Journal articles: 'Weight and shape'

1

Yen, Peggy K. "Weight and body shape." Geriatric Nursing 15, no. 1 (January 1994): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4572(09)90070-2.

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Li, Miqing, and Xin Yao. "What Weights Work for You? Adapting Weights for Any Pareto Front Shape in Decomposition-Based Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimisation." Evolutionary Computation 28, no. 2 (June 2020): 227–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco_a_00269.

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The quality of solution sets generated by decomposition-based evolutionary multi-objective optimisation (EMO) algorithms depends heavily on the consistency between a given problem's Pareto front shape and the specified weights' distribution. A set of weights distributed uniformly in a simplex often leads to a set of well-distributed solutions on a Pareto front with a simplex-like shape, but may fail on other Pareto front shapes. It is an open problem on how to specify a set of appropriate weights without the information of the problem's Pareto front beforehand. In this article, we propose an approach to adapt weights during the evolutionary process (called AdaW). AdaW progressively seeks a suitable distribution of weights for the given problem by elaborating several key parts in weight adaptation—weight generation, weight addition, weight deletion, and weight update frequency. Experimental results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed approach. AdaW works well for Pareto fronts with very different shapes: 1) the simplex-like, 2) the inverted simplex-like, 3) the highly nonlinear, 4) the disconnect, 5) the degenerate, 6) the scaled, and 7) the high-dimensional.

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Wade, T. D., G. Zhu, and N. G. Martin. "Undue influence of weight and shape: is it distinct from body dissatisfaction and concern about weight and shape?" Psychological Medicine 41, no. 4 (May 27, 2010): 819–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710001066.

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BackgroundThree cognitive constructs are risk factors for eating disorders: undue influence of weight and shape, concern about weight and shape, and body dissatisfaction (BD). Undue influence, a diagnostic criterion for eating disorders, is postulated to be closely associated with self-esteem whereas BD is postulated to be closely associated with body mass index (BMI). We understand less about the relationships with concern about weight and shape. The aim of the current investigation was examine the degree of overlap across these five phenotypes in terms of latent genetic and environmental risk factors in order to draw some conclusions about the similarities and differences across the three cognitive variables.MethodA sample of female Australian twins (n=1056, including 348 complete pairs), mean age 35 years (s.d.=2.11, range 28–40), completed a semi-structured interview about eating pathology and self-report questionnaires. An independent pathways model was used to investigate the overlap of genetic and environmental risk factors for the five phenotypes.ResultsIn terms of variance that was not shared with other phenotypes, self-esteem emerged as being separate, with 100% of its variance unshared with the other phenotypes, followed by undue influence (51%) and then concern (34%), BD (28%) and BMI (32%).ConclusionsIn terms of shared genetic risk, undue influence and concern were more closely related than BD, whereas BMI and BD were found to share common sources of risk. With respect to environmental risk factors, concern, BMI and BD were more closely related to each other than to undue influence.

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Johnson, D. R., P. O'Higgins, and T. J. McAndrew. "The effect of replicated selection for body weight in mice on vertebral shape." Genetical Research 51, no. 2 (April 1988): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300024149.

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SummaryThe shapes of T1 and T2 vertebrae from unselected Q strain mice and from strains selected for large and small body size were studied by Fourier analysis in order to ascertain whether shape change was produced by size selection. The vertebrae of large, small and control strains were easily distinguishable, but between replicate groups shape differences were less marked. The main component of shape change was size related, but mice unselected for size also showed a non-size-related shape change.

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Juhász, Imre. "Weight-based shape modification of NURBS curves." Computer Aided Geometric Design 16, no. 5 (June 1999): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8396(99)00006-0.

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Stafford, W. F., J. M. Chalovich, and P. Graceffa. "Turkey Gizzard Caldesmon Molecular Weight and Shape." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 313, no. 1 (August 1994): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1994.1356.

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MÅRTENSSON, LINDA, MARIE-LOUISE NOSCH, and EVA ANDERSSON STRAND. "SHAPE OF THINGS: UNDERSTANDING A LOOM WEIGHT." Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28, no. 4 (November 2009): 373–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.2009.00334.x.

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Morris, A. J., and S. Ponzi. "Weight/shape structural optimization exploiting rigid movement." Structural Optimization 6, no. 4 (December 1993): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01743380.

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UJIHIRA, Masuyuki, Shougo HOSOYA, Nobuhiro TAKAGAI, Kenta OGAWA, and Shuji ONO. "Grouping of Rock Shapes and Relationship between Rock Shape and Estimated Weight." Shigen-to-Sozai 112, no. 3 (1996): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.112.140.

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OOKOUCHI, Teiichi, Yasushi FUKUTOMI, Minoru TORII, Hiroshi SAKAI, and Makoto FUKUSHIMA. "Optimal shape design of cylindrical structures (Minimal weight shape under multipoints constraints)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 51, no. 463 (1985): 852–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.51.852.

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Schmidt, Filipp, Roland W. Fleming, and Matteo Valsecchi. "Softness and weight from shape: Material properties inferred from local shape features." Journal of Vision 20, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.6.2.

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Ben-Tovim, David I., M. Kay Walker, and George Douros. "Failure to Demonstrate Gender Differences in Interference to Information-Processing of Body-Shape Stimuli." Perceptual and Motor Skills 76, no. 2 (April 1993): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.2.456.

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The Stroop test was adapted to assess disruption to processing of body-shape stimuli. Women are usually considered to be more concerned with personal body-shape and weight issues than men. This analysis yielded no differences between men and women when processing body-shapes and weight stimuli.

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Carrard, I., N. Schmutz, and M. Kruseman. "The Burden of Maintaining Weight Loss on Eating, Weight and Shape Concerns." Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 114, no. 9 (September 2014): A44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.06.134.

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Arslan, H., G. Baykal, and O. Ertas. "Influence of tamper weight shape on dynamic compaction." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 11, no. 2 (April 2007): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.2007.11.2.61.

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Elham, Ali, and Michel J. L. van Tooren. "Weight Indexing for Wing-Shape Multi-Objective Optimization." AIAA Journal 52, no. 2 (February 2014): 320–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.j052406.

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Levine, S. "Overweight Teens: Weight/Shape Concern & Bone Density." AAP Grand Rounds 22, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/gr.22-6-68.

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Doege, E., G. Hartke, and H. Fleischer. "Precision of Weight and Shape with Sheared Billets." CIRP Annals 35, no. 1 (1986): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-8506(07)61868-x.

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18

Owen, Patricia R., and Erika Laurel-Seller. "Weight and Shape Ideals: Thin Is Dangerously In." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30, no. 5 (May 2000): 979–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02506.x.

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19

CONNER, MARK, and PAUL NORMAN. "Body Weight and Shape Control: Examining Component Behaviours." Appetite 27, no. 2 (October 1996): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/appe.1996.0041.

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Smith, M. Kimberly. "Regional Differences in Otolith Morphology of the Deep Slope Red Snapper Etelis carbunculus." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-090.

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Sagittal otoliths from four populations of the Pacific deep slope red snapper Etelis carbunculus Cuvier were compared using Fourier descriptors and other shape indices, linear proportions, and dry weight. Otoliths from Hawaii, Vanuatu, Fiji and French Polynesia and a small number from the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (NMI) were examined. Regional shape and weight characteristics were distinguishable, despite the wide range of individual variation and limited available size range from some regions. Size-specific differences in otolith shape were found for the four regions for which a sufficient sample was available. Otoliths from Hawaii, French Polynesia, and NMI showed a significant shape affinity. Otoliths from Fiji and Vanuatu were similarly shaped and were distinct from those from the other three regions. Interregional otolith shape affinities for the stocks examined parallel similarities in maximum size and growth rate from the literature, suggesting that growth rate may influence otolith shape. Observed trends in otolith weight as a function of fish length support growth-related regional differences in otolith shape.

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Demarest, Jack, and Elsa Langer. "Perception of Body Shape by Underweight, Average, and Overweight Men and Women." Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, no. 2 (October 1996): 569–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.2.569.

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Using figure drawings, perception of body shape was evaluated by underweight, average, and overweight men and women. Body-shape dissatisfaction was greatest for 60 overweight women, and about the same in 151 average weight women as it was for 102 overweight men. Average weight men ( n = 107) and underweight women ( n = 31) were fairly satisfied with their current shapes. Both men and women had distorted views of the shape the opposite sex found most attractive. Women guessed that men would prefer a thinner shape than they actually did, and men guessed that women would prefer a larger shape than they actually did. The distortion was larger for men as their own size increased but not for women.

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Lawrence, S. G., D. F. Malley, W. J. Findlay, M. A. Maclver, and I. L. Delbaere. "Method for Estimating Dry Weight of Freshwater Planktonic Crustaceans from Measures of Length and Shape." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, S1 (December 18, 1987): s264—s274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-301.

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We have developed a method of estimating the dry weight of planktonic crustaceans by using geometric figures of their approximate shape. Measurements of three dimensions are used in conjunction with the formulae to estimate volume, and then, on the basis of a number of assumptions, individual weights are estimated from these volumes. We verified the accuracy of the estimates by comparing them with measured weights of adult cladocerans and copepods and subsequently adjusting the formulae. These data are used to form weight–length relationships for cladoceran species and for developmental groups of copepod species. These weight–length relationships may be useful for estimating the biomass of zooplankters from other lakes when size and shape and method of preservation are similar to those of our organisms. For specimens of different size and shape and for different species, the geometric formulae may be useful.

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Gee, A., and N. A. Troop. "Shame, depressive symptoms and eating, weight and shape concerns in a non-clinical sample." Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity 8, no. 1 (March 2003): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03324992.

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Rozi, Ahmad Fahrul, Deden Sudrajat, and Anggraeni Anggraeni. "Influence Of Egg Shape And Egg Weight On Characteristic Of Quilted Egg (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)." JURNAL PERTANIAN 9, no. 1 (May 18, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jp.v9i1.1154.

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Research on Influence of Egg Shape and Egg Weight on Characteristic of Quilted Egg (Coturnix coturnix japonica) has been done for one month, this research aim to know the influence of egg shape and egg weight to fertility, hatchability, hatching weight, and sex in bird Quail and can select good egg weight to hatch. This study used quail eggs (Coturnix coturnix japonica), as many as 216 grains divided into two groups. Each is a group with an egg shape (pointed, semi-pointed, and round) and group with egg weight (mild, moderate, and severe). The hatching machine used is semi-automatic hatching machine, before the egg is inserted into the hatching machine is done selection that includes egg shape and egg weight, egg shape selection is done by measuring the width and length of eggs using sliding and egg weight is done by weighing the eggs with scales digital. The first factor is egg form with three levels, A1 (egg taper = 75 - 78,12%), A2 (semi-pointed egg = 79,59 - 82,11%), and A3 (round = 82,78 - 86,76 %). While the second factor is the egg weight of three levels namely B1 (light weight = 9 - 10 grams), B2 (Medium weight = 11-12 grams) and B3 (Weight = 13-14 grams). Of the 2 factors with three levels were obtained 9 treatment combinations of each treatment repeated 4 times, each repetition consisted of 6 grains. The experimental design used was Completely Randomized Design (RAL) 3 x 3 factorial pattern for fertility variables, hatchability, hatching weight and percentage of male sex. The results showed that the eggs did not give a significant effect on fertility, hatchability, hatching and sex weights, whereas for egg weight only had a significant effect on hatch and percentage of male sex.

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Junkers, Tanja, and Jeroen H. Vrijsen. "Designing molecular weight distributions of arbitrary shape with selectable average molecular weight and dispersity." European Polymer Journal 134 (July 2020): 109834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109834.

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Arslan, H., G. Baykal, and O. Ertas. "Discussion: Influence of tamper weight shape on dynamic compaction." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 162, no. 3 (August 2009): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.2009.162.3.153.

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F, Idahor. "Keets Sex Predetermination Using Egg Colour, Weight and Shape." Journal of Recent Advances in Agriculture 3, no. 2 (2015): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jraa.20150508090632.

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O'Keeffe, Majella, Stuart W. Flint, Krista Watts, and Francesco Rubino. "Knowledge gaps and weight stigma shape attitudes toward obesity." Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 8, no. 5 (May 2020): 363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30073-5.

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Huang, Tao, Yan He, Yi Nie, Yan Wang, Yueh Jaw Lin, and Jing Hao. "Shape Optimization for Weight Reduction of Polymer Extrusion Die." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.261.

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Polymer extrusion is one of the most widely utilized manufacturing processes across many industries including automotive, architecture, aerospace etc. However, in order to maintain normal operations, polymer extrusion dies are conventionally designed with large dimensions and thick walls which results in the overweight of them. In this paper, a shape optimization method is proposed to reduce the weight of polymer extrusion dies without sacrificing the required performances of extrudate. Firstly, Finite element simulation of the extrusion process is conducted using the commercial software HyperXtrude to study both the essential flow characteristics of polymer melts and the deformation and stress distribution of extrusion die. Secondly, shape optimization is conducted to find the minimum weight of extrusion die while satisfying the required properties and productivity of polymer product. The extrusion die is then redesigned according to the result of shape optimization and compared with the original one. A Medium-sized polymer profile extrusion die is selected as case study, the result of which shows that the weight of the extrusion die is reduced by 31.6%,though the maximal deformation and stress of the die are increased by 1.7% and 16.1% respectively. The proposed approach is demonstrated to be effective for the lightweight design of polymer extrusion die.

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Kaplan, C. G. "Gross pathology of the placenta: weight, shape, size, colour." Journal of Clinical Pathology 61, no. 12 (July 19, 2008): 1285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2008.055269.

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RANTAKALLIO, PAULA, HANNU OJA, and MARKKU KOIRANEN. "Has the intrauterine weight-gain curve changed in shape?" Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 5, no. 2 (April 1991): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.1991.tb00701.x.

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RANTAKALLIO, PAULA, HANNU OJA, and MARKKU KOIRANEN. "Has the intrauterine weight-gain curve changed in shape?" Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 5, no. 2 (April 1992): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00340.x.

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DOMASZEWSKI, M., C. KNOPF-LENOIR, J. L. BATOZ, and G. TOUZOT. "SHAPE OPTIMIZATION AND MINIMUM WEIGHT LIMIT DESIGN OF ARCHES." Engineering Optimization 11, no. 3-4 (July 1987): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03052158708941044.

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Toepel, Ulrike, Jean-François Knebel, Julie Hudry, Johannes le Coutre, and Micah M. Murray. "Gender and Weight Shape Brain Dynamics during Food Viewing." PLoS ONE 7, no. 5 (May 10, 2012): e36778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036778.

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NOMURA, KOICHI. "Weight and Shape of the Canine Uterus with Pyometra." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 38, no. 11 (1985): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.38.699.

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Hrabosky, Joshua I., Robin M. Masheb, Marney A. White, and Carlos M. Grilo. "Overvaluation of shape and weight in binge eating disorder." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 75, no. 1 (2007): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.75.1.175.

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Hakamada, Noriko, and Kazuo Funato. "Body Shape Changes After 3-month Weight Loss Program." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42 (May 2010): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000385736.02542.5c.

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Sa’ad, F. S. A., M. F. Ibrahim, A. Y. Md Shakaff, A. Zakaria, and M. Z. Abdullah. "Shape and weight grading of mangoes using visible imaging." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 115 (July 2015): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2015.05.006.

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Kuriyagawa, Mizue, and Koh Hei Nitta. "Semicrystalline Structure and Mechanical Properties of Polyolefin-Based Materials." Advanced Materials Research 441 (January 2012): 713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.713.

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The mechanical yielding and necking behaviors of metallocene-catalyzed high density polyethylenes were investigated from a structural point of view. In particular the natural draw ratio was investigated with different crosshead speeds, molecular weights, and the cross-section shapes of sample specimens. We proposed a structural model for explaining the necking formation in addition to the molecular weight and the cross-sectional shape dependences of the natural draw ratio.

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Soda, Naoya, and Masato Enokizono. "Stator Core Shape Design for Low Core Loss and High Power Density of a Small Surface-Mounted Permanent Motor." Sensors 20, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051418.

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In this paper, a stator core shape design method is proposed for an improvement in the power density of a small surface-mounted permanent magnet (SPM) motor. In order to improve the power density of a motor, it is necessary to increase its torque or reduce its weight. However, when a stator core shape is miniaturized to reduce the weight of the motor, the winding regions in a motor frequently decrease. Our stator core shape design method improves the power density of a motor by reducing its weight without decreasing the torque and keeping the winding regions constant. Moreover, the core loss of a motor also decreases when using our method. A Bezier curve is used for the determination of a stator core shape. The finite element method in consideration of the vector magnetic properties is used to evaluate the core loss of the motor shaped by our method. As a result, the power density of an SPM motor is improved, and the core loss of the motor decreases.

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Doeschl, A. B., D. M. Green, C. T. Whittemore, C. P. Schofield, A. V. Fisher, and P. W. Knap. "The relationship between the body shape of living pigs and their carcass morphology and composition." Animal Science 79, no. 1 (April 2004): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800054540.

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AbstractThe conformation, tissue composition, and chemical composition of three types of pigs, given food ad libitum and slaughtered over a nominal live weight range of 35 to 115 kg, was assessed in relation to data provided on the live animals by a visual image analysis (VIA) system. The pig types were named as ‘3⁄4 Landrace’, ‘1⁄2 Pietrain’, and ‘1⁄4 Meishan’ types, representing ‘attenuated’, ‘blocky’, and ‘flabby’ types. Three analyses of the shape, conformation and composition data were performed. First, the relationship between conformation and age/size was assessed using linear regression of logarithmically transformed VIA and carcass data. In relation to age, ‘1⁄2 Pietrain’ pigs were found by both VIA and carcass measurements to have the widest shoulders. Both analyses also found this type to have the widest ham, trunk, and shoulders in relation to body length across most of the body length range studied, although the greatest rate of increase in ham width in relation to body length was found in the ‘1/4 Meishan’ type pigs. Second, the relationship between composition and VIA shape was examined using linear regression of transformed and standardized data. Significant relationships were found between fat, lipid, muscle, and protein weight and VIA shape, although relationships were weaker for protein and muscle weight. For fat and lipid, the VIA shape measures from the trunk region proved the most informative, whereas the VIA ham measures proved the most informative for muscle and protein. Third, detrended measures of composition/conformation and shape were used to remove the effect of animal size from the data. Removal of the variation due to growth generally led to substantial decreases in the adjusted R2statistics and in the R2-like statistics for prediction. Although in the models without detrending, relative fat and lipid weight had been found most strongly correlated with VIA shape, relative muscle was found most strongly correlated with shape in the detrended data. This was considered to result from the low between-animal variation in the data set combined with greater across-weight variation in fat and lipid weights than muscle and protein weights in the data without trend removal. Future trials with greater between-animal variation imposed would allow more precise determination of the relationship between conformation and shape.

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Binte Alam, Saadia, Manabu Nii, Akinobu Shimizu, and Syoji Kobashi. "Spatiotemporal Statistical Shape Model for Temporal Shape Change Analysis of Adult Brain." Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews 16, no. 5 (May 28, 2020): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573405615666181120141147.

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Background: This study presents a novel method of constructing a spatiotemporal statistical shape model (st-SSM) for adult brain. St-SSM is an extension of statistical shape model (SSM) in the temporal domain which will represent the statistical variability of shape as well as the temporal change of statistical variance with respect to time. Aims: Expectation-Maximization (EM) based weighted principal component analysis (WPCA) using a temporal weight function is applied where the eigenvalues of each data are estimated by Estep using temporal eigenvectors, and M-step updates Eigenvectors in order to maximize the variance. Both E and M-step are iterated until updating vectors reaches the convergence point. A weight parameter for each subject is allocated in accordance with the subject’s age to calculate the weighted variance. A Gaussian function is utilized to define the weight function. The center of the function is a time point while the variance is a predefined parameter. Methods: The proposed method constructs adult brain st-SSM by changing the time point between minimum to maximum age range with a small interval. Here, the eigenvectors changes with aging. The feature vector of representing adult brain shape is extracted through a level set algorithm. To validate the method, this study employed 103 adult subjects (age: 22 to 93 y.o. with Mean ± SD = 59.32±16.89) from OASIS database. st-SSM was constructed for time point 40 to 90 with a step of 2. Results: We calculated the temporal deformation change between two-time points and evaluated the corresponding difference to investigate the influence of analysis parameter. An application of the proposed model is also introduced which involves Alzheimer’s disease (AD) identification utilizing support vector machine. Conclusion: In this study, st-SSM based adult brain shape feature extraction and classification techniques are introduced to classify between normal and AD subject as an application.

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Imam, M. H. "Shape optimization of umbrella-shaped concrete shells subjected to self-weight as the dominant load." Computers & Structures 69, no. 4 (November 1998): 513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7949(98)00113-8.

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Dahill, Lucy, Deborah Mitchison, Natalie M. V. Morrison, Stephen Touyz, Kay Bussey, Nora Trompeter, Alexandra Lonergan, and Phillipa Hay. "Prevalence of Parental Comments on Weight/Shape/Eating amongst Sons and Daughters in an Adolescent Sample." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010158.

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Reports suggest that 12–76% of adolescents have experienced parental comments regarding their weight/shape and/or eating behaviours. Parents may engage in conversations about weight/shape and eating out of concern, even without any ill intent; however, the associations of these comments with subsequent problematic psychosocial and eating behaviours are evidenced. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the content and prevalence of such comments is needed. To date, adolescent-reported prevalence estimates have not included differentiation between mother or father and sons or daughters, nor have they considered eating-focussed comments. This study considered the prevalence of positive and negative parental commentary regarding weight/shape and eating with a focus on parental origin. A total of 2287 Australian male and female adolescents participated via a self-report survey. Adolescents reported frequent positive comments on weight/shape and on eating, most commonly maternal positive comments on weight/shape (78%; 95% CI 77–80). Daughters reported significantly more maternal comments on weight/shape (positive and negative) as well as more negative eating comments from mothers than did sons. Sons reported significantly more negative weight/shape comments from fathers than did daughters. Some negative comments increased significantly with age. These findings support a notable prevalence of reported parental weight/shape and eating comments directed at their offspring, particularly from mothers.

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Ghose, Tandra, and Mary A. Peterson. "Task set and instructions influence the weight of figural priors: A psychophysical study with extremal edges and familiar configuration." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 83, no. 6 (April 20, 2021): 2709–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-021-02282-5.

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AbstractIn figure–ground organization, the figure is defined as a region that is both “shaped” and “nearer.” Here we test whether changes in task set and instructions can alter the outcome of the cross-border competition between figural priors that underlies figure assignment. Extremal edge (EE), a relative distance prior, has been established as a strong figural prior when the task is to report “which side is nearer?” In three experiments using bipartite stimuli, EEs competed and cooperated with familiar configuration, a shape prior for figure assignment in a “which side is shaped?” task.” Experiment 1 showed small but significant effects of familiar configuration for displays sketching upright familiar objects, although “shaped-side” responses were predominantly determined by EEs. In Experiment 2, instructions regarding the possibility of perceiving familiar shapes were added. Now, although EE remained the dominant prior, the figure was perceived on the familiar-configuration side of the border on a significantly larger percentage of trials across all display types. In Experiment 3, both task set (nearer/shaped) and the presence versus absence of instructions emphasizing that familiar objects might be present were manipulated within subjects. With familiarity thus “primed,” effects of task set emerged when EE and familiar configuration favored opposite sides as figure. Thus, changing instructions can modulate the weighing of figural priors for shape versus distance in figure assignment in a manner that interacts with task set. Moreover, we show that the influence of familiar parts emerges in participants without medial temporal lobe/ perirhinal cortex brain damage when instructions emphasize that familiar objects might be present.

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46

Goldman, I. L. "Differential Effect of Population Density on Shape and Size of Cylindrical Red Beet Genotypes." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 804A—804. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.804a.

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The use of cylindrically shaped red beet cultivars for production of processing beets has increased in recent years. Yield and shape of globe-shaped red beet cultivars are determined in part by population density and within-row spacing; thus, it is thought cylindrical cultivars are similarly affected by these factors. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of population density on shape and size of cylindrical red beet cultivars. Two F1 hybrids and two open-pollinated cultivars were planted in replicated trials consisting of three population densities during 1993 and 1994. Ten traits were measured on a randomly selected sample of beets from each plot. Averaged over genotypes, significant differences among densities were found for percent harvestable beets per plot, length × width, harvest weight, length, and mid-width. Average over genotypes, greater harvest weight, higher percentage of harvestable beets, and greater length, mid-width, and length × width values were found at low density. Average over densities, open-pollinated cultivars exhibited a greater degree of straightness along with lower yield, harvest weight, and percent harvestable beets than their hybrid counterparts. These data demonstrate population density has a differential effect on shape and size of cylindrical beet genotypes.

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Wang, Zhen Qing, Jian Ming Guo, Xiao Jun Tang, Lu Zhang, and Wen Yan Liang. "Mechanical and Shape Memory Behavior of Shape Memory Polymer/Carbon Fiber Composite Materials." Materials Science Forum 813 (March 2015): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.813.250.

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Shape memory polymers (SMPs) have drawn wide attention of many researchers for its potential applications to shipping industry, aerospace, bionics engineering and mechanical engineering. Shape memory polymers composites (SMPCs) have ability to improve the properties and obtain attain new functions of shape memory polymers. In this paper, trans-1, 4-polyisoprene reinforced by carbon fiber is developed to improve the mechanical weakness of trans-1, 4-polyisoprene bulk. Composites with carbon fiber weight fraction of 5%, 10%, and 15% are fabricated by casting samples with an average length of 2 mm. The mechanical property of the trans-1, 4-polyisoprene reinforced by short carbon fiber is evaluated and the effects of short carbon fiber on shape memory behavior are investigated. The results indicate that there is an optimum fiber weight fraction between 5 and 15 wt% where exists an extremely low recovery ratio, re-crystallizing temperatures (Tc) and an extremely high tensile stress.

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Kraus, Adam, Lukáš Zita, Ondřej Krunt, Zdeněk Volek, Milan Tyller, and Vojtěch Anderle. "Comparison of Basic Internal and External Egg Quality Traits of Brown and White Egg-laying Hens in Relationship to their Age." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 68, no. 1 (2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun202068010049.

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This study was focused on the comparison of the brown and white eggs from two laying hybrids. The objective was to assess basic quality traits of eggs from both groups of hens and compare them. The impact of how age influences the technological value of eggs was also observed. The most important correlations were calculated. Products of Czech original genetic programmes, Dominant Brown D 102 and Dominant Leghorn D 229 hens were included. A total of 1500 eggs were analysed. The egg collection was made for three consecutive days when the hens were at the 28, 35 and 59 weeks of age. The results showed that eggshell weight, yolk weight and yolk share increased with the age, while egg shape index, yolk index and albumen share decreased in both hybrids. Eggshell weight and share fluctuated with the age in both hybrids. Other traits differed within the hybrids. Interactions between age and hybrid were non-significant (P > 0.05) only in eggshell and yolk weight. The heaviest eggs were from 59-week-old Dominant Brown D 102 hens (68.89 g) and the lightest eggs were from 28-week-old Dominant Leghorn D 229 hens (57.76 g). Highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) positive correlations were found between egg weight and all individual egg components weights and between eggshell weight and yolk and albumen weight and eggshell thickness in both laying hybrids.

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Hwang, Ji Hyun, Justin M. Ucol, Keun Woo Lee, Ada Ortega, and Nam Soo Kim. "Shape Modification of Net Shaped CuO and Cu Nano Particles for a Percolation Threshold Using a Chelating Agent." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 766–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.766.

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Synthesized spherical nano metal particles produced in aqueous solution have applications in printing technologies. However, an alternate method for achieving a percolation threshold is to mix the spherical shape of the particles and become net-shaped copper oxide with a minimum weight percent of particles. In this study, before reducing to copper metal, copper oxide was synthesized first without the chelating agent for achieving a net shape and copper metal nano particles were synthesized with the chelating agent, bypassing the process of creating copper oxide. Potassium sodium tartrate was the chelating agent used to control the shape of copper metal nano particles in an alkaline solution. Various concentrations of potassium sodium tartrate changed the shape of these particles from web-like at low concentrations to needlelike and more spherical at higher concentrations. Potassium sodium tartrate restrained the coordination bonds around the metal particles, controlling the shape to be more spherical. Altering the pH in absence of potassium sodium tartrate changed the conditions for the formation of particles according to the Eh-pH diagram for copper, forming net-shaped copper oxide particles when the pH was 12-13 and a cubic shape when the pH was 5-6. The composition of the nano particles in both cases was confirmed using examination by XRD. These shapes have the potential to possess favorable electrical and thermal properties as predicted by bond percolation and the percolation theory.

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Murray, John D., Eric T. Elwood, Rebecca Barrick, and Jack Feng. "Predicting Breast Reduction Weight Using the Mass of Breast Ptosis." Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery 16, no. 1 (March 2008): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/229255030801600110.

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Background The preoperative prediction of therapeutic breast reduction weights, to achieve both relief of breast weight symptoms and yet achieve excellent breast shape, remains a challenge. Objectives To design a simple clinical method to preoperatively predict and quantify therapeutic breast reduction weights. Methods In 31 women who underwent therapeutic bilateral reduction mammaplasty, the mass of the hypertrophic breast hanging below the inframammary fold was preoperatively weighed and then compared with the mass of the reduction specimen. Thirty patients underwent breast reduction using a superomedial nipple-areolar pedicle. Postoperative breast weight-related symptoms and breast shape findings were then noted. Statistical analysis relied on mean, SD, sample size, Mann-Whitney test for medians, Levene's test for variances and regression analysis. Results The average clinical follow-up was 160 days, with all patients achieving satisfactory breast size and shape from both the patient and surgeon's perspectives. All patients reported improvement of back pain, shoulder pain and lower neck pain. Two breasts developed delayed healing of the lateral skin flap, necessitating debridement and reclosure, followed by uneventful ongoing healing. There was no significant difference in preoperative ptotic breast mass and resectional breast mass (all P>0.05). Conclusions Simple preoperative weighing of the ptotic portion of the hypertrophic breast can serve as a goal for the reduction weight, while creating pleasing breast proportions and improving breast weight-related symptoms. Preoperative quantification of the ptotic breast mass may guide the reduction technique and assist insurance precertification efforts.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Weight and shape'

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