Academic literature on the topic 'Web site design'

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Journal articles on the topic "Web site design"

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Rosen, Deborah E., Elizabeth Purinton, and Scott F. Lloyd. "Web Site Design." Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations 2, no. 1 (January 2004): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jeco.2004010102.

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Papson, Stephen, Robert Goldman, and Noah Kersey. "Web Site Design." American Behavioral Scientist 47, no. 12 (August 2004): 1617–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764204266241.

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Peters-Walters, Stacy. "Accessible Web Site Design." TEACHING Exceptional Children 30, no. 5 (May 1998): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004005999803000509.

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Ivory, M. Y., and M. A. Hearst. "Improving Web site design." IEEE Internet Computing 6, no. 2 (2002): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/4236.991444.

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Tarafdar, Monideepa, and Jie ("Jennifer") Zhang. "Analyzing the Influence of Web Site Design Parameters on Web Site Usability." Information Resources Management Journal 18, no. 4 (October 2005): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2005100104.

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De Jong, Menno D. T., and Yuguang Wu. "Functional Complexity and Web Site Design." Journal of Business and Technical Communication 32, no. 3 (March 18, 2018): 347–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1050651918762029.

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Functional complexity is a widespread and underresearched phenomenon in Web sites. This article explores a specific case of functional complexity by analyzing the content of UNESCO World Heritage Web sites, which have to meet demands from both World Heritage and tourism perspectives. Based on a functional analysis, a content checklist was developed and used to evaluate a sample of 30 World Heritage Web sites. The results show that World Heritage Web sites generally fall short in all content categories. A cluster analysis reveals three types of World Heritage Web sites based on their emphasis on World Heritage content versus tourism content: (a) less well-developed Web sites (no emphasis), (b) Web sites of World Heritage Sites with touristic possibilities (emphasis on World Heritage), and (c) Web sites of touristic attractions with outstanding cultural or natural value (emphasis on tourism). In all, the findings show that functional complexity poses serious threats to the exhaustiveness of a Web site’s information and that evaluation approaches based on functional analysis can be useful in detecting blindspots in the content provided.
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Thomas, B. "Rank and file [Web site design]." IEEE Internet Computing 2, no. 4 (1998): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/4236.707812.

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Iyengar, A., J. Challenger, D. Dias, and P. Dantzig. "High performance Web site design techniques." IEEE Internet Computing 4, no. 2 (2000): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/4236.832942.

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Seidler, Peter, and Thomas Müller. "Global Dimensions of Web Site Design." Design Management Journal (Former Series) 10, no. 4 (June 10, 2010): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7169.1999.tb00276.x.

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Ivory, Melody Y., and Rodrick Megraw. "Evolution of web site design patterns." ACM Transactions on Information Systems 23, no. 4 (October 2005): 463–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1095872.1095876.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Web site design"

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De, Klerk W. A. (Willem Abraham). "Web site usability." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52610.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A multitude of factors affects the experience of the user on a specific site. Slow downloading, navigational difficulties and complex designs all play a role in destroying what could be an enjoyable experience to the user. Usability exists when the design of the system matches what the intended end users need and want. Most Web site designers agree that great design essentially has the user as its priority. Companies tend to forget that the user's hand is on the mouse. The most successful Web sites are those that not only respond to user feedback, but actively seek it out. We have to realise that the cost of flipping to another Web site is so low, it doesn't make any sense for people to go back to a site that failed them the first time. Most Web sites fail miserably at their prime directive: usability. The best way to run a user test is one-on-one, writes Fleming (1998:1). You don't need a large quantity of users for the tests to be effective. The costs in user testing are often exaggerated and there is no excuse for not performing some sort of user test on your Web site. When a page comes up Jakob Nielsen says, people look only one place, in the middle, at the content. (Head, 1999:2) If a page does not appear relevant to the user's current goals, then the user will ruthlessly click the Back button after as little as two to three seconds. Users rarely look at logos, mission statements, slogans, or any other elements they consider fluff. Usability is practically guaranteed if you have a solid information architecture at the outset. Make sure information is not more than two clicks away from the homepage. (Radosevich, 1997:3) According to the GVU7 survey, speed is the number one complaint of Web users (76,5 %). (Hamilton, 1997:1) Since users need web pages to load quickly, you should make your image files small. Try to limit the size of individual images to 5k, and try to limit the total size of all the images on any single page to 20k. Generally, a user with a 28.8 modem should have a sense of the page content or be able to navigate off the page within 10 seconds of download. The rest of the page should load within the next 30 seconds. Any site needs a good search feature since even the best navigation support will never be enough. (Nielsen, 1996a: 1) A search function should be provided if the site has more than 100 pages. Even if you haven't created perfect navigation, at least be consistent. (Berst, 1998: 1) The Back button is the lifeline of the Web user and the second-most used navigation feature (after following hypertext links). People rarely read web pages word by word - they scan pages to find the information they want. Make the text scannable with bulleted lists, highlighted keywords, meaningful headings, and short sections of text. The essential purpose of graphics, especially animated graphics, is to set the tone and communicate the company's personality in a unique and fun way. (Heath, 1997:1)
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Menigte faktore beïnvloed die gebruiker se ondervinding van 'n spesifieke Webblad. Aflaai spoed, navigasie en komplekse bladontwerp kan almal 'n gebruiker se belewenis van 'n Webblad verongeluk. Bruikbaarheid (Usability) bestaan wanneer die ontwerp van die sisteem voldoen aan die behoeftes van die eindgebruiker. Web ontwerpers het dit eens dat goeie ontwerp die gebruiker se behoeftes as prioriteit sien. Maatskappye vergeet dikwels dat die gebruiker se hand die muis beheer. Die mees suksesvolle Webblaaie is nie net die wat reageer op verbruiker terugvoer nie maar dit selfs aanmoedig. Ons moet verstaan dat dit so maklik is om na 'n volgende Webblad te spring dat dit nie sin maak om terug te keer na 'n Webblad wat jou eenkeer in die steek gelaat het nie. Die meeste Webblaaie misluk tragies in hul poging tot bruikbaarheid. Die beste gebruikerstoets metode is een-tot-een, skryf Heming (1998: 1) Die toets lewer betekenisvolle resultate selfs met enkele gebruikers. Nielsen sê gebruikers stel deesdae net in inligting belang. Indien inligting irrelevant voorkom sal die gebruiker nie skroom om die "Back" sleutel te gebruik nie. Gebruikers kyk selde na logos, missie stellings en slagspreuke en beskou dit as onbenullighede. Maak seker dat inligting nie meer as twee klikke vanaf die tuisblad is me. (Radosevich, 1997:3) Die GVU7 studie het bevestig dat aflaaispoed die gebruikers se grootste beswaar is.(Hamilton, 1997: 1) Enige Webblad benodig 'n goeie soek ("search") funksie veral as die Webwerf meer as 100 bladsye het. Die "back" sleutel is die reddingslyn van die gebruiker en die tweede mees gebruikte sleutel op navigasiestelsel. Gebruikers lees selde woord vir woord wat voor hulle staan, maar skandeer eerder 'n blad. Hou dus teks kort, met kort sinsnedes en kort kragtige begrippe. Grafieke se hoofdoel is om Webblad atmosfeer op unieke wyse te skep.(Heath,1997:1)
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Pillutla, Pallavi. "Phi Beta Delta: Implementation of a self-maintaining web site." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3275.

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The purpose of this project was to develop an easy-to-maintain web site for the Gamma Lambda Chapter of Phi Beta Delta International Honor Society here at California State University, San Bernardino, which will manage complete and up-to-date information about the mission, members, officers and all the activities of the honor society.
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Eliason, Emma. "Value awareness in web site design /." Örebro : Örebro universitet, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-6620.

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Soechtig, Rebecca E. "A campaign design for a gourmet salad dressing company /." View abstract, 1999. http://library.ctstateu.edu/ccsu%5Ftheses/1547.html.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 1999.
Thesis advisor: Susan G. Vial. "...in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science [in Art]." Includes bibliographical references (leaf 12).
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Lim, Linda. "The enigma of web interfaces: Cultural aspects of web site design." Thesis, Lim, Linda (2011) The enigma of web interfaces: Cultural aspects of web site design. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/7685/.

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This thesis investigates the role of cultural differences in the design and usability of web sites. Specific factors that affect localisation and internationalisation of web sites and user preferences are studied. The overarching research question is: Are there differences in usability of web sites for users from different cultures? There are three areas of interest in this research: (i) Human Computer Interaction (HCI), (ii) Culture, and (iii) Localisation/Internationalisation. HCI focuses on the cultural factors affecting the usability of web sites. Culture is discussed in the context of HCI. Geographically disparate people use the Internet through web browsers. They may come from different cultural backgrounds and are likely to have different perceptions due to their cultural influences, which may influence their preferences for aspects of web interfaces. Challenges and opportunities regarding localisation and internationalisation of web sites are also examined. The methodology for this research facilitates the study of the impacts of culture on HCI in the context of the design of web sites and usability, specifically in terms of localisation and internationalisation. An explorative pilot study of the materials, procedures and analysis techniques was undertaken. Due to the small number of participants in the pilot study, only limited statistical analyses are provided. In the main study, 301 participants were divided into three almost equal groups, based on their preferred language (Australian English; Mandarin; International [primarily American] English). Each group responded to two of three virtual restaurant web site versions constructed for the experiment: (i) a localised version for Australian English speakers, (ii) a localised version for Mandarin speakers, and (iii) an internationalised version for speakers of other languages. Detailed statistical analyses of the quantitative data were compared with results from qualitative analyses of participants’ comments on experimental web site versions. The results demonstrate that a web site that uses an International version of web design, text and web interface elements is more usable to International group participants. Participants who chose Australian English or Mandarin as their Preferred Language did not display significant preference for localised versions of the web site. The participants, being experienced and heavy users of the web, were perhaps expecting to use International English, since it has traditionally been the dominant web language.
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Panta, Purushottam. "Web Design, Development and Security." Connect to resource online, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1244819478.

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Halaska, R. Christopher. "Engaging community in the technical design process : an analysis of the development of the Seattle Public Schools' Budget Builder World Wide Web site /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10310.

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Clark, Darin Jay. "Building a school web site." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2200.

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The purpose of this project is to review the literature on the importance of creating school web sites and to show how Dartmouth Middle School can successfully plan an effective site. The project focuses on the significance of having a school web site as a way to add to the communication process between school and parents.
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Garrison, Jay T. "Development of database and web site for D3Multisport." [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2006. http://165.236.235.140/lib/jgarrison2006.pdf.

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Anwar, Naveed, and Adam Kwoka. "Web Site Usability, Technical and Social Perspectives." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4642.

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World Wide Web (www) has achieved an important role in communication, information sharing and service delivery now-a-days. World Wide Web consists of millions of web sites and web based applications which are deployed and can be visited all over the world without the limitation of time and geographical boundaries. Web site usability, security and reliability consider some of the core aspects in designing of web sites. In this thesis, we explore possible tensions and tradeoffs between usability and security issues in web site design. We discuss web site usability issues in terms of technical and social aspects. We discuss web site security in terms of usability and offer some recommendations for secure website design without compromising the web site performance. We also highlight the importance of ease of navigation and other aspects of user interface design. In order to explore these issues, we have chosen to review the related literature. We have also conducted interviews with professionals who are mainly concerned with web site usability. Two sample interviews are available at the end of this thesis report.
Human factors and usability issues have traditionally played a limited role in security research and secure systems development. System designers have disregarded usability concerns for the reason that they are not acquainted with them or sometimes they do not take into account the importance of the human factors. Addressing issues of usability and human factors could be an important part of way out for today‟s security tribulations.There is increasing agreement that we need to design secure systems that people can actually use, but less agreement about how to reach this goal.
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Books on the topic "Web site design"

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Meyer, Eric A. CSS Web site design. Berkeley, CA: Lynda.com, 2006.

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Burns, Joe. Web site design goodies. Indianapolis, Ind: Que, 2002.

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Callahan, Ben. Responsive design. Freiburg, Germany: Smashing Media GmbH, 2012.

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Lazar, Jonathan. User-centered Web design. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2003.

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Curtis, Nathan. Modular Web design: Creating reusable components for user experience design. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press, 2010.

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Ramos, Andreas. Hands-on web site design. Fremont, Calif: Jain Pub., 1996.

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Hackwith, Amanda. Web design confidential. [Lexington, Ky.]: Rockable, 2012.

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Julius, Wiedemann, ed. Web design: Portfolios. Köln: Taschen, 2005.

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Julius, Wiedemann, ed. Web design: Best studios. Köln: Taschen, 2005.

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L, Jones David, and Cutts Dominique C, eds. Web site engineering: Beyond Web page design. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Web site design"

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Ivory, Melody Y. "Analysis of Web Design Guidelines." In Automated Web Site Evaluation, 159–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0375-8_13.

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Vu, Kim-Phuong L., and Robert W. Proctor. "Web Site Design and Evaluation." In Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 1317–43. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470048204.ch50.

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Cawsey, Alison, and Rick Dewar. "Web Site Design and Accessibility." In Internet Technology and e-Commerce, 26–38. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-05892-8_3.

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Lo, Chia-Hui Nico, Ih-Cheng Lai, and Teng-Wen Chang. "dJOE: design Jigsaw On sitE." In Design, User Experience, and Usability. Web, Mobile, and Product Design, 402–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39253-5_44.

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Fielding, Jonathan. "Optimizing Your Responsive Site." In Beginning Responsive Web Design with HTML5 and CSS3, 263–97. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-6695-2_10.

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Fielding, Jonathan. "Testing a Responsive Site." In Beginning Responsive Web Design with HTML5 and CSS3, 35–57. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-6695-2_2.

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Fielding, Jonathan. "Adapt an Existing Site." In Beginning Responsive Web Design with HTML5 and CSS3, 135–69. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-6695-2_6.

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Benigni, Gladys, Osvaldo Gervasi, Francesco Luca Passeri, and Tai-Hoon Kim. "USABAGILE_Web: A Web Agile Usability Approach for Web Site Design." In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2010, 422–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12165-4_34.

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Ugras, Tuba, Sevinç Gülseçen, Ceren Çubukçu, İpek İli Erdoğmuş, Vala Gashi, and Merve Bedir. "Research Trends in Web Site Usability: A Systematic Review." In Design, User Experience, and Usability: Design Thinking and Methods, 517–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40409-7_49.

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Mahfouz, Ahmed. "Web Site Interface Design: External and Internal Factors." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 46–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-39941-0_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Web site design"

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Léger, Laure. "Web site design." In the 15th French-speaking conference on human-computer interaction. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1063669.1063720.

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Costa, Pedro. "Evaluating web site design." In the 26th annual ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1456536.1456591.

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Song, Zheng, Thomas J. Howard, Sofiane Achiche, and Ali G. Özkil. "Kansei Engineering and Web Site Design." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70543.

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Capturing users’ needs is critical in web site design. However, a lot of attention has been paid to enhance the functionality and usability, whereas much less consideration has been given to satisfy the emotional needs of users, which is also important to a successful design. This paper explores a methodology based on Kansei Engineering, which was significant used in product and industrial design but not quite been adopted in the IT field, in order to discover implicit emotional needs of users toward web site and transform them into design details. Survey, interview techniques and statistical methods were performed in this paper. A prototype web site was developed based on the Kansei study results integrated with technical expertise and practical considerations. The results showed that the Kansei Engineering methodology, in this paper, played a significant role in web site design in terms of satisfying the emotional needs of users.
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Mingsheng Liu, Zhihui Wang, and Huizhong Xie. "Evaluation of e-government web site." In 2010 International Conference on Computer Design and Applications (ICCDA 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccda.2010.5540934.

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Kudelka, Milos, Vaclav Snasel, Zdenek Horak, and Ajith Abraham. "Web Site Description Based on Genres and Web Design Patterns." In 2009 International Workshop on Social Informatics (SOCINFO). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/socinfo.2009.15.

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Drott, M. Carl. "Using Web server logs to improve site design." In the 16th annual international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/296336.296350.

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Leon, John, William E. Cutlip, and Mark E. Hametz. "Access to Space interactive mission design web site." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Brian J. Horais and Robert J. Twiggs. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.406657.

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Gang Chen. "A case study of Web Site Design course." In Education (ICCSE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccse.2009.5228272.

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Zhu, Ying, and Saurav Karmakar. "Analysis of a social data visualization web site." In 2010 10th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isda.2010.5687270.

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Rios, S. A., J. D. Velasquez, E. S. Vera, H. Yasuda, and T. Aoki. "Improving the Web text content by extracting significant pages into a Web site." In 5th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA'05). IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isda.2005.55.

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Reports on the topic "Web site design"

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Wang, Yong-Yi. PR-350-164501-WEB Guidance for Assessing Buried Pipelines after a Ground Movement Event. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011601.

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Date: June 13, 2019 Presenter: Yong-Yi Wang, Center for Reliable Energy Systems Project Team Leader: Michael Cook, ExxonMobil Program Manager: Thomas Marlow, PRCI Dr. Yong-Yi Wang, founder and president of Center for Reliable Energy Systems (CRES) presents his research results related to a PRCI project for assessing buried pipelines after a ground movement event. The research conducted by Dr. Wang set out to improve pipeline design to better accommodate significant localized ground movement such as that caused by landslides, earthquakes, or subsidence/settlement. When such a ground movement event occurs along the right-of-way (ROW) of a buried pipeline, it is imperative that the pipeline operator determine whether the ground movement is a threat to pipeline integrity in order to protect those responding to the event, those living near the affected ROW, and the environment. This webinar will discuss the research findings and provide guidance to pipeline operators responding to a ground movement event. Expected Benefits/Learning Outcomes from attending this webinar: - Understanding factors that must be considered in response to a confirmed ground movement event, - Being able to make critical decisions immediately after an event, such as continued service at full pressure, pressure reduction, or shutdown, and - Ability to make use of the structured response plans with systematic considerations of an operator's objectives, tolerance to risks, site-specific soil and pipeline conditions, and availability of information with known time constraints. Who Should Attend? - Pipeline design engineers - Pipeline integrity engineers, managers, specialists - Operations personnel Recommended pre-reading: PR-350-164501-R01 Guidance for Assessing Buried Pipelines After a Ground Movement Event Access to the Webinar is provided after registering via the related link.
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Rusk, Todd, Ryan Siegel, Linda Larsen, Tim Lindsey, and Brian Deal. Technical and Financial Feasibility Study for Installation of Solar Panels at IDOT-owned Facilities. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-024.

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The Smart Energy Design Assistance Center assessed the administrative, technical, and economic aspects of feasibility related to the procurement and installation of photovoltaic solar systems on IDOT-owned buildings and lands. To address administrative feasibility, we explored three main ways in which IDOT could procure solar projects: power purchase agreement (PPA), direct purchase, and land lease development. Of the three methods, PPA and direct purchase are most applicable for IDOT. While solar development is not free of obstacles for IDOT, it is administratively feasible, and regulatory hurdles can be adequately met given suitable planning and implementation. To evaluate IDOT assets for solar feasibility, more than 1,000 IDOT sites were screened and narrowed using spatial analytic tools. A stakeholder feedback process was used to select five case study sites that allowed for a range of solar development types, from large utility-scale projects to small rooftop systems. To evaluate financial feasibility, discussions with developers and datapoints from the literature were used to create financial models. A large solar project request by IDOT can be expected to generate considerable attention from developers and potentially attractive PPA pricing that would generate immediate cash flow savings for IDOT. Procurement partnerships with other state agencies will create opportunities for even larger projects with better pricing. However, in the near term, it may be difficult for IDOT to identify small rooftop or other small on-site solar projects that are financially feasible. This project identified two especially promising solar sites so that IDOT can evaluate other solar site development opportunities in the future. This project also developed a web-based decision-support tool so IDOT can identify potential sites and develop preliminary indications of feasibility. We recommend that IDOT begin the process of developing at least one of their large sites to support solar electric power generation.
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Hampton, J., and R. Simons. Web Application Design Using Server-Side JavaScript. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/3349.

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Handler, Stephen, Maria Janowiak, and Chris Swanston. Climate Change Field Guide for Northern Minnesota Forests: Site-level considerations and adaptation. USDA Northern Forests Climate Hub, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.6949547.ch.

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Climate change is a growing concern for forests across Minnesota. Foresters, land managers, and landowners are considering how to prepare for future conditions and how to evaluate risks for particular sites. This field guide is designed as a quick reference on climate change for northern Minnesota forests. The intent is to highlight key information that can be used during field visits or forest planning. We hope that this guide will help foresters consider climate change risks together with local site characteristics, and also that it will help people design adaptation actions that help meet management goals.
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Gurevitz, Michael, William A. Catterall, and Dalia Gordon. face of interaction of anti-insect selective toxins with receptor site-3 on voltage-gated sodium channels as a platform for design of novel selective insecticides. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699857.bard.

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Voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) play a pivotal role in excitability and are a prime target of insecticides like pyrethroids. Yet, these insecticides are non-specific due to conservation of Navs in animals, raising risks to the environment and humans. Moreover, insecticide overuse leads to resistance buildup among insect pests, which increases misuse and risks. This sad reality demands novel, more selective, insect killers whose alternative use would avoid or reduce this pressure. As highly selective insect toxins exist in venomous animals, why not exploit this gift of nature and harness them in insect pest control? Many of these peptide toxins target Navs, and since their direct use via transformed crop plants or mediator microorganisms is problematic in public opinion, we focus on the elucidation of their receptor binding sites with the incentive of raising knowledge for design of toxin peptide mimetics. This approach is preferred nowadays by agro-industries in terms of future production expenses and public concern. However, characterization of a non-continuous epitope, that is the channel receptor binding site for such toxins, requires a suitable experimental system. We have established such a system within more than a decade and reached the stage where we employ a number of different insect-selective toxins for the identification of their receptor sites on Navs. Among these toxins we wish to focus on those that bind at receptor site-3 and inhibit Nav inactivation because: (1) We established efficient experimental systems for production and manipulation of site-3 toxins from scorpions and sea anemones. These peptides vary in size and structure but compete for site-3 on insect Navs. Moreover, these toxins exhibit synergism with pyrethroids and with other channel ligands; (2) We determined their bioactive surfaces towards insect and mammalian receptors (see list of publications); (3) We found that despite the similar mode of action on channel inactivation, the preference of the toxins for insect and mammalian channel subtypes varies greatly, which can direct us to structural features in the basis of selectivity; (4) We have identified by channel loop swapping and point mutagenesis extracellular segments of the Navinvolved with receptor site-3. On this basis and using channel scanning mutagenesis, neurotoxin binding, electrophysiological analyses, and structural data we offer: (i) To identify the residues that form receptor site-3 at insect and mammalian Navs; (ii) To identify by comparative analysis differences at site-3 that dictate selectivity toward various Navs; (iii) To exploit the known toxin structures and bioactive surfaces for modeling their docking at the insect and mammalian channel receptors. The results of this study will enable rational design of novel anti-insect peptide mimetics with minimized risks to human health and to the environment. We anticipate that the release of receptor site-3 molecular details would initiate a worldwide effort to design peptide mimetics for that site. This will establish new strategies in insect pest control using alternative insecticides and the combined use of compounds that interact allosterically leading to increased efficiency and reduced risks to humans or resistance buildup among insect pests.
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Bobashev, Georgiy, R. Joey Morris, Elizabeth Costenbader, and Kyle Vincent. Assessing network structure with practical sampling methods. RTI Press, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0049.1805.

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Using data from an enumerated network of worldwide flight connections between airports, we examine how sampling designs and sample size influence network metrics. Specifically, we apply three types of sampling designs: simple random sampling, nonrandom strategic sampling (i.e., selection of the largest airports), and a variation of snowball sampling. For the latter sampling method, we design what we refer to as a controlled snowball sampling design, which selects nodes in a manner analogous to a respondent-driven sampling design. For each design, we evaluate five commonly used measures of network structure and examine the percentage of total air traffic accounted for by each design. The empirical application shows that (1) the random and controlled snowball sampling designs give rise to more efficient estimates of the true underlying structure, and (2) the strategic sampling method can account for a greater proportion of the total number of passenger movements occurring in the network.
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Clevenger, Anthony P., and Adam T. Ford. A before-after-control-impact study of wildlife fencing along a highway in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Nevada Department of Transportation, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.02.

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Wildlife exclusion fencing has become a standard component of highway mitigation systems designing to reduce collisions with large mammals. Past work on the effectiveness of exclusion fencing has relied heavily on control-impact (i.e., space-for-time substitutions) and before-after study designs. These designs limit inference and may confound the effectiveness of mitigation with co-occurring process that also change the rate of collisions. We used a replicated before-after-control-impact study design to assess fencing effectiveness along the Trans-Canada Highway in the Rocky Mountains of Canada. We found that collisions declined for common ungulates species (elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer) by up to 96% but not for large carnivores. The weak response of carnivores is likely due to combination of fence intrusions and low sample sizes. When accounting for background changes in collision rates observed at control sites, naïve estimates of fencing effectiveness declined by 6% at one site to 90% and increased by 10% at another to a realized effectiveness of 82%. When factoring in the cost of ungulate collisions to society as a whole, fencing provided a net economic gain within 1 year of construction. Over a 10-year period, fencing would provide a net economic gain of >$500,000 per km in reduced collisions. In contrast, control site may take upwards of 90 years before the background rates of collisions decline to a break even point. Our study highlights the benefits of long-term monitoring of road mitigation projects and provides evidence of fencing effectiveness for reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions involving large mammals.
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Sampson, James, Darrin Carr, Julia Panke, Scot Arkin, Meagan Minvielle, and Stacie Vernick. Design Strategies for Need-Based Internet Web Sites in Counseling and Career Services: Technical Report Number 28. Florida State University Libraries, July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.17125/fsu.1525967745.

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9

Gurevitz, Michael, William A. Catterall, and Dalia Gordon. Learning from Nature How to Design Anti-insect Selective Pesticides - Clarification of the Interacting Face between Insecticidal Toxins and their Na-channel Receptors. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697101.bard.

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Structural details on the interacting faces of toxins and sodium channels (Navs), and particularly identification of elements that confer specificity for insects, are difficult to approach and require suitable experimental systems. Therefore, natural toxins capable of differential recognition of insect and mammalian Navs are valuable leads for design of selective compounds in insect control. We have characterized several scorpion toxins that vary in preference for insect and mammalian Navs, and identified residues important for their action. However, despite many efforts worldwide, only little is known about the receptor sites of these toxins, and particularly on differences between these sites on insect and mammalian Navs. Another problem arises from the massive overuse of chemical insecticides, which increases resistance buildup among various insect pests. A possible solution to this problem is to combine different insecticidal compounds, especially those that provide synergic effects. Our recent finding that combinations of insecticidal receptor site-3 toxins (sea anemone and scorpion alpha) with scorpion beta toxins or their truncated derivatives are synergic in toxicity to insects is therefore timely and strongly supports this approach. Our ability to produce toxins and various Navs in recombinant forms, enable thorough analysis and structural manipulations of both toxins and receptors. On this basis we propose to (1) restrict by mutagenesis the activity of insecticidal scorpion -toxins and sea anemone toxins to insects, and clarify the molecular basis of their synergic toxicity with antiinsect selective -toxins; (2) identify Nav elements that interact with scorpion alpha and sea anemone toxins and those that determine toxin selectivity to insects; (3) determine toxin-channel pairwise side-chain interactions by thermodynamic mutant cycle analysis using our large collection of mutant -toxins and Nav mutants identified in aim 2; (4) clarify the mode of interaction of truncated -toxins with insect Navs, and elucidate how they enhance the activity of insecticidal site-3 toxins. This research may lead to rational design of novel anti-insect peptidomimetics with minimal impact on human health and the environment, and will establish the grounds for a new strategy in insect pest control, whereby a combination of allosterically interacting compounds increase insecticidal action and reduce risks of resistance buildup.
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Gordon, Dalia, Ke Dong, and Michael Gurevitz. Unexpected Specificity of a Sea Anemone Small Toxin for Insect Na-channels and its Synergic Effects with Various Insecticidal Ligands: A New Model to Mimic. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697114.bard.

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Motivated by the high risks to the environment and human health imposed by the current overuse of chemical insecticides we offer an alternative approach for the design of highly active insect-selective compounds that will be based on the ability of natural toxins to differentiate between insect and mammalian targets. We wish to unravel the interacting surfaces of insect selective toxins with their receptor sites on voltage-gated sodium channels. In this proposal we put forward two recent observations that may expedite the development of a new generation of insect killers that mimic the highly selective insecticidal toxins: (i) A small (27aa) highly insecticidal sea anemone toxin, Av3, whose toxicity to mammals is negligible; (ii) The prominent positive cooperativity between distinct channel ligands, such as the strong enhancement of pyrethroids effects by anti-insect selective scorpion depressant toxins. We possess a repertoire of insecticidal toxins and sodium channel subtypes all available in recombinant form for mutagenesis followed by analysis of various pharmacological, electrophysiological, and structural methods. Our recent success to express Av3 provides for the first time a selective toxin for receptor site-3 on insect sodium channels. In parallel, our recent success to determine the structures and bioactive surfaces of insecticidal site-3 and site-4 toxins establishes a suitable system for elucidation of toxin-receptor interacting faces. This is corroborated by our recent identification of channel residues involved with these two receptor sites. Our specific aims in this proposal are to (i) Determine the bioactive surface of Av3 toward insect Na-channels; (ii) Identify channel residues involved in binding or activity of the insecticidal toxins Av3 and LqhaIT, which differ substantially in their potency on mammals; (iii) Illuminate channel residues involved in recognition by the anti-insect depressant toxins; (iv) Determine the face of interaction of both site-3 (Av3) and site-4 (LqhIT2) toxins with insect sodium channels using thermodynamic mutant cycle analysis; and, (v) Examine whether Av3, LqhIT2, pyrethroids, and indoxacarb (belongs to a new generation of insecticides), enhance allosterically the action of one another on the fruit fly and cockroach paraNa-channels and on their kdr and super-kdr mutants. This research establishes the grounds for rational design of novel anti-insect peptidomimetics with minimal impact on human health, and offers a new approach in insect pest control, whereby a combination of allosterically interacting compounds increases insecticidal action and reduces risks of resistance buildup.
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