Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Weight modification'

In 2011 the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, ITRS 2011, outlined how the semiconductor industry should proceed to pursue Moore’s Law past the 18nm generation. It envisioned a concept of ‘More than Moore’, in which existing semiconductor technologies can be exploited to enable the fabrication of diverse systems and in particular systems which integrate non-digital and biologically based functionality. A rapid expansion and growing interest in the fields of microbiology, electrophysiology, and computational neuroscience occurred. This activity has provided significant understanding and insight into the function and structure of the human brain leading to the creation of systems which mimic the operation of the biological nervous system. As the systems expand a need for small area, low power devices which replicate the important biological features of neural networks has been established to implement large scale networks. In this thesis work is presented which focuses on the modification and storage of synaptic weights in hardware neural networks. Test devices were incorporated on 3 chip runs; each chip was fabricated in a 0.35μm process from Austria MicroSystems (AMS) and used for parameter extraction, in accordance with the theoretical analysis presented. A compact circuit is presented which can implement STDP, and has advantages over current implementations in that the critical timing window for synaptic modification is implemented within the circuit. The duration of the critical timing window is set by the subthreshold current controlled by the voltage, Vleak, applied to transistor Mleak in the circuit. A physical model to predict the time window for plasticity to occur is formulated and the effects of process variations on the window is analysed. The STDP circuit is implemented using two dedicated circuit blocks, one for potentiation and one for depression where each block consists of 4 transistors and a polysilicon capacitor, and an area of 980µm2. SpectreS simulations of the back-annotated layout of the circuit and experimental results indicate that STDP with biologically plausible critical timing windows over the range 10µs to 100ms can be implemented. Theoretical analysis using parameters extracted from MOS test devices is used to describe the operation of each device and circuit presented. Simulation results and results obtained from fabricated devices confirm the validity of these designs and approaches. Both the WP and WD circuits have a power consumption of approximately 2.4mW, during a weight update. If no weight update occurs the resting currents within the device are in the nA range, thus each circuit has a power consumption of approximately 1µW. A floating gate, FG, device fabricated using a standard CMOS process is presented. This device is to be integrated with both the WP and WD STDP circuits. The FG device is designed to store negative charge on a FG to represent the synaptic weight of the associated synapse. Charge is added or removed from the FG via Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling. This thesis outlines the design criteria and theoretical operation of this device. A model of the charge storage characteristics is presented and verified using HFCV and PCV experimental results. Limited precision weights, LPW, and its potential use in hardware neural networks is also considered. LPW offers a potential solution in the quest to design a compact FG device for use with CTS. The algorithms presented in this thesis show that LPW allows for a reduction in the synaptic weight storage device while permitting the network to function as intended.

A fast corn grading system can replace the traditional method in unofficial corn grading locations. The initial design of the system proved that it can classify corn kernels with a high success rate. This study tested the robustness of the system against samples from different locations with different moisture contents. The experimental results were compared with the official grading results for 3 out of the 6 samples. This study also tested the limitations of the segmentation algorithm. The results showed that 60 to 70 kernels in a 100 cm2 could be correctly segmented in a relatively short running time. Classification accuracy would improve with modifications to the system, including increased training samples of damaged kernels, uniform illumination, color calibration, and improved weight approximation of the kernels.

Twelve highly trained collegiate wrestlers were studied to determine if performance of a six-minute arm crank task can be maintained by feeding a hypocaloric, high percentage carbohydrate diet to athletes during a four day weight loss period. Subjects were placed on a hypocaloric, low percentage (41.9%) carbohydrate diet (LC) and a hypocaloric, high percentage (65.9%) carbohydrate diet (HC) during two separate weight loss periods. The reduction in work performed during six minutes of arm cranking from pre- to post-weight loss was 0.9% and 8.2% for HC and LC treatments, respectively. Post exercise lactate measures were significantly lower and pH values were significantly higher pre- and post-weight loss under the LC treatment as compared to the HC treatment. Pre-exercise glycerol values were significantly higher post weight loss as compared to pre weight loss under both diet treatments. Profile of Mood State (POMS) scores indicate a negative effect of weight loss on psychological well being of the subjects. This negative effect is exacerbated during weight loss under the LC as compared to HC treatment. These data indicate a significant reduction in performance following a four day weight loss of 6.1% under the LC treatment, while performance is maintained following the HC treatment.
Department of Biology

This thesis explores the role of mood in adherence to changes in behaviour required for weight maintenance following weight loss in an obese sample. Significant increases in physical activity are necessary for successful weight maintenance, yet this change in lifestyle remains challenging for many. Anecdotally, the importance of being in the 'right mood' to make lifestyle changes is frequently reported. A systematic review of the weight maintenance literature revealed that a number of behaviour change techniques were associated with effective weight maintenance interventions. Therefore, the current randomised control study employed relevant behaviour change techniques within two goal setting interventions to improve either daily steps walked or mood compared to a control group in a weight loss programme cohort. The number of daily steps walked and mood were evaluated and the following questions were addressed: 1) In an obese population enrolled in a weight loss programme, do goal-setting interventions increase the number of steps walked compared to those in a control group? 2) Does the mood score differ for those participants in the mood improvement intervention group compared to those in the steps-walked intervention or control groups? 3) Does weight change differ for those individuals who have shown mood improvement compared to those whose mood is unchanged/worsened? The primary outcomes of steps walked, mood and weight were recorded immediately after intervention and again after unsupervised follow up 6-months later. The results showed that all groups increased the number of steps walked but not significantly so. This increase was greatest for the steps-walked group during the active intervention period but greatest for the mood intervention group during the unsupervised follow-up period. Mood improved significantly for all groups and was associated with significantly increased weight loss at follow-up. A trend for increased steps walked being associated with improved mood was observed in the 6-month follow up period. These findings highlight the links between mood and continued participation in lifestyle behaviour changes required for weight maintenance. Future research priorities are outlined for this field.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, San Francisco with the University of California, Berkeley, 2008.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-06, Section: B, page: 3690. Adviser: Lisa A. Pruitt.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第20449号
農博第2234号
新制||農||1050(附属図書館)
学位論文||H29||N5070(農学部図書室)
京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻
(主査)教授 矢野 浩之, 教授 木村 恒久, 教授 髙野 俊幸
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 100 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-55). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy disorder in reproductive age women. The symptoms of this disorder are the androgen excess seen with anovulation/oligoovulation or morphologically ovarian cysts. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of public health nutrition intervention designed to enhance healthy eating and lifestyle modification among PCOS patients attended the obstetrics and gynecology clinic at the American University of Beirut Medical Centre (AUB-MC) in Beirut, Lebanon. A prospective hospital based public health nutrition intervention was proposed in which 76 women with PCOS were recruited in the pilot study and 588 women were recruited in the scale-up intervention divided between PCOS and non-PCOS. During the scale up phase non-PCOS women were recruited to study the effect of the nutritional counseling on them as a way to compare the outcome with PCOS women. Recruited population were divided into 8 groups; group A: overweight/obese PCOS patient’s intervention (received weight management program with nutritional guidelines). Group B: overweight/ obese PCOS controls (received the usual heath care by the gynecologist), Group C: lean PCOS controls (received the usual heath care by the gynecologist), Group D: lean PCOS intervention (received weight maintenance program with nutritional guidelines ), Group E: overweight/obese non-PCOS patient’s intervention (received weight management program with nutritional guidelines) ,Group F: overweight/ obese non-PCOS controls, Group G: lean non- PCOS intervention (received weight maintenance program with nutritional guidelines), Group H: lean non-PCOS controls. Data were collected using a pre-validated questionnaire to capture sociodemographic variables, nutritional status, and physical activity, psychological and medical status. Blood analysis was carried out to determine biochemical indices. Assessment of study indicators were carried out at baseline, after 3 and 6 months from inception of intervention (pilot as well scale up). Patients in intervention groups attended a 6 month tailored nutrition counseling/education program (2 sessions per month), to enhance their understanding of their dietary intake and assist them with weight management, physical activity, healthy cooking, lifestyle, and food shopping. Following a six months pilot study intervention results have shown that 7% weight loss was achieved in overweight/ obese intervention groups and weight maintenance in lean intervention groups( Group A,B,C and D). There was a significant reduction in waist (-4.2 cm (±5.6)) and hip circumference (-3.1cm (±3.5)) with P < 0.001. There was no significant biochemical markers change (fasting blood sugar, CRP, LDL-C,HDL-C,TG,total cholesterol, fasting insulin, total testosterone,Vit D), however there was an increase in physical activity (3.1 hours/week (±1.5)) , and decrease in anxiety and depression score ( BDI-II and BAD-7); -0.8 (±0.8) and -0.7 (±0.7) with P < 0,001 compared to interventions. Following six months scale up intervention, the results have shown a weight reduction among overweight/obese PCOS women (group A) who lost, on average, 8.2 kg (P=0.001). Whilst non-PCOS women lost, on average 11.6 kg (P < 0.001)(Group E). Controls gained weight (Group B, D F and H). The biochemical, psychological and reproductive profile showed significant improvements among PCOS women (P < 0.001). Pregnancy rate increased to 70% among women trying to conceive. The results of this study have shown this intervention to be effective in Lebanese women with PCOS, decreasing their initial body weight by 5%- 10% and improving their reproductive, metabolic and endocrine profiles. This suggests the need for a nutritional intervention (nutritional guidelines) for women diagnosed with PCOS patients as a first line treatment. The study results support the effectiveness of lifestyle modification diet for PCOS women.

The use of light-weight building materials in modern construction has resulted in efficient designs and considerable cost savings by reducing structural weight and supporting sections. This has only been possible because of many years of research to better understand the properties of the light-weight material, and its structural behaviors. However, light-weight grout is a relatively new building material in reinforced masonry construction and little is known about its structural properties. The main objective of this study was to determine if the use of light-weight grout would impact the performance of reinforcing steel, specifically development length, in masonry construction.The research included testing masonry wallettes made with normal and light-weight grout containing No. 4 (12 mm) bars with splice lengths as prescribed by the current design equation as well as splices with a modification factor. The modification factor was based on preliminary grout testing, using the procedure given in the concrete building code. The wallettes were tested in a tension test to determine if the splices were of sufficient length to fully develop the yield stress of the reinforcement.For small bar sizes, No. 4 or smaller, it is not necessary to include a modification factor when calculating development length. The minimum length of lap of 12 in. governs when No. 4 or smaller bars are used, and provides sufficient length to fully develop the yield stress of the reinforcement both for normal and light-weight grout types.

Background and aim: Research showed that behavioural modification techniques were the most effective way to achieve and maintain a healthy weight compared to diet and exercise alone. If behavioural modification was the most effective technique, then at least the two thirds of the candidates (Weight Loss Candidate with Behaviour Modification-WLCB) who used the specific behavioural modification techniques regarding eating and physical activity would achieve a weight loss of average ½ -1kg per week for the 18 weeks of the treatment and then maintain it or continue to lose after treatment termination with a total treatment period of 36 weeks. The treatment was efficient and long-lasting compared to the control candidates who followed a diet plan only. Furthermore, if the use of behavioural modification was the most effective way for diet and exercise, then the weight loss and maintenance would be more efficient and long-lasting. The principal aim of this project was to develop behaviour modification techniques (protocol and guidelines) in order to promote effective weight management for sedentary and active Cypriot adults, concentrating on nutrition and exercise. Study design: The study was quantitative and qualitative in nature using an action research approach. Furthermore, it was observational and longitudinal using structured methods and a representative sample of adults 19-50 years of age is investigated for 36 weeks. Methods: Anthropometric data and health and diet history were taken using standard methods from 315 (the control and intervention group (1:1) Cypriot adults from rural and urban areas. Individualised diet plans, personalised physical activities as well as behavioural modification parameters were assessed with the aid of a questionnaire, interview, food and exercise diary and behavioural checklist. Obesity and overweight were defined using the current International Obesity Task Force definition. The validated questionnaires for Physical Activity (IPAQ) and the nutritional assessment (National Integrated Health Associates) were used for initial assessment and the behavioural checklists were used for the follow up. Behavioural checklists were completed by the candidates on a bi-weekly basis along with the food and exercise diary. The questionnaire reliability (test-retest), internal consistency and ability to differentiate obese vs. normal-weight adult behaviours were tested using a pilot population of 50 adults not enrolled in a formal weight loss programme. Its reliability (checklists, food and exercise diary) and predictive validity were tested using a selective population: 265 adults of the observational group enrolled in behavioural modification treatment vs. diet. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: Τhe objectives of the research were a) The study of every aspect of weight management and thus be capable of making suggestions for the development of guidelines and protocols for behavioural modification to health professionals working with the public. b) The identification and adjustment of eating and exercise behaviour related to body weight in order to achieve an efficient weight management in Cypriot overweight/obese adults. c) The evaluation of the effectiveness of the modest lifestyle changes in weight management induced by short-term energy/calorie restriction and behaviour modification in overweight and obese Greek Cypriots with Body Mass Index (BMI) above 25 or 30 respectively, or body weight 20% or above of Ideal Body weight (IBW), or body fat above normal levels. d) The development of education and counselling protocols and guidelines for professionals for weight management protocols based on the Mediterranean Diet and the eating and exercise habits of Cypriot Adults. e) The implementation of the protocols to intervention groups in order to identify the efficiency. Outcomes: The outcomes of the project was the development of an education and counselling protocol/manual which included teaching tools and guidelines for professionals for weight management with the title “Protocol and Guidelines for professional users for weight management for Adults: assessment, categorization, therapy/ follow up of overweight and obesity”. The development of an eating behaviour and physical activity protocol/manual based on the Mediterranean Diet and the demonstrated eating and exercise habits of Cypriot Adults can be used by the stakeholders and the public for efficient and effective weight management. RESULTS: The average length of weight loss treatment was 18 weeks for the intervention and the control groups, and the average weight loss for the intervention group was 11.96kg (t-test, p-value ≤ 0.001) and for the control group was 5.56kg (t-test, p-value≤ 0.002). During the 18 weeks of the maintenance period the 50% of the intervention group continued to lose while, an additional 48% of them maintained the weight and only 2% of them gained weight. Conclusions: To conclude, the prevalence of obesity worldwide has reached epidemic proportions. Physical inactivity and poor diet have been identified as primary contributors to the leading causes of death in developed countries including Cyprus. It is unfortunate that more emphasis is given to calorie restriction dieting rather than behavioural modification for diet and physical activity in achieving and maintaining weight loss. The fact is that incorporating appropriate behavioural modification techniques for diet and sufficient physical activity into one’s life is an essential component of achieving a healthy body weight. The research project aimed at developing a behavioural approach and behavioural modification techniques for the treatment of obesity and weight management adjusted to the needs of the Cypriot adult population. The difference of this approach underlines the emphasis that has to be given to the follow-up programme for the maintenance of the weight loss through behavioural modification. This approach evolved from the environmental control of eating behaviour to a broader approach characterized by systematic manipulation of all factors associated with eating and exercise patterns. The need for the project derives from the fact that obesity is a chronic condition with a substantial potential for relapse; therefore long–term treatments are needed. The expected outcomes of this project are the development of guidelines and protocols to be used by health professionals. The ultimate goal is the reduction of the obesity epidemic in Cyprus.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the 5 stages of change identified in the transtheoretical model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983) accurately describe stages of adopting exercise and strength training behaviors among older adults; and to test if the variables of age, gender, education, current level of physical activity, and health problems are accurate measures of predicting stage. Participants included 277 residents of 6 continuing care retirement communities in a midwestern state. A site administered survey instrument used a modified Stages of Change Instrument (Marcus, Selby, Niaura, & Rossi, 1992); the Health Status Inventory (Gorely & Gordon, 1995); and the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly° (Washburn, Smith, Jette, & Janney, 1993).The study was the first to test whether the 5 stages could be found for strength training, an exercise type. All 5 stages of change were present in both exercise and strength training behaviors but in differing proportions. Results suggest the need to design different strategies to move persons from one stage to another for strength training and exercise. The majority of participants were consistent exercisers as 52% were in maintenance, the stage where people are exercising regularly and have been for longer than six months. The most promising result found 16% in the maintenance stage for strength training behavior with 53% in contemplation, the stage where people are thinking about beginning.A logistic regression analysis was used to conclude that current level of physical activity and number of health problems have some predictive accuracy for stages to adopt exercise and strength training behaviors. The variables of age, gender, and education were not found to be predictive in this study.
Department of Educational Leadership

In this thesis, fluid characteristics and sampling efficiency of high molecular weight cut-off microdialysis are presented, with the aim of improving the understanding of microdialysis sampling mechanisms and its performance regarding extraction efficiency of biological fluid and biomarkers. Microdialysis is a well-established clinical sampling tool for monitoring small biomarkers such as lactate and glucose. In recent years, interest has raised in using high molecular weight cut-off microdialysis to sample macro molecules such as neuropeptides, cytokines and proteins. However, with the increase of the membrane pore size, high molecular weight cut-off microdialysis exhibits drawbacks such like unstable catheter performance, imbalanced fluid recovery, low and unstable molecule extraction efficiency, etc. But still, the fluid characteristics of high molecular weight cut-off microdialysis is rarely studied, and the clinical or in vitro molecule sampling efficiency from recent studies vary from each other and are difficult to compare.   Therefore, in this thesis three aspects of high molecular weight cut-off microdialysis have been explored. The first, the fluid characteristics of large pore microdialysis has been investigated, theoretically and experimentally. The results suggest that the experimental fluid recovery is in consistency with its theoretical formula. The second, the macromolecule transport behaviour has been visualized and semi-quantified, using an in vitro test system and fluorescence imaging. The third, two in vitro tests have been done to mimic in vivo cerebrospinal fluid sampling under pressurization, using native and differently surface modified catheters. As results, individual protein/peptide extraction efficiencies were achieved, using targeted mass spectrometry analysis. In summary, a theory system of the fluid characteristics of high molecular weight cut-off microdialysis has been built and testified; Macromolecular transport of microdialysis catheter has been visualized; In vivo biomolecules sampling has been simulated by well-defined in vitro studies; Individual biomolecular extraction efficiency has been shown; Different surface modifications of microdialysis catheter have been investigated. It was found that, improved sampling performance can be achieved, in terms of balanced fluid recovery and controlled protein extraction efficiency.

The studies presented in this thesis investigated dietary strategies to reduce cardiovascular (CV) risk associated with atherogenic dyslipidaemia. The thesis also describes the development of a new method for the separation of the principal HDL subclasses. The 'RISCK' study five examined the effects of five diets, differing in the type and amount of dietary fat and carbohydrate, on plasma lipids in subjects at risk of developing metabolic syndrome. All diets showed a significant reduction in serum total, and LDL cholesterol. Whilst no diet was superior in its lipid-lowering effect, the two low fat diets reduced waist circumference and other CV risk factors, suggesting a link between a reduction in visceral adiposity and CV risk The 'EDWINA' study addressed the effects of energy restriction and increased dietary cholesterol in the form of eggs, on body weight and plasma lipids. Energy restriction and energy restriction +2 eggs/day for 12 weeks achieved significant weight loss (3- 4kg). Increased egg consumption had no significant effect on plasma LDL cholesterol, suggesting that weight loss negates the cholesterol raising potential of dietary cholesterol. The weight loss and lipid response in the 'EDWINA' study was highly variable between subjects. Apo E genotype and serum non-cholesterol sterols (markers of cholesterol homeostasis) were measured to investigate the origin of this variability. Carriage of the epsilon4 allele was significantly associated with higher serum sitosterol (marker of cholesterol absorption) at baseline, however, apoE genotype did not explain the heterogeneity in response to diet. There was some indication from reductions in serum lathosterol, that falls in plasma cholesterol were associated with reduced cholesterol biosynthesis. The overall findings provide further evidence to support the CV health benefits of losing weight and especially visceral adiposity. They also highlighted the importance of dietary composition of energy restricted diets in modifying lipid mediated CV risk.

Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The role of fructose restriction in addition to dietary modifications for weight loss and lifestyle improvement, on fertility outcome and other markers of metabolic syndrome, in obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) Introduction: At the time at which the current study was undertaken no data, as yet, existed on whether restriction of fructose, while treating obese patients with PCOS for weight loss, improves the clinical symptoms and metabolic/anthropometric profile so as to promote fertility. Objectives: To evaluate the baseline intake of fructose, as well as the effect of restricting fructose intake from fruit and soft beverages to less than 20 g daily, as well as to provide guidelines for weight loss on anthropometric measurements, for improving subjective clinical symptoms, and for promoting fertility outcome in obese patients with PCOS, who seek to become fertile. Methods: The study was conducted in the Tygerberg Hospital Infertility Clinic, as an experimental cohort. Patients with a body mass index (BMI) higher than 27, seeking fertility after diagnosis with PCOS, were referred for dietary consultation, and followed up 3 monthly over 1 year. At each visit anthropometric measurements and a detailed dietary history were taken and a questionnaire for clinical symptoms was completed. Results: Baselinely, 86 patients were included in the study. Averages for weight and BMI were 99.8 ± 24.3 kg and 39.2 ± 8.7kg/m2, respectively. Average baseline daily fructose intake was 167 ± 116.8g. At baseline, significant relationships were shown between fructose intake and burning feet (ρ=0.02) and frequent waking (ρ=0.02), with a trend towards nightly eating (ρ=0.07). The dropout rate after visit 1 was 50%, with a further dropout of 41% after visit 2. After 3 visits (n=18), fructose intake significantly reduced (ρ=0.018), with the significant relationships with clinical symptoms having disappeared by visit 2. After 3 visits (n=18), both weight and BMI decreased significantly (ρ=0.017) and (ρ=0.019), respectively. Fructose was tested as a covariate to BMI, with high significance (ρ=0.006) in said population group. Conclusion: Dietary intervention to reduce fructose intake proved significant for weight loss and BMI after 3 visits. Reduced fructose intake was associated with reduced clinical symptoms. With fructose being a significant covariate to BMI, it can be concluded that fructose overconsumption could possibly contribute to both clinical symptoms and elevated BMI in said study population.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die rol wat die beperking van fruktose speel bykomend tot dieetaanpassings en lewenstylverbetering vir gewigsverlies by oorgewig vroue met polisistiese ovariële sindroom (PCOS) in die uitkoms van fertiliteit en ander merkers van metaboliese sindroom. Inleiding: Met die aanvang van hierdie studie was daar is geen data beskikbaar oor die invloed van die beperking van fruktose in die dieet van oorgewig pasiënte met PCOS wat vir gewigsverlies behandel word nie. Dit was ook nie bekend of laasgenoemde pasiënte se kliniese simptome en metaboliese/antropometriese profiel sou verbeter met die beperking van fruktose sodat fertiliteit by hierdie pasiënte terselfdertyd ook bevorder word nie. Doelwitte: Die evaluering van die aanvanklike inname van fruktose, sowel as die beperking van fruktose afkomstig van eetbare vrugte en versoete drankies en sap tot ’n inname van minder as 20 g daagliks, tesame met riglyne vir gewigsverlies. Die uitkoms hiervan is bepaal deur antropometriese metings, die verbetering in subjektiewe kliniese simptome en die fertiliteituitkoms by oorgewig pasiënte wat hulp met fertiliteit verlang. Metodes: Die studie het as ’n eksperimentele kohort by die Infertiliteitskliniek by Tygerberg Hospitaal plaasgevind. Pasiënte wat na diagnose met PCOS fertiliteitsbehandeling verlang het en ’n BMI hoër as 27 gehad het , is vir dieetbehandeling verwys en driemaandeliks oor ’n tydperk van een jaar opgevolg. Tydens elke besoek is antropometriese metings en ’n omvattende dieetgeskiedenis geneem en ’n vraelys oor kliniese simptome ingevul. Resultate: Aanvanklik is 86 pasiënte by die studie ingesluit. Gemiddeldes vir gewig en BMI was 99.8 ± 24.3 kg en 39.2 ± 8.7 kg/m2 respektiewelik. Gemiddelde aanvanklike daaglikse inname van fruktose was 167 ± 116.8 g. Oorspronklik het betekenisvolle verhoudings tussen fruktose en die volgende bestaan: brandvoete (ρ=0.02) en veelvuldige episodes van nagtelike wakkerheid (ρ=0.02), met ’n neiging na nagtelike etery (ρ=0.07). Die uitvalsyfer na een besoek was 50% met ’n verdere uitvalsyfer van 41% na die tweede besoek. Na drie besoeke (n=18) het sowel die gewig as die BMI betekenisvolle afname getoon (ρ= 0.017) en (ρ=0.019), respektiewelik. Fruktose is as ’n belangrike kovariant vir BMI (ρ= 0.006) vir hierdie populasiegroep geïdentifiseer. Gevolgtrekking: Dieetintervensie vir die vermindering van die inname van fruktose was beduidend vir gewigsverlies en afname in BMI na drie besoeke. Verminderde fruktose-inname het gelei tot die vermindering van kliniese simptome. Met fruktose as beduidende kovariant vir BMI kan die gevolgtrekking gemaak word dat die oor-inname van fruktose by hierdie studiepopulasie waarskynlik tot sowel kliniese simptome as BMI bygedra het.

Doutoramento em Bioquímica
Os polissacarídeos são os componentes maioritários dos grãos de café verde e torrado e da bebida de café. Os mais abundantes são as galactomananas, seguindo-se as arabinogalactanas. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas sofrem modificações estruturais, as quais estão longe de estar completamente elucidadas devido à sua diversidade e à complexidade estrutural dos compostos formados. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas reagem com proteínas, ácidos clorogénicos e sacarose, originando compostos castanhos de alto peso molecular contendo nitrogénio, designados de melanoidinas. As melanoidinas do café apresentam diversas atividades biológicas e efeitos benéficos para a saúde. No entanto, a sua estrutura exata e os mecanismos envolvidos na sua formação permanecem desconhecidos, bem como a relação estrutura-atividade biológica. A utilização de sistemas modelo e a análise por espectrometria de massa permitem obter uma visão global e, simultaneamente, detalhada das modificações estruturais nos polissacarídeos do café promovidas pela torra, contribuindo para a elucidação das estruturas e mecanismos de formação das melanoidinas. Com base nesta tese, oligossacarídeos estruturalmente relacionados com a cadeia principal das galactomananas, (β1→4)-Dmanotriose (Man3), e as cadeias laterais das arabinogalactanas, (α1→5)-Larabinotriose (Ara3), isoladamente ou em misturas com ácido 5-Ocafeoilquínico (5-CQA), o ácido clorogénico mais abundante nos grãos de café verde, e péptidos compostos por tirosina e leucina, usados como modelos das proteínas, foram sujeitos a tratamento térmico a seco, mimetizando o processo de torra. A oxidação induzida por radicais hidroxilo (HO•) foi também estudada, uma vez que estes radicais parecem estar envolvidos na modificação dos polissacarídeos durante a torra. A identificação das modificações estruturais induzidas por tratamento térmico e oxidativo dos compostos modelo foi feita por estratégias analíticas baseadas principalmente em espectrometria de massa, mas também em cromatografia líquida. A cromatografia de gás foi usada na análise de açúcares neutros e ligações glicosídicas. Para validar as conclusões obtidas com os compostos modelo, foram também analisadas amostras de polissacarídeos do café obtidas a partir de resíduo de café e café instantâneo. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos oligossacarídeos modelo quando submetidos a tratamento térmico (seco), assim como à oxidação induzida por HO• (em solução), indicam a ocorrência de despolimerização, o que está de acordo com estudos anteriores que reportam a despolimerização das galactomananas e arabinogalactanas do café durante a torra. Foram ainda identificados outros compostos resultantes da quebra do anel de açúcares formados durante o tratamento térmico e oxidativo da Ara3. Por outro lado, o tratamento térmico a seco dos oligossacarídeos modelo (individualmente ou quando misturados) promoveu a formação de oligossacarídeos com um maior grau de polimerização, e também polissacarídeos com novos tipos de ligações glicosídicas, evidenciando a ocorrência de polimerização através reações de transglicosilação não enzimática induzidas por tratamento térmico a seco. As reações de transglicosilação induzidas por tratamento térmico a seco podem ocorrer entre resíduos de açúcares provenientes da mesma origem, mas também de origens diferentes com formação de estruturas híbridas, contendo arabinose e manose como observado nos casos dos compostos modelo usados. Os resultados obtidos a partir de amostras do resíduo de café e de café instantâneo sugerem a presença de polissacarídeos híbridos nestas amostras de café processado, corroborando a ocorrência de transglicosilação durante o processo de torra. Além disso, o estudo de misturas contendo diferentes proporções de cada oligossacarídeo modelo, mimetizando regiões do grão de café com composição distinta em polissacarídeos, sujeitos a diferentes períodos de tratamento térmico, permitiu inferir que diferentes estruturas híbridas e não híbridas podem ser formadas a partir das arabinogalactanas e galactomananas, dependendo da sua distribuição nas paredes celulares do grão e das condições de torra. Estes resultados podem explicar a heterogeneidade de estruturas de melanoidinas formadas durante a torra do café. Os resultados obtidos a partir de misturas modelo contendo um oligossacarídeo (Ara3 ou Man3) e 5-CQA sujeitas a tratamento térmico a seco, assim como de amostras provenientes do resíduo de café, mostraram a formação de compostos híbridos compostos por moléculas de CQA ligadas covalentemente a um número variável de resíduos de açúcar. Além disso, os resultados obtidos a partir da mistura contendo Man3 e 5-CQA mostraram que o CQA atua como catalisador das reações de transglicosilação. Por outro lado, nas misturas modelo contendo um péptido, mesmo contendo também 5-CQA e sujeitas ao mesmo tratamento, observou-se uma diminuição na extensão das reações transglicosilação. Este resultado pode explicar a baixa extensão das reações de transglicosilação não enzimáticas durante a torra nas regiões do grão de café mais ricas em proteínas, apesar dos polissacarídeos serem os componentes maioritários dos grãos de café. A diminuição das reações de transglicosilação na presença de péptidos/proteínas pode dever-se ao facto de os resíduos de açúcares redutores reagirem preferencialmente com os grupos amina de péptidos/proteínas por reação de Maillard, diminuindo o número de resíduos de açúcares redutores disponíveis para as reações de transglicosilação. Além dos compostos já descritos, uma diversidade de outros compostos foram formados a partir dos sistemas modelo, nomeadamente derivados de desidratação formados durante o tratamento térmico a seco. Em conclusão, a tipificação das modificações estruturais promovidas pela torra nos polissacarídeos do café abre o caminho para a compreensão dos mecanismos de formação das melanoidinas e da relação estrutura-atividade destes compostos.
Polysaccharides are the major components of green and roasted coffee beans, and coffee brew. The most abundant ones are galactomannans, followed by arabinogalactans. During the roasting process, galactomannans and arabinogalactans undergo structural modifications that are far to be completely elucidated due to their diversity and complexity of the compounds formed. During the roasting process, galactomannans and arabinogalactans react with proteins, chlorogenic acids, and sucrose, originating high molecular weight brown compounds containing nitrogen, known as melanoidins. Several biological activities and beneficial health effects have been attributed to coffee melanoidins. However, their exact structures and the mechanisms involved in their formation remain unknown, as well as the structure-biological activity relationship. The use of model systems and mass spectrometry analysis allow to obtain an overall view and, simultaneously, detailed, of the structural modifications in coffee polysaccharides promoted by roasting, contributing to the elucidation of the structures and formation mechanisms of melanoidins. Based on this thesis, oligosaccharides structurally related to the backbone of galactomannans, (β1→4)-D-mannotriose, and the side chains of arabinogalactans, (α1→5)-Larabinotriose, alone or in mixtures with 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, the most abundant chlorogenic acid in green coffee beans, and dipeptides composed by tyrosine and leucine, used as models of proteins, were submitted to dry thermal treatments, mimicking the coffee roasting process. The oxidation induced by hydroxyl radicals (HO•) was also studied, since these radicals seem to be involved in the modification of the polysaccharides during roasting. The identification of the structural modifications induced by thermal and oxidative treatment of the model compounds was performed mostly by mass spectrometry-based analytical strategies, but also using liquid chromatography. Gas chromatography was used in the analysis of neutral sugars and glycosidic linkages. To validate the conclusions achieved with the model compounds, coffee polysaccharide samples obtained from spent coffee grounds and instant coffee were also analysed. The results obtained from the model oligosaccharides when submitted to thermal treatment (dry) or oxidation induced by HO• (in solution) indicate the occurrence of depolymerization, which is in line with previous studies reporting the depolymerization of coffee galactomannans and arabinogalactans during roasting. Compounds resulting from sugar ring cleavage were also formed during thermal treatment and oxidative treatment of Ara3. On the other hand, the dry thermal treatment of the model oligosaccharides (alone or when mixed) promoted the formation of oligosaccharides with a higher degree of polymerization, and also polysaccharides with new type of glycosidic linkages, evidencing the occurrence of polymerization via non-enzymatic transglycosylation reactions induced by dry thermal treatment. The transglycosylation reactions induced by dry thermal treatment can occur between sugar residues from the same origin, but also of different origins, with formation of hybrid structures, containing arabinose and mannose in the case of the model compounds used. The results obtained from spent coffee grounds and instant coffee samples suggest the presence of hybrid polysaccharides in these processed coffee samples, corroborating the occurrence of transglycosylation during the roasting process. Furthermore, the study of mixtures containing different proportions of each model oligosaccharide, mimicking coffee bean regions with distinct polysaccharide composition, subjected to different periods of thermal treatment, allowed to infer that different hybrid and non-hybrid structures may be formed from arabinogalactans and galactomannans, depending on their distribution in the bean cell walls and on roasting conditions. These results may explain the heterogeneity of melanoidins structures formed during coffee roasting. The results obtained from model mixtures containing an oligosaccharide (Ara3 or Man3) and 5-CQA and subjected to dry thermal treatment, as well as samples derived from spent coffee grounds, showed the formation of hybrid compounds composed by CQA molecules covalently linked to a variable number of sugar residues. Moreover, the results obtained from the mixture containing Man3 and 5-CQA showed that CQA acts as catalyst of transglycosylation reactions. On the other hand, in the model mixtures containing a peptide, even if containing 5-CQA and subjected to the same treatment, it was observed a decrease in the extent of transglycosylation reactions. This outcome can explain the low extent of non-enzymatic transglycosylation reactions during roasting in coffee bean regions enriched in proteins, although polysaccharides are the major components of the coffee beans. The decrease of transglycosylation reactions in the presence of peptides/proteins can be related with the preferential reactivity of reducing residues with the amino groups of peptides/proteins by Maillard reaction, decreasing the number of reducing residues available to be directly involved in the transglycosylation reactions. In addition to the compounds already described, a diversity of other compounds were formed from model systems, namely dehydrated derivatives formed during dry thermal treatment. In conclusion, the identification of the structural modifications in coffee polysaccharides promoted by roasting pave the way to the understanding of the mechanisms of formation of melanoidins and structure-activity relationship of these compounds.

碩士
元智大學
化學工程與材料科學學系
99
The preparation and characterization of the modified hydrolyzed-low molecular weight poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (HLMWPHB) are studied by using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), biodegradation test, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It is shown by FTIR, NMR, and GPC that glycidyl methacrylate can be successfully reacted with the end groups of HLMWPHB. The results of DSC and X-ray diffraction indicate that the modified HLMWPHB has a lower melting temperature, lower crystallinity, slower crystallization rate, smaller crystal size, and smaller lattice parameters than PHB. The unsaturated bonds formed in the modified HLMWPHB are UV reactive. The films prepared by reacting acrylic monomers with the modified HLMWPHB under UV irradiation are biodegradable.

碩士
臺北醫學大學
醫學資訊研究所
94
The overweight prevailing rate of Taiwan people has the tendency to increase recently. Because of the popularization of the computer and internet network, many websites provides expert’s consults、Email、dietary principles、exercise guildelines、behavioral therpy and group discussion for weight loss. The aim of the study is focused on how to use internet technologies to facilitate the diet-controlled of the weight-loss program. Participants use 24 hours recall to record the food plans through the weight loss platform. They can make inquiry the following information; nutritional values and calories of foods、calories consumed of the exercises. We also utilize reports to show the massages to participants through the graphics interface and some concepts of nutritional knowledge to assist with patients to lose body weight and cost-effective for reducing weight and body mass index (BMI).

The purpose of this study was to determine that a behavioral lifestyle modification approach to weight loss changes participants' dietary intake and physical activity levels and that these changes were associated with weight loss and weight loss maintenance. Behavioral factors important in other weight control studies were also investigated to see if they are important indicators of successful weight control in this program as well. A group of previously validated questionnaires, along with a weight history written for this study, was administered to current participants in Providence Health System's Smart CHOICES program both before and after program participation. The same questionnaires were administered to past participants in a one-time follow-up for the CHOICES program approximately 2 years after program completion. The study found that current participant successful weight losers did decrease their percentage of energy intake from fat more than did non-successful weight losers over the course of the program. Also, successful weight losers decreased their caloric intake and increased physical activity levels during the program and these changes did not occur in non-successful weight losers. The Eating Inventory scales for cognitive restraint and Westenhoefer's flexible control showed expected increases and disinhibition and hunger scores showed expected decreases among successful weight losers. However, non-successful weight losers showed these same changes except for the hunger scores, which did not decrease during the program. There were no differences found between past participant weight loss maintainers and non-maintainers in caloric intake, percentage fat intake, physical activity levels, Eating Inventory scales, or flexible and rigid control. When compared to successful weight losers among the current participants, there were suggestions that past participant weight loss maintainers and non-maintainers regressed toward their pre-treatment levels in percentage of fat intake, physical activity levels, and flexible control scores over time. While the Smart CHOICES program is effective in bringing about short-term behavior change to produce weight loss, maintenance of weight loss is a problem in this program as it is in other lifestyle modification programs. The factors differentiating successful weight maintenance from weight regain after loss in this program were not identified.
Graduation date: 2002

碩士
國立陽明大學
醫學工程研究所
91
The wear of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is the major cause for joint arthroplasty failure. Many studies have shown that γ-ray sterilization process before implication is the major factor to change the mechanical properties, generation of wear debris and aging behavior of UHMWPE. Crosslinking process has been well-known to improve wear resistance of UHMWPE. However, accompanied with crosslinking process, the mechanical properties of polymer, such as yield strength and anti-fatigue property, will decrease. Therefore, it becomes a crucial issue to fully understand the interaction betweenγ-ray irradiation and material properties in crosslinking process. This study detects the free radical decay curves by Electron Spin Resonance (EPR) method and measure the crosslinking density and mechanical properties of the γ-ray irradiated UHMWPE to study the free radical generation, crosslinking and oxidation mechanism of the material. Theoretical dynamic analysis indicates that the free radical decay in vacuum can be described by a modified second order reaction and the free radical decay in air can be fitted by a second order reaction. The present research also indicates that these are two reaction rate constants for the reaction of free radical decay. To describe this feature, we propose a parallel second order reaction model to simulate the dynamic behavior of the free radical decay. The results show that the present parallel model can appropriately describe free radical decay behaviors of Gamma irradiated UHMWPE kept both in vacuum and in air. Crosslinking density tests reveal that higher irradiation dose can increase crosslinking density, while, the crosslinking ratio decreases. EPR tests indicated that changing of irradiation dose and dose rate can generate different types of free radicals, which might result in different crosslinking density. The results also show that irradiation increases friction coefficient while crystallinity is not significantly changed. After annealing, crystallnity will decrease and friction coefficient will increases. With the crosslinked UHMWPE treated by accelerating aging process, the crystallinity will increase further. It reveals that UHMWPE treated by general crosslinking process cannot maintain a long-term stability during the accelerating aging process. The increases of the crystallinity during the aging process may be due to the oxidation induced by free radical residue.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
護理學研究所
88
The purpose of this present study was to understand how behavioral modification strategies affect the control of interdialytic weight gain knowledge, self efficacy and dialytic outcome in hemodialysis patients. Quasi-experimental design was used in this study. Patients were selected using purposive sampling at five hemodialytic center in Taipei City and County, seventy-eight sample patients were randomly assigned into experimental and control group. Subjects in both groups consisted of 39 patients and received cognitive restructuring that one to one oral teaching and a pamphlet were provided to each subjects. The teaching program focused on the patient’s individualized cognitive needs, and pamphlet focused on the utilization of salt-limited diet and fluid limitation to control their interdialytic weight gain (IDWG). The only different between experimental and control groups, was subjects in experimental group were taught to use the daily self-recording sheet to record their daily body weight and researcher provided the positive reinforcement over time. Interdialytic weight gain, change in intradialytic mean arterial pressure, subjective symptoms, and dialytic outcome were analyzed. The study results showed: (1) In the pretest, both groups of subjects showed that the knowledge of interdialysis weight gain control and the efficacy of execute fluid restricted and salt limited diet control were moderate low; especially efficacy of execute fluid restricted to control their weight gain was low. IDWG, change of interdialytic mean arterial pressure and subjective symptom were high than normal in most of subjects. However, in the dialytic outcome such as KT/V, and URR were within the normal range, but nutrition status such as albumin level was low than normal in most of subjects. (2) After cognitive restructuring, subjects in control group showed statistically significant improvement of the knowledge of IDWG control, the efficacy of execute fluid restricted and salt limited diet control, IDWG, change of intradialytic mean arterial pressure, subjective symptoms, and nutritional status. (3) After behavioral modification, subjects in experimental group showed statistically significant improvement of the knowledge of IDWG control, the efficacy of execute fluid restricted and salt limited diet control, IDWG, change of intradialytic mean arterial pressure, subjective symptoms, nutritional status, and dialysis outcome. (4)In experimental group, the subjects with lower education, older, living along, as longer as continuation of self monitoring procedures, and asked more questions did in the self monitoring periods had better improvement in the behavioral outcome. The subjects in control group, their brought questions in the telephone reminding had better improvement of the efficacy of execute fluid restricted and salt limited diet control, and well IDWG control. (5)Between the knowledge, the efficacy, and the behavioral outcome had not any directly caused-effect relationships. In sum up, both interventions produced immediate reduction in IDWG, and the effectiveness of interventions produced maintenance of improvement up to 3 months post treatment. The findings of this present study can be used as reference for nursing staff to deal with hemodialytic patients to reducing IDWG. However, combining the interventions resulted in improvement was superior to the cognitive intervention alone. The behavioral model consisted of cognitive restructuring, self monitoring, positive reinforcement, and shaping was an behavioral modification strategy for patient with individualized needs, the results of this study suggested the intervention can use to other chronic illness patients' care.

碩士
大同大學
材料工程學系(所)
97
In the investigation, effects of surface modification by argon plasma on peel strength of woven type ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were studied. After plasma treated, the free radicals were generated on woven type UHMWPE surface and then converted to peroxide offer exposed to air. The concentration of peroxides were estimated by the 1,1-dipphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The surface morphology and the wettability of woven type UHMWPE were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and static contact angle measurement, respectively. Identify the functional groups of the adhesive and their relative change was proved by IR to match PR. The adhesion strength of woven type UHMWPE was measured by T-peel testing method. From the results, the optimum free radical content for offering high T-peel strength was 1.27×10-9 mol/mm2 at 40 W plasma-treated for 4 min. The plasma treated woven type UHMWPE possessed the hydrophilic property and introduced the number of anchors. The adhesive 3M 1099 possessed butadiene. As it reacted with the free radicals that formed on the surface of PUHMWPE fiber, the chemical bonding significantly increased in the adhesion strength between PUHMWPE fiber and adhesive. SEM photographs shows that the surface of possessed many fibrils. This fibrils peel mechanism can offer peel strength as T-peel testing. As Surface modification by plasma treatment, the peel strength of UHMWPE fiber with adhesive 3M 4475 was increased from 1.17 to 2.26 kgf/in and the peel strength of UHMWPE fiber with adhesive 3M 1099 was increased from 2.58 to 4.39 kgf/in, respectively.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
機械與機電工程學系
100
A mimic surface modification was implemented on a high pressure crystallized ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) as an artificial cartilage material. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was coated on the UHMWPE surface pretreated by a series of processes, including the treatment of O2- plasma, ethylenediamine solution, and HA one. The modified samples were verified by water contact angle measurement, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The HA layer was also quantitatively evaluated by the carbohydrate chemistry assay according to the absorbance of the incident light. The tribological performance of the samples was conducted by a pin-on-disk test rig which was lubricated by a normal saline under an average pressure of 18 MPa and a sliding speed of 0.03 m/s for 40 h. The wear resistance of the solid UHMWPE specimen is confirmed to be significantly enhanced by the HA coating. However, for the porous UHMWPE, it is not -instead.

碩士
中國醫藥大學
營養學系碩士班
98
Abdominal obesity may induce hyperinsulinemia、insulin resistance and dyslipidemia while the prevalence of abdominal obesity was increasing year by year. Therefore, to improve health of abdominal obese subjects is an urgent work. Lifestyle modification program may improve over weight, lifestyle and nutrition knowledge, and help to reduce accumulation of abdominal adipose tissue. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of lifestyle modification program on weight control, metabolic syndrome features, behavior and health-related knowledge. We recruited 18 women aged older than 18 years whose waistline more than 80 cm, and without chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease via advertisement on newspaper. We formulated a group-based weight control project upon lifestyle modification program for women with abdominal obesity. The study period was 10 weeks. Results showed that the body weight, BMI and body fat were significantly reduced. The lifestyle modification program helped to improve the waist, fasting serum sugar and high density lipoprotein concentration（p < 0.05） among metabolic syndrome features, but blood pressure and triglyceride level were no significant changes. Besides, abnormal population percentages of waist, blood pressure, fasting serum sugar and high density lipoprotein were reduced, particularly abnormal population percentages of waist. The diet behavior, physical activity behavior and health knowledge were significantly improved through the intervention. In conclution, lifestyle modification based on group-base weight control project could ameliorate the metabolic syndrome markers in abdominal obese women, and can be further applied to prevent and cure metabolic syndrome in community.

碩士
高雄醫學大學
護理學研究所
91
The purposes of the study is to evaluate the effect of combined group education and behavioral modification strategies on the control of knowledge, interdialytic weight gain, blood pressure and symptom experiences in hemodialysis patients. Materials included 55 purposively selected Chinese hemodialysis patients from two hospital, in southern Taiwan. This study was based on a quasi-experimental design. The design consisted of a 4-week baseline phase, a 4-week intervention phase, and another 4-week follow-up phase. Patients were assigned into the experimental group and control group, 24 and 31 patients respectively in each group. All participants received three hemodialysis treatments per week for the duration of study. Interventions included group education, self-monitoring, goal setting, stimulus control, positive reinforcement and weekly feedback about interdialytic weight gain (IDWG). The group education program focused on the utilization of salt-limited diet and fluid limitation to control their IDWG and blood pressure. Only the experimental group was taught to use the self-evaluating sheet to record their IDWG, blood pressure and symptom experiences three times per week. The experimental group received group education once a week , 30 — 40 minutes, at one hour before or after dialysis therapy. The control group received routine care. Before starting any program and also after 4 and 8 weeks, each subject was requested to complete the knowledge scales and symptom experiences questionnaires. IDWG and blood pressure were calculated for each participant during all phases. The data were analyzed by using chi-square, t-test, paired t-test and repeated measures two-way ANOVA. There were statistically significant differences of knowledge, IDWG, predialysis mean arterial pressure and symptom experiences between the baseline and intervention phases, and also between the baseline and follow-up phases. While this program was effective in improving patient’s knowledge, reducing IDWG rate, predialysis mean arterial pressure and symptom experiences, no significant differences were found for the intradialytic and postdialysis mean arterial pressure. The findings may serve as references in the courses of nephrology teaching program. The combined group education and behavioral modification strategies for hemodialysis patients could be coordinated into the clinical practice in order to enhance the quality of care.

Text in English
In order to address the paucity of knowledge in regard to the psychological and physiological processes associated with lifelong weight loss (>20 years), this study adopts a qualitative approach informed by phenomenology to explore the experience of lifelong weight loss and maintenance of women who participated in the ITAND Programme. The research questions guiding the exploration of the current research are: (i) Which strategies from the ITAND Programme do women perceive as assisting with initial weight loss? (ii) What are the processes mediating lifelong weight loss? (iii) What strategies and skills mediate the maintenance of lifelong weight loss? (iv) What feelings or beliefs motivate women to continue attempts to lose weight after experiencing multiple failures on diets? and (v) Which psychological, cognitive and behavioural processes are identified as mediating lifelong weight loss? Eight overweight and obese women were invited to write their narratives and engage in interviews in regard to exploring their relationships with food, their bodies and their weight, after a period of more than 20 years following their participation in an integrative, transactional analysis, anti-diet programme (the ITAND Programme). Narratives were used to explore their beliefs about constructs, processes and strategies mediating long-term weight loss maintenance. The participants’ narratives and interviews were analysed through applying narrative analysis and interpretive phenomenological analysis. In addition to a non-diet paradigm, four processes definingweight loss maintenance were identified, including the adult learning process of transformative learning, the psychological process of transactional analysis, the physiological process of intuitive eating and the cognitive-behavioural processes relating to weight loss maintenance. This study contributes an integrative, transactional analysis, non-diet treatment model (ITAND model) which is enabled by the processes of transformative learning, intuitive eating and cognitive-behaviour modification to the successful long- term treatment of overweight and obesity. This model may be applied in whole or in part in a primary health care or community context. The findings of this study may be used to inform future research into the development and implementation of non-diet weight loss maintenance interventions in the treatment of overweight andobesity.
Psychology
D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

碩士
南華大學
資訊管理學系
102
This study investigated multiobjective compromise programming models by examining the characteristics of multiobjective algorithms and compromise programming. Yu and Zeleneydeveloped compromise programming for obtaining the efficient solution closest to the ideal solution when the multiple objectives in multiobjective algorithms are inconsistent. Such an efficient solution is called a compromise solution. The compromise solution to a multiobjective problem is ultimately determined by identifying an appropriate weight among the multiple objectives. However, a disadvantage of this method is that the weight is not correlated with the objectives. 　 　　In this study, an algorithm for determining the consistency between multiple objectives and a weight modification model for compromise programming were developed. Thus, improved compromise programming based on the correlation between various objectives and the weights of models is achieved, thereby enhancing the quality of multiobjective decision-making.

In this thesis, the integration of Neural Networks (NNs), Fuzzy Logic (FL) and Genetic Algorithms (GAs) for intelligent control is proposed and applied to the classical problem of docking a truck.

A backpropagation neural network architecture using a "step" update weight modification is used to obtain quickly and efficiently trajectory data from given initial states. A new algorithm to define fuzzy logic rules is used on the trajectory data to build a fuzzy logic knowledge base. This fuzzy logic knowledge base is then optimised using a genetic algorithm to obtain a fuzzy logic controller that effectively simulates a full neural network solution to the problem of docking of a truck.

碩士
國立交通大學
資訊科學系
90
For image processing, the color image quantization is a useful technique to produce high quality compression image. In this thesis, we present a new color image quantization technique that modifies the weighted MinMax algorithm. It is a hybrid method of MinMax and K-Means algorithms and based on weighted histogram. Instead of trying to solve an optimization problem, our algorithm is aiming to get the best-spread representation of the cluster in the color space. The main concept is based on minimizing the maximum intercluster distance. Unlike weighted MinMax algorithm, our method is more efficient and the quality of quantized image is good. In the mean time it is easy to implement also.

碩士
國立屏東大學
應用數學系碩士班
103
By considering some sensible conditions of the real world,we introduce two weighted solutions by modifying the weighted equal allocation of nonseparable costs (WEANSC) due to Wu and Liao [16]. Inspired by the works of Hart and Mas-Colell [4], Moulin [9] and Wu and Liao [16], several axiomatizations of these weighted solutions are also proposed by adopting the reduction and related consistency proposed by Moulin [9].

碩士
國立屏東大學
應用數學系碩士班
106
By considering some reasonable situations of the real world , we introduce two weighted modications by revising the pseudo equal allocation of nonseparable costs (pseudo EANSC) due to Hsieh and Liao(2016). Inspired by the works of Hart and Mas-Colell (1989) and Moulin(1985), several axiomatizations of these two weighted modications are also provided by applying the reduction and related consistency adopted by Hsieh and Liao (2016).

碩士
國立屏東大學
應用數學系碩士班
107
By building on the pre-existing results of the pseudo equal allocation of non-separable costs (PEANSC) and the weight function simultaneously, we introduce a different solution in the framework of transferable-utility (TU) games. Inspired by the notions of Hart, et al. [12], Moulin [23], Lin, et al. [20] and Luo, et al. [21], a specific reduction and related consistency are adopted to characterize this weighted solution.

Segundo o ACSM (2014), o Excesso de Peso e a Obesidade são caracterizados pelo excesso de massa gorda, sendo o IMC o critério mais comum para classificá-los e distingui-los. Associado a estas condições encontram-se inúmeras patologias crónicas, incluindo as Doenças Cardiovasculares (DCV), a Diabetes Tipo II (DT2), várias formas de cancro e diversos problemas musculo-esqueléticos. A Atividade Física (AF) e o Exercício Físico (EF) demonstram ser benéficos para a prevenção e tratamento do excesso de peso e obesidade, acarretando inúmeras alterações a nível da composição corporal, capacidade cardiorespiratória, capacidade funcional e, ainda, melhorias na saúde e bem-estar psicológico. Estagiar no Ginásio Clube Português foi, sem dúvida, uma aprendizagem que levo para a vida e que futuramente irei aplicar a nível profissional. É de referir que me foram dadas todas as ferramentas para que este processo fosse concluído com sucesso, graças ao excelente acompanhamento e condições disponibilizadas tanto pela instituição como pelo grupo multidisciplinar envolvido. Foram estabelecidos alguns objetivos de forma a facilitar todo o processo de estágio, e com o finalizar do mesmo posso dizer que, foi possível cumprí-los da melhor forma possível e com os recursos disponibilizados. Este relatório aborda a temática da Gestão e Controlo do Peso, e todo o trabalho desenvolvido ao longo de um ano letivo de estágio no Ginásio Clube Português.
According to ACSM (2014), excess weight and obesity are characterized by excess of fat mass, with BMI being the most common criterion for classifying and distinguishing them. Associated with these conditions are numerous chronic pathologies including Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD), Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), various forms of cancer and various musculoskeletal problems. Physical Activity and Exercise have been shown to be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity, leading to numerous changes in body composition, cardiorespiratory capacity, functional capacity, and improvements in health and psychological well-being. The experience of internships at the Ginásio Clube Português was, undoubtedly, a learning process that I take to life and that in the future I will apply at a professional level. It should be noted that I was given all the tools for this process to be completed successfully, and all thanks to the excellent supervision and conditions provided by both the institution and the multidisciplinary group involved. Some objectives were established in order to facilitate the entire internship process, and with the end of it i can say that it was possible to fulfill them in the best possible way and with the resources made available. This report addresses the issue of Weight Control and Management, and all the work developed over one year traineeship.

碩士
國立中興大學
資訊科學與工程學系所
99
In this paper, we propose a new brain medical image fusion system, which fuses brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) image into one, to provide doctors an informative image in diagnosis. In our system, the primary fusion image obtained from IHS+log-Gabor fusion method is adjusted by color modification and weighted gray-level reinforcement, to acquire a high-quality fused image. Our system consists of five stages. In the first stage, PET image is converted by IHS transform to obtain hue, saturation, and intensity channels, and then decompose source images with hue channel into regions of high and low activity, respectively. In the second stage, we utilize log-Gabor wavelet to analyze regions of high and low activity, and then combine high-frequency coefficients of MRI and low-frequency coefficients of PET within these two regions. The combined coefficients are transformed by reverse log-Gabor to obtain a new gray-level intensity channel. In the third stage, the integrated gray-level intensity channel is modified based on the intensity channel of PET in order to deal with the color distortion. The modified intensity channel is then adjusted on the basis of MRI to enhance the anatomical information by weighting strategy in the fourth stage. Finally, combine the modified intensity channels of high and low regions into one, then perform reverse IHS transform with modified intensity channel, the original hue and saturation of PET image to obtain fused image. Comparing to those fused images of previously-proposed methods, ours has less color distortion and much anatomical information and improves the visual effect.