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1
Panetta, F. Dane. "Weed Eradication—An Economic Perspective." Invasive Plant Science and Management 2, no. 4 (October 2009): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-09-003.1.
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AbstractThere has been recent interest in determining the upper limits to the feasibility of weed eradication. Although a number of disparate factors determine the success of an eradication program, ultimately eradication feasibility must be viewed in the context of the amount of investment that can be made. The latter should reflect the hazard posed by an invasion, with greater investment justified by greater threats. In simplest terms, the effort (and hence investment) to achieve weed eradication comprises the detection effort required to delimit an invasion plus the search and control effort required to prevent reproduction until extirpation occurs over the entire infested area. The difficulty of estimating the required investment at the commencement of a weed eradication program (as well as during periodic reviews) is a serious problem. Bioeconomics show promise in determining the optimal approach to managing weed invasions, notwithstanding ongoing difficulties in estimating the costs and benefits of eradication and alternative invasion management strategies. A flexible approach to the management of weed invasions is needed, allowing for the adoption of another strategy when it becomes clear that the probability of eradication is low, owing to resourcing or intractable technical issues. Whether the considerable progress that has been achieved towards eradication of the once massive witchweed invasion can be duplicated for other weeds of agricultural systems will depend to a large extent upon investment (> $250 million over 50 yr in this instance). Weeds of natural ecosystems seem destined to remain more difficult eradication targets for a variety of reasons, including higher impedance to eradication, more difficulty in valuing the benefits arising from eradication, and possibly less willingness to pay from society at large.
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Ohrtman, Michelle K., and Sharon A. Clay. "Using a Pervasive Invader for Weed Science Education." Weed Technology 27, no. 2 (June 2013): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00132.1.
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Students studying weed science would expand their knowledge by conducting targeted experiments on invasive weeds. Tamarix spp., some of the most problematic weeds known in the United States, have value for weed science education. Tamarix was used in an undergraduate laboratory course to demonstrate weed science principles for a minimal cost and with great potential for academic enhancement. The laboratory exercise was designed to teach weed science students about the difficulty associated with controlling invasive weeds even at a relatively young age in a region where plants have been detected but large-scale invasion has not occurred to emphasize the importance of early detection and rapid response. The successful execution of this exercise and the positive student response suggests that Tamarix and other weeds with similar reproductive capacities could be valuable additions to weed science curricula. Innovative approaches to teaching weed science facilitate greater learning of this complex subject by students from diverse backgrounds and academic disciplines.
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Rozefelds, A. C. F., L. Cave, D. I. Morris, and A. M. Buchanan. "The weed invasion in Tasmania since 1970." Australian Journal of Botany 47, no. 1 (1999): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97054.
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Tasmanian Herbarium (HO) collections are shown to provide temporal and distributional data to monitor weed introductions into the State flora during the last 25 years. Information obtained from herbarium collections, the botanical literature, and anecdotal sources indicates that since 1970, 159 new plant taxa have been recorded as naturalised in Tasmania, bringing to a total over 740 weed species recorded from the State. Most of these species are from the families Poaceae (15.1%), Fabaceae (10.1%), Asteraceae (6.9%), Cyperaceae (5.7%), Rosaceae s.l. (5.0%), Caryophyllaceae and Liliaceae s.l. (3.8% each), Iridaceae (3.1%), and Juncaceae and Ranunculaceae (2.5% each). While for many taxa the mechanisms for introduction remain unknown, at least 35% were introduced as ornamentals, and some 5% arrived through agricultural practices. Of the 159 species, 19 are known only from Tasmania and have not been recorded from the Australian mainland. The majority of weeds are of European origin, with a high proportion being from Africa, North and South America, and mainland Australia, in that order. This study demonstrates that even with the current quarantine controls a large number of weed species have been introduced to the State flora in the last 25 years, and a considerable number of these species are recognised as potential environmental weeds. The number of new weed species recognised is also possibly due, in part, to more collections of weeds being undertaken in recent years. As a large percentage of the weeds identified are ornamentals, stricter controls on the introductions of new ornamentals may be needed. Some of the limitations of using herbarium collections to assess weed introductions are also discussed.
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Osunkoya, Olusegun O., Claire Lock, Joshua C. Buru, Brad Gray, and Moya Calvert. "Spatial extent of invasiveness and invasion stage categorisation of established weeds of Queensland, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 68, no. 8 (2020): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt20066.
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The risk posed by invasive alien species is determined primarily by two factors: distribution (occupancy) and abundance (density). However, most ecological studies use distribution data for monitoring and assessment programs, but few incorporate abundance data due to financial and logistical constraints. Failure to take into account invaders’ abundance may lead to imprecise pest risk assessments. Since 2003 as part of the Annual Pest Distribution Survey (APDS) exercise in the state of Queensland, Australia, government biosecurity officials have collected data on distribution and abundance of more than 100 established and emerging weeds. This data acquisition was done at spatial grid sizes of 17–50 × 17–50 km and across a very broad and varied geographical land area of ~2 × 106 km2. The datasets provide an opportunity to compare weed dynamics at large-medium spatial scales. Analysis of the APDS datasets indicated that weed distributions were highest in regions along the southern and central, coastal parts of Queensland, and decreased in the less populated inland (i.e. western) and northern parts of the state. Weed abundance showed no discernible landscape or regional trends. Positive distribution–abundance relationships were also detected at multiple spatial scales. Using both traits of weed abundance and distribution, we derived a measure of invasion severity, and constructed, for several (64) weed species, ‘space-for-time’ invasion curves. State-wide and in each of Queensland’s 10 regions, we also categorised the invasion stages of these weeds. At the grassroots of local government area or regional levels, the derived invasion curves and stage categories can provide policy direction for long-term management planning of Queensland’s priority weeds.
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Szilágyi, Arnold, Tamás Tóth, and László Radócz. "New occurence of woolly cupgrass (Eriochloa villosa [Thunb.] Kunth) in Hajdúság area, East-Hungary." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 71 (June 14, 2017): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/71/1572.
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Because of the globalization and global warming the emergence of invasive weeds in Hungary are more common. The woolly cupgrass (Eriochloa villosa [Thunb.] Kunth) is published as an important invasive weed in Hungary. Woolly cupgrass is native in East Asia and it spreads into several parts of the World and causes difficulties in plant protection. It has been spreading extensively during the last few years,as the weed shows a very serious invasion potential.
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Liu, Hua, Yexuan Li, Yumei Wei, MA Ming, and Gang Ma. "Discrete Population Competition Model of Poisonous Weed Invasion and Spatial Distribution." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2173, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2173/1/012016.
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Abstract Poisonous weeds invade ecosystems and compete with edible forage grassland, changing the population spatial distribution. In this paper, a discrete population competition model for the interaction between poisonous weeds and edible forage grass is established, and a diffusion coefficient to describe the invasion and diffusion effect of poisonous weeds is introduced. By using cellular automata methods, the influence of invasive diffusion of poisonous weeds on the spatial distribution of poisonous weed and edible forage populations is simulated. These findings indicated that the invasion of poisonous weeds affected the ecological distribution of grassland, and that the spatial distribution of poisonous weeds also changed from initial uniform distribution to aggregated distribution.
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CURRAN, P. L., and F. S. MACNAEIDHE. "Weed invasion of milled-over bog." Weed Research 26, no. 1 (February 1986): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1986.tb00675.x.
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Richardson, David M., and Petr Pyšek. "Plant invasions: merging the concepts of species invasiveness and community invasibility." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 30, no. 3 (July 2006): 409–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133306pp490pr.
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This paper considers key issues in plant invasion ecology, where findings published since 1990 have significantly improved our understanding of many aspects of invasions. The review focuses on vascular plants invading natural and semi-natural ecosystems, and on fundamental ecological issues relating to species invasiveness and community invasibility. Three big questions addressed by the SCOPE programme in the 1980s (which species invade; which habitats are invaded; and how can we manage invasions?) still underpin most work in invasion ecology. Some organizing and unifying themes in the field are organism-focused and relate to species invasiveness (the tens rule; the concept of residence time; taxonomic patterns and Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis; issues of phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolutionary change, including evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis; the role of long-distance dispersal). Others are ecosystem-centred and deal with determinants of the invasibility of communities, habitats and regions (levels of invasion, invasibility and propagule pressure; the biotic resistance hypothesis and the links between diversity and invasibility; synergisms, mutualisms, and invasional meltdown). Some theories have taken an overarching approach to plant invasions by integrating the concepts of species invasiveness and community invasibility (a theory of seed plant invasiveness; fluctuating resources theory of invasibility). Concepts, hypotheses and theories reviewed here can be linked to the naturalization-invasion continuum concept, which relates invasion processes with a sequence of environmental and biotic barriers that an introduced species must negotiate to become casual, naturalized and invasive. New research tools and improved research links between invasion ecology and succession ecology, community ecology, conservation biology and weed science, respectively, have strengthened the conceptual pillars of invasion ecology.
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Pearson, Dean E., Yvette K. Ortega, Justin B. Runyon, and Jack L. Butler. "Secondary invasion: The bane of weed management." Biological Conservation 197 (May 2016): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.02.029.
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Gordon, Doria R., S. Luke Flory, Aimee L. Cooper, and Sarah K. Morris. "Assessing the Invasion Risk ofEucalyptusin the United States Using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment." International Journal of Forestry Research 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/203768.
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Many agricultural species have undergone selection for traits that are consistent with those that increase the probability that a species will become invasive. However, the risk of invasion may be accurately predicted for the majority of plant species tested using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA). This system has been tested in multiple climates and geographies and, on average, correctly identifies 90% of the major plant invaders as having high invasion risk, and 70% of the noninvaders as having low risk. We used this tool to evaluate the invasion risk of 38Eucalyptustaxa currently being tested and cultivated in the USA for pulp, biofuel, and other purposes. We predict 15 taxa to have low risk of invasion, 14 taxa to have high risk, and 9 taxa to require further information. In addition to a history of naturalization and invasiveness elsewhere, the traits that significantly contribute to a high invasion risk conclusion include having prolific seed production and a short generation time. Selection against these traits should reduce the probability that eucalypts cultivated in the USA will become invasive threats to natural areas and agricultural systems.
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J. Mason, T., W. M. Lonsdale, and K. French. "Environmental weed control policy in Australia: current approaches, policy limitations and future directions." Pacific Conservation Biology 11, no. 4 (2005): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050233.
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Plant invasions of natural systems threaten biodiversity and ecosystem processes across many biomes. Historically most plant invasions have been facilitated by human activities such as industry, transport and landscape modification. Consequently, both causes and management of weed invasion are dependent on human behaviour and management advice provided by ecologists needs to take account of this fact. This paper assesses current environmental weed control policy in Australia and asks: are government, land managers and the scientific community using available social levers to achieve optimal weed management? We do this by comparing aspects of weed policy with a generalized natural resource policy framework. Adequacy of issue characterization and policy framing are discussed with particular reference to public perceptions of the weed problem, policy scaling and defining policy principles and goals. The implementation of policy Instruments, including regulation, VOluntary incentives, education, Information, motivational instruments, property-right instruments and pricing mechanisms are reviewed. Limitations of current instruments and potential options to improve instrument effectiveness are discussed. Funding arrangements for environmental weed control are also reported: environmental weed invasion generally represents an external cost to economic markets which has resulted in relatively low funding levels for control operations. Finally, review and monitoring procedures in weed programmes and policy are addressed. Rigorous monitoring systems are important in effective, adaptive weed management where control techniques are continually refined to improve ecological outcomes. The utility of maintaining links between project outcomes and policy inputs along with methods of implementing appropriate monitoring are discussed.
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Pittaway, PA. "Opportunistic association between Pythium species and weed residues causing seedling emergence failure in cereals." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 3 (1995): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950655.
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Field trials were conducted to establish the link between weed residue management, Pythium infectivity and cereal seedling emergence failure. The herbicide glyphosate was used to manage weed-free and weed residue treatments, and the systemic fungicide metalaxyl was used to protect seedlings from pythiaceous attack. Seedling vigour and emergence were enhanced by the application of metalaxyl, and by the total suppression of weed growth. Invasion of cereal seedlings by pythiaceous fungi was greatest when seed was sown into cloddy seedbeds within 1-3 days after herbicide application. Debilitated weeds enhanced the activity of pythiaceous pathogens, promoting the invasion of cereals sown into the residues. If sowing is delayed for 3 weeks after herbicide application, pythiaceous activity will be reduced by saprophytic competitors colonizing the residues, resulting in improved seedling vigour and establishment.
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Clements, David R., and Antonio DiTommaso. "Predicting weed invasion in Canada under climate change: Evaluating evolutionary potential." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 6 (November 2012): 1013–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-280.
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Clements, D. R. and DiTommaso, A. 2012. Predicting weed invasion in Canada under climate change: Evaluating evolutionary potential. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1013–1020. Many weed species have already advanced northward from the United States into Canada, and their number threatens to increase with warming trends under climate change. For many weed species, this range expansion can be attributed to evolutionary adaptation by northern populations occurring in areas experiencing warmer climates and longer growing seasons in recent decades. In this paper, we examine the potential for invasive plant species to be selected for one or more of 10 character traits: (1) high growth rate, (2) wide climatic or environmental tolerance, (3) short generation time, (4) prolific or consistent reproduction, (5) small seed size, (6) effective dispersal, (7) uniparental reproduction capacity, (8) no specialized germination requirements, (9) high competitive ability, and (10) effective defenses against natural enemies. If any one of these traits is selected for in an invasive species, it would provide the affected species with the potential for a more expansive invasion range than anticipated by models that assume a static genotype. Four weed species of interest exhibiting potential northward range expansion within North America were evaluated: an obligatory outcrossing annual dicot, Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandilifera Royle), a mostly selfing annual dicot, velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.), a perennial dicot that reproduces via rhizomes but forms fertile hybrids, Japanese knotweed [Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr.], and a primarily selfing perennial grass, johnsongrass [Sorghum halapense (L.) Pers.]. Evidence for potential evolutionary responses to climate change was observed among particular traits for each of the four species, despite population genetic differences. The population genetics of invasive plants are difficult to model, as is climate change itself, but consideration of weed evolution to whatever degree possible should lead to improved predictive power of such models.
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Wang, Lei, Zheng Wang, Ling Zeng, and Yongyue Lu. "Red imported fire ant invasion reduces the populations of two banana insect pests in South China." Sociobiology 63, no. 3 (October 25, 2016): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v63i3.1035.
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As a severe invasive pest, red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) had important effects on ecosystem of its infected areas. Here, we surveyed impact of S. invicta on populations of two banana insect pests, banana skipper (Erion tatorus Evans) and banana stephanitis (Stephanitis typical Distant). The results showed that influences of S. invicta on population of E. tatorus and S. typical depend on weed coverage degree of banana plantations. Comparing to the areas without S. invicta, banana skipper population was reduced by 39.2%, 41.4% and 23.4% respectively, in high, moderate and low weed coverage of banana plantations with S. invicta invasion. Banana stephanitis population was reduced by 17.8%, 43.0% and 39.2% respectively, in high, moderate and low weed coverage of banana plantations with S. invicta invasion.
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Panetta, F. Dane, and Alasdair Grigg. "A weed risk analytical screen to assist in the prioritisation of an invasive flora for containment." NeoBiota 66 (July 9, 2021): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.66.67769.
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Prioritising weeds for control and deciding upon the type of control and its associated investment are fundamental to weed management planning. Risk analysis is central to this process, combining the activities of risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. Risk assessment methodology has a rich history, but management feasibility has typically been a secondary matter, dealt with separately or not at all. Determinants of management feasibility for weeds include the stage of invasion, weed biology, means of control and cost of weed control. Here, we describe a simple weed risk analytical screen that combines risk assessment with species traits that influence management feasibility. We consider stage of invasion, species biological/dispersal characteristics and plant community invasibility in a preliminary analysis of the risk posed by the non-native plant species on Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. For each of 31 high-risk species considered to be ineradicable under existing funding constraints, we analyse the risk posed to two major plant communities: evergreen closed-canopy rainforest and semi-deciduous scrub forest. Weed risk ratings are combined with ratings for species-intrinsic feasibility of containment (based on a measure that combines time to reproduction with potential for long distance dispersal) to create preliminary rankings for containment specific to each community. These rankings will provide a key input for a more thorough analysis of containment feasibility – one that considers spatial distributions/landscape features, management aspects and the social environment. We propose a general non-symmetric relationship between weed risk and management feasibility, considering risk to be the dominant component of risk analysis. Therefore, in this analysis species are ranked according to their intrinsic containment feasibility within similar levels of risk to produce an initial prioritisation list for containment. Shade-tolerant weeds are of particular concern for the closed-canopy evergreen rainforest on Christmas Island, but a greater diversity of weeds is likely to invade the semi-deciduous scrub forest because of higher light availability. Nevertheless, future invasion of both communities will likely be conditioned by disturbance, both natural and anthropogenic. The plant communities of Christmas Island have undergone significant fragmentation because of clearing for phosphate mining and other purposes. With a substantial number of invasive plant species firmly established and having the potential to spread further, minimising future anthropogenic disturbance is paramount to reducing community invasibility and therefore conserving the island’s unique biodiversity.
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HYVÖNEN, T., and H. JALLI. "Alien species in the Finnish weed flora." Agricultural and Food Science 20, no. 1 (December 4, 2008): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960611795163079.
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The present study aimed at assessing the invasion of alien weed species in Finland based on a review of their occurrence in the Finnish weed flora. The evaluation was conducted for the three phases of the invasion process, i.e. introduction, naturalization and invasion. The literature review revealed that 815 alien weed species occur in Finland of which 314 are regarded as naturalized. Based on their occurrence in different climate zones, the risk of naturalization of new harmful alien weed species was deemed low for those species not currently found in Finland, but higher for species occurring as casual aliens in Finland. In the latter group, 10 species of concern were detected. Exploration of the distribution patterns of naturalized species within Finland revealed species occupancy to be dependent on the residence time of the species. Established neophytes can be expected to extend their ranges and to increase occupation of agricultural habitats in the future.;
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Maron, John L., and Peter G. Connors. "A native nitrogen-fixing shrub facilitates weed invasion." Oecologia 105, no. 3 (February 1996): 302–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00328732.
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Hong, Sun Hee, Yong Ho Lee, Gaeun Lee, Do-Hun Lee, and Pradeep Adhikari. "Predicting Impacts of Climate Change on Northward Range Expansion of Invasive Weeds in South Korea." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081604.
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Predicting the distribution of invasive weeds under climate change is important for the early identification of areas that are susceptible to invasion and for the adoption of the best preventive measures. Here, we predicted the habitat suitability of 16 invasive weeds in response to climate change and land cover changes in South Korea using a maximum entropy modeling approach. Based on the predictions of the model, climate change is likely to increase habitat suitability. Currently, the area of moderately suitable and highly suitable habitats is estimated to be 8877.46 km2, and 990.29 km2, respectively, and these areas are expected to increase up to 496.52% by 2050 and 1439.65% by 2070 under the representative concentration pathways 4.5 scenario across the country. Although habitat suitability was estimated to be highest in the southern regions (<36° latitude), the central and northern regions are also predicted to have substantial increases in suitable habitat areas. Our study revealed that climate change would exacerbate the threat of northward weed invasions by shifting the climatic barriers of invasive weeds from the southern region. Thus, it is essential to initiate control and management strategies in the southern region to prevent further invasions into new areas.
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Ruan, Xiaoxian, Zhen Wang, Yingjuan Su, and Ting Wang. "Population Genomics Reveals Gene Flow and Adaptive Signature in Invasive Weed Mikania micrantha." Genes 12, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12081279.
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A long-standing and unresolved issue in invasion biology concerns the rapid adaptation of invaders to nonindigenous environments. Mikania micrantha is a notorious invasive weed that causes substantial economic losses and negative ecological consequences in southern China. However, the contributions of gene flow, environmental variables, and functional genes, all generally recognized as important factors driving invasive success, to its successful invasion of southern China are not fully understood. Here, we utilized a genotyping-by-sequencing approach to sequence 306 M. micrantha individuals from 21 invasive populations. Based on the obtained genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data, we observed that all the populations possessed similar high levels of genetic diversity that were not constrained by longitude and latitude. Mikania micrantha was introduced multiple times and subsequently experienced rapid-range expansion with recurrent high gene flow. Using FST outliers, a latent factor mixed model, and the Bayesian method, we identified 38 outlier SNPs associated with environmental variables. The analysis of these outlier SNPs revealed that soil composition, temperature, precipitation, and ecological variables were important determinants affecting the invasive adaptation of M. micrantha. Candidate genes with outlier signatures were related to abiotic stress response. Gene family clustering analysis revealed 683 gene families unique to M. micrantha which may have significant implications for the growth, metabolism, and defense responses of M. micrantha. Forty-one genes showing significant positive selection signatures were identified. These genes mainly function in binding, DNA replication and repair, signature transduction, transcription, and cellular components. Collectively, these findings highlight the contribution of gene flow to the invasion and spread of M. micrantha and indicate the roles of adaptive loci and functional genes in invasive adaptation.
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Chicoine, Timothy K., Peter K. Fay, and Gerald A. Nielsen. "Predicting Weed Migration from Soil and Climate Maps." Weed Science 34, no. 1 (January 1986): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004317450002645x.
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Soil characteristics, elevation, annual precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, length of frost-free season, and mean maximum July temperature were estimated for 116 established infestations of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam. # CENMA) in Montana using basic land resource maps. Areas potentially vulnerable to invasion by the plant were delineated on the basis of representative edaphic and climatic characteristics. No single environmental variable was an effective predictor of sites vulnerable to invasion by spotted knapweed. Only a combination of variables was effective, indicating that the factors that regulate adaptability of this plant are complex. This technique provides a first approximation map of the regions most similar environmentally to infested sites and, therefore, most vulnerable to further invasion. This weed migration prediction technique shows promise for predicting suitable habitats of other invader species.
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Buckley, Yvonne M., Benjamin M. Bolker, and Mark Rees. "Disturbance, invasion and re-invasion: managing the weed-shaped hole in disturbed ecosystems." Ecology Letters 10, no. 9 (September 2007): 809–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01067.x.
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Shi, Boyang, and Steve Adkins. "Relative phytotoxicity of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) residues on the seedling growth of a range of Australian native and introduced species." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 8 (2018): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18012.
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The invasive herbaceous species Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae), commonly known as parthenium weed has rapidly become a significant weed in more than 30 countries. Parthenium weed litter taken from the introduced biotypes was relatively more phytotoxic than that taken from biotypes coming from the native range when tested on lettuce and this may indicate one reason for invasion success. However, no significant difference was observed in phytotoxicity to lettuce seedling growth when two Australian biotypes of parthenium weed were compared, one invasive and one non-invasive, indicating that invasiveness was not associated with litter phytotoxicity in all cases. Residue from the invasive parthenium weed biotype had a greater phytotoxic effect upon Australian native pasture grass species relative to the introduced pasture grass species with buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) and bull Mitchell grass (Astreble sequarrosa C.E.Hubb) showing the greatest tolerance to parthenium weed phytochemicals. When compared with residue taken from plants that has a range of phytotoxic capacity, parthenium weed residue was considered to be only moderately phytotoxic suggesting that the phytotoxicity of its residue may not be the main reason for the plants invasive trait.
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McKenzie, FR. "Influence of applied nitrogen on weed invasion of Lolium perenne pastures in a subtropical environment." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 6 (1996): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960657.
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Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) exhibits poor persistence in subtropical environments and this is often characterised by weed invasion. The effect of applied nitrogen (N) (120-720 kg/ha.year), on weed invasion of perennial ryegrass was examined during the establishment year. Weed tiller densities ranged from 50 tillers/m2 (at 360 kg N/ha.year) during November 1993, to 2400 tillers/m2 (at 120 kg N/ha.year) during February 1994. Increasing levels of applied N up to 360 kg/ha.year reduced both weed tiller densities and relative frequencies in perennial ryegrass pastures. Seasonally, high weed tiller densities (up to 2400 tillers/m2 at 120 kg N/ha.year) and high frequencies (46-82% for 120 and 600 kg N/ha.year, respectively) were observed over midsummer (December) to autumn (May). Applying N at levels above 360 kg/ha.year (or 30 kg/ha.month) is useful in minimising weed invasion of perennial ryegrass during its establishment under subtropical conditions.
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Vila-Aiub, Martin M., Pedro E. Gundel, and Christopher Preston. "Experimental Methods for Estimation of Plant Fitness Costs Associated with Herbicide-Resistance Genes." Weed Science 63, SP1 (February 2015): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-14-00062.1.
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Since the beginning of agriculture, crops have been exposed to recurrent invasion by weeds that can impose severe reductions in crop quality and yield. There have been continuing efforts to reduce the impacts of weeds on production. More than 40 yr ago, overreliance on herbicide technology to reduce weed infestations resulted in the selection of adaptive traits that enabled weed survival and reproduction under herbicide treatments (Délye et al. 2007; Powles and Yu 2010; Vila-Aiub et al. 2008). As a result, herbicide resistance in > 200 weed species has evolved worldwide (Heap 2013; Powles 2008).
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STADLER, J., G. MUNGAI, and R. BRANDL. "Weed invasion in East Africa: insights from herbarium records." African Journal of Ecology 36, no. 1 (March 1998): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.115-89115.x.
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Taylor, Harley R., Ian J. Radford, Charles Price, and Pauline Grierson. "Low resource availability limits weed invasion of tropical savannas." Biological Invasions 20, no. 4 (October 13, 2017): 861–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1578-y.
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Rose, Stefan. "Integrating management of Pittosporum undulatum with other environmental weeds in Sydney's urban bushland." Pacific Conservation Biology 3, no. 4 (1997): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980350.
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Natural bushland is a dwindling resource in the Sydney Metropolitan Area, not only because of direct clearing, but also because uncontrolled impacts from surrounding development have caused increasing degradation over time. Community change has been characterized by invasions of environmental weeds, and consequent displacement of many indigenous species. A few locally native species, Pittosporum undulatum in particular, have emerged as environmental weeds. Invasion of new habitats within a species' natural geographic range must be recognized, since their impact on natural communities can be as serious as that of the worst exotic invaders. Factors implicated as the immediate cause of environmental weed invasions include increased human-induced dispersal by birds, anthropogenic disturbance, suppression of fire and increased moisture and nutrients. Management of plant invasions often includes mitigation to reduce impacts of the immediate causes. Strategies to maximize the success of mitigation by identifying and ameliorating the factors which impact bushland from remote sources are discussed. Practical recommendations for restoration of degraded sites are given. Native weeds such as P. undulatum require specialized treatment within an integrated environmental weed management strategy. It is stressed that application of the best management strategies available will be wasted if more fundamental issues related to current planning practices are ignored. Uncoordinated and ad hoc decisions are continuing to reduce urban bushland to mere remnants with high edge-to-interior ratios. Only when these practices are recognized and addressed can long-term success in the treatment of environmental weed invasions be achieved by the many excellent restoration techniques being developed.
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Amăriuței Bălan, Dumitrița Alina, Cristina Zlati, Marius Dascălu, and Mihai Istrate. "STUDIES ON THE APPLICATION OF HERBICIDES IN RASPBERRY CULTURE TECHNOLOGY." Fruit Growing Research 38 (December 22, 2022): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33045/fgr.v38.2022.17.
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Weed control in raspberry cultivation helps to reduce the economic impact of the weed control link on the technological cycle, as well as to eliminate competition for water, nutrients and sunlight, thus allowing their growth and development in normal parameters. Cultivation, mulching and herbicide are the most practical control measures. It is necessary to know both the density of weeds and the dominant species in order to establish the strategy to reduce weeding by plowing, herbicide or integrated measures, so that weed invasion falls below the economic damage threshold (PED). The application of herbicides to reduce the degree of weeding is based on the knowledge of the weed species existing in the crop, as well as the state of coverage of the plantation. In order to establish effective measures to reduce the invasion below the economic damage threshold, it is necessary to determine the density of weeds by the method of mapping them and to establish the predominant species. The mapping action took place in the period 2020-2021 and an attempt was made to cover the entire spectrum of weeds in the plantation, then averaging by species. Following the mapping of weeds in the raspberry plantation, the presence of 22 weeds identified inside the metric frame belonging to both the dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous classes was observed, most of them coming from the first group (Capsela bursa-pastoris, Lamium amplexicaule, Cirsium arvense, Cardaria draba, Setaria glauca, Agropyron repens, Cynodon dactylon.
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Floyd, M. Lisa, David Hanna, William H. Romme, and Timothy E. Crews. "Predicting and mitigating weed invasions to restore natural post-fire succession in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, USA." International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, no. 2 (2006): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf05066.
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Six large wildfires have burned in Mesa Verde National Park during the last 15 years, and extensive portions of burns were invaded by non-native plant species. The most threatening weed species include Carduus nutans, Cirsium arvense, and Bromus tectorum, and if untreated, they persist at least 13 years. We investigated patterns of weed distribution to identify plant communities most vulnerable to post-fire weed invasion and created a spatially explicit model to predict the most vulnerable sites. At the scale of the entire park, mature piñon–juniper woodlands growing on two soil series were most vulnerable to post-fire weed invasion; mountain shrublands were the least vulnerable. At a finer scale, greater richness of native species was correlated with greater numbers of non-native species, indicating that habitats with high native biodiversity are at the greatest risk of weed invasion. In unburned areas, weed density increased with greater soil nitrogen and phosphorus, and lower salinity. In burned areas weed density correlated with soil nitrogen status and textural class. We also evaluated the effectiveness of a variety of weed mitigation methods; aerial seeding of targeted high-risk areas with native grasses was the most effective treatment tested. We recommend a conservative mitigation plan using natives grass seed on only the most invasible sites.
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Ito, Misako, Yuuko Yamaguchi, and Shinya Umemoto. "Invasion by Poa annua L. var. reptans Hausskn. of golf courses in Japan." Journal of Weed Science and Technology 47, no. 2 (2002): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3719/weed.47.82.
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Abbas, Tasawar, Zahir Ahmad Zahir, Muhammad Naveed, Mona S. Alwahibi, Mohamed Soliman Elshikh, and Mohamed A. El-Esawi. "Field Performance of Allelopathic Bacteria for Biological Weed Control in Wheat: Innovative, Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Approach for Enhanced Crop Production." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 27, 2020): 8936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218936.
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Application of allelopathic bacteria (AB) for weed suppression may be helpful to solve various environmental challenges posed by conventional weed control techniques. In our earlier studies, around 400 strains of rhizobacteria of five weeds and wheat were isolated, screened for production of phytotoxic substances, and tested for phytotoxic activity on wild oat and little seed canary grass, and possible effects on wheat under laboratory conditions. We obtained 13 strains inhibitory to wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and 11 to little seed canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.). Five of these (13 and 11) strains also suppressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) while others either stimulated or remained ineffective on wheat in separate bioassays. The success of any weed biocontrol technique, however, depends on its response under field conditions. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate biological weed control of the five most efficient strains of AB under natural conditions in pot and field trials. Wheat was artificially invaded with wild oat in the pot trial through seeding. Wheat of the field trial was artificially invaded with wild oat and little seed canary through seeding. The selected strains belonged to pseudomonads (Pseudomonas putida, P. fluorescence, P. aeruginosa, and P. alcaligenes) and their inocula were prepared using sterilized peat. The inoculated seeds of wild oat and wheat were sown together in a pot trial. The inoculated seeds of wild oat, little seed canary grass, and wheat were sown together in the field experiment. The field was selected based on chronic infestation of these weeds. However, weed invasion was ensured by adding seeds of weeds (inoculated with the respective strains of AB, according to treatment plan). A severe invasion of wild oat was observed in the pot trial, which reduced the grain yield of infested wheat up to 60.8%. The effectiveness of applied strains controlled 22.0–76.3% loss of grain yield of infested wheat. Weed invasion in the field trial reduced the grain yield of the crop up to 56.3% and effectiveness of the applied strains controlled 29.0–60.7% loss of grain yield of infested wheat. The study of other agronomic, physiological, and chemical parameters of the crop and weeds supported these findings. Harnessing the potential of these strains exhibited in our studies may be helpful to introduce an innovative, sustainable, and eco-friendly weed control technique for production of wheat.
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Davis, Adam S., J. Christopher Hall, Marie Jasieniuk, Martin A. Locke, Edward C. Luschei, David A. Mortensen, Dean E. Riechers, Richard G. Smith, Tracy M. Sterling, and James H. Westwood. "Weed Science Research and Funding: A Call to Action." Weed Science 57, no. 4 (August 2009): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-09-020.1.
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Weed science has contributed much to agriculture, forestry and natural resource management during its history. However, if it is to remain relevant as a scientific discipline, it is long past time for weed scientists to move beyond a dominating focus on herbicide efficacy testing and address the basic science underlying complex issues in vegetation management at many levels of biological organization currently being solved by others, such as invasion ecologists and molecular biologists. Weed science must not be circumscribed by a narrowly-defined set of tools but rather be seen as an integrating discipline. As a means of assessing current and future research interests and funding trends among weed scientists, the Weed Science Society of America conducted an online survey of its members in summer of 2007. There were 304 respondents out of a membership of 1330 at the time of the survey, a response rate of 23%. The largest group of respondents (41%) reported working on research problems primarily focused on herbicide efficacy and maintenance, funded mainly by private industry sources. Another smaller group of respondents (22%) reported focusing on research topics with a complex systems focus (such as invasion biology, ecosystem restoration, ecological weed management, and the genetics, molecular biology, and physiology of weedy traits), funded primarily by public sources. Increased cooperation between these complementary groups of scientists will be an essential step in making weed science increasingly relevant to the complex vegetation management issues of the 21st century.
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Zhao, Yujie, Xuejun Yang, Xinqiang Xi, Xianming Gao, and Shucun Sun. "Phenotypic Plasticity in the Invasion of Crofton Weed (Eupatorium adenophorum) in China." Weed Science 60, no. 3 (September 2012): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-11-00198.1.
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Phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolution are two important strategies by which invasive species adapt to a wide range of environments and consequently are closely associated with plant invasion. To test their importance in invasion success of Crofton weed, we examined the phenotypic response and genetic variation of the weed by conducting a field investigation, common garden experiments, and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker analysis on 16 populations in China. Molecular markers revealed low genetic variation among and within the sampled populations. There were significant differences in leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), and seed number (SN) among field populations, and plasticity index (PIv) for LA, SLA, and SN were 0.62, 0.46 and 0.85, respectively. Regression analyses revealed a significant quadratic effect of latitude of population origin on LA, SLA, and SN based on field data but not on traits in the common garden experiments (greenhouse and open air). Plants from different populations showed similar reaction norms across the two common gardens for functional traits. LA, SLA, aboveground biomass, plant height at harvest, first flowering day, and life span were higher in the greenhouse than in the open-air garden, whereas SN was lower. Growth conditions (greenhouse vs. open air) and the interactions between growth condition and population origin significantly affect plant traits. The combined evidence suggests high phenotypic plasticity but low genetically based variation for functional traits of Crofton weed in the invaded range. Therefore, we suggest that phenotypic plasticity is the primary strategy for Crofton weed as an aggressive invader that can adapt to diverse environments in China.
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Barney, Jacob N. "Bioenergy and Invasive Plants: Quantifying and Mitigating Future Risks." Invasive Plant Science and Management 7, no. 2 (June 2014): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-13-00060.1.
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AbstractThe United States is charging toward the largest expansion of agriculture in 10,000 years with vast acreages of primarily exotic perennial grasses planted for bioenergy that possess many traits that may confer invasiveness. Cautious integration of these crops into the bioeconomy must be accompanied by development of best management practices and regulation to mitigate the risk of invasion posed by this emerging industry. Here I review the current status of United States policy drivers for bioenergy, the status of federal and state regulation related to invasion mitigation, and survey the scant quantitative literature attempting to quantify the invasive potential of bioenergy crops. A wealth of weed risk assessments are available on exotic bioenergy crops, and generally show a high risk of invasion, but should only be a first-step in quantifying the risk of invasion. The most information exists for sterile giant miscanthus, with preliminary empirical studies and demographic models suggesting a relatively low risk of invasion. However, most important bioenergy crops are poorly studied in the context of invasion risk, which is not simply confined to the production field; but also occurs in crop selection, harvest and transport, and feedstock storage. Thus, I propose a nested-feedback risk assessment (NFRA) that considers the entire bioenergy supply chain and includes the broad components of weed risk assessment, species distribution models, and quantitative empirical studies. New information from the NFRA is continuously fed back into other components to further refine the risk assessment; for example, empirical dispersal kernels are utilized in landscape-level species distribution models, which inform habitat invasibility studies. Importantly, the NFRA results in a relative invasion risk to known species (e.g., is giant reed a higher or lower invasion risk than johnsongrass). This information is used to design robust mitigation plans that include record keeping, regular scouting and reporting, prudent harvest and transport practices that consider species biology, and eradication protocols as an ultimate precaution. Finally, a socio-political balance must be struck (i.e., a cost-benefit analysis) among our energy choices that consider the broader implications, which includes the risk of future invasions.
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Gold, Alexander, Daniel Ramp, and Shawn W. Laffan. "Potential lantana invasion of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area under climate change." Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 1 (2011): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110054.
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Invasive weeds represent one of the greatest threats to ecosystem integrity worldwide, with climate change predicted to allow expansion of weed ranges in coming decades. One of Australia’s worst weeds is lantana (Lantana camara) which, given the potential for climatic change, is of increasing concern to those managing the mountainous regions in the country’s southeast. In order to identify potential additional threats lantana may pose for Australia’s valued biodiversity, this research develops a habitat suitability model for lantana in a portion of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area under current and simulated warmer conditions. Minimum temperature was found to be the most important predictor correlated with potential lantana establishment, explaining over 88% of the variation in lantana presence predicted by the model. Currently, 8% of the study area was found to be suitable for lantana, with this figure reaching 94% after a simulated 2°C rise in temperature anticipated by 2050. The sharp increase in suitable habitat highlights the importance of keeping the weed’s range restricted in the study area. The strong link between temperature and predicted lantana establishment confirms prior research and further stresses the threat this weed poses to the area’s biodiversity values as the climate warms. In addition, the model identified low-lying riparian areas as potential incursion pathways for the weed to travel further inland. Given the weed’s invasiveness, potential for adverse impacts, and high capacity for dispersal, these pathways should not be overlooked when monitoring potential invasion of mountainous regions by lantana and other tropical weeds.
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Cardina, John, Gregg A. Johnson, and Denise H. Sparrow. "The nature and consequence of weed spatial distribution." Weed Science 45, no. 3 (June 1997): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500092997.
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Seed dispersal, interacting with environmental disturbance and management across heterogeneous landscapes, results in irregular weed spatial distributions. Describing, predicting, and managing weed populations requires an understanding of how weeds are distributed spatially and the consequences of this distribution for population processes. Semivariograms and kriged maps of weed populations in several fields have helped describe spatial structure, but few generalizations can be drawn except that populations are aggregated at one or more scales. Limited information is available on the effect of weed arrangement, pattern, or field location on weed population processes. Because weeds are neither regular nor uniform in distribution, mean density alone is of limited value in estimating yield loss or describing population dynamics over a whole field. Sampling strategies that account for spatial distribution can increase sampling efficiency. Further research should focus on understanding processes that cause changes in spatial distributions over time to help predict rates of invasion and potential extent of colonization.
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Davy, Josh S., Katherine Dykier, Tony Turri, and Elise Gornish. "Forage seeding in rangelands increases production and prevents weed invasion." California Agriculture 71, no. 4 (July 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.2017a0025.
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Cook, G. D., S. A. Setterfield, and J. P. Maddison. "Shrub Invasion of a Tropical Wetland: Implications for Weed Management." Ecological Applications 6, no. 2 (May 1996): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2269389.
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Milberg, Per, and Byron B. Lamont. "Fire enhances weed invasion of roadside vegetation in southwestern Australia." Biological Conservation 73, no. 1 (1995): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(95)90061-6.
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Righetto, Ana J., Thiago G. Ramires, Luiz R. Nakamura, Pedro L. D. B. Castanho, Christel Faes, and Taciana V. Savian. "Predicting weed invasion in a sugarcane cultivar using multispectral image." Journal of Applied Statistics 46, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2018.1450362.
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Tracy, Benjamin F., and Matt A. Sanderson. "Forage productivity, species evenness and weed invasion in pasture communities." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 102, no. 2 (April 2004): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2003.08.002.
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Ruzmi, Rabiatuladawiyah, Anis Fadzilah Muhammad Akhir, Masilamany Dilipkumar, Uma Rani Sinniah, Abdul Shukor Juraimi, Mohd Norsazwan Ghazali, and Muhammad Saiful Ahmad-Hamdani. "Growth Performance of Malaysian Parthenium hysterophorus under Various Environmental Variables." Agriculture 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090856.
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Parthenium weed is an invasive weed species of economic importance worldwide. Native to the American tropics, the infestation ability of Parthenium weed to a new habitat is largely influenced by environmental factors. Despite Parthenium weed invasion in Malaysia dated back to 2013, investigation on its ecological behavior is still lacking. Hence, extensive studies on the ecological behavior of two predominant Malaysian Parthenium weed populations were executed. In the Petri dish seed bioassay, germination of Parthenium weed seeds was evident at temperatures up to 80 °C. Parthenium weed was also germinable in saline condition of up to 250 mM, osmotic pressure ranging from −1.2 to 0 MPa, and a wide range of pH (4–9), thus these abiotic conditions are by no means the limiting factors for the Parthenium weed. The pot trial observed that this invasive weed grew readily in various Malaysian soil textures. Parthenium weed successfully emerged from 0 cm to not beyond 2 cm soil burial and retained its emergence capacity under different submergence periods in water. The most favorable soil moisture condition for Parthenium weed emergence was saturated (0 kPa), followed by field capacity (−30–−50 kPa), while no emergence occurred in drought (−70 kPa) as well as flooded soils. These indicate that both Parthenium weed populations possess high tolerance to various abiotic conditions in Malaysia. Results obtained in the current study have crucially become guidelines for the local government authorities in predicting wide spread of Parthenium weed in diverse ecological zones, to further manage this pernicious weed efficiently.
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Popay, Ian, and Roger Field. "Grazing Animals as Weed Control Agents." Weed Technology 10, no. 1 (March 1996): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00045942.
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Literature on the effectiveness of grazing animals (especially cattle, goats, and sheep) in controlling weeds is reviewed. Availability of animals and the ability to fence them onto or off weed infestations are essential. Weeds of pastures are the most suitable subjects for control, although weeds of arable crops, forestry, and waste places are sometimes amenable to control by grazing animals. Although grazing animals themselves often cause weed problems in pasture, adjusting grazing timing or intensity or both can sometimes redress the balance. Increasing sheep or cattle stocking rates prevents animals from grazing selectively and can help control some weeds. Adjusting grazing pressure can also improve the growth of desirable pasture species so that these are more competitive and able to resist invasion of annual or biennial weeds. Introducing a different class of stock, like sheep into a cattle system or goats into a sheep system can control many weeds. Goats are capable of browsing on and controlling spiny or poisonous brush weeds, including gorse and poison ivy, without suffering adverse effects. Examples are given of the use of grazing animals for weed control in crops and forestry.
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Allen, Phil S., and Susan E. Meyer. "Community Structure Affects Annual Grass Weed Invasion During Restoration of a Shrub–Steppe Ecosystem." Invasive Plant Science and Management 7, no. 1 (March 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-13-00021.1.
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AbstractEcological restoration of shrub–steppe communities in the western United States is often hampered by invasion of exotic annual grasses during the process. An important question is how to create restored communities that can better resist reinvasion by these weeds. One hypothesis is that communities comprised of species that are functionally similar to the invader will best resist invasion, while an alternative hypothesis is that structurally more complex and diverse communities will result in more effective competitive exclusion. In this field experiment, we examined the effects of restored community structure on the invasion success of three annual grass weeds (downy brome, jointed goatgrass, and cereal rye). We created replicated community plots that varied in species composition, structural complexity and density, then seeded in annual grass weeds and measured their biomass and seed production the following year, and their cover after 1 and 3 yr. Annual grass weeds were not strongly suppressed by any of the restored communities, indicating that it was difficult for native species to completely capture available resources and exclude annual grass weeds in the first years after planting. Perennial grass monocultures, particularly of the early seral grass bottlebrush squirreltail, were the most highly invaded communities, while structurally complex and diverse mixtures of shrubs (big sagebrush, rubber rabbitbrush), perennial grasses (bluebunch wheatgrass and bottlebrush squirreltail) and forbs (Lewis flax, Utah sweetvetch, hairy golden aster, gooseberryleaf globemallow) were more resistant to invasion. These results suggest that restoration of sagebrush steppe communities resistant to annual grass invasion benefits from higher species diversity; significant reduction of weed propagule pressure prior to restoration may be required.
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Sheley, Roger L., James S. Jacobs, and Joe W. Floyd. "Noxious Weed Survey: Awareness and Attitudes in Montana." Weed Technology 10, no. 3 (September 1996): 592–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00040495.
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A telephone survey of Montana residents was undertaken to determine their knowledge of noxious weeds, their attitudes toward noxious weeds, how they use the outdoors with respect to spreading noxious weeds, and the best methods to distribute information to those most unaware about noxious weeds. Most Montanans (76%) thought that noxious weeds were a serious or very serious problem. Respondents from central (67%) and southwestern (59%) Montana were more likely to evaluate the noxious weed problem as serious than respondents from western (37%) or southeastern (33%) Montana. Most Montanans (80%) could name a problem associated with noxious weed invasion. Farmers and operators of non-farm machinery knew more problems associated with weeds than people not involved in these activities. Respondents knew ways weeds spread (89%) but many could not think of ways to prevent weed spread (70%) or identify activities they participate in that might spread weeds (64%). Television (89%) and newspaper stories (85%) were mentioned most often as the most effective ways to distribute information about noxious weeds.
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NASHIKI, Mamoru, Tatsuro NOMOTO, Ryohei MEGURO, and Kenzi SATO. "Effect of natural conditions and management of pastures on weed invasion in cooperative livestock farms in Japan." Journal of Weed Science and Technology 31, no. 3 (1986): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3719/weed.31.221.
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Wan, Ling-Yun, Shan-Shan Qi, Chris B. Zou, Zhi-Cong Dai, Guang-Qian Ren, Qi Chen, Bin Zhu, and Dao-Lin Du. "Elevated nitrogen deposition may advance invasive weed, Solidago canadensis, in calcareous soils." Journal of Plant Ecology 12, no. 5 (April 3, 2019): 846–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtz019.
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Abstract Aims Change in nitrogen (N) availability regulates phosphorus (P) acquisition and potentially alters the competition among native species and invasive weeds. This study determines how current and projected N deposition affect the growth, the intraspecific and interspecific competitive ability of native and invasive plants in calcareous soils with low P availability. Methods A controlled greenhouse experiment was conducted using sparingly soluble hydroxyapatite (HAP) to simulate the calcareous soils with low P availability. The growth and competitive intensity between an invasive weed (Solidago canadensis) and a native weed (Pterocypsela laciniata) exposed to two levels of N addition representative of current and future N deposition in China were experimentally determined. Important Findings P acquisition and the growth of both S. canadensis and P. laciniata growing alone significantly increased with increasing N level. However, the effect of N addition was reduced when intraspecific or interspecific competition existed. N addition altered the competitive relationship between S. canadensis and P. laciniata allowing S. canadensis to out-compete P. laciniata due to variation in P acquisition from HAP. Elevated N deposition might assist the invasion of S. canadensis in the widely distributed calcareous soils under environmental changes.
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Menge, Enock O., Sean M. Bellairs, and Michael J. Lawes. "Disturbance-dependent invasion of the woody weed, Calotropis procera, in Australian rangelands." Rangeland Journal 39, no. 2 (2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj16120.
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Plant invasions are threats to biodiversity and ecosystem processes that have far reaching ecological and economic impacts. Understanding the mechanisms of invasion essentially helps in developing effective management strategies. Rubber bush (Calotropis procera) is an introduced milkweed that invades Australian beef production rangelands. Its establishment is often associated with disturbances caused by pastoral management practices. We examined whether or not rubber bush (1) outcompetes native grasses, (2) can invade intact rangeland, and (3) if disturbance facilitates rubber bush establishment and spread in grassy rangelands. We measured the competitive response of different densities of Mitchell grass (Astrebla pectinata) individuals and the competitive effects of associate rubber bush seedlings in an additive common garden experiment. Replicated field exclosure experiments, under grass-dominated and tropical savanna woodland conditions examined the effect of increasing levels of disturbance on rubber bush seedling emergence. The dominant native Mitchell grass was a stronger competitor than rubber bush when grown together under greenhouse conditions, whereby root and shoot biomass yields were more restricted in rubber bush compared with Mitchell grass. This finding was corroborated in the field exclosure experiments at both sites, where seedling emergence increased 5-fold in seeded and highly disturbed plots where superficial soils were turned over by treatments simulating heavy grazing and trampling by cattle or machinery. Emergence of rubber bush seedlings in seeded plots that were undisturbed, clipped and grazed was minimal and rubber bush seedlings did not survive the seedling stage in these plots. These results demonstrate that disturbance to the superficial soil stratum affects the ability of rubber bush seeds to successfully establish in a microsite, and high levels of soil disturbance substantially increase establishment. Thus, rubber bush is a poor competitor of Mitchell grass and does not invade intact grassland. Consequently, rubber bush invasion is disturbance-dependent in the vast Australian rangelands. The spread of this weed may be arrested by management practices that minimise disturbances to grass cover.
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Gladstone, William, Robin Stanger, and Liz Phelps. "A Participatory Approach to University Teaching About Partnerships for Biodiversity Conservation." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 22, no. 2 (2006): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s081406260000135x.
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AbstractLoss of biodiversity and habitats is one of the greatest threats to the environment and education has a critical role to play in addressing this issue. This paper describes a teaching activity for first-year university students studying sustainable resource management at the University of Newcastle which established a partnership between education, government and the community to rehabilitate a nature reserve where biodiversity values were threatened by weed invasion. Students research the problem (weed invasion), quantitatively assess the impacts of weed invasion and management interventions, and work alongside a community-based bushcare group and government agency during on-ground rehabilitation of the reserve. Key outcomes for students have been knowledge and skills relevant to a critical issue for the Australian environment; a more optimistic attitude towards environmental issues and their potential to develop solutions; a positive perspective about the role of community involvement; continued participation in community bushcare groups outside the classroom; and personal involvement in solving a critical environmental issue.
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Maxwell, Bruce D., Erik Lehnhoff, and Lisa J. Rew. "The Rationale for Monitoring Invasive Plant Populations as a Crucial Step for Management." Invasive Plant Science and Management 2, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-07-054.1.
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AbstractMany land managers are faced with trying to optimize management of invasive plant species based on budget constraints and lack of knowledge of the true potential of the species. Generally, “early detection rapid response” (EDRR) is the assumed best management strategy and tends to drive management regardless of the invasion stage or possible variation in the invasion potential of the population. We created a simulation model to evaluate the optimal management strategy to reduce the rate of invasion of nonindigenous plant species. The strategies were specifically chosen to assess the value of information from monitoring populations. We compared four management strategies and a no-management control over a 20-yr period in the context of a management area: (1) managing a fixed number of populations at random each year (EDRR random), (2) managing an equivalent number of populations along a road each year (EDRR road), (3) managing half of the fixed populations that were determined by monitoring to be sources of new populations (monitoring every year), and (4) managing an equivalent set of source populations only on even years, leaving the odd years for monitoring (monitoring every other year). EDRR random location without regard to population invasion potential, and monitoring every year targeting management on populations determined to be invasive (sources for new populations), were the most successful strategies for reducing the increase in total number of populations. The model simulations suggest that managers could dedicate 50% of their management time to monitoring without risk of accelerating invasions or reducing the impact of their weed management program.