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Journal articles on the topic 'Weathering'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 September 2024

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1

Frings, Patrick J., and Heather L. Buss. "The Central Role of Weathering in the Geosciences." Elements 15, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.15.4.229.

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Weathering is the chemical and physical alteration of rock at the surface of the Earth, but its importance is felt well beyond the rock itself. The repercussions of weathering echo throughout the Earth sciences, from ecology to climatology, from geomorphology to geochemistry. This article outlines how weathering interacts with various geoscience disciplines across a huge range of scales, both spatial and temporal. It traces the evolution of scientific thinking about weathering and man's impact on weathering itself—for better and for worse. Future computational, conceptual and methodological advances are set to cement weathering's status as a central process in the Earth sciences.

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2

Price, D. G. "Weathering and weathering processes." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 28, no. 3 (August 1995): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.qjegh.1995.028.p3.03.

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3

Whalley, W. B., and J. P. McGreevy. "Weathering." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 9, no. 4 (December 1985): 559–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913338500900404.

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4

Whalley, W. B., and J. P. McGreevy. "Weathering." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 11, no. 3 (September 1987): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913338701100303.

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5

SmithBattle, Lee. "Weathering." MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 48, no. 6 (November 2023): 293–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmc.0000000000000949.

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6

Benitez, Christian Jil Repalda. "Weathering." Southeast Asian Review of English 61, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sare.vol61no1.14.

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Short lyric poem meditating on "love... [and] uselessness of / its implications," considered from the scale of geological time, beside, for instance, a "boulder being itself on the face / of weathering."

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7

GARDNER, L. R. "Weathering Processes: The Chemistry of Weathering." Science 231, no. 4738 (February 7, 1986): 627–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4738.627-a.

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8

Chen, Jin, Fangbing Li, Xiangwei Zhao, Yang Wang, Limin Zhang, Ling Feng, Xiong Liu, Lingbin Yan, and Lifei Yu. "The weathering process of carbonatite: weathering time." PeerJ 11 (July 31, 2023): e15793. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15793.

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Soil formation by rock weathering is driven by a combination of parent material, climate, organisms, topography, and time. Among these soil-forming factors, time plays a pivotal role in the weathering of carbonatite but it is a challenging factor to study quantitatively. A method for determining the weathering duration of carbonatite based on its weathering characteristics over a century-scale time period has not been clearly established. In this study, we selected abandoned carbonatite tombstones commonly found in the karst region of southwest China for investigation, using the date when the tombstones were erected as the onset of weathering. Chemical weathering indices were used to evaluate the weathering degree of different oxide contents produced by the carbonatite weathering process. In order to explore the weathering characteristics over time, the relationship between weathering duration and weathering degree was established. The results showed the following: (1) magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti) are gradually enriched in the carbonatite regolith, and calcium (Ca) is gradually reduced. (2) The chemical indices of alteration (CIA), leaching coefficient (Lc), alumina-to-calcium ratio (AC) and mobiles index (Imob) can be successfully used for evaluation of the weathering degree of the carbonatite in different weathering time periods. (3) During the weathering of carbonatite, the weathering rate is a logarithmic function of time. Our research shows that over a period of more than 100 years of weathering, the carbonatite weathering process is characterized by fast weathering rates and low weathering degree in the early stages, but slow weathering rates in the later stages.

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9

Al Othman, Othman, Shan Faiz, and Muhammad Abduh Tuasikal. "Study of Natural and Accelerated Weathering on Mechanical Properties of Antioxidants Modified Low Density Polyethylene Films for Greenhouse." International Journal of Polymer Science 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/543930.

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Natural and accelerated weatherings were studied to inspect the effect of antioxidants to protect low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films for commercial application as greenhouse covering materials in Saudi Arabia. In this investigation, six different formulations of LDPE film with incorporation of antioxidants were prepared and compared with neat LDPE. The samples were extruded and blown into a film using twin-screw extruder and film blowing machine. The LDPE films were exposed for outdoor weathering in Riyadh during the period of 90 days (mid of June to mid of September) while the accelerated tests were performed by Weather-Ometer. The film having 0.2 wt% Alkanox-240 (AN-0.2) stabilizers showed the highest tensile strength among all samples during natural and 100-hour accelerated weathering (10.9 MPa and 21.8 MPa, resp.). The best elongation at break was witnessed in 0.2% Good-rite antioxidants which were 64% in natural weathering; however, 0.5% Good-rite antioxidants showed 232% in accelerated weathering. The film having 0.5 wt% Good-rite 3114 (GR-0.5) antioxidant could withstand 70 days during natural exposure before the tensile strength values were reduced to 2/3rd of the initial. The present study suggested that the addition of antioxidants Good-rite, Anox, and Alkanox can improve the mechanical strength, film’s life, effectiveness, and stability and they are suitable to be incorporated in LDPE for commercial greenhouse films.

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10

Winkler, Erhard M. "Weathering and weathering rates of natural stone." Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 9, no. 2 (June 1987): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02449939.

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11

Bremer, Hanna. "Methodical considerations regarding weathering." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 54, no. 1 (May 1, 2010): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/54/2010/127.

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12

Floyd, Nancy. "Weathering Time." Thresholds, no. 50 (2022): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00771.

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13

Conlon, Annemarie. "Weathering Recovery." Journal of Poetry Therapy 26, no. 2 (June 2013): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08893675.2013.794539.

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14

Kite, Carly. "Weathering History." Weatherwise 56, no. 3 (May 2003): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00431670309605349.

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15

McCray, W. P. "Weathering Defeats." Science 331, no. 6014 (January 13, 2011): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1201627.

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16

Horstmeyer, Steven. "Weathering Ecuador." Weatherwise 44, no. 4 (September 1991): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1991.9929374.

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17

Ash, C. "Weathering Influenza." Science 327, no. 5972 (March 18, 2010): 1430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.327.5972.1430-c.

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18

Phillips, Jonathan D., Łukasz Pawlik, and Pavel Šamonil. "Weathering fronts." Earth-Science Reviews 198 (November 2019): 102925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102925.

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19

Yeeles, Adam. "Weathering unrest." Journal of Peace Research 52, no. 2 (February 18, 2015): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343314557508.

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20

Hanson, B. "Flat Weathering." Science 339, no. 6118 (January 24, 2013): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.339.6118.374-c.

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21

Rahman, Muhammad Habibur, Grace H. Y. Lee, Nourin Shabnam, and Susantha Jayasinghe. "Weathering trust." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 178 (October 2020): 449–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.07.027.

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22

Leeson, Peter T., and Russell S. Sobel. "Weathering Corruption." Journal of Law and Economics 51, no. 4 (November 2008): 667–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/590129.

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23

Doornkamp, J. C., and H. A. M. Ibrahim. "Salt weathering." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 14, no. 3 (September 1990): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339001400303.

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24

Van der Weijden, Cornelis H., and Fernando A. L. Pacheco. "Hydrochemistry, weathering and weathering rates on Madeira island." Journal of Hydrology 283, no. 1-4 (December 2003): 122–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(03)00245-2.

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25

Liu, Zaihua, Wolfgang Dreybrodt, and Huan Liu. "Atmospheric CO2 sink: Silicate weathering or carbonate weathering?" Applied Geochemistry 26 (June 2011): S292—S294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.03.085.

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26

KATAOKA, Yutaka. "Weathering and surface protection of wood －Weathering mechanism－." MOKUZAI HOZON (Wood Protection) 43, no. 2 (2017): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.43.58.

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27

Xu, Tao, and Wu Xiu Ding. "Research on the Weathering Problems of Longmen Grottoes." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 1537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.1537.

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Longmen Grottoes is the world’s cultural heritage, now it is facing with serious weathering problems. The weathering problems of Longmen Grottoes are divided into three categories: physical weathering, chemical weathering and biological weathering. With the continuous deterioration of environmental and climatic conditions, the damage of chemical weathering to Longmen Grottoes becomes more and more obvious. The damage and damage mechanisms of three categories of weathering to Longmen Grottoes are discussed based on the previous studies.

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28

Wang, Wei, Jing Feng, and Mingkun Qui. "Mineral Weathering and Element Migration in Granite Weathering Pits (Gnammas): A Case Study in Eastern China." Minerals 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010070.

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This paper investigates weathering pits at three granite sites located on mountain tops, in a former river bed, and on the coastline of an island, respectively, from north to south in eastern China and aims to characterize weathering pit formation in the above settings in terms of mineral weathering and elemental transport. In these settings, the main elements, and mineral groups in the debris in the weathering pits and the fragments of the rock surface directly adjacent to the pits were analyzed. The chemical index of alteration (CIA), the quartz/feldspar (Q/F) ratio and the Na/K (Na2O/K2O) ratio were applied to identify the chemical origin of the weathering pits and assess the difference in the chemical weathering processes of the weathering pits in the different settings; the mass transfer coefficient was used to measure the characteristics of element migration during weathering pit formation at the three sites. The result of CIA, Q/F, and Na/K analysis shows that debris in a weathering pit suffered from higher chemical weathering intensity than nearby rock surfaces, indicating that the weathering pits of the study sites originated from chemical weathering. However, the differences in the CIA values of weathering pits in different areas are only the result of different chemical weathering durations and cannot be used to identify the climate types of the areas. The calculation of element mass transfer indicates that only Na and K are continuously leached during the formation process of weathering pits regardless of whether in valleys, mountains or on the coast. Other elements may or may not be the external source for the formation of weathering pits resulting in different natural tendencies for element mass transfer in weathering pits. Seawater can also be a factor contributing to the different patterns of element migration in weathering pits in coastal and inland areas. In addition, the environment of river valleys is more conducive to weathering pit formation than mountain tops.

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29

Wu, Huaying, Zhongcheng Jiang, Qibo Huang, Funing Lan, Hongwei Liao, Tengfang Li, and Chenhui Huang. "Geochemistry of Weathering Cover and the Main Influencing Factors in Karst Area of Guilin, Southwest China." Water 15, no. 16 (August 15, 2023): 2944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15162944.

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The chemical weathering of carbonate rocks is the main form of interaction between earth spheres in the karst critical zone. The karst weathering cover, which is composed by residua from carbonate rocks weathering, contains important information about the climate environment and material cycle. We present the chemical composition of weathering covers in karst area of Guilin, Guangxi province, analyze their weathering process and strength, and compare them with the other weathering covers in other karst area in China, including Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, and Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The results showed: (1) the chemical composition of Guilin weathering covers were similar to that of carbonate weathering covers in other areas of China, and had the common characteristics of uniform distribution of chemical composition in the profile and obvious enrichment of Fe, Al and trace elements. During the formation of carbonate weathering cover and the residua, the rapid dissolution of Ca and Mg had an important impact on the migration and enrichment of other elements. (2) The chemical index of alteration (CIA) of carbonate weathering covers in Guilin and other karst areas of China was much larger than that in the upper crust (UCC) (60.13), which showed strong chemical weathering characteristics of the humid and hot climate. (3) The weathering process of carbonate rock was different from that of silicate and loess. In the early stage of carbonate rock weathering, soluble components (calcite and dolomite) had been rapidly dissolved and leached. All the carbonate weathering residua was measured to be in the stage of K2O weathering and Al2O3 increasing. Therefore, the weathering degree of carbonate weathering cover was mainly determined by the leaching of K2O and the increase of Al2O3. As a result, there was no correlation between CIA and Na/K (molar ratio), but was a significant negative correlation between CIA and K/Al (molar ratio) in the carbonate weathering cover. (4) The CIA values of weathering residua and carbonate weathering cover in southern China were negatively correlated with latitude, reflecting the influence of climate factors. From the influence of lithology, the chemical compositions of parent rock can affect the CIA of weathering cover, and the content of insoluble matter in carbonate rock was negatively correlated with CIA. From the influence of topography, the CIA value of weathering residua decreased from the high to the low position and from the shallow to the deep part of the profile.

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30

Kropat, Marcel, Martin A. Hubbe, and Frederik Laleicke. "Natural, accelerated, and simulated weathering of wood: A Review." BioResources 15, no. 4 (October 20, 2020): 9998–10062. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.kropat.

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This review considers three aspects of the weathering of wood – natural weathering, accelerated weathering, and simulated weathering. Natural weathering begins when unprotected wood, such as an unpainted board, is exposed to cycles of solar radiation and rain. Unpainted barns and fenceposts take on a gray coloration and their surfaces may become rough, loosened, or checked with the passage of time. The underlying causes of such changes involve ultraviolet light, the effects of cyclic wetting and drying, and the action of certain fungi. Accelerated weathering tests have been used not only to evaluate the effectiveness of varnishes and paints, but also to aid in the understanding of factors affecting natural weathering. Simulated weathering usually has the goal of quickly and conveniently changing the appearance of fresh wood to give the impression of weathering. This might increase its appeal for various decorative purposes. Information about simulated weathering, though largely absent from the scientific literature, is very much alive in social media. This article considers the science behind all three types of weathering in the light of published accounts.

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31

Andrews, M. Grace, and Lyla L. Taylor. "Combating Climate Change Through Enhanced Weathering of Agricultural Soils." Elements 15, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.15.4.253.

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Rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are driving increases in global temperatures. Enhanced weathering of silicate rocks is a CO2 removal technology that could help mitigate anthropogenic climate change. Enhanced weathering adds powdered silicate rock to agricultural lands, accelerating natural chemical weathering, and is expected to rapidly draw down atmospheric CO2. However, differences between enhanced and natural weathering result in significant uncertainties about its potential efficacy. This article summarizes the research into enhanced weathering and the uncertainties of enhanced weathering due to the key differences with natural weathering, as well as future research directions.

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32

Liu, Ruonan, Yunping Chi, Yuanyun Xie, Chunguo Kang, Lei Sun, Peng Wu, and Zhenyu Wei. "Characteristics and Influencing Factors of the Granite Weathering Profile: A Case Study of a High Latitude Area in Northeastern China." Minerals 14, no. 1 (December 22, 2023): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14010017.

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Rock weathering, an important geological process on the earth’s surface, plays a key role in shaping surface morphology, providing nutrients needed by the ecosystem, and regulating the global climate. However, the regimes for controlling rock weathering in different regions are still controversial. In this respect, the heavy minerals, elements, Sr-Nd isotope, magnetic susceptibility, and chromaticity of the granite weathering profile in Harbin, a high latitude area of China, were analyzed for understanding the weathering characteristics and mechanisms of the granite weathering profile in the cold area. The results indicate that the profile underwent strengthened physical weathering (large volumes of cracks in the granite parent rock) and low–moderate chemical weathering (CIA = 56~68). However, the chemical weathering does not clearly affect the composition of the weathering products, making the weathering products a good inheritance from the parent rocks, as evidenced by the binary diagram (e.g., TiO2-Zr, and La/Sc-Co/Th) and geochemical genes (LG01 and LG03). The development process of the weathering profile has been affected by the input of external materials and biological activities, as evidenced by the Sr-Nd isotopic composition, Th/Zr values, chemical depletion fractions, ΔAl/Ti ratios, χfd%, and geochemical genes (LG03). Notably, a progressively decreasing weathering degree with a reduced depth is observed in the profile, which is likely to be related to an addition of external materials and/or effects of biological activities. In addition, the weathering regime of the profile does not vary in geology time, characterized by a kinetic-limited weathering regime with a limited supply.

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33

GJOKA, Fran, Liri MIHO, Avni SPAHOLLI, and Elian KASA. "WEATHERING PATTERNS IN ALLUVIAL SOILS UNDER MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN ALBANIA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SOIL FERTILITY." Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 18, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2023/018/273.

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This study comprehensively assesses weathering and soil development in the alluvial plains of Albania's Drin and Mat rivers. By analyzing soil properties, mineralogical compositions, and weathering indices, it provides crucial insights into the intricate link between geological processes and soil fertility in these key agricultural areas. The focus is on weathering indices such as the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW), and Plagioclase Index of Alteration (PIA), which reveal distinct weathering patterns across soil profiles and alluvial plains. Drin River alluvial soils display moderate indices, signaling relatively lower weathering, while Mat River alluvial soils exhibit higher indices, indicating more pronounced weathering. The study emphasizes the role of mineral composition on weathering and soil development, with easily weathered minerals suggesting a more conducive environment for weathering in Mat River soils compared to Drin River soils. Elemental composition differences in these soils significantly impact fertility, potentially affecting agricultural productivity. Correlation analyses highlight the influence of mineralogy and chemical composition on weathering rates. This study's insights into weathering dynamics, mineralogical, and elemental composition in alluvial soils highlight soil fertility implications, crucial for optimizing agriculture and addressing environmental concerns in these vital Albanian regions.

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34

Gislason, S. R., E. H. Oelkers, E. S. Eiriksdottir, M. I. Kardjilov, G. Gisladottir, B. Sigfusson, A. Snorrason, et al. "The feedback between climate and weathering." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 1 (February 2008): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.317.

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AbstractLong-term climate moderation is commonly attributed to chemical weathering; the greater the temperature and precipitation the faster the weathering rate. To test this widely-held hypothesis, we performed a field study and determined the weathering rates of eight nearly pristine north-east Iceland river catchments with varying glacial cover over 44 y. Statistically significant linear positive correlations were found between mean annual temperature and chemical weathering in all eight catchments and between mean annual temperature and mechanical weathering and runoff in seven of the eight catchments. The runoff, mechanical weathering flux, and chemical weathering fluxes in these catchments are found to increase from 6 to 16%, 8 to 30%, and 4 to 14%, respectively, depending on the catchment for each degree of temperature increase. Positive correlations were found between time and mechanical and chemical weathering for all catchments. In summary, these results demonstrate a significant feedback between climate and Earth surface weathering, and suggest that this weathering rate is currently increasing with time due to global warming.

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35

Liu, Shuwen, and Fei Hu. "Exploration of the composition of ancient glass artifacts based on optimization algorithms." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 55 (July 9, 2023): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v55i.9916.

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The Silk Road facilitated exchanges between East and West, where glass played a significant role. However, ancient glass artifacts are susceptible to weathering, leading to changes in their chemical composition. This article explores the relationship between weathering and explanatory variables of glass type, color, and decoration. It presents a method for predicting the weathering degree of glass artifacts and their chemical composition content before weathering. Descriptive statistics are used to calculate the weathering degree and variation of each chemical component content, allowing for quantification of the impact of weathering on the proportion of chemical components. Logistic regression is used to obtain regression coefficients of the weathering degree and other attributes. Various measures, including correlation coefficients and significance tests, are calculated to assess the predictive power of the explanatory variables. The proposed method is valid for predicting the chemical composition proportion data before weathering, which aids further research in the archaeological field. Overall, this article provides a comprehensive approach to understanding the effect of weathering on ancient glass artifacts and predicting their chemical composition content before weathering.

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36

Míková, Jitka. "Strontium isotopic composition as tracer of weathering processes, a review with respect to James Ross Island, Antarctica." Czech Polar Reports 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2012-1-3.

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Strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) are routinely used to determine sources and mixing relationships in geochemical studies. They have proven to be useful in determining weathering processes and quantifying end-member mixing processes. A number of studies highlight that Sr isotopes represent a powerful tool helping to constrain weathering reactions, weathering rates, flow pathways and mixing scenarios, even when inherent differences in weathering rates of different minerals, and mineral heterogeneity in natural environments may cause difficulties in defining the weathering component of different geochemical systems. Nevertheless, Sr isotopes are useful when combined with other chemical data, to constrain models of water–rock interaction and mixing as well as geochemical processes such as weathering. This paper presents basic information about Sr isotopic system, new analytical developments, summary of recent published studies in constraining the weathering processes, and indicates studies similar to weathering in polar regions. The aim of this paper is to present rationale of using Sr isotopes as tracer of weathering processes on James Ross Island, Antarctica.

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37

Ming, Jin Fa, Yao Xing Jiang, and Bao Qi Zuo. "Different Natural Season Weathering of B.mori Silk Fabric." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1623.

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Ultraviolet aging of B.mori silk fabric was researched under different natural season weathering conditions. Exposed samples were removed periodically and characterized by several analytical techniques. During different natural season weathering, the results showed that the yellowness index of B.mori silk fabric surface appeared obviously rising in natural weathering especially in summer season, reaching 28.78% higher than 25.78% of yellowness index under spring season weathering; The peak intensity of amide I and amide II significantly declined, even disappeared; And the same time, the thermal behavior of B.mori silk changed similarly under different natural season weathering; In addition, breaking strength of B.mori silk fabric decreased approximately 86.27%, 95.11% under spring and summer season weathering, respectively. So, it was obviously shown that during the summer season weathering, the natural aging rate of B.mori silk was more quickly than spring season weathering, which was helpful to understand the aging behavior and measure the correlation aging effect between spring and summer season weathering condition.

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38

Rosenstock, Nicholas P., Patrick A. W. van Hees, Petra M. A. Fransson, Roger D. Finlay, and Anna Rosling. "Biological enhancement of mineral weathering by <i>Pinus</i> <i>sylvestris</i> seedlings – effects of plants, ectomycorrhizal fungi, and elevated CO<sub>2</sub>." Biogeosciences 16, no. 18 (September 26, 2019): 3637–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3637-2019.

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Abstract. Better understanding and quantifying the relative influence of plants, associated mycorrhizal fungi, and abiotic factors such as elevated CO2 on biotic weathering is essential to constraining weathering estimates. We employed a column microcosm system to examine the effects of elevated CO2 and Pinus sylvestris seedlings, with or without the ectomycorrhizal fungi Piloderma fallax and Suillus variegatus, on rhizosphere soil solution concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) and on the weathering of primary minerals. Seedlings significantly increased mineral weathering, as estimated from elemental budgets of Ca, K, Mg, and Si. Elevated CO2 increased plant growth and LMWOA concentrations but had no effect on weathering. Colonization by ectomycorrhizal fungi, particularly P. fallax, showed some tendency to increase weathering. LMWOA concentrations correlated with seedling biomass across both CO2 and mycorrhizal treatments but not with total weathering. We conclude that nutrient uptake, which reduces transport limitation to weathering, is the primary mechanism by which plants enhanced weathering in this system. While the experimental system used departs from conditions in forest soils in a number of ways, these results are in line with weathering studies performed at the ecosystem, macrocosm, and microcosm scale, indicating that nutrient uptake by plants and microbes is an important biological mechanism by which mineral weathering is enhanced.

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39

An, Jiangfeng, Jun Wu, Penghua Zheng, Ying Pan, Xuejie Zhou, and Mingshu Yang. "Fuzzy recognition of LDPE weathering risk based on environmental parameters." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 41, no. 1 (August 11, 2021): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-201201.

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The environmental adaptabilities of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) play an important role for high-speed trains’ reliability and comfort. The weathering of LDPE depends on environment factors, while the complexity of the weathering processes inhibits the evaluation of environmental weathering risks. To elucidate the correlation between weathering and environmental factors, and to predict the weathering risk of target areas of interest, three-year-long natural weathering tests were conducted at twelve natural exposure stations in China. Properties of weathered LDPE were compared and analysed using factor analysis. The fuzzy recognition method based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was established and used to predict the weathering risk based on environmental database. The results indicate that the factor scores can partitioned the atmospheric environments into five weathering risk grades. This article used the accumulated cumulative temperature of the daily maximum temperature for weathering risk evaluation, which is more scientific than the annual average temperature widely used and is useful for revealing the difference in LDPE weathering in Turpan and Korla. A comparative chart of LDPE’s weathering risk in China was established by this fuzzy recognition method for the first time, which caters to the continuous extension of high-speed railway to new regions.

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Li, Sifan, Rizheng Zhang, and Yang Guo. "Research and Analysis of Glass Weathering Based on Ergodic K-Prototype Algorithm." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 47 (May 11, 2023): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v47i.8209.

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When making glass products, adding fluxes with different chemical compositions can form different glass types. Affected by the burial environment, the composition proportion of ancient glass products will change over time, thus affecting the correct judgment of their types. Based on decision tree, traversal K-prototype algorithm, grey correlation analysis and other methods, this paper studies and analyzes the classification and identification related to glass weathering and the statistics of chemical composition laws, the relationship between the surface weathering of glass relics and the glass type, decoration and color is analyzed. In this paper, after data pretreatment, the surface weathering and the other three indicators are preliminarily observed through contingency analysis, and then the correlation between the variables is further clarified by using the chi-square test. It is found that the surface weathering is significantly related to the overall glass type, and lead barium glass is more prone to surface weathering than high potassium glass; There is no obvious correlation between surface weathering and decoration and color. Then, according to the glass types, the glass relics are divided into four glass types: lead-barium weathering/non-weathering, high-potassium weathering/non-weathering, and the statistical analysis is established after the pretreatment of the chemical composition of these four types. Then, combined with the independence t-test, we can further obtain the specific element differences, and give a ranking table of the degree of influence. Finally, based on the above statistical exploration, the model of chemical composition law of glass relics before weathering is built according to the mechanism analysis of the four composition laws of high-potassium glass Si and its chemical composition that significantly affects the weathering, the chemical composition that significantly affects the weathering of lead-barium glass, and the chemical composition that has no effect on the weathering of glass. According to the test data of weathering point, the prediction table of chemical composition content before weathering is given. The interval test of the model results shows that the failure rate of high potassium prediction is high. The revised model of chemical composition law of glass relics before weathering is obtained by analyzing and considering the modification of the value rule of high potassium Si.

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Cao, Yingjie, Yingxue Xuan, Changyuan Tang, Shuai Guan, and Yisheng Peng. "Temporary and net sinks of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> due to chemical weathering in subtropical catchment with mixing carbonate and silicate lithology." Biogeosciences 17, no. 14 (July 31, 2020): 3875–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3875-2020.

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Abstract. The study provided the major ion chemistry, chemical weathering rates and temporary and net CO2 sinks in the Bei Jiang, which was characterized as a hyperactive region with high chemical weathering rates, carbonate and silicate mixing lithology, and abundant sulfuric acid chemical weathering agent of acid deposition and acid mining drainage (AMD) origins. The total chemical weathering rate of 85.46 t km−2 a−1 was comparable to that of other rivers in the hyperactive zones between the latitudes 0 and 30∘. A carbonate weathering rate of 61.15 t km−2 a−1 contributed to about 70 % of the total. The lithology, runoff, and geomorphology had a significant influence on the chemical weathering rate. The proportion of carbonate outcrops had a significant positive correlation with the chemical weathering rate. Due to the interaction between dilution and compensation effect, a significant positive linear relationship was detected between runoff and total carbonate and silicate weathering rates. The geomorphology factors such as catchment area, average slope, and hypsometric integral value (HI) had nonlinear correlation with chemical weathering rate and showed significant scale effect, which revealed the complexity in chemical weathering processes. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) apportionment showed that CCW (carbonate weathering by CO2) was the dominant origin of DIC (35 %–87 %). SCW (carbonate weathering by H2SO4) (3 %–15 %) and CSW (silicate weathering by CO2) (7 %–59 %) were non-negligible processes. The temporary CO2 sink was 823.41×103 mol km−2 a−1. Compared with the temporary sink, the net sink of CO2 for the Bei Jiang was approximately 23.18×103 mol km−2 a−1 of CO2 and was about 2.82 % of the “temporary” CO2 sink. Human activities (sulfur acid deposition and AMD) dramatically decreased the CO2 net sink, even making chemical weathering a CO2 source to the atmosphere.

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Hyun Choi, Seung, Chang Whan Oh, Khil Ha Lee, Young Boo Lee, Eun Kyeong Choi, and Sung Wook Kim. "A preliminary study on the new geotechnical weathering index in the evaluation of altered biotite granite." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.23 (April 20, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.23.11891.

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The existing chemical index of alteration has a difficulty to evaluate the degree of weathering in biotite granites due to an assumption that K2O content decreases along with Na2O, CaO, and MgO. We found that relative K2O content increases during weathering of biotite granite, as it is retained within such rocks due to (1) the chemical and physical stability of K-feldspar and (2) the formation of illite via incorporation of K ions released from biotite. The calculated ranges of most chemical indexes for biotite granite weathering do not show a good correlation with the weathering grade except the CIW, WIP and V indexes. The range of the CIW, WIP and V indexes according to the weathering grade were very small, and thus small errors in whole-rock chemical analyses can produce large discrepancies in calculated values. Further, the WPI index is a relative weathering index that depends on the composition of a fresh standard sample and cannot be applied to determine the absolute degree of weathering in granites if no protolith is available. We suggest a new weathering index (BWI; Biotite weathering index) based on a decrease in the number of K ions in the interlayer site of biotite during weathering of granite. Newly calculated values show a much wider range than the CIW, WIP and V indexes with a good relationship with a weathering grade. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the new index for a detailed classification of weathering degree.

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Arikan, Fehmi, and Nihal Aydin. "Influence of Weathering on the Engineering Properties of Dacites in Northeastern Turkey." ISRN Soil Science 2012 (May 29, 2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/218527.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate dacites of different weathering grades from the Cakmakkaya and Damar open-pit copper mines in northeastern Turkey based on their mineralogical, petrographical, and geomechanical characteristics. The dacites for which surveys are carried out are mainly subjected to chemical weathering as well as physical disintegration and hydrothermal alteration. Discontinuities in this rock appear to be a major influence on the spatial distribution of weathering profiles, with the intensity of weathering increasing in the plagioclase phenocrystals and microlites as the weathering grade increases. The present results show that the type and amount of clay minerals increase as the weathering grade increases. As the weathering increases, the amount of mobile oxides, such as Na2O, MgO, and CaO, decreases while Fe2O3 and the loss on ignition (LOI) content increase for most of the dacite samples. The microfracture frequency () may be a good indicator of fabric changes, and methylene blue adsorption (MBA) test and LOI may be good indicators of chemical weathering for the dacites. Geomechanical laboratory tests indicate that the strength of the samples is controlled by weathering. Field observations and mineralogical analyses show that the effects of weathering are critical for slope stability.

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Hampl, Ferdinand J., Ferry Schiperski, Christopher Schwerdhelm, Nicole Stroncik, Casey Bryce, Friedhelm von Blanckenburg, and Thomas Neumann. "Feedbacks between the formation of secondary minerals and the infiltration of fluids into the regolith of granitic rocks in different climatic zones (Chilean Coastal Cordillera)." Earth Surface Dynamics 11, no. 3 (June 22, 2023): 511–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-511-2023.

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Abstract. Subsurface fluid pathways and the climate-dependent infiltration of fluids into the subsurface jointly control the intensity and depth of mineral weathering reactions. The products of these weathering reactions (secondary minerals), such as Fe(III) oxyhydroxides and clay minerals, in turn exert a control on the subsurface fluid flow and hence on the development of weathering profiles. We explored the dependence of mineral transformations on climate during the weathering of granitic rocks in two 6 m deep weathering profiles in Mediterranean and humid climate zones along the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. We used geochemical and mineralogical methods such as (micro-) X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF and XRF), oxalate and dithionite extractions, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron microprobe (EMP) mapping to elucidate the transformations involved during weathering. In the profile of the Mediterranean climate zone, we found a low weathering intensity affecting the profile down to 6 m depth. In the profile of the humid climate zone, we found a high weathering intensity. Based on our results, we propose mechanisms that can intensify the progression of weathering to depth. The most important is weathering-induced fracturing (WIF) by Fe(II) oxidation in biotite and precipitation of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides and by the swelling of interstratified smectitic clay minerals that promotes the formation of fluid pathways. We also propose mechanisms that mitigate the development of a deep weathering zone, like the precipitation of secondary minerals (e.g., clay minerals) and amorphous phases that can impede the subsurface fluid flow. We conclude that the depth and intensity of primary mineral weathering in the profile of the Mediterranean climate zone is significantly controlled by WIF. It generates a surface–subsurface connectivity that allows fluid infiltration to great depth and hence promotes a deep weathering zone. Moreover, the water supply to the subsurface is limited in the Mediterranean climate, and thus, most of the weathering profile is generally characterized by a low weathering intensity. The depth and intensity of weathering processes in the profile of the humid climate zone, on the other hand, are controlled by an intense formation of secondary minerals in the upper section of the weathering profile. This intense formation arises from pronounced dissolution of primary minerals due to the high water infiltration (high precipitation rate) into the subsurface. The secondary minerals, in turn, impede the infiltration of fluids to great depth and thus mitigate the intensity of primary mineral weathering at depth. These two settings illustrate that the depth and intensity of primary mineral weathering in the upper regolith are controlled by positive and negative feedbacks between the formation of secondary minerals and the infiltration of fluids.

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Hyvärinen, Marko, Svetlana Butylina, and Timo Kärki. "Accelerated and Natural Weathering of Wood-Polypropylene Composites Containing Pigments." Advanced Materials Research 1077 (December 2014): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1077.139.

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In general, wood-polymer composites are vulnerable to weathering factors such as UV radiation, moisture, freeze-thaw action. Weathering can cause discoloration, chalking, dimensional change, and loss of mechanical properties of wood-polymer composites. This comparative study was focused on weatherability of wood–polypropylene composites made with and without pigments. Two types of inorganic pigments were applied: carbon black master-batch and synthetic iron oxide. Wood-polypropylene composite made without pigment was used as a reference. Also, composites prepared with addition of wollastonite were tested. The composite samples were exposed to outdoor weathering and in a parallel the accelerated UV weathering was conducted in xenon weathering chamber for the 2000 hours. The colour change was estimated by spectrophotometric method, and the change of Charpy impact strength after weathering was determined. The surface morphology was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of pigments decreased the lightness of non-weathered composites. The change of lightness and total colour change of weathered composites were affected a lot by type of pigment and method of weathering. As, expected wood-polypropylene composite made with carbon black showed the best results in colour stability of composites exposed to weathering. SEM showed that accelerated weathering in the xenon chamber caused more significant changes in the morphology of the polymer surface layer of the composites than outdoor weathering. Charpy impact strength of all studied composites was found to retain after 2000 hours of outdoor weathering, although accelerated weathering caused significant reduction of Charpy impact strength of these composites.

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Bremer, Hanna. "Small-scale forms of weathering." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 54, no. 1 (May 1, 2010): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/54/2010/36.

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Török, Ákos, Tobias Vogt, Stefan Löbens, Lea Zamfira Forgó, Siegfried Siegesmund, and Thomas Weiss. "Weathering forms of rhyolite tuffs." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 156, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2005/0156-0177.

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48

Hall, Kevin, Colin E. Thorn, Norikazu Matsuoka, and Angelique Prick. "Weathering in cold regions: some thoughts and perspectives." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 26, no. 4 (December 2002): 577–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133302pp353ra.

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Weathering in cold regions has primarily focused on the notion of ‘cold’, such that process and landform theory have generally used this both as the developmental criterion and as the outcome of palaeoenvironmental reconstructions based on landforms or sediments. As a result of this approach, the process focus in terms of weathering has been that mechanical processes predominate, with freeze-thaw weathering as the prime agent, and that chemical processes are temperature-inhibited, often to the point of nonoccurrence. Here a reconsideration of the whole conceptual framework of weathering in cold environments is undertaken. It is shown that, contrary to popular presentations, weathering, including chemical weathering, is not temperature-limited but rather is limited by moisture availability. Indeed, summer, and oft-times even winter, rock temperatures are more than adequate to support mechanical and chemical weathering if water is present. Where water is available it is clearly shown that chemical weathering can be a major component of the weathering regime. The argument is made that there is no zonality to cold environment weathering as none of the processes or process associations are unique to cold regions; indeed, many cold regions show similar weathering assemblages to those in hot arid regions. Process-form relationships are also questioned. The assumption of angularity with weathering in cold regions is questioned, all the more so as hot arid studies identify exactly the same angularity of debris form. Further, that all forms have to be angular is shown by field examples to be no more than an artefact of original unquestioning and oft-repeated assumptions, now over a century or more old. The argument is made that there is a strong need for the reconsideration of the nature of weathering in cold environments, that current theory should be questioned and challenged, and field observation undertaken within this revised frame of reference.

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Torres, Mark A., Nils Moosdorf, Jens Hartmann, Jess F. Adkins, and A. Joshua West. "Glacial weathering, sulfide oxidation, and global carbon cycle feedbacks." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 33 (July 31, 2017): 8716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702953114.

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Connections between glaciation, chemical weathering, and the global carbon cycle could steer the evolution of global climate over geologic time, but even the directionality of feedbacks in this system remain to be resolved. Here, we assemble a compilation of hydrochemical data from glacierized catchments, use this data to evaluate the dominant chemical reactions associated with glacial weathering, and explore the implications for long-term geochemical cycles. Weathering yields from catchments in our compilation are higher than the global average, which results, in part, from higher runoff in glaciated catchments. Our analysis supports the theory that glacial weathering is characterized predominantly by weathering of trace sulfide and carbonate minerals. To evaluate the effects of glacial weathering on atmospheric pCO2, we use a solute mixing model to predict the ratio of alkalinity to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) generated by weathering reactions. Compared with nonglacial weathering, glacial weathering is more likely to yield alkalinity/DIC ratios less than 1, suggesting that enhanced sulfide oxidation as a result of glaciation may act as a source of CO2 to the atmosphere. Back-of-the-envelope calculations indicate that oxidative fluxes could change ocean–atmosphere CO2 equilibrium by 25 ppm or more over 10 ky. Over longer timescales, CO2 release could act as a negative feedback, limiting progress of glaciation, dependent on lithology and the concentration of atmospheric O2. Future work on glaciation–weathering–carbon cycle feedbacks should consider weathering of trace sulfide minerals in addition to silicate minerals.

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Wild, Bastien, Gwenaël Imfeld, and Damien Daval. "Direct measurement of fungal contribution to silicate weathering rates in soil." Geology 49, no. 9 (May 19, 2021): 1055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g48706.1.

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Abstract Chemical weathering produces solutes that control groundwater chemistry and supply ecosystems with essential nutrients. Although microbial activity influences silicate weathering rates and associated nutrient fluxes, its relative contribution to silicate weathering in natural settings remains largely unknown. We provide the first quantitative estimates of in situ silicate weathering rates that account for microbially induced dissolution and identify microbial actors associated with weathering. Nanoscale topography measurements showed that fungi colonizing olivine [(Mg,Fe)2SiO4] samples in a Mg-deficient forest soil accounted for up to 16% of the weathering flux after 9 mo of incubation. A local increase in olivine weathering rate was measured and attributed to fungal hyphae of Verticillium sp. Altogether, this approach provides quantitative parameters of bioweathering (i.e., rates and actors) and opens new avenues to improve elemental budgets in natural settings.

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