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Academic literature on the topic 'WEC Sea'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "WEC Sea"

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Verao Fernandez, Gael, Vasiliki Stratigaki, Panagiotis Vasarmidis, Philip Balitsky, and Peter Troch. "Wake Effect Assessment in Long- and Short-Crested Seas of Heaving-Point Absorber and Oscillating Wave Surge WEC Arrays." Water 11, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061126.

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In the recent years, the potential impact of wave energy converter (WEC) arrays on the surrounding wave field has been studied using both phase-averaging and phase-resolving wave propagation models. Obtaining understanding of this impact is important because it may affect other users in the sea or on the coastline. However, in these models a parametrization of the WEC power absorption is often adopted. This may lead to an overestimation or underestimation of the overall WEC array power absorption, and thus to an unrealistic estimation of the potential WEC array impact. WEC array power absorption is a result of energy extraction from the incoming waves, and thus wave height decrease is generally observed downwave at large distances (the so-called “wake” or “far-field” effects). Moreover, the power absorption depends on the mutual interactions between the WECs of an array (the so-called “near field” effects). To deal with the limitations posed by wave propagation models, coupled models of recent years, which are nesting wave-structure interaction solvers into wave propagation models, have been used. Wave-structure interaction solvers can generally provide detailed hydrodynamic information around the WECs and a more realistic representation of wave power absorption. Coupled models have shown a lower WEC array impact in terms of wake effects compared to wave propagation models. However, all studies to date in which coupled models are employed have been performed using idealized long-crested waves. Ocean waves propagate with a certain directional spreading that affects the redistribution of wave energy in the lee of WEC arrays, and thus gaining insight wake effect for irregular short-crested sea states is crucial. In our research, a new methodology is introduced for the assessment of WEC array wake effects for realistic sea states. A coupled model is developed between the wave-structure interaction solver NEMOH and the wave propagation model MILDwave. A parametric study is performed showing a comparison between WEC array wake effects for regular, long-crested irregular, and short-crested irregular waves. For this investigation, a nine heaving-point absorber array is used for which the wave height reduction is found to be up to 8% lower at 1.0 km downwave the WEC array when changing from long-crested to short-crested irregular waves. Also, an oscillating wave surge WEC array is simulated and the overestimation of the wake effects in this case is up to 5%. These differences in wake effects between different wave types indicates the need to consider short-crested irregular waves to avoid overestimating the WEC array potential impacts. The MILDwave-NEMOH coupled model has proven to be a reliable numerical tool, with an efficient computational effort for simulating the wake effects of two different WEC arrays under the action of a range of different sea states.
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Castellucci, Valeria, and Erland Strömstedt. "Sea level variability in the Swedish Exclusive Economic Zone and adjacent seawaters: influence on a point absorbing wave energy converter." Ocean Science 15, no. 6 (November 19, 2019): 1517–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1517-2019.

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Abstract. Low-frequency sea level variability can be a critical factor for several wave energy converter (WEC) systems, for instance, linear systems with a limited stroke length. Consequently, when investigating suitable areas for deployment of those WEC systems, sea level variability should be taken into account. In order to facilitate wave energy developers finding the most suitable areas for wave energy park installations, this paper describes a study that gives them additional information by exploring the annual and monthly variability of the sea level in the Baltic Sea and adjacent seawaters, with a focus on the Swedish Exclusive Economic Zone. Overall, 10 years of reanalysis data from the Copernicus project have been used to conduct this investigation. The results are presented by means of maps showing the maximum range and the standard deviation of the sea level with a horizontal spatial resolution of about 1 km. A case study illustrates how the results can be used by the WEC developers to limit the energy absorption loss of their devices due to sea level variation. Depending on the WEC technology one wants to examine, the results lead to different conclusions. For the Uppsala point absorber L12 and the sea state considered in the case study, the most suitable sites where to deploy WEC parks from a sea level variation viewpoint are found in the Gotland basins and in the Bothnian Sea, where the energy loss due to sea level variations is negligible.
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Troch, Peter, Charlotte Beels, Julien De Rouck, and Griet De Backer. "WAKE EFFECTS BEHIND A FARM OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERS FOR IRREGULAR LONG-CRESTED AND SHORT-CRESTED WAVES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (February 1, 2011): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.waves.53.

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The contribution of wave energy to the renewable energy supply is rising. To extract a considerable amount of wave power, Wave Energy Converters (WECs) are arranged in several rows or in a ’farm’. WECs in a farm are interacting (e.g. the presence of other WECs influence the operational behaviour of a single WEC) and the overall power absorption is affected. In this paper wake effects in the lee of a single WEC and multiple WECs of the overtopping type, where the water volume of overtopped waves is first captured in a basin above mean sea level and then drains back to the sea through hydro turbines, are studied using the time-dependent mild-slope equation model MILDwave. The wake behind a single WEC is investigated for long-crested and short-crested incident waves. The wake becomes wider for larger wave peak periods. An increasing directional spreading results in a faster wave regeneration and a shorter wake behind the WEC. The wake in the lee of multiple WECs is calculated for two different farm lay-outs, i.e. an aligned grid and a staggered grid, with varying lateral and longitudinal spacing. The wave power redistribution in and behind each farm lay-out is studied in detail using MILDwave. In general, the staggered grid results in the highest overall wave power absorption.
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Wan, Zhanhong, Ze Li, Dahai Zhang, and Honghao Zheng. "Design and Research of Slope-Pendulum Wave Energy Conversion Device." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 11 (October 24, 2022): 1572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111572.

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Wave energy is a kind of clean energy that is rich in reserves and has not been exploited on a large scale. The slope-pendulum wave energy conversion (S-PWEC) device has been optimized in structure and its capture efficiency has been increased. Taking the selection of the Zhejiang sea area as the research background, this paper performs numerical simulation and array WEC experimental testing of S-PWEC under 66 major sea conditions. The experimental results show that S-PWEC adds a slope structure to the bottom, which can effectively improve the motion response ability and resistance to extreme sea conditions. In the regular wave and irregular wave tests, the electron power output efficiency can be increased by 13.24% and 10.06%, respectively; in the array WEC experiment, the diffraction effect and radiation effect will affect the work of the array WEC, and the optimal arrangement distance can be selected to maximize the power output of the WEC system.
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Vervaet, Timothy, Vasiliki Stratigaki, Brecht De Backer, Kurt Stockman, Marc Vantorre, and Peter Troch. "Experimental Modelling of Point-Absorber Wave Energy Converter Arrays: A Comprehensive Review, Identification of Research Gaps and Design of the WECfarm Setup." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 8 (August 2, 2022): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081062.

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Commercial wave energy exploitation will be realised by placing multiple wave energy converters (WECs) in an array configuration. A point-absorber WEC consists of a floating or submerged body to capture wave energy from different wave directions. This point-absorber WEC acts as an efficient wave absorber that is also an efficient wave generator. Optimising the WEC array layout to obtain constructive interference within the WEC array is theoretically beneficial, whereas for wind farms, it is only important to avoid destructive interference within an array of wind turbines due to wake effects. Moreover, the WEC array layout should be optimised simultaneously with the applied control strategy. This article provides a literature review on the state of the art in physical modelling of point-absorber WEC arrays and the identification of research gaps. To cover the scientific gap of experimental data necessary for the validation of recently developed (nonlinear) numerical models for WEC arrays, Ghent University has introduced the “WECfarm” project. The identified research gaps are translated into design requirements for the “WECfarm” WEC array setup and test matrix. This article presents the design of the “WECfarm” experimental setup, consisting of an array of five generic heaving point-absorber WECs. The WECs are equipped with a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), addressing the need for WEC array tests with an accurate and actively controllable power take-off (PTO). The WEC array control and data acquisition are realised with a Speedgoat Performance real-time target machine, offering the possibility to implement advanced WEC array control strategies in the MATLAB-Simulink model. Wave basin testing includes long- and short-crested waves and extreme wave conditions, representing real sea conditions. Within the “WECfarm” project, two experimental campaigns were performed at the Aalborg University wave basin: (a) a testing of the first WEC in April 2021 and (b) a testing of a two-WEC array in February 2022. An experimental campaign with a five-WEC array is under preparation at the moment of writing.
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Zhang, Bo, Haixu Zhang, Sheng Yang, Shiyu Chen, Xiaoshan Bai, and Awais Khan. "Predictive Control for a Wave-Energy Converter Array Based on an Interconnected Model." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081033.

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This paper proposes a model predictive control (MPC) method based on an interconnected model to maximize the ocean wave energy extracted by a wave-energy converter (WEC) array. In the proposed method, a formally uniform interconnected model is applied to represent the dynamics of an array consisting of an arbitrary quantity of WECs, simultaneously considering the hydrodynamic interaction among all the WEC devices. First, the WEC devices and their hydrodynamic interaction are represented in an interconnected model that describes the networked dynamics of a variety of WEC arrays with distinct spatial geometry layout of the WEC devices deployed in the sea field. Second, based on the presented model, an MPC method is applied to achieve the coordinated control of the WEC array to improve its energy conversion efficiency under the constraints of buoy position and control force. Third, a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform is developed to simulate the WEC array’s physical operating conditions, and the proposed method is implemented on the platform to test its performance. The test results show that the proposed MPC method using the interconnected model has a higher energy harvesting efficiency than the classic MPC method.
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Thomas, Simon, Mikael Eriksson, Malin Göteman, Martyn Hann, Jan Isberg, and Jens Engström. "Experimental and Numerical Collaborative Latching Control of Wave Energy Converter Arrays." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 3036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113036.

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A challenge while applying latching control on a wave energy converter (WEC) is to find a reliable and robust control strategy working in irregular waves and handling the non-ideal behavior of real WECs. In this paper, a robust and model-free collaborative learning approach for latchable WECs in an array is presented. A machine learning algorithm with a shallow artificial neural network (ANN) is used to find optimal latching times. The applied strategy is compared to a latching time that is linearly correlated with the mean wave period: It is remarkable that the ANN-based WEC achieved a similar power absorption as the WEC applying a linear latching time, by applying only two different latching times. The strategy was tested in a numerical simulation, where for some sea states it absorbed more than twice the power compared to the uncontrolled WEC and over 30% more power than a WEC with constant latching. In wave tank tests with a 1:10 physical scale model the advantage decreased to +3% compared to the best tested constant latching WEC, which is explained by the lower advantage of the latching strategy caused by the non-ideal latching of the physical power take-off model.
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Forbush, Dominic Dean, Giorgio Bacelli, Steven J. Spencer, Ryan G. Coe, David G. Wilson, and Bryson Robertson. "Self-Tuning WEC Controller for Changing Sea States." International Marine Energy Journal 5, no. 3 (December 19, 2022): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36688/imej.5.327-338.

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A self-tuning proportional-integral control law prescribingmotor torques was tested in experiment on a threedegree-of-freedom wave energy converter. The control objectivewas to maximize electrical power. The control law relied uponan identified model of device intrinsic impedance to generate afrequency-domain estimate of the wave-induced excitation forceand measurements of device velocities. The control law was testedin irregular sea-states that evolved over hours (a rapid, butrealistic time-scale) and that changed instantly (an unrealisticscenario to evaluate controller response). For both cases, thecontroller converges to gains that closely approximate the postcalculatedoptimal gains for all degrees of freedom in a sufficientlyshort-time for realistic sea states. In addition, electricalpower was found to be relatively insensitive to gain tuning overa broad range of gains, implying that an imperfectly tunedcontroller does not result in a large penalty to electrical powercapture. Because the controller relies on an identified model ofdevice intrinsic impedance, the sensitivity of power capture wasevaluated with respect to uncertainty in the constituent termsof intrinsic impedance. Power capture is found to be relativelyinsensitive to uncertainty of 20% in constituent terms of theidentified intrinsic impedance model. An extension of this controllaw that allows for adaptation to a changing device impedancemodel over time is proposed for long-term deployments, aswell as an approach to explicitly handle constraints within thisarchitecture.
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Boo, Sung Youn, and Steffen Allan Shelley. "Design and Analysis of a Mooring Buoy for a Floating Arrayed WEC Platform." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081390.

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This paper presents the design and analysis of a mooring buoy and its mooring systems to moor a floating platform mounting an arrayed Wave Energy Converters (WECs). The mooring buoy allows the WEC platform to weathervane around the mooring buoy freely by the prevailing environment directions, which enables consistent power generation. The WEC platform is connected to the buoy with synthetic hawsers, while station-keeping of the buoy is maintained with catenary mooring lines of chains tied to the buoy keel. The buoy also accommodates a power cable to transfer the electricity from the WEC platform to the shore. The WEC platform is designed to produce a total of 1.0 MW with multiple WECs installed in an array. Fully coupled time-domain analyses are conducted under the site sea states, including extreme 50 y and survival 100 y conditions. The buoy motions, mooring tensions and other design parameters are evaluated. Strength and fatigue designs of the mooring systems are validated with requirements according to industry standards. Global and local structural designs of the mooring buoy are carried out and confirm the design compliances.
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Yu, Long Fei, and Liang Sheng Zhu. "Hydrodynamic Response of Wave Energy Converters under Complex Sea State." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 1919–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.1919.

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In real sea state, Ocean energy devices to work hard to stabilize, or even destroyed. Based on Airy wave theory, Movement and force of heaving cylindrical wave-energy converter (WEC) was analyzed under the complex marine state. Then setting the South China coast as the environmental background, and simulating and computing the motion response of the buoy and the mooring system under various sea conditions. The computational data show that complex mechanical response was happened and the mooring system (SM) has excellent mooring performance. The research results have practical significance for heaving cylindrical WEC survival design under real sea conditions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "WEC Sea"

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Gravråkmo, Halvar. "Buoy Geometry, Size and Hydrodynamics for Power Take Off Device for Point Absorber Linear Wave Energy Converter." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-220344.

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Wave energy converters of point absorber type have been developed and constructed. Full scale experiments have been carried out at sea and electricity has been successfully delivered. Linear permanent magnet generators together with a subsea substation and buoys of various geometric shapes have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. The design has in large extent an electronic approach, keeping the mechanical part of it as simple as possible, due to the long life span and reliability of electric components. Because of the nature of a linear generator, the internal translator with permanent magnets has a limited stroke length which will be reached when the buoy is exposed to large wave heights. Internal springs at the top and bottom of the generator prevent the translator from hitting the generator hull. Inertial forces due to the mass and velocity of the translator and the buoy and its heave added mass compresses the spring. The added mass is a rather large part of the total moving mass. Simulations of a converter with a vertical cylindrical buoy and with a toroidal buoy were conducted, as well as real sea experiments with converters with cylindrical buoys of two different sizes and a toroidal buoy. The overloads are likely to affect the design and service life of the generator, the buoy and the wire which interconnects them. Buoy shapes with as much excitation force as possible and as little heave added mass as possible were sought. A toroidal buoy caused less overloads on the generator at sea states with short wave periods and relatively large wave height, but for sea states with very long wave periods or extremely high waves, the magnitude of the overloads was mainly determined by the maximum displacement of the buoy. Snap loads on the interconnecting wire, as the slack wire tensed up after a very deep wave trough, were found to be greater but of the same order of magnitude as forces during the rest of the wave cycle. During a 4 day period at various wave conditions, two converters with cylindrical buoys proved efficiency between 11.1 % and 24.4 %. The larger buoy had 78 % larger water plane area than the other buoy which resulted in 11 % more power production. Short wave period was beneficial for the power production. Infinite frequency heave added mass was measured for a cylindrical buoy at real sea and found to be greater than the linearly calculated theoretical added mass.
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Miller, Melissa Ann. "Characterization and epidemiologic investigation of apicomplexan parasites associated with meningoencephalitis in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) and Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) /." Available via Proquest Digital Dissertations. Restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/21243.

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Healy, Strömgren William. "Automatic Adjustment of the Floatation Level for a Tight-moored Buoy." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88883.

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Denna rapport ger förslag på olika metoder att automatiskt justera flytläget på en statiskt förankrad boj, en överblick över de processer som styr ändringen av vattennivån och en statisktisk analys på vattennivåförändringarna vid Stockholm, Kungsholmsfort och Kungsvik.

Beroende på vattenivåns variation finns olika metoder för justering. Områden med små variationer av vattennivå lämpar det sig bäst utan någon som helst justering av flytläget. Områden med inte för stora tidvattensförändringar bör justeras med ett system bestående av vinsch, växellåda med en utväxling på 10 000:1, en 12 V DC motor, ett skötselfritt 12 V batteri, en luftlindad linjärgenerator och en trådtöjningsgivare. Områden med stora variationer i tidvatten behöver en avlastning för motorn i form av en fjäder och dämpare. De monteras horizontellt inuti bojen för att skyddas från den yttre miljön.

Den statistiska analysen påvisade de största vattennivåändringarna vid både Kungsviks och Kungsholmsforts mätstationer, båda uppvisade ett intervall på 1,6 m mellan minimum och maximum. Kungsvik var den station med de största dagliga variationerna, detta på grund av tidvattnets påverkan i området.


This thesis gives examples of different methods of automated adjustment of floatation level for a static moored buoy, an overview of the theories behind water level change and a statistical analysis of the water level changes for Stockholm, Kungsholmsfort and Kungsvik.

Depending on the range and frequency of the water level change different methods of adjustment are recommended. For areas with small changes in sea level the best choice would be no adjustment of the floatation level. Areas that are influenced by moderate tidal ranges should incorporate a system of regulation consisting of a winch, gearbox with a gear ratio of around 10,000:1, 12 V DC motor, 12 V maintenance free battery, air coiled linear generator and a strain gauge. For areas with large tidal ranges the previous system should be complimented with a horizontally mounted spring, inside the buoy, to lessen the loads on the motor.

The statistical analysis found the largest extremes in water level of the three sites to be at Kungsvik and Kungsholmsfort, both exhibiting a range of almost 1.6 m. Kungsvik was the station with the largest daily variations, this is because this is the only station influenced by tidal variations.

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Kreuder, Johnson Christine. "Evaluation of survey methods used to assess distribution and abundance and characterization of patterns of mortality in southern sea otters /." Restricted to UC campuses, 2003. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/22018.

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Perlini, Lorenzo. "Seo: ottimizzazione dei siti web." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/4530/.

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Obiettivo di questa tesi è sviscerare i concetti fondamentali legati al SEO, in particolar modo dal punto di vista delle aziende italiane: l’evoluzione di questo business nel nostro territorio, gli strumenti e le tecniche di ottimizzazione impiegati nella realizzazione dei siti internet, i capitali, umani ed economici, che alimentano questo mercato in Italia e all’estero e i fattori che oggigiorno sono considerati di fondamentale importanza per ottenere visibilità nei motori di ricerca.
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Diblík, Jan. "SEO optimalizace webových stránek." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76673.

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The topic of this thesis is search engine optimization (SEO). This term covers many activities, procedures and techniques. When using SEO you can improve your position in a search engine and narrow it to so called key words. The first part of the theoretical part acquaints readers with the basic facts, statistics and defines the basic terminology. The main objective of the second part is concentrated on the main elements which affect the successes of optimalization. The practical part is dealing with analysis of the optimalized e-shop including its competitors. The changes and recommendations of improvement and development of the e-shop were suggested on the basis of the analysis, the theoretical acquirements and the experience of the author. These changes are gradually implemented in the following part of the thesis. The impact on the attendance and placement in the search engines is reviewed after the realization of the suggested above.
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Bascucci, Andrea. "Web Marketing e promozione del territorio - Il caso Motor Valley." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/1193/.

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L’oggetto della presente tesi progettuale riguarda l’analisi di funzionalità e usabilità per il sito www.motorvalley.it e il conseguente supporto dello sviluppo di una nuova release. Si tratta di un lavoro atto sia ad aumentare i visitatori e il volume di traffico verso il sito, sia a vendere più pacchetti turistici e promuovere eventi legati al circuito Motor Valley.
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Wohlfarth, Inger-Marie. "Invasive species in Weddell Sea : Effects on food web structure." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-170744.

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The cold water of Antarctica has a unique endemic fauna, where durophagous predators are rare or absent. Due to climate change the water is heating up and the predators have begun to return to the Southern Ocean, which could bring a lot of changes to the food web. There is a high risk it will lead to losses in the unique marine fauna of Antarctica. The aim of this study is therefore to examine the potential effect these invasive species has on the food web structure in the Weddell Sea. To study this, several general network metrics were used (connectance, number of interactions, vulnerability and generality, trait distributions), as well as a number of centrality metrics (betweenness, closeness, PageRank). The analyses showed that none of the invasive species become important in the Weddell Sea food web. Nor do they significantly change the food web structure in any way which impact the importance of the native species. Their great opportunism regarding their prey species, and thereby their connectedness and thus their position in the network, are probably the main reason why theses invasive species did not become important in this food web. The lack of changes in the food web structure due to the presence of these invasive species are probably also a result of not including factors such as abundances and network dynamics in the analyses, which seem to be the driving forces when it comes to changes in food web structure caused by invasion of species.
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Sylvander, Peter. "Thiamine dynamics in the pelagic food web of the Baltic Sea." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och botanik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-89192.

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Thiamine (vitamin B1) is involved in several basal metabolic processes. It is an essential compound for many organisms and in aquatic systems it is mainly produced by phytoplankton and prokaryotes and transferred to higher trophic levels through grazing and predation. The occurrence of thiamine deficiency in top predators has been reported from several aquatic systems. In the Baltic populations of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) this has been observed since 1974 and recently thiamine deficiency has also been reported for Baltic sea birds. This thesis aims at investigating what processes that governs the flow of thiamine from the primary producers to top predators via zooplankton grazers and planktivoric fish. Paper I showed that abiotic stress factors such as salinity, temperature and light conditions can alter the thiamine content of phytoplankton. Paper II showed that abiotic factors indirectly can affect the stress resistance of zooplankton grazers by changing the nutritional quality of their food. In Paper III we found that the in situ thiamine content of zooplankton grazers was directly affected by that of the phytoplankton diet. In Paper IV we found a similar connection between the thiamine contents of Baltic salmon and herring, one of the major salmon prey species. In Paper V we looked at the thiamine content of the pelagic food web of the Baltic Sea as a whole and found a pattern of trophic dilution; the higher the trophic level of an organism (i.e. the further away from the source of thiamine in the food web), the lower was its thiamine content. In all, the results of this thesis suggests a bottom up effect on the thiamine status of the higher trophic levels of  the Baltic Sea and that external factors, both natural and man-made, have the capability to affect the thiamine status of the plankton communities and thereby the whole Baltic ecosystem. Thiamine and other micronutrients are not something generally considered in the environmental management of aquatic systems but the results of this thesis suggest that ecological disturbances indirectly can have negative effects on top predators via a disrupted supply of essential substances.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.

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Khan, Muhammad Ahsan. "CFD Applications for Wave Energy Conversion Devices (MoonWEC) and Turbulent Fountains for Environmental Fluid Mechanics." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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This thesis is based on two studies that are related to floating wave energy conversion (WEC) devices and turbulent fountains. The ability of the open-source CFD software OpenFOAM® has been studied to simulate these phenomena. The CFD model has been compared with the physical experimental results. The first study presents a model of a WEC device, called MoonWEC, which is patented by the University of Bologna. The CFD model of the MoonWEC under the action of waves has been simulated using OpenFOAM and the results are promising. The reliability of the CFD model is confirmed by the laboratory experiments, conducted at the University of Bologna, for which a small-scale prototype of the MoonWEC was made from wood and brass. The second part of the thesis is related to the turbulent fountains which are formed when a heavier source fluid is injected upward into a lighter ambient fluid, or else a lighter source fluid is injected downward into a heavier ambient fluid. For this study, the first case is considered for laboratory experiments and the corresponding CFD model. The vertical releases of the source fluids into a quiescent, uniform ambient fluid, from a circular source, were studied with different densities in the laboratory experiments, conducted at the University of Parma. The CFD model has been set up for these experiments. Favourable results have been observed from the OpenFOAM simulations for the turbulent fountains as well, indicating that it can be a reliable tool for the simulation of such phenomena.
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Books on the topic "WEC Sea"

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Yi, Jin, ed. Wei ying feng sao: Hai yang wen xue yu hai yang yi shu. Beijing Shi: Hai chao chu ban she, 2004.

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Fenghua, Wang, and He Jiangping, eds. She hui xing bie wen hua de li shi yu wei lai. Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she, 2006.

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Hai quan: Li yi yu wei xie de shuang ren jian. Beijing Shi: Hai chao chu ban she, 2008.

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Hai quan wen ming jie mi: Seapower civilizations. Beijing: Xin hua chu ban she, 2012.

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Feng cong hai shang lai: Yindunixiya Hua wen wei xing xiao shuo xuan = The wind from the sea. Nanjing: Feng huang chu ban chuan mei gu fen you xian gong si, Jiangsu feng huang wen yi chu ban she, 2015.

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Chengjie, Li, Yan Jinmin, and Li Yangbin, eds. Sha ji wen xian zhai yao: Seabuckthorn literature abstracts. Beijing: Zhongguo lin ye chu ban she, 1997.

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Xing bie wen ti. Qingdao Shi: Qingdao chu ban she, 2007.

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Tian wen, jing shi: Zhongguo gu dai hai yang wen xue. Beijing Shi: Hai yang chu ban she, 2009.

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Green, Jen. Wet and wild. Bath: Parragon, 2001.

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Yuan, Zhenying. Xing de wei ji. [Beijing: Beijing zhong xian tuo fang ke ji fa zhan you xian gong si, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "WEC Sea"

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Cihangir, Bülent, and E. Mümtaz Tiraşin. "A Review of the General Food Web in the Black Sea." In Black Sea Oceanography, 287–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2608-3_17.

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Andersson, Agneta, Timo Tamminen, Sirpa Lehtinen, Klaus Jürgens, Matthias Labrenz, and Markku Viitasalo. "The pelagic food web." In Biological Oceanography of the Baltic Sea, 281–332. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0668-2_8.

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Maxwell, Kenneth. "The Wet Connection." In The Sex Imperative, 69–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5988-1_5.

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Kuparinen, Jorma, and Peter K. Bjørnsen. "Bottom-up and top-down controls of the microbial food web in the Southern Ocean: experiments with manipulated microcosms." In Weddell Sea Ecology, 189–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77595-6_21.

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Szeverényi, Sándor, and Beáta Wagner-Nagy. "Nganasan language materials in space and time." In Siberica et Uralica, 139–64. Szeged: University of Szeged, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/sua.2022.56.139-164.

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The paper provides an overview of Nganasan fieldwork data and archive resources. This description focuses primarily on the textual and sound materials, but other aspects that contribute to the documentation of Nganasan are also touched on, whereas textbooks and dictionaries are not considered here. We give a detailed survey of the available published and unpublished material as well. We do not discuss in detail fieldwork materials only available in Russian, e.g. such as Dolgikh’s rich folklore collection. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives some information on Nganasan and related languages. Section 3 addresses the early field notes, i.e. the resources before Castrén’s trip and his materials. Section 4 exemplifies the fieldwork activities of the 20th century. After that, in Section 5 we turn to the digitally available materials. The description is then rounded off in Section 6 with the description of the planned Nganasan database. The basic idea of the database is to collect and archive material from fieldwork.
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Alps, Robert A. "Web Derivatives." In A.P. Morse’s Set Theory and Analysis, 335–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05355-9_10.

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Арзютов, Д. В., and М. К. Амелина. "Хождение канинского самоедина Якушки Пирчикова самовольством в Аглинскую землю и обратно." In Siberica et Uralica, 415–51. Szeged: University of Szeged, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/sua.2022.56.415-451.

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The present paper deals with the microhistorical, anthropological and linguistic analysis of one archival document dated 1637. Through its careful reading, we reveal the story of the Kanin Samoyed (“Samoyedin”) Yakushko Pirchikov who had to flee Arkhangelsk along with two reindeer to England by ship in 1631. Later he found himself again in Arkhangelsk where he was caught by official authorities and eventually imprisoned. The documented interrogations preserved in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA) allowed us to reconstruct the wider context of the Nenets-Russian-English contacts in the Arkhangelsk area in the early modern times. The appendix to the article contains the full-text archival documents (photocopy) supplemented by the cursive transcript, their translation into Modern Russian and the detailed commentary.
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Frey, Regina. "Wer hat Angst vor Gender-Mainstreaming?" In ‚Nie wieder Sex’, 43–55. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91457-2_2.

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Edgar, Matthew. "Page Experience: Core Web Vitals and More." In Tech SEO Guide, 95–106. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9054-5_6.

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Paik, Hye-young, Angel Lagares Lemos, Moshe Chai Barukh, Boualem Benatallah, and Aarthi Natarajan. "Service Component Architecture (SCA)." In Web Service Implementation and Composition Techniques, 203–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55542-3_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "WEC Sea"

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Pardonner, Davy, Nathan Tom, and Yi Guo. "Numerical Model Development of a Variable-Geometry Attenuator Wave Energy Converter." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-19054.

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Abstract Because the wave energy industry is still in its infancy, an optimal design for wave energy converters (WECs) has yet to be established; more work is needed to explore various cost-reduction pathways. The primary cost-reduction pathway considered for this work is the optimization of the geometric profile on an attenuator WEC to maximize power production while, at the same time, minimizing capital expenditures through the use of variable-geometry modules. In this investigation, the variable-geometry modules consist of inflatable bags placed on either side of a base central steel cylinder that would be inflated in low-moderate sea states to maximize power capture and then deflated in moderate-extreme sea states to minimize wave loading. The numerical model and simulation of the attenuator WEC were developed and completed using WEC-Sim, which is an open-source code that is appropriate for use in evaluating the dynamic response of the different WEC models in operational seas. The power production estimates were obtained from the Wave Energy Prize (WEP) sea states, which are representative of U. S. deployment sites, to calculate the average climate capture width that is used in the WEP ACE calculation. Preliminary capital expenditure costs were obtained assuming the base central steel cylinder mass was equal to the fluid displaced mass, minus the mass of the variable-geometry bags. The additional weight required to offset the additional buoyancy from the variable-geometry bags was assumed to come from the addition of seawater ballast. The variable-geometry attenuator model was found to have a similar power capture efficiency as a fixed-body model, but is expected to have a lower characteristic capital expenditure given its more streamlined profile, which demonstrates that variable-geometry modules may provide a realistic cost-reduction pathway to help design a more cost-competitive WEC.
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van Rij, Jennifer, Yi-Hsiang Yu, Alan McCall, and Ryan G. Coe. "Extreme Load Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis and Verification for a Multibody Wave Energy Converter." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96397.

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Abstract A wave energy converter (WEC) must be designed to survive the extreme sea states that it will be subject to throughout its lifetime. Although there are many analysis methods and codes available to accomplish this, there are currently several engineering challenges to WEC survival design. Foremost, the computational design approach will typically involve a trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency. Additionally, most computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes are not ideally suited to modeling extreme events for WECs with multibody dynamics, power-take-off systems, and mooring systems. Finally, although WEC design standards and CFD guidelines are emerging, with the current immaturity of the WEC industry, they are not yet well established. In this study, loads on a 1:35-scale, moored, multibody WEC are evaluated with CFD. The CFD results are compared with results obtained from a computationally efficient, midfidelity model based on linearized potential flow hydrodynamics. For these model verification comparisons, both operational and survival configurations are considered. The extreme load results obtained, using both codes, indicate that the survival configuration successfully sheds loads during extreme sea states. It is also found that WEC-Sim, when appropriately applied, can provide reasonable load results, at a fraction of the computational expense of CFD. However, for the more extreme sea states, and for higher-order effects not included in the WEC-Sim model, the linear-based results have significant errors in comparison to the CFD-based results, and should be used judiciously.
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Beels, Charlotte, Peter Troch, Julien De Rouck, Tom Versluys, and Griet De Backer. "Numerical Simulation of Wake Effects in the Lee of a Farm of Wave Energy Converters." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79714.

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The contribution of wave energy to the renewable energy supply is rising. To extract a considerable amount of wave power, Wave Energy Converters (WECs) are arranged in several rows or in a ‘farm’. WECs in a farm are interacting (e.g. The presence of other WECs influence the operational behaviour of a single WEC) and the overall power absorption is affected. In this paper wake effects in the lee of a single WEC and multiple WECs of the overtopping type, where the water volume of overtopped waves is first captured in a basin above mean sea level and then drains back to the sea through hydro turbines, are studied in a time-dependent mild-slope equation model. The wake behind a single WEC is investigated for uni- and multi-directional incident waves. The wake becomes wider for larger wave peak periods. An increasing directional spreading results in a faster wave regeneration and a shorter wake behind the WEC. The wake in the lee of multiple WECs is calculated for two different farm lay-outs, i.e. an aligned grid and a staggered grid, with varying lateral and longitudinal spacing. In general, the staggered grid results in the highest overall wave power absorption.
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Kofoed, Jens Peter, Amelie Tetu, Francesco Ferri, Lucia Margheritini, Nathan Sonalier, and Tommy Larsen. "Real Sea Testing of a Small Scale Weptos WEC Prototype." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77173.

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The Weptos wave energy converter (WEC) is Danish concept that has been investigated during the last decade in laboratory test campaigns. It is an A-shaped floating structure that absorbs wave energy through multiple wave absorbing bodies. These bodies are rotors, with their shape inspired by the Salter duck, of which its high efficiency has been proven already back in the 1970’s. The Weptos WEC has the ability to maximise power absorption in operational sea states and minimize structural loads in extreme conditions through adjustment of its width. Launch of a small scale real sea prototype of the Weptos WEC was done in July 2017, with a location in Lillebælt between Jylland and Fyn in Denmark, north of the small island Brandsø, at a water depth of 10 m. The paper contains a detailed description of the prototype and its instrumentation, along with the test planning and preliminary data analyses for the evaluation of the device characterization.
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Luczko, Ewelina, Helen Bailey, Bryson Robertson, Clayton Hiles, and Bradley Buckham. "Assimilating a Time-Domain Representation of a Wave Energy Converter Into a Spectral Wave Model." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54235.

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To accommodate future power demands, wave energy converters (WECs) will be deployed in arrays, but largely unanswered questions of the annual energy production and environmental impact of such installations present regulatory dilemmas. In recent years, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has developed a modified version of the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model to simulate WEC energy extraction in a propagating wave field. The SNL source code modifications to SWAN have facilitated a way to characterize the frequency dependent power absorption of a device in a spectral model using standard WEC parameterizations. The work presented in this paper seeks to build on source code modifications previously made by SNL. A new WEC meta-model, alters the incident wave spectrum based on power extracted from the sea and dissipated by hydrodynamic losses experienced at the WEC. These losses are calculated in an external six degree of freedom (DOF) time domain WEC simulation. The two WEC models were compared in terms of significant wave height reduction in the WEC’s lee and annual power production. The new model reduced the estimated distance required for the waves to recover 95% of the incident wave height by 50% for the same sea state. A 4.5% difference in annual power production was observed for a WEC operating in the lee of another device when deployed off the west coast of Canada.
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Parsa, Kourosh, Mark Kim, and Neil Williams. "Accurate WEC Power Estimation for Multi-Modal Wave Spectra." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-81155.

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Abstract The amount of power generated by a wave energy converters (WECs) is generally dependent on the wave height and period. When the power performance of a WEC is analyzed via simulations, idealized wave spectra are commonly used to estimate the power output under a range of sea states. Then, from those results, a power characteristic matrix is formed, which is then used to estimate the WEC’s generation capability at any site of interest. However, the power performance of a WEC is also dependent upon the shape of the spectra, especially if the sea state is a combination of wind-generated (short) and swell (long) components, each with its own spectra. Under such a circumstance, considering only the wave height and period can lead to erroneous results. In this paper, we propose decomposing each wave spectrum into its components. The power-generation capability corresponding to each component can then be estimated, and the largest value can be taken as the power number associated with that sea state. The efficacy of this approach was assessed via conducting a simulation study on the power performance of the OPT PB3 PowerBuoy® at a point offshore Chile. The results show that the annual and maximum monthly mean relative errors incurred are under 0.6% and 2.5%, respectively, thus validating the efficacy of the method. This approach should be applied in mixed sea conditions to any WEC whose power generation characteristic exhibits strong period dependency.
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Kamio, Takeshi, Makoto Iida, and Chuichi Arakawa. "Optimal Control Parameter Determination for an Oscillating Body Type Wave Energy Converter for Japan." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41775.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal parameters for a control strategy of an oscillating body type wave energy converter (WEC) for a WEC development and demonstration project in Japan. We plan to use a reactive control strategy for calm sea states, because wave heights in the seas near around Japan is about 1 m in summer. We also developed a combined and tuned control strategy with both reactive and resistive controls, in which the control parameters are changed to sea states. The proposed control system achieves both better performance and safer operation. In this numerical study, we determine the control parameters for the sea states by the time-domain simulation using the Newmark–β method.
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Tan, Jian, Antonio Jarquin Laguna, Henk Polinder, and Sape Miedema. "The Application of the Spectral Domain Modeling to the Techno-Economic Analysis of the Adjustable Draft Point Absorbers." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-79119.

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Abstract A spectral domain model is established to analyze the performance of a recently proposed wave energy concept, namely the adjustable draft point absorber. The non-linear hydrostatic force is incorporated in the spectral domain model. To improve the accuracy of the proposed model, the incident wave elevation is considered in the statistic linearization of the non-linear term. The proposed model is verified by the results obtained by the non-linear time domain simulations. The results suggest that the proposed spectral domain model could include the non-linear hydrostatic force while maintaining a higher computational efficiency than the non-linear time domain model. Based on the proposed model, the power performance of the adjustable draft WEC is identified. Furthermore, a techno-economic analysis is performed to reveal the benefits of the adjustable draft WEC for a given European sea site. The results show that the adjustable draft WEC is associated with higher power absorption in powerful sea states compared with the conventional fixed draft WEC. In addition, the adjustable draft system could contribute to the improvement of the annual energy production as well as the reduction of the levelized cost of energy of WECs.
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Ren, Nianxin, Ying Zhu, Zhe Ma, and Hongbo Wu. "Comparative Study of Hydrodynamic Responses of Two Combined Wind Turbine and Wave Energy Converter Systems Under Typical Operational Sea Cases." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77248.

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In present work, two combined wind turbine (WT) and wave energy converter (WEC) systems have been concerned. One is a fixed-bottom system, referred as “MWWC” (monopile-WT-WEC combination); the other is a floating system, referred as “TWWC” (TLP-WT-WEC-combination). Comparative study of the hydrodynamic responses of the two combined systems has been done by numerical simulations in the time domain. Hydrodynamic loads of the supporting structures and the WEC are calculated by the AQWA code, which is available for modeling multi-body systems including both mechanical and hydrodynamic couplings between the supporting tower and the WEC floater. Firstly, the effect of different power-take-off (PTO) parameters, wave periods and the displacements of the WEC on the performance of the WEC’s wave energy production of the two combined systems under typical wave cases has been investigate, and preliminary optimal values for the PTO damping stiffness of the two combined systems have been obtained and compared; secondly, the effect of the horizontal contact force between the supporting tower and the additional WEC floater of the two combined systems have been further investigated, which is important for both the fatigue and extreme loads design of the supporting tower. Finally, a new strategy for MWWC system by adding horizontal PTO dampers between the supporting tower and the WEC floater has been proposed and investigated, which is helpful for both reducing the horizontal contact force and using the relative horizontal motion to produce power.
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Yu, Yi-Hsiang, Jennifer Van Rij, Ryan Coe, and Mike Lawson. "Preliminary Wave Energy Converters Extreme Load Analysis." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41532.

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Wave energy converter (WEC) devices are designed to sustain the wave-induced loads that they experience during both operational and survival sea states. The extreme values of these forces are often a key cost driver for WEC designs. These extreme loads must be carefully examined during the device design process, and the development of a specific extreme condition modeling method is essential. In this paper, the key findings and recommendations from the extreme conditions modeling workshop hosted by Sandia National Laboratories and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory are reviewed. Next, a study on the development and application of a modeling approach for predicting WEC extreme design load is described. The approach includes midfidelity Monte-Carlo-type time-domain simulations to determine the sea state in which extreme loads occur. In addition, computational fluid dynamics simulations are employed to examine the nonlinear wave and floating-device-interaction-induced extreme loads. Finally, a discussion on the key areas that need further investigation to improve the extreme condition modeling methodology for WECs is presented.
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Reports on the topic "WEC Sea"

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Ojaveer, H., S. Neuenfeldt, M. Eero, and L. Uusitalo. Review of food web indicators for the Baltic Sea. EU Bonusproject XWEBS, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/xwebs_d3.1.

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Lips, Urmas, Oliver Samlas, Vasily Korabel, Jun She, Stella-Theresa Stoicescu, and Caroline Cusack. Demonstration of annual/quarterly assessments and description of the production system. EuroSea, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/eurosea_d6.2.

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This task set out to increase communication between the ocean monitoring and modelling communities in the Baltic Sea area. Through these improved communications, the goal was to advance and improve the HELCOM marine environmental assessments. To gain confidence in the numerical model outputs, an effort was undertaken to ensure ocean observing in-situ data, collected by multiple nations in the Baltic Sea, was assimilated into a numerical model. Here, we report on the development of indicators, as requested by our stakeholders, and we discuss if the Baltic Sea numerical modelling efforts are ready to augment regional environmental status reports, and can our results help guide environmental management in the region.
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Marill, Thomas. Why Do We See Three-Dimensional Objects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada259892.

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Grumet, Rebecca, Rafael Perl-Treves, and Jack Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Cucumis Reproduction - from Sex Expression to Fruit Set. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696533.bard.

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Reproductive development is a critical determinant of agricultural yield. For species with unisexual flowers, floral secualdifferentation adds additional complexity, that can influenec productivity. The hormone ethylene has long, been known to play a primary role in sex determination in the Cucumis species cucumber (C. sativus) and melon (C. melo). Our objectives were to: (1) Determine critical sites of ethylene production and perception for sex determination; (2) Identify additional ethylene related genes associated with sex expression; and (3) Examine the role of environment ami prior fruit set on sex expression, pistillate flower maturation, and fruit set. We made progress in each of these areas. (1) Transgenic melon produced with the Arabidopsis dominant negative ethylene perception mutant gene, etrl-1, under the control of floral primordia targeted promoters [AP3 (petal and stamen) and CRC (carpel and nectary)], showed that ethylene perception by the stamen primordia, rather than carpel primordia, is critical for carpel development at the time of sex determination. Transgenic melons also were produced with the ethylene production enzyme gene. ACS, encoding l-aminocyclopropane-lcarboylate synthase, fused to the AP3 or CRC promoters. Consistent with the etr1-1 results, CRC::ACS did not increase femaleness; however, AP3::ACS reduced or eliminated male flower production. The effects of AP3:ACS were stronger than those of 35S::ACS plants, demonstratin g the importance of targeted expression, while avoiding disadvantages of constitutive ethylene production. (2) Linkage analysis coupled with SNP discovery was per formed on ethylene and floral development genes in cucumber populations segregating for the three major sex genes. A break-through towards cloning the cucumber M gene occurred when the melon andromonoecious gene (a), an ACS gene, was cloned in 2008. Both cucumber M and melon a suppress stamen development in pistillate flowers. We hypothesized that cucumber M could be orthologous to melon a, and found that mutations in CsACS2 co-segregated perfectly with the M gene. We also sought to identify miRNA molecules associated with sex determination. miRNA159, whose target in Arabidopsis is GAMYB[a transcription factor gene mediating response to10 gibberellin (GA)], was more highly expressed in young female buds than male. Since GA promotes maleness in cucumber, a micro RNA that counteracts GAMYB could promote femaleness. miRNA157, which in other plants targets transcription factors involved in flower development , was expressed in young male buds and mature flower anthers. (3) Gene expression profiling showed that ethylene-, senescence-, stress- and ubiquitin-related genes were up-regulated in senescing and inhibited fruits, while those undergoing successful fruit set up-regulated photosynthesis, respiration and metabolic genes. Melon plants can change sex expression in response to environmental conditions, leading to changes in yield potential. Unique melon lines with varying sex expression were developed and evaluated in the field in Hancock, Wisconsin . Environmental changes during the growing season influenced sex expression in highly inbred melon lines. Collectively these results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression. The fact that both cucumber sex loci identified so far (F and M) encode isoforms of the same ethylene synthesis enzyme, underscores the importance of ethylene as the main sex determining hormone in cucumber. The targeting studies give insight into developmental switch points and suggest a means to develop lines with earlier carpel-bearing flower production and fruit set. These results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression to facilitate shorter growing seasons and earlier time to market. Field results provide information for development of management strategies for commercial production of melon cultivars with different sex expression characteristics during fruit production.
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Calafat, Franciso Mir, Thomas Frederikse, Kevin Horsburgh, and Nadim Dayoub. Mediterranean sea-level reconstruction spanning 1960-2018. EuroSea, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/eurosea_d5.2.

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We have used spatiotemporal Bayesian methods to produce statistically rigorous estimates of sea-level trends in the Mediterranean Sea since 1960 by combining tide gauge and satellite altimetry data. Furthermore, we have also quantified the contributions from sterodynamic sea-level change, land-mass changes and glacial isostatic adjustment to the trends.
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Monte, Erica. Sex-role Stereotypes: How Far Have We Come? Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6821.

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Massey, Timothy P. Command and Control for Operational Maneuver from the Sea, Where Do We Go From Here? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada370686.

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Nordström, M. BONUS XWEBS policy brief No. 2.: A perspective for Baltic Sea food web research – How food web knowledge can be integrated in adaptive ecosystem-based management of marine resources. EU BONUS project XWEBS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/xwebs_policy_brief_2.

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Gregow, Hilppa, Antti Mäkelä, Heikki Tuomenvirta, Sirkku Juhola, Janina Käyhkö, Adriaan Perrels, Eeva Kuntsi-Reunanen, et al. Ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumisen ohjauskeinot, kustannukset ja alueelliset ulottuvuudet. Suomen ilmastopaneeli, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31885/9789527457047.

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The new EU strategy on adaptation to climate change highlights the urgency of adaptation measures while bringing forth adaptation as vitally important as a response to climate change as mitigation. In order to provide information on how adaptation to climate change has been promoted in Finland and what calls for attention next, we have compiled a comprehensive information package focusing on the following themes: adaptation policy, impacts of climate change including economic impacts, regional adaptation strategies, climate and flood risks in regions and sea areas, and the availability of scientific data. This report consists of two parts. Part 1 of the report examines the work carried out on adaptation in Finland and internationally since 2005, emphasising the directions and priorities of recent research results. The possibilities of adaptation governance are examined through examples, such as how adaptations steering is organised in of the United Kingdom. We also examine other examples and describe the Canadian Climate Change Adaptation Platform (CCAP) model. We apply current information to describe the economic impacts of climate change and highlight the related needs for further information. With regard to regional climate strategy work, we examine the status of adaptation plans by region and the status of the Sámi in national adaptation work. In part 2 of the report, we have collected information on the temporal and local impacts of climate change and compiled extensive tables on changes in weather, climate and marine factors for each of Finland's current regions, the autonomous Åland Islands and five sea areas, the eastern Gulf of Finland, the western Gulf of Finland, the Archipelago Sea, the Bothnian Sea and the Bay of Bothnia. As regards changes in weather and climate factors, the changes already observed in 1991-2020 are examined compared to 1981-2010 and future changes until 2050 are described. For weather and climate factors, we examine average temperature, precipitation, thermal season duration, highest and lowest temperatures per day, the number of frost days, the depth and prevalence of snow, the intensity of heavy rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed, and the amount of frost per season (winter, spring, summer, autumn). Flood risks, i.e. water system floods, run-off water floods and sea water floods, are discussed from the perspective of catchment areas by region. The impacts of floods on the sea in terms of pollution are also assessed by sea area, especially for coastal areas. With regard to marine change factors, we examine surface temperature, salinity, medium water level, sea flood risk, waves, and sea ice. We also describe combined risks towards sea areas. With this report, we demonstrate what is known about climate change adaptation, what is not, and what calls for particular attention. The results can be utilised to strengthen Finland's climate policy so that the implementation of climate change adaptation is strengthened alongside climate change mitigation efforts. In practice, the report serves the reform of the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan and the development of steering measures for adaptation to climate change both nationally and regionally. Due to its scale, the report also serves e.g. the United Nations’ aim of protecting marine life in the Baltic Sea and the national implementation of the EU strategy for adaptation to climate change. As a whole, the implementation of adaptation policy in Finland must be speeded up swiftly in order to achieve the objectives set and ensure sufficient progress in adaptation in different sectors. The development of binding regulation and the systematic evaluation, monitoring and support of voluntary measures play a key role.
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Shen, Jiajian, Tom Abel, Houjun Mo, and Ravi Sheth. An Excursion Set Model of the Cosmic Web: the Abundance of Sheets, Filaments And Halos. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/878007.

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