Academic literature on the topic 'Wehrle Company'

A dolgozat a történelmi játék retorikájával foglalkozik Cole Wehrle John Company: Second Edition-je (2022) kapcsán. Wehrle társasjátéka a 19. századi nagyregény konvencióit a saját médiumára fordítja át, a mechanizmusain keresztül viszi színre a Brit Kelet-indiai Társaság felemelkedését és bukását. Történelmi tablója a Társaság működését, az indiai és a brit politika korabeli eseményeit és általában véve a társadalmi és gazdasági kontextust mutatja be, amelyben a cég létrejött és működött. Mindezt a játék mechanizmusain keresztül teszi, melyek hosszas, több éves iteratív folyamaton, variációkon keresztül alakultak ki és nyerték el végső formájukat. A dolgozat ez utóbbi folyamat néhány elemét idézi fel: mely megoldások, mechanizmusok mellett döntött végül Wehrle, és ezek mennyiben támasztják alá a tárgyával kapcsolatos argumentációját?

The article is devoted tocompactness of solutions of the Dirichlet problem for the Beltramiequation in some simply connected domain. In terms of prime ends, wehave proved corresponding results for the case when the maximaldilatations of these solutions satisfy certain integral constraints.The first section is devoted to a presentation of well-knowndefinitions that are necessary for the formulation of the mainresults. In particular, here we have given a definition of a primeend corresponding to N\"{a}kki's concept. The research tool that wasused to establish the main results is the method of moduli forfamilies of paths. In this regard, in the second section we studymappings that satisfy upper bounds for the distortion of themodulus, and in the third section, similar lower bounds. The mainresults of these two sections include the equicontinuity of thefamilies of mappings indicated above, which is obtained underintegral restrictions on those characteristics. The proof of themain theorem is done in the fourth section and is based on thewell-known Stoilow factorization theorem. According to this, an opendiscrete solution of the Dirichlet problem for the Beltrami equationis a composition of some homeomorphism and an analytic function. Inturn, the family of these homeomorphisms is equicontinuous(Section~2). At the same time, the equicontinuity of the family ofcorresponding analytic functions in composition with some(auxiliary) homeomorphisms reduces to using the Schwartz formula, aswell as the equicontinuity of the family of corresponding inversehomeomorphisms (Section~3).

Abstract Introduction: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is limited in most cases to inpatient use due to risk of severe treatment-related toxicities. The two primary toxicities observed with CAR-T therapy, cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity, are associated with increased circulating inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1. Targeting IL-6 with tocilizumab is effective for treating CRS but not neurotoxicity. Anakinra is an FDA-approved recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist that competitively inhibits IL-1 receptor signaling and therefore blocks downstream production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6. Leveraging support from Kite Pharma, we opened an investigator-initiated clinical trial (NCT04150913) with the hypothesis that anakinra could be administered prophylactically to prevent severe CRS and neurologic events (NE) in patients receiving axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel). Here we report preliminary outcomes of this study. Study Design and Methods: This is a phase II single center, open-label study for patients ≥18 years old with relapsed or refractory large cell lymphoma. Patients must have progressed after ≥2 lines of systemic therapy but could not have CNS disease or have been previously treated with CAR-T therapy. Following leukapheresis and manufacturing, patients received 3 days of lymphodepleting chemotherapy (LDC, cyclophosphamide 500mg/m 2 and fludarabine 30 mg/m 2) and 200 mg of subcutaneously administered anakinra starting 4 hours prior to axi-cel infusion and daily thereafter for a total of 7 days. CRS and NE were graded based on the Lee 2013 criteria and the CTCAE 4.03 criteria, respectively, to enable direct comparison to the pivotal Zuma-1 cohorts. The primary endpoint is the rate and severity of NE within the first 30 days of infusion; secondary endpoints include the incidence and severity of CRS and disease response. CAR-T cell expansion, serum cytokines, and circulating biomarkers of toxicity were measured at baseline, day 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 post CAR-T cell infusion. Results: Interim analysis of the first 6 patients demonstrated a median age of 68 (range 59-72). Patients included a diverse group of histologies including double-hit lymphoma (n=2), transformed indolent NHL (n=3), and DLBCL NOS (n=1). Two patients were considered primary refractory at time of enrollment. Pre-LDC baseline characteristics included a median SPD of 2819 mm 2 (range 1063-5802), median LDH of 415 (range 147-497) which were comparable to the pivotal ZUMA-1 cohorts. Baseline ferritin, CRP, SAA and IL-15 were similar to the pivotal ZUMA-1 cohorts. While low-grade CRS was observed in 5/6 patients, no patients experienced severe CRS and median onset occurred on day +8 (range 1-8). Four patients did not experience any NE, while two patients experienced grade 3 NE on days +6 till +9 (somnolence) and +12 (global aphasia only, for one day) respectively. With a median follow-up of 4 months, the day +28 overall response rate was 100% (4 CRs, 2 PRs), with 4/6 patients having an ongoing complete response at last disease assessment. One patient was re-infused at progression and remains in a CR 3 months from re-infusion. Responses were seen despite varying CAR-T peak level with most patients demonstrating expansion in the lower quartile of the historic ZUMA-1 cohort. Median post-infusion peak of CRP, ferritin, IL-2, GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-10, IL-6 and SAA were lower than that observed in the pivotal ZUMA-1 cohorts. All patients remain alive at time of data analysis. Conclusions: With a limited number of patients analyzed thus far, anakinra appears to provide benefit to the toxicity profile of axi-cel, presenting reduced and/or delayed CRS and NE and a decrease in post-infusion inflammatory analytes, when compared to ZUMA-1 pivotal cohorts. No severe CRS was observed in this initial analysis and 2/6 patients experienced grade 3 NE (somnolence and global aphasia) after day 6. Despite CAR-T expansion in the lower quartile of that of ZUMA-1, we observed a 100% ORR with 4 patients remaining in CR at a median follow-up of 4 months. Additional subjects will be assessed to investigate the role of prophylactic anakinra in the management of CRS and NE, which has potential for making axi-cel treatment an outpatient therapy. Disclosures Frigault: BMS: Consultancy; Editas: Consultancy; Iovance: Consultancy; Arcellx: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy; Kite: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding. Wehrli: CSL Behring: Patents & Royalties; Nestle: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Novartis: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Chou: Kite Pharma: Current Employment. Shen: Atara: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Other: Leadership role, Patents & Royalties; Gilead Sciences: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Kite, a Gilead Company: Current Employment, Other: Leadership role, Patents & Royalties. Filosto: Kite, a Gilead Company: Current Employment; Gilead Sciences: Other: stock or other ownership ; Tusk Therapeutics: Patents & Royalties: or other intellecular property. Bot: Kite, a Gilead Company: Current Employment; Gilead Sciences: Consultancy, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Other: Travel support. Maus: Agenus: Consultancy; Arcellx: Consultancy; Astellas: Consultancy; AstraZeneca: Consultancy; Atara: Consultancy; Bayer: Consultancy; BMS: Consultancy; Cabaletta Bio (SAB): Consultancy; CRISPR therapeutics: Consultancy; In8bio (SAB): Consultancy; Intellia: Consultancy; GSK: Consultancy; Kite Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Micromedicine: Consultancy, Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company; Novartis: Consultancy; Tmunity: Consultancy; Torque: Consultancy, Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company; WindMIL: Consultancy; Adaptimmune: Consultancy; tcr2: Consultancy, Divested equity in a private or publicly-traded company in the past 24 months; century: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; ichnos biosciences: Consultancy, Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company.

Abstract Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells (CAR-T) have changed the therapeutic landscape for lymphoid malignancies, but not yet in myeloid malignancies like acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The TNF-alpha family member CD70 has emerged as a promising surface target antigen in AML after high complete response rates (CR) were seen in a Phase 1 trial of the CD70 antibody cusatuzumab (Riether et al, Nature Medicine 2020). Disappointingly, phase II results with cusatuzumab found CR rates less one-half those seen in the phase 1 (Trudel ASCO 2020). Because CAR-T cells may recognize lower antigen densities than monoclonal antibodies, we sought to develop a better CAR-T strategy for targeting the CD70 antigen in AML. A recent effort to improve on the 'first' generation natural-ligand based CD70 CAR (full length-CD27 fused to CD3zeta) compared a variety of CARs, including the single-chain variable-fragment as the binding moiety to CD70, found that the original 'first' generation CAR was superior (Shaffer Blood 2011, Sauer Blood 2021). Interestingly, a second generation natural-ligand based CAR that included the 4-1BB costimulatory domain was thought to be superior to first-generation (zeta-only) CARs with the same binder (Wang Clinical Cancer Research 2016). We first confirmed that the ligand-based 4-1BB (Native) CAR, had activity against multiple AML targets in standard CAR-T assays including activation, cytolysis, and demonstrated activity in a NOD-SCID IL2R γnull (NSG) Molm13 mouse model of AML. However, these models were not curative, even in combination with azacitidine, which we confirmed mediated increase CD70 expression on the AML cells. We hypothesized that surface cleavage of CD27, which is the natural ligand of CD70, attenuated the function of the Native CARs; we confirmed this hypothesis by measuring soluble CD27 in CAR T cells co-cultured with AML targets. To abrogate surface cleavage of ligand-based CARs, we generated and tested a panel of rationally designed, novel hinge CAR variants ('truncated', 'deleted', 'flexible', and 'CD8hinge&TM', Figure 1A). We found that the CD8hinge&TM variant had improved cytolysis against AML targets in vitro as well as higher binding avidity as measured by acoustic force microscopy (Figure 1B). Furthermore, there was no detectable soluble CD27 after co-culture with AML targets, suggesting successful abrogation of hinge cleavage. When all the CAR variants were compared in vivo to the Native CAR, CD8hinge&TM CARs mediated improved tumor control, had higher CAR expansion in blood and bone marrow, a persistent central memory phenotype beyond 30 days, and mediated improved survival (Figure 1C). The effect of the CD8hinge&TM CARs was further enhanced in combination with azacitidine. We also found that tumor control (maximum flux) correlated most strongly with relative binding avidity of the hinge variants (R 2 0.906) compared to other measures of in vitro function such as IFNg production (R 2 0.548) or in vitro cytolysis (R 2 0.5982). Finally, we tested the Native and CD8hinge&TM CARs in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and confirmed that the Native CAR T cells did not control AML tumor and resulted in uniform lethality, whereas the CD8hinge&TM CAR T cells had superior in vivo expansion and were able to mediate AML eradication in mice. Our findings demonstrate that natural-ligand binding domains of CARs targeting CD70 in AML can be effective but require mechanisms to overcome surface cleavage. CD70-targeted CARs comprised of a fusion of truncated CD27 to a CD8 hinge and transmembrane domain have promise in patients with AML, with and without combination with azacitidine. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Wehrli: Novartis: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Nestle: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; CSL Behring: Patents & Royalties. Frigault: Editas: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy; Iovance: Consultancy; Arcellx: Consultancy; Kite: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy. Maus: Astellas: Consultancy; Arcellx: Consultancy; Agenus: Consultancy; Adaptimmune: Consultancy; tcr2: Consultancy, Divested equity in a private or publicly-traded company in the past 24 months; century: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; ichnos biosciences: Consultancy, Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company; AstraZeneca: Consultancy; Atara: Consultancy; Bayer: Consultancy; BMS: Consultancy; Cabaletta Bio (SAB): Consultancy; CRISPR therapeutics: Consultancy; In8bio (SAB): Consultancy; Intellia: Consultancy; GSK: Consultancy; Kite Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Micromedicine: Consultancy, Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company; Novartis: Consultancy; Tmunity: Consultancy; Torque: Consultancy, Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company; WindMIL: Consultancy.

Abstract Background: CD37 is a tetraspanin molecule expressed in B-cell and some T-cell lymphomas. We designed a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) targeting CD37 and with 4-1BB and CD3z intracellular signaling domains (CART37). Preclinical studies indicated comparable anti-tumor activity to CD19-directed CAR-T cells against B-cell lymphomas, promising activity against CD37 + T-cell lymphomas, and no evidence of off-tumor activity (PMID: 30089630). The lentiviral vector used in the clinical study includes a truncated EGFR reporter gene. NCT04136275 is a Phase 1, single-site, open-label, dose-escalation trial enrolling subjects with lymphoma who have received ≥ 2 prior regimens, and whose tumor cells express CD37. Methods: We developed a clinical assay to assess CD37 expression on patient tumor samples using flow cytometry and IHC. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells are collected via leukapheresis and manufactured using the CliniMACS Prodigy®. Following release testing, fresh or cryopreserved cell product is infused. Subjects undergo lymphodepletion with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide, then receive CART37 as a single infusion. Planned starting dose was 100 x 10 6 CAR + T cells, with options to dose-escalate to 300 x 10 6 CAR + T cells or dose de-escalate to 30 x 10 6 CAR + T cells in the event of dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) using a 3+3 design. The primary outcome measure is incidence of adverse events (AEs), including DLTs. Additional outcome measures are clinical response, progression-free and overall survival; correlative studies focus on quantification and persistence of CAR + cells in blood, residual tumor, and cytokine modulation. Results: As of July 13, 2021, 4 subjects (ages 35-70 years) have received CART37. Subjects had a median of 5.5 prior lines of systemic therapy. Two subjects had primary refractory double-hit high-grade B cell lymphoma (HGBCL) that had relapsed after commercial CD19 CAR-T; one subject had cutaneous T cell lymphoma relapsed after extracorporeal photopheresis, alemtuzumab, total skin electron beam radiation, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), brentuximab, and donor lymphocyte infusion, and one subject had Hodgkin's lymphoma refractory to six prior regimens, including chemotherapy, brentuximab vedotin, nivolumab and everolimus. All subjects were infused in the DL1 cohort, but one subject (with cutaneous T cell lymphoma) received only 19 x 10 6 CAR + due to limited ex vivo expansion. Three subjects developed low-grade CRS and ICANS, and one subject developed refractory Grade 3 CRS and Grade 3 ICANS which resolved with medical management. One patient with HGBCL developed CD19 neg and CD37 neg progressive disease prior to the day 28 evaluation. The three other subjects demonstrated deep responses (2 CR, 1 PR that converted to CR) as best response. Two subjects are alive 208 and 272 days from CAR37 infusion. All subjects had detectable expansion of CART37 by flow cytometry and molecular assays. Two subjects (who received ≥ 100 x 10 6 CART37 had robust expansion and developed prolonged pancytopenia with marrow aplasia; cetuximab infusion decreased detection of truncated EGFR on circulating T cells but had no impact on vector copy number. Both subjects underwent allogeneic HSCT after conditioning with flu/cy/TBI(400) and post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) based GVHD prevention and successfully engrafted, and had no detectable CART37 after HSCT. Conclusions: In this initial cohort, CART37 infusion resulted in CRS or ICANs as is common for CAR T cell products. Bone marrow aplasia was unexpected and was observed in two subjects who received at least 100 x 10 6 CART37; this was successfully rescued with allogeneic HSCT. Three of four subjects had deep clinical responses in heavily pretreated, refractory disease of diverse lymphoma subtypes. The protocol is open to enrollment with dose de-escalation to 30 x10 6 CART37 and has been amended to require identification of a potential donor prior to treatment in the case that rescue allogeneic HSCT is needed. CART37 has a potential role in enabling allogeneic transplantation in patients with relapsed or refractory hematologic malignancies. Disclosures Frigault: Takeda: Consultancy; Editas: Consultancy; BMS: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Iovance: Consultancy; Arcellx: Consultancy; Kite: Consultancy, Research Funding. Chen: Gamida: Consultancy; Incyte: Consultancy. Wehrli: CSL Behring: Patents & Royalties; Nestle: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Novartis: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Spitzer: Bluebird Bio: Consultancy; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Qihan Bio: Consultancy; Syneos Health: Consultancy. Preffer: Cytek Biosciences: Other: Unspecified Relationship. Shaw: Orchard Therapeutics, Ltd: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Nikiforow: Kite/Gilead: Other: Ad hoc advisory boards; Novartis: Other: Ad hoc advisory boards; Iovance: Other: Ad hoc advisory boards; GlaxoSmithKline (GSK): Other: Ad hoc advisory boards. Ritz: Amgen: Research Funding; Equillium: Research Funding; Kite/Gilead: Research Funding; Avrobio: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Akron: Consultancy; Biotech: Consultancy; Blackstone Life Sciences Advisor: Consultancy; Clade Therapeutics, Garuda Therapeutics: Consultancy; Immunitas Therapeutic: Consultancy; LifeVault Bio: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Rheos Medicines: Consultancy; Talaris Therapeutics: Consultancy; TScan Therapeutics: Consultancy. Maus: Novartis: Consultancy; Micromedicine: Consultancy, Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company; Kite Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; GSK: Consultancy; Intellia: Consultancy; In8bio (SAB): Consultancy; CRISPR therapeutics: Consultancy; Cabaletta Bio (SAB): Consultancy; BMS: Consultancy; Bayer: Consultancy; Atara: Consultancy; AstraZeneca: Consultancy; Astellas: Consultancy; Arcellx: Consultancy; Agenus: Consultancy; Adaptimmune: Consultancy; WindMIL: Consultancy; Tmunity: Consultancy; Torque: Consultancy, Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company; tcr2: Consultancy, Divested equity in a private or publicly-traded company in the past 24 months; century: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; ichnos biosciences: Consultancy, Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company.

Wirosman Wehalo, Nani Halima Zahara; The purpose of this study was to analyze whether the marketing budget can be used as a performance assessment tool company, the company is focused on trading company where any Copyrighted has been protected by the Act during the period of 2007 until today. Types of research used in this study was a comparative descriptive study was to compare the similarities and differences in two or more of the facts and the object properties in the framework based on certain carefully. Research object in this study is PT. The publisher Erlangga Bengkulu branch. from 2007 to 2012 showed the budget is already functioning as a performance assessment tool, because in assessing the performance of each branch of the company to compare between the budget and the realization that the cause was traced. Key words: Marketing costs, revenues, performance

The first armed civilian unit in Banat was documented during the siege of the fortress of Timişoara in the year 1551. It was a detachment made up of 200 armed citizens, whose roots can be traced in the civil freedoms conferred through the privileges of the free royal borough by the Hungarian king Louis the Great, in the year 1364. After Banat was transformed into a Turkish pashalik, the Ottoman authorities maintained the tradition of paramilitary units recruited from among the civilian population. During the confrontations between the Austrians and the Ottomans, the Serbian and Serbian-Romanian units – and even one made up of Bulgarians –, documented in Szeged, Arad, Novi Sad, Vărădia de Mureş, Şoimoş, Păuliş, Glogovăţ-Vladimirescu, Pecica, Şemlacu, Nădlac, Cenad, Gyula, Ineu, Hălmagiu and Lugoj, went into the service of Austria. After the Peace Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718, in order to secure the southern borders of the recently occupied province, the governor of the province – the general Mercy Florymund – intended to move the Serbian troops from the former border on the Tisa-Mureş line towards the bank of the Danube. After the failure of the action, starting with the year 1724, the first units of border patrols were created, recruited from among the Romanians and Serbians from the Timişoara-Ciacova-Odzaci (Serbia) and Ohaba-Mâtnic areas. Between 1738-1739 we have information upon the participation of the Timişoara armed citizens’ guards to fights against the Turks and the Romanian rebels. Simultaneously, the Aulic Chamber and the private companies for the exploitation and processing of mineral resources (Gewerkschaften) set up mining companies (Bergschützen-Compagnie) at Potoc, Maidanpek, Dognecea, Oraviţa, Ciclova and Moldova Nouă.A new phase of the Civic Guards and the noblemen’s banderies in Banat was the period of the French wars of 1794-1814. Even though the Banat banderies had few direct combat contacts with the French, the citizens’ guards from the larger cities had an important contribution to maintaining order in the province. A new phase in the history of Banat civic guards were the years 1848-1849, when the National Guards from the free royal boroughs, as well as those from mining settlements, played an important role in the unfolding of military events.Armed civic guards in some of the more important Banat towns: Biserica Albă. the first civic guard was established in the year 1738, drawing its members from among the German population. In the year 1777, an armed company (Schützenkorp), made up of 100 infantrymen, was formed from among the inhabitants of the free military town who had citizen rights.Lugoj. The nucleus of the first armed Citizens’ guard in Lugoj was made up of the group of inhabitants who, in 1775, gathered to fight the armed gangs that terrorized the town and the neighbouring villages. The actual civic guard of the town was established in 1793, when it was granted the privilege of chamber town (“Kammeral Kleinstadt Lugosch”). From this period we also have information about a Shooting society of riemen musicians (Bürger und Schützenmusik), led by the schoolteacher Adam Reinhol.Zrenjanin. Becicherecul Mare was granted the privilege of fair-holding town on 8 May 1769 by Maria Theresa. On this occasion was probably established the Citizen’s guard which, on 12 July 1779, received Count Christophorus Niczky with military honours upon his arrival in town.Oraviţa. The town’s German inhabitants, organized into an armed guard led by the forestry inspector Meier, took up arms against the Ottoman troops and Romanian rebels which attacked the town on 4 June 1738. In 1809, when the regular troops left town, Oraviţa miners formed an armed unit. Between 1752 and 1763 we have information about a Guard of armed miners, known as the “Werkschütz” and maintained with chamber funds, whose members were recruited only from among the German population. Pančevo. In 1794, Panciova received free town (Freie Comunität) privileges, on condition that, besides the payment of a tax, it should create an armed unit from among its citizens. During the French war, following the Imperial call of 20 August 1808, the town organized a battalion of volunteers. Reşiţa. During the 1789 war with the Turks, the forestry inspector of the Chamber estates in Reşiţa, Beckmann, organised, acting upon orders of the Vienna Military Council, an armed Civil guard, made up of 600 shooters. In the spring of 1848, a National Guard (Bürger Garda) of 173 citizens was formed in Reşiţa.Timişoara. The first information about the existence of citizens organized to provide military support to the administration dates back to the year 1735. Besides military actions, the armed Citizens’ Guards (known as “Bürgergarde” and “Freie Compagnie”) ensured the protection as well as the quarantine of provisional hospitals at Fântâna Paşei and at the Green Forest Hunters’ Lodge during the plague of 1838-1839.When it was given the privileges of free royal town through the imperial diploma issued by Joseph II on 21 December 1781, point No. 10 of the diploma stated: “Die Bürger der Stadt sollen im Krieg und Zeiten der Gefahr im Einvernehmen und mit der Zustimmung des Militärkommandos und der politischen Führung mit der Waffe in der Hand der Festung wehren, alle Versuche und Verschwörungen feindlicher Kräften denunzieren und gegenüberstellen.”Vršac. The excellent expert in the town’s history, the historian Felix Milleker, reports on the existence of a Shooting Society as early as 1730. According to Milleker, the Shooting Society was also known as the “Schützen.”Vinga. The Bulgarian citizens of the town (which became a fair-holding town in 1744), had the right to elect freely the town’s administration, consisting of a judge and 6 jurors. In addition to this, they had to maintain an armed civilian company which, in exceptional cases, also rendered service in Timişoara. The provisions of the diploma issued by Maria Theresa on 1 August 1744 granted special rights to the Bulgarian citizens settled here. Beside the right of the sword (i.e. the right to also administer justice in capital cases), the town’s administration also had the obligation to maintain an armed company (Landmiliz) for the defense of the town.Beside the already mentioned towns, for the period studied we have data on the activity of civil guards or shooting societies in over 70 rural localities with German population.