enhanced significantly, the percentage elongation increased 30%, the impact energy increased 25% ,the intensity reduced little and comprehensive mechanical property was excellent. The tensile fracture of 30Si2MnCrMoV steel under Q&P presented dimples. The retained austenite which exited along the lath boundaries of lath martensite was the main reason of the reduction of secondary cracks and the improvement of plasticity and toughness.

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23

Hu, B. R., J. Z. Liu, B. Chen, L. F. Wang, and Xue Ren Wu. "Fatigue Behavior and Life Prediction for Argon-Arc Weld Joints Based on Small Crack Methodology." Key Engineering Materials 306-308 (March 2006): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.306-308.157.

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Experimental and analytical studies were made on the fatigue behavior and life prediction for argon-arc welded titanium alloy joints, TA15. High cycle fatigue tests at two stress ratios, R=0.5 and 0.06, were carried out on smooth specimens with the argon-arc weld joint located at the specimen center section. Through macroscopic observation and SEM fractographic analysis, it was found that most of the cracks were initiated at weld defects such as voids and inclusions at the edge of weld and in the heat affected zone (HAZ). A small crack methodology based on the plasticity-induced crack-closure concept and the effective stress intensity factor range, ΔKeff , was used to predict the total fatigue life of the weld joints. Large crack growth curve for cracks in the HAZ area was employed as the da/dN-ΔKeff base-line of the TA15 alloy. From fractographic measurements, an average defect size of 100 microns was assumed as the initial small crack size in the life predictions. Predicted total fatigue life by solely considering small crack growth stage agreed well with the experimental data.

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Blach, Juraj, and Ladislav Falat. "The Influence of Thermal Exposure and Hydrogen Charging on the Notch Tensile Properties and Fracture Behaviour of Dissimilar T91/TP316H Weldments." High Temperature Materials and Processes 33, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2013-0053.

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AbstractThe effects of ageing and hydrogen charging on the notch tensile properties and fracture behaviour of individual heat-affected zones (HAZ) and Ni-based weld metal (Ni WM) of T91/TP316H weldments were investigated. After the post-weld heat treatment at 750 °C for 1 h the weldments were annealed at 600 °C for 1000 h and 5000 h, respectively. All heat-treated states were studied in condition without as well as with hydrogen charging. Thermal expositions led to additional precipitation and microstructure coarsening but their influence on tensile strength was insignificant. In contrast, remarkable plasticity decrease and the fracture mode transition from ductile dimple tearing to transgranular cleavage were observed. The combined effects of thermal exposure and hydrogen charging were more complex. Whereas the regions of Ni WM and TP316H HAZ did not show any significant change in strength, the hydrogen effect caused the strength increase in T91 HAZ. Although the hydrogen embrittling effects were clearly manifested by decreasing plasticity, their significance was getting smaller with increasing annealing duration. The fracture behaviour of thermally exposed and hydrogen charged regions exhibited mixed fracture modes including transgranular cleavage, intergranular dimple fracture and intergranular decohesion.

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Perulli, Patrizia, Michele Dassisti, and Giuseppe Casalino. "Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Hybrid Welding of DP/AISI 316 and TWIP/AISI 316 Dissimilar Weld." Materials 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13092088.

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In this paper, hybrid laser-MAG (metal active gas) welding of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) and dual-phase (DP) steels with austenitic stainless steel (AISI316) was simulated by means of the finite element method. A thermo-mechanical model, which uses a 3D heat sources, was developed using the software Simufact Welding. The calculated dimensions, shape and distortion of the weld were compared with the experimental results, thence the model was validated. The metallurgical transformations for the DP steel were evaluated using the continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram and the calculated cooling rate. The numerical model predicted accurately the shape of the molten pool, the thermal cycles as well as the geometrical distortion of the butt weld. Therefore, the numerical model showed a good reliability and its potential for further development.

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Seiichiro TSUTSUMI,, Yuki KIYOKAWA,, Riccardo FINCATO, Yosuke OGINO, Yoshinori HIRATA, and Satoru ASAI. "ASSEEEMENT OF FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION LIFE OF JOINTS BY USING WELD POOR AND CYCLIC PLASTICITY ANALYSIS." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. A2 (Applied Mechanics (AM)) 74, no. 2 (2018): I_337—I_347. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejam.74.i_337.

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27

Bhat, Sunil, and Vijay G. Ukadgaonker. "Fatigue Life Enhancement of Welded Steel-Steel Composite during Crack Growth from Weak to Strong Steel: An Experimental Validation." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.825.

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Strength mismatch effect across weld interfaces, generated by welding weak and strong steels, influences fatigue and fracture properties of a welded bimetallic composite. Advancing fatigue crack tip in weak parent steel is shielded from the remote load when it reaches near the interface of ultra strong weld steel. Entry of crack tip plasticity into weld steel induces load transfer towards weld which dips crack growth rates thereby enhancing the fatigue life of the composite. A computational model for fatigue life prediction of strength mismatched welded composite under K dominant conditions is validated by experimental work in this paper. Notched bimetallic compact tension specimens, prepared by electron beam welding of weak alloy and strong maraging steels, are subjected to fatigue testing in high cycle regime.

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Peng, Yun, Yan Chang Qi, Chang Hong He, Zhi Ling Tian, and Hong Jun Xiao. "Microstructure and its Formation Mechanism of Weld Metal of Al-Bearing TRIP Steel." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3591.

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A transformation-induced plasticity steel was welded by gas tungsten arc welding. The microstructure of fusion zone was analyzed by means of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with EDS. It is found that fusion zone may be classified into two zones, the completely melted zone and the partially melted zone. The microstructure of completely melted zone consists predominantly of martensite and bainite, and that of partially melted zone consists mainly of martensite, bainite and ferrite. The formation mechanism of fusion zone microstructure is analyzed. The micro-hardness distribution of the joint was measured by microhardness tester. Test results show that the partially melted zone is softened, which is resulted from the formation of 20.6% ferrite. During the bending test, crack occurred at 125 degree bending angle. It is found that the crack originates from the partially melted zone because of deformation concentration.

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29

Liu, J. Z., Xue Ren Wu, L. F. Wang, B. R. Hu, and B. Chen. "Effect of Size and Location of a Weld Defect on Fatigue Life for Argon-Arc Welded Titanium Alloy Joint." Advanced Materials Research 33-37 (March 2008): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.33-37.121.

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Analytical studies were made on effect of size and location of a weld defect on fatigue life for argon-arc welded titanium alloy joint. In the analyses, a weld defect was assumed as an initial crack, and the crack growth life was taken as total fatigue life. By using the Isida and Noguchi’s stress intensity factor solution for a plate containing an embedded elliptical subsurface crack under tension, the life prediction code FASTRAN3.9 was revised. A small crack methodology based on the plasticity-induced crack-closure concept and the effective stress intensity factor range, Keff , was used to predict the total fatigue life of welded joint, and to study the effect of the size and location of weld defect on fatigue life by means of the revised FASTRAN3.9 code. Limited amounts of experimental data were used to make comparison with the predictions. The predicted fatigue lives are in reasonable agreement with experiments, and the effect of both the size and location of the weld defect on fatigue life was found to be significant.

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Zhang, Yunlong, Yanbin Chen, Wang Tao, Zhenglong Lei, Zhaohui Yang, and Tiantian Nan. "Influence of Post-Weld Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Beam Welded 2060-T3/2099-T3Al-Li T-Joints." Metals 9, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9121318.

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The durable structure and robustness of T-joints in the panel materials for civil aircraft are a crucial matter of importance. In this work, the impact of the post-weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser beam welded T-joints of 2060-T3/2099-T3 Al-Li alloy was analyzed. Heat-treatment of the laser beam welded T-joints was carried out in two different ways, namely, solution treatment and artificial aging (STAA) at varied duration and only artificial aging (AA) at varied duration. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the heat-treated joints were investigated using metallographic and scanning electron microscopic images, micro-hardness test, and tensile test, respectively. The results showed that, in cases of STAA, the eutectic structures on the grain boundary were partially dissolved via solution treatment (ST), and increased dispersed precipitation of the second phase in matrix resulted in significant dispersion strengthening, as well as enhanced strength and plasticity. In contrast, in the AA process, alloy elements in the matrix continued to segregate towards the grain boundary, resulting in significant grain boundary strengthening, enhanced strength, and decreased plasticity. Additionally, joint fractures were micro-porous aggregation transgranular ones in the fusion zone (FZ). The joints treated by STAA exhibited excellent plasticity compared with those treated by AA. Furthermore, the micro-hardness of welded joints treated by AA was higher than that of those treated by STAA. Indeed, the tensile strength of joints treated by STAA and AA ranged from 405 to 475 MPa, which was 81–95% of the base metal 2060-T8, though the elongation of joints treated by STAA was superior to the counterpart AA.

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Słania, J., G. Golański, and W. Gasz. "Braze Welding of Elements of Industrial Fittings." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0065.

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Abstract Resistance to stretching, a quality of specimen made by braze welding method were examined as well as usefulness of this method in industry was described. Technology and materials, which are used during braze welding, are depicted on the base of an inspection of joints. The results of macroscopic examinations of sample joints (base material, heat-affected zone and braze weld) are given. Furthermore, the results of the resistance, plasticity and hardness tests of sample joints are presented.

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Liu, Chuan, Ying Luo, Min Yang, and Qiang Fu. "Effects of material hardening model and lumped-pass method on welding residual stress simulation of J-groove weld in nuclear RPV." Engineering Computations 33, no. 5 (July 4, 2016): 1435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-08-2015-0216.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to clarify the effect of material hardening model and lump-pass method on the thermal-elastic-plastic (TEP) finite element (FE) simulation of residual stress induced by multi-pass welding of materials with cyclic plasticity. Design/methodology/approach – Nickel-base alloy and stainless steel, which are used in J-type weld for manufacturing the nuclear reactor pressure head, can easily harden during multi-pass welding. The J-weld welding experiment is carried out and the temperature cycle and residual stress are measured to validate the TEP simulation. Thermal-mechanical sequence coupling method is employed to get the welding residual stress. The lumped-pass model and pass-by-pass FE model are built and two materials hardening models, kinematic hardening model and mixed hardening model, are adopted during the simulations. The effects of material hardening models and lumped-pass method on the residual stress in J-weld are distinguished. Findings – Based on the kinematic hardening model, the stresses simulated with the lumped-pass FE model are almost consistent with those obtained by the pass-by-pass FE model; while with the mixed hardening material model, the lumped-pass method has great effect on the simulated stress. Practical implications – A computation with mixed isotropic-kinematic material seems not to be the appropriate solution when using the lumped-pass method to save the computation time. Originality/value – In the simulation of multi-pass welding residual stress involved in materials with cyclic plasticity, the material hardening model should be carefully considered. The kinematic hardening model with lump-pass FE model can be used to get better simulation results with less computation time. The results give a direction for welding residual stress simulation for the large structure such as the reactor pressure vessel.

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Lavogiez, Cyril, Sylvain Dancette, Sophie Cazottes, Christophe Le Bourlot, and Eric Maire. "In situ analysis of plasticity and damage nucleation in a Ti-6Al-4V alloy and laser weld." Materials Characterization 146 (December 2018): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.09.039.

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Jang, Gab Chul, and Kyong Ho Chang. "Characteristics of the Static and Dynamic Behavior of Steel Piles with a Welded Joint." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.613.

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During welding process to make joints, residual stress is inevitably produced and weld metal should be used. These influence the static and dynamic behavior of steel structures with welded joints, such as steel piles. In steel structures, dynamic mechanical behavior is different to static mechanical behavior. Therefore, to accurately predict the behavior of steel piles with a welded joint under static-dynamic loading, the research on influence of a welded joint on the static and dynamic behavior of steel piles is necessary. For that purpose, a rate-dependent plasticity model was used, considering strain rate hardening and temperature rise. In this paper, the distribution of welding residual stress in a welded joint was computed by using three-dimensional heat conduction analysis and three-dimensional thermal elastic-plastic analysis. The behavior of steel piles with a welded joint under axial static and dynamic loading was investigated by using three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis, which employed a rate-dependent plasticity model and included residual stress and mechanical properties of weld metal in a welded joint. The rate-dependent plasticity model used in this paper is proposed by the authors based on the static-dynamic loading tests. Numerical analysis results of steel piles with a welded joint were compared to those without a welded joint. In comparison, the characteristics of static and dynamic behavior of steel piles with a welded joint were investigated.

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Balokhonov, Ruslan, Varvara Romanova, Ekaterina Batukhtina, Maxim Sergeev, and Evgeniya Emelianova. "A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE MICROSCALE PLASTIC STRAIN LOCALIZATION IN FRICTION STIR WELD ZONES." Facta Universitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 1 (February 14, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fume180102012b.

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A crystal plasticity approach was used to study the effects of grain shape and texture on the deformation behavior of friction stir weld (FSW) microregions. The explicit stress-strain analysis was performed for two representative grain structures with equiaxed and extended grains. Grain orientations were assigned to simulate no texture or a weak or strong cubic texture. Calculations have shown that the texture gave rise to earlier plastic strain localization on a larger scale. The highest stresses were found to develop in a non-textured specimen with equiaxed grains where the grain boundaries served as a barrier to dislocation motion. In both equiaxed and extended grain structures with a strong cubic texture no pronounced strain localization was seen on the grain scale but mesoscale shear bands appeared early in the deformation process. The calculations have shown that the microstructure-based simulation is a reasonable tool to study the deformation behavior of FSW materials, which is difficult to be predicted within macroscopic models alone.

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Wang, Hua, Yun Peng Zhang, and Xiao Yu Zhang. "TZM Alloy TIG Welding Process and Microstructure of Welded Joints." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.867.

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In this paper, the effect of welding current of the tungsten inert gas arc (TIG) welding process on weld quality of TZM alloy was investigated and the fracture microstructure and mechanical properties of the welding joints of TZM alloy was analyzed by x-ray flaw detection, metallographic microscopic analysis, scanning electron microscopy and mechanical properties test. The results indicate that the weld bead with excellent mechanical properties can be obtained using the welding process parameter with the welding current of 210A, welding speed of 4 mm/s and the argon gas flow rate of 8~12 L/min. The microstructure of weld presents the large columnar grains in the center of the weld bead and the equiaxed grains in heat-affected zone instead of the lamellar fiber texture of the TZM alloy matrix, which resulted in the weakened strength of the matrix and the improved plasticity of it.

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Jaske, Carl E. "Fatigue-Strength-Reduction Factors for Welds in Pressure Vessels and Piping." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 122, no. 3 (April 17, 2000): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.556186.

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Fatigue-strength-reduction factors (FSRFs) are used in the design of pressure vessels and piping subjected to cyclic loading. This paper reviews the background and basis of FSRFs that are used in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, focusing on weld joints in Class 1 nuclear pressure vessels and piping. The ASME Code definition of FSRF is presented. Use of the stress concentration factor (SCF) and stress indices are discussed. The types of welds used in ASME Code construction are reviewed. The effects of joint configuration, welding process, cyclic plasticity, dissimilar metal joints, residual stress, post-weld heat treatment, the nondestructive inspection performed, and metallurgical factors are discussed. The current status of weld FSRFs, including their development and application, are presented. Typical fatigue data for weldments are presented and compared with the ASME Code fatigue curves and used to illustrate the development of FSRF values from experimental information. Finally, a generic procedure for determining FSRFs is proposed and future work is recommended. The five objectives of this study were as follows: 1) to clarify the current procedures for determining values of fatigue-strength-reduction factors (FSRFs); 2) to collect relevant published data on weld-joint FSRFs; 3) to interpret existing data on weld-joint FSRFs; 4) to facilitate the development of a future database of FSRFs for weld joints; and 5) to facilitate the development of a standard procedure for determining the values of FSRFs for weld joints. The main focus is on weld joints in Class 1 nuclear pressure vessels and piping. [S0094-9930(00)02703-7]

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Green, D., R. Parker, and D. Marsh. "Comparison of Theoretical Estimates and Experimental Measurements of Fatigue Crack Growth Under Severe Thermal Shock Conditions—Part II: Theoretical Assessment and Comparison With Experiment." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 109, no. 4 (November 1, 1987): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3264925.

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This paper reports the theoretical assessment of cracking which may occur when a severe cycle comprising alternate upshocks and downshocks is applied to an axisymmetric feature with an internal, partial penetration weld and crevice. The experimental observations of cracking are reported separately. A good agreement was noted even though extensive cycle plasticity occurred at the location of cracking. It is concluded that the LEFM solution has correlated with the experiment mainly because of the axisymmetric geometry which allows a large hydrostatic stress to exist at the internal weld crevice end. Thus the stress at the crevice can approach the singular solution required for LEFM correlations without contributing to yielding.

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Zhu, Wen Feng, Jie Wang, Pei Jian Lin, and Bing Yang Zhang. "Numerical Simulation of Influence of Different Heat Source Models on Temperature Field of Aluminum-Alloy Ring Weld Seam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 456 (October 2013): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.456.216.

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Ring-seam joint pipe is more and more widely used in advanced auto-body assembly. However, Aluminums higher conductivity, higher convection coefficient, oxidability and low plasticity in high temperature compared to convectional low carbon steel make its welding numerical simulation much more difficult. Thermal simulation is the fundamental of aluminums coupled calculations of thermo-elasto-plastic for welding. In this paper, a pipe joint of ring seam for ZL114 aluminum alloy is numerically modeled based on birth-death element method and moving-heat-source function loading method. The simulation results agree well with the experiments, which shows that the double ellipsoid heat source model is most suitable for MIG welding simulation of aluminum alloy.

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Rahman, S., and F. Brust. "Elastic-Plastic Fracture of Circumferential Through-Wall Cracked Pipe Welds Subject to Bending." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 114, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929247.

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A methodology is proposed to carry out elastic-plastic fracture analysis of through-wall cracked ductile pipe weldments subjected to pure bending loads. It is based on deformation theory of plasticity, constitutive law characterized by Ramberg-Osgood model, and an equivalence criteria incorporating reduced thickness analogy for simulating system compliance due to the presence of a crack in weld metal. Closed-form solutions are obtained in terms of elementary functions for approximate evaluation of energy release rate and center crack opening displacement. The method utilizes material properties of both base and weld metals which are not considered in the current estimation methods. It is general and can be applied in the complete range between elastic and fully plastic conditions. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed technique. Comparisons of results with reference solutions from finite element method indicate satisfactory prediction of foregoing fracture parameters.

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Ruan, Ye, Xiao Ming Qiu, and Wen Biao Gong. "Corrosion Behavior of 6082-T6 Al Joint Welded with Twin Wire MIG." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 1368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1368.

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Corrosion behavior and mechanism of 6082-T6 Al-alloy twin wire MIG welded joint under salt spray corrosion in 5 wt.% NaCl solution were investigated via laser scan confocal microscope, scanning electron microscope spectrometer and infrared spectroscope. Pitting was seen on both weld seam and the base metal resulted from Cl-. Uniform corrosion was also seen on the weld seam, grain boundaries had been corroded and approximate circular corrosion channels were observed, while evident pitting corrosion was seen in the base metal. Corrosion resistance of the base metal was better than that of the weld seam. The main corrosion products were composed of Al2O3, Al(OH)3and AlCl3•6H2O. Corrosion had a slight effect on the test sample's tensile strength, and serious results on the plasticity of the joints. In addition, transition from prior corrosion ductile to after corrosion hybrid brittle and ductile morphology was also found on the fracture surface.

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García-García, V., I. Mejía, and F. Reyes-Calderón. "Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Autogenous GTAW Weld in High-Manganese Austenitic Steel Ti-Containing with Thermal Analysis." MRS Advances 3, no. 64 (2018): 3963–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.10.

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ABSTRACTThe welding heat input has been pointed out as a main limiting factor for TWinnig Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steel weldability. Scarce research works have been focused on the study of application and effects of the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process in the TWIP steel, especially in higher thickness plate. In this research work was conducted a detailed analysis of a butt weld joint performed in plates of TWIP steel microalloyed with titanium (TWIP-Ti) of 6.3 mm thickness. The autogenous GTAW process with low heat input was applied. The analysis considered grain size measurements, second phases identification, post-weld mechanical properties (microhardness) and the welding thermal field. A Finite Element Model (FEM), validated through experimental results, allowed correlating metallurgical results with the thermal field. Likewise, the phases prediction carried out by means of JMatPro 9.0 software during solidification process as well as the estimation of particle precipitation were in good agreement with the experimental results. These predictive diagrams were calculated taking into account the TWIP-Ti steel chemical composition, the grain size measured in critical weld regions and experimental cooling rates. The low heat input improved the microstructural conditions in the heat affected zone (HAZ) whose average grain size and precipitate particles, like (C, N)Ti, promoted good mechanical properties as compared to the base material (as-solution condition). Some particles like Al2O3 y MnS produced microporosities in the HAZ. Despite this, the weld joint did not present hot cracking in the FZ-HAZ interface.

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Katanina, Alla, Oleg Kornev, Aleksandr Shuvalov, and Eugenia Sokolova. "Influence of welding on aluminium alloy AW6082-T6 strength." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 02029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126302029.

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Comparison of welding influence on structural strength of Al-Mg-Si alloy (AW6082-T6), supplied with 10 mm thick sheets, is made. Within the research tension and impact tests of welding joints, made with argon-arc and friction stir welding, were carried out. During the research we observed the following: strength and plasticity decrease for welding joint zones, impact strength increase of weld metal in friction stir welding, welding defects influence on joint strength.

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Maksymovych, Olesya, Andriy Dzyubyk, Ihor Nazar, and Lyudmyla Dzyubyk. "Calculation of Stresses near Holes in Welded Plates Taking Account of the Residual Deformations." Materials Science Forum 968 (August 2019): 468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.968.468.

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An algorithm for determining the stress state of plates of different shapes with holes due to residual deformations was suggested. The residual stresses in the plates were determined using the calculation and experimental method. The algorithm for determining the stresses the near the holes in the plates due to residual deformations is based on the method of integral equations. The residual stresses and stresses near the holes were investigated. Stresses near circular holes with different distributions of plastic deformations were investigated. Cases were established, where at the boundary of holes, depending on their location, high compression or tensile stresses may arise. Particular, that high compression stresses appear at the point of intersection of the center of the weld with holes or outer boundary, which high compression stresses are approximately the same for all radii of the holes. In case of the radii of the holes that are smaller than the zone of plasticity, high tensile stresses appear, which decrease, when the size of the holes increases. In case of the radii of holes that are larger than the zone of plasticity, the maximum tensile stresses arise at points close to the boundary of the zone of plasticity.

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Jiang, Wenchun, Wei Chen, Wanchuck Woo, Shan-Tung Tu, Xian-Cheng Zhang, and Vyacheslav Em. "Effects of low-temperature transformation and transformation-induced plasticity on weld residual stresses: Numerical study and neutron diffraction measurement." Materials & Design 147 (June 2018): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.03.032.

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Kitano, Houichi, Shigetaka Okano, and Masahito Mochizuki. "Evaluation of weld residual stress field by the deep hole drilling technique based on three-dimensional elasto-plasticity theory." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 33, no. 2 (2015): 15s—19s. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.33.15s.

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47

Perlovich, Yu A., E. V. Zaitsev, N. N. Morgunova, N. I. Kazakova, and L. N. Demina. "Influence of layer-by-layer rolling texture on the plasticity of a weld joint of sheets of molybdenum alloys." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 30, no. 2 (February 1988): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00777828.

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Hernández-Belmontes, H., I. Mejía, V. García-García, and C. Maldonado. "Heat Input Effect on the Microstructure of Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel Welded Joints Through the GTAW Process." MRS Advances 3, no. 64 (2018): 3949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.597.

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ABSTRACTHigh-Mn Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels are an excellent alternative in the design of structural components for the automotive industry. The TWIP steels application allows weight reduction, maintaining the performance of vehicles. Nowadays the research works focused on TWIP steel weldability are relative scarce. It is well-known that weldability is one of the main limitations for industrial application of TWIP steel. The main goal of this research work was studied the effect of heat input on the microstructural changes generated in a TWIP steel microalloyed with Ti. A pair of welds were performed through Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process. The GTAW process was carried out without filler material, using Direc Current Electrode Negative (DCEN), tungsten electrode EWTh-2 and Ar as shielding gas. The microstructure and average grain size in the fusion (FZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) were determined by light optical metallography (LOM). Elements segregation in the FZ was evaluated using point and elemental mapping chemical analysis (EPMA) by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Phase transformations were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Finally, the hardness were measured by means of Vickers microhardness testing (HV500). The results show that the FZ is characterized by a dendritic solidification pattern. Meanwhile, the HAZ presented equiaxed grains in both weld joints. On the other hand, the TWIP-Ti steel weldments did not present austenite phase transformations. Nevertheless, the FZ exhibited variations in the chemical elements distribution (Mn, Al, Si and C), which were higher as the heat input increases. Finally, the heat input reduced the microhardness of TWIP-Ti steel weld joints. Although post-welding hardness recovery was detected, which is associated with precipitation of Ti second-phase particles.

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Anggono, Agus Dwi, and Tri Widodo Besar Riyadi. "Finite Element Simulation of the Drawability of Tailor-Welded Blank." Applied Mechanics and Materials 660 (October 2014): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.3.

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Tailored welded blank (TWB) consists of steel sheets of different thicknesses and strength which welded into one sheet to reduce weight and production costs, to increase dimensional accuracy and strength. Since a tailored blank is composed of different sheets of metals having different thicknesses and properties, the forming of tailored blanks then creates a lot of technical problems especially in the scheme of deformation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the drawability of tailored blanks. In order to assess the forming behavior of the tailor-welded blanks under the influence of weld orientations, a finite element and experimental methods were conducted. Three welded specimens with weld lines oriented at an angle of 0°, 90° and 45° with respect to the direction of load were investigated. The finite element result showed in a good agreement with the experimental result. The result of the experiment showed that a welded part was characterized by a higher strength and lower plasticity compared to those of the base material. Hence, the weld influences the strain distribution of the tailor-welded specimens. This phenomenon depends strongly on the direction of the weld against the direction of tensile load. The lowest strains occur in the specimen with a longitudinal weld.

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Gu, Xiaoyan, Ziwei Cui, Xiaopeng Gu, and Jiaxu Shao. "Wire-Feeding Laser Welding of Copper/Stainless Steel Using Different Filler Metals." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 2122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092122.

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Ni-based filler metal and Ni-Cu-based filler metal were used to obtain copper/stainless steel (Cu/SS) joints through wire-feeding laser welding. Along the SS/weld interface, there exist different grain sizes (from coarse columnar grains to fine equiaxed grains). The heat affected zone (HAZ) on the copper side consisted of two areas with different grain sizes and the size of the grain in the Cu-HAZ of the Ni-Cu-based filled joint was much smaller than that of the Ni-based filled joint. Our results showed that grain refinement at the copper/weld (Cu/weld) interface of the Ni-Cu-based filled joint was observed through high-resolution electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). There was a hardness elevation at the Cu/weld interface of the Ni-Cu-based filled joint due to the grain refinement on the weld of the copper side. The maximum tensile strength of the Ni-Cu-based filled joint was obtained and reached 91.2% of the tensile strength of the copper base metal (Cu-BM). Joints in this study were observed to fracture in a ductile mode. Furthermore, the Ni-Cu-based filled joint exhibited a higher plastic deformation, which was primarily caused by the large deformation of the weld zone and the large deformation of the Cu-BM due to the high plasticity of the weld, which alleviated the stress concentration, as indicated by 2D-digital image correlation (DIC) test results.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Weld plasticity'

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