Relevant bibliographies by topics / Weather induced rail temperature

Academic literature on the topic 'Weather induced rail temperature'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Weather induced rail temperature"

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Caprio, J. M., and H. A. Quamme. "Influence of weather on apricot, peach and sweet cherry production in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-032.

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An iterative χ2 method that generates indices of association was used to determine daily weather occurrences associated with annual variations in peach (Prunus persica Batch.), apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), and sweet cherry production (Prunus avium L.) in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia over a 72 yr period, 1920–1991. During September and early October of the pre-harvest year, warm daytime temperatures favoured apricot (≥ 26°C) and sweet cherry production (≥ 19°C), probably because this promoted flower bud development. High daytime temperatures (≥ 27°C) were detrimental to apricot production in August of the pre-harvest year. During the pre-harvest year, peach production was only weakly associated with daytime temperature. Precipitation adversely affected peach and sweet cherry production in the preharvest year indirectly by associated lower temperatures or directly by enhanced disease infection. The main climatic factor limiting production of these crops was low temperatures from November to February (critical value range, ≥ -13 to ≥ -24°C, nighttime temperature) that cause winter injury. Precipitation during this period, usually snowfall, mostly favoured production. Poor production years were also associated with low nighttime temperatures (≤ -2 to -5°C) in spring at the time the flowers are prone to frost injury. During the bloom period warm temperatures (≥16°C, daytime temperature) favoured Prunus production, probably because of the temperature requirements for good pollination and flower set. Rainfall during fruit development and harvest of sweet cherry reduced production because of rain-induced cracking. Daytime temperatures were detrimental to production of apricot (≥ 31°C) and sweet cherry (≥ 33°C to ≥ 37° C) during harvest. The anticipated climate change appears to favour Prunus production in the Okanagan Valley, except for increased rainfall on sweet cherry production. Key words: Prunus persica Batch., Prunus armeniaca L., Prunus avium L., tree fruit, climate, heat stress, spring frost, winter injury
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Byun, Do-Seong, Yang-Ki Cho, In-Ae Huh, and Deirdre E. Hart. "Runoff-induced vertical thermal dynamics in a canyon-shaped reservoir during the summer monsoon." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 7 (2005): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04285.

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During the summer rainy season, double thermoclines were observed in a small canyon-shaped reservoir. The physical processes leading to thermocline evolution are examined from the vertical temperature profile observed along the reservoir before and after rain. Observations show that their evolution is related to the inflow of runoff, which is colder than the reservoir surface water and post-rain fair-weather conditions. Tongue-like distributions of turbidity, conductivity and nutrient concentrations downstream from the headwater clearly reveal the presence of runoff-induced intermediate inflows. In addition to supplying nutrients, the inflow provides the oxygen-deficient intermediate layer with a rich supply of dissolved oxygen. Concurrently, in the upper part of the reservoir runoff-induced inflows may drive the oxygen-deficient bottom water to shift downstream along the layer beneath the runoff-induced inflow. The water mass between the two thermoclines may operate as a source of nutrients for algal development in early autumn when the upper thermocline is destroyed by the convective overturn owing to the surface cooling.
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Tardif, Robert, and Roy M. Rasmussen. "Process-Oriented Analysis of Environmental Conditions Associated with Precipitation Fog Events in the New York City Region." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 1681–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1734.1.

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Abstract An analysis of the environmental conditions associated with precipitation fog events is presented using 20 yr of historical observations taken in a region centered on New York, New York. The objective is to determine the preferred weather scenarios and identify physical processes influencing the formation of fog during precipitation. Salient synoptic-scale features are identified using NCEP–NCAR reanalyses. Local environmental parameters, such as wind speed and direction, temperature, and humidity, are analyzed using surface observations, while the vertical structure of the lower atmosphere is examined using available rawinsonde data. The analysis reveals that precipitation fog mostly occurs as a result of the gradual lowering of cloud bases as continuous light rain or light drizzle is observed. Such scenarios occur under various synoptic weather patterns in areas characterized by large-scale uplift, differential temperature advection, and positive moisture advection. Precipitation fog onset typically occurs with winds from the northeast at inland locations and onshore flow at coastal locations, with flows from the south to southwest aloft. A majority of the cases showed the presence of a sharp low-level temperature inversion resulting from differential temperature advection or through the interaction of warm air flowing over a cold surface in onshore flow conditions. This suggests a common scenario of fog formation under moistening conditions resulting from precipitation evaporating into colder air near the surface. A smaller number of events formed with cooling of the near-saturated or saturated air. Evidence is also presented of the possible role of shear-induced turbulent mixing in the production of supersaturation and fog formation during precipitation.
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Wang, Xuemei, Jingbiao Liao, Jian Zhang, Chong Shen, Weihua Chen, Beicheng Xia, and Tijian Wang. "A Numeric Study of Regional Climate Change Induced by Urban Expansion in the Pearl River Delta, China." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 2 (February 2014): 346–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-054.1.

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AbstractThe Pearl River Delta region has experienced rapid urbanization and economic development during the past 20 years. To investigate the impacts of urbanization on regional climate, the Advanced Research core of the Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW-WRF) model is used to conduct a pair of 1-yr simulations with two different representations of urbanization. Results show that the reduction in vegetated and irrigated cropland due to urban expansion significantly modifies the near-surface temperature, humidity, wind speed, and regional precipitation, which are obtained based on the significance t test of the differences between two simulations with different urbanization representations at the 95% level. Urbanization causes the mean 2-m temperature over urbanized areas to increase in all seasons (from spring to winter: 1.7° ± 0.7°C, 1.4° ± 0.3°C, 1.3° ± 0.3°, and 0.9° ± 0.4°C, respectively) and the urban diurnal temperature range decreases in three seasons and increases in one (from spring to winter: −0.5° ± 0.3°C, +0.6° ± 0.3°C, −0.4° ± 0.2°C, and −0.8° ± 0.2°C, respectively). Urbanization reduces near-surface water vapor (1.5 g kg−1 in summer and 0.4 g kg−1 in winter), 10-m wind speed (37% independent of season), and annual total precipitation days (approximately 6–14 days). However, the total rainfall amount increases by approximately 30%, since the decrease in the number of days with light rain (8–12) is overcome by the increase in the number of days of heavy or extreme rain (3–6), suggesting that urbanization induces more heavy rain events over the urban areas. Overall, the effect of urbanization on regional climate in the Pearl River Delta is found to be significant and must be considered in any broader regional climate assessment.
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Huang, Jingfeng, Chidong Zhang, and Joseph M. Prospero. "Aerosol-Induced Large-Scale Variability in Precipitation over the Tropical Atlantic." Journal of Climate 22, no. 19 (October 1, 2009): 4970–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2531.1.

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Abstract Multiyear satellite observations are used to document a relationship between the large-scale variability in precipitation over the tropical Atlantic and aerosol traced to African sources. During boreal winter and spring there is a significant reduction in precipitation south of the Atlantic marine intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) during months when aerosol concentrations are anomalously high over a large domain of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. This reduction cannot be linearly attributed to known climate factors such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation, and zonal and meridional modes of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature or to meteorological factors such as water vapor. The fractional variance in precipitation related to aerosol is about 12% of the total interannual variance, which is of the same order of magnitude as that related to each of the known climate and weather factors. A backward trajectory analysis confirms the African origin of aerosols that directly affect the changes in precipitation. The reduction in mean precipitation mainly comes from decreases in moderate rain rates (10–20 mm day−1), while light rain (<10 mm day−1) can fluctuate in the opposite direction. The results cannot be readily explained in terms of wet deposition or uncertainties in satellite retrievals, and suggest that the observations demonstrate clearly identifiable effects of African aerosol on large-scale variability in precipitation in the tropical Atlantic region.
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Greco, Aldo, Davide Luciano De Luca, and Elenio Avolio. "Heavy Precipitation Systems in Calabria Region (Southern Italy): High-Resolution Observed Rainfall and Large-Scale Atmospheric Pattern Analysis." Water 12, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051468.

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An in-depth analysis of historical heavy rainfall fields clearly constitutes an important aspect in many related topics: as examples, mesoscale models for early warning systems and the definition of design event scenarios can be improved, with the consequent upgrading in the prediction of induced phenomena (mainly floods and landslides) into specific areas of interest. With this goal, in this work the authors focused on Calabria region (southern Italy) and classified the main precipitation systems through the analysis of selected heavy rainfall events from high resolution rain gauge network time series. Moreover, the authors investigated the relationships among the selected events and the main synoptic atmospheric patterns derived by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA5 Reanalysis dataset, in order to assess the possible large-scale scenarios which can induce heavy rainfall events in the study area. The obtained results highlighted: (i) the importance of areal reduction factors, rainfall intensities and amounts in order to discriminate the investigated precipitations systems for the study area; (ii) the crucial role played by the position of the averaged low-pressure areas over the Mediterranean for the synoptic systems, and by low-level temperature for the convective systems.
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Chubb, Thomas, Michael J. Manton, Steven T. Siems, Andrew D. Peace, and Shane P. Bilish. "Estimation of Wind-Induced Losses from a Precipitation Gauge Network in the Australian Snowy Mountains." Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, no. 6 (November 17, 2015): 2619–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0216.1.

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Abstract Wind-induced losses, or undercatch, can have a substantial impact on precipitation gauge observations, especially in alpine environments that receive a substantial amount of frozen precipitation and may be exposed to high winds. A network of NOAH II all-weather gauges installed in the Snowy Mountains since 2006 provides an opportunity to evaluate the magnitude of undercatch in an Australian alpine environment. Data from two intercomparison sites were used with NOAH II gauges with different configurations of wind fences installed: unfenced, WMO standard double fence intercomparison reference (full DFIR) fences, and an experimental half-sized double fence (half DFIR). It was found that average ambient temperature over 6-h periods was sufficient to classify the precipitation phase as snow, mixed precipitation, or rain in a statistically robust way. Empirical catch ratio relationships (i.e., the quotient of observations from two gauges), based on wind speed, ambient temperature, and measured precipitation amount, were established for snow and mixed precipitation. An adjustment scheme to correct the unfenced NOAH II gauge data using the catch ratio relationships was cross validated with independent data from two additional sites, as well as from the intercomparison sites themselves. The adjustment scheme was applied to the observed precipitation amounts at the other sites with unfenced NOAH II gauges. In the worst-case scenario, it was found that the observed precipitation amount would need to be increased by 52% to match what would have been recorded had adequate shielding been installed. However, gauges that were naturally well protected, and those below about 1400 m, required very little adjustment. Spatial analysis showed that the average seasonal undercatch was between 6% and 15% for gauges above 1000 m MSL.
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Winchester, Chevelle R., Priya Batta, Dhillon Davinder, and Alan R. Hirsch. "97 My Inner Blizzard: Effect of Weather on Multiple Sclerosis Exacerbation." CNS Spectrums 24, no. 1 (February 2019): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852919000890.

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AbstractStudy ObjectiveExacerbation of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) symptoms prior to weather change has not heretofore been described.MethodsCase Study: A 60 year old right handed female with lifelong anxiety and four years of depression presented with a 20 year history of MS manifested by bilateral lower extremity pain and weakness and urinary incontinence. Since the onset, she observed that approaching storms or weather changes cause her symptoms to worsen. This manifests one day prior to the meteorological shifts of rain or snow. This occurs whether she is at home or on vacation and unlike the weatherman, “she is never wrong.” The aggravation of symptomatology would consist of worsening leg pain and weakness of both lower extremities so that her functional status changes from using a cane to a wheelchair. These symptoms begin one day prior to the storm and gradually worsen to the point of maximum intensity as the storm arrives. The baseline pain is usually 5/10 in severity but with the storm it increases to 8/10. The pain, which progressively worsens as the storm advances, is a vice-like numbness in her shins and spasm in her legs. The pain and weakness will persist for as long as the storm lasts. The pain diminishes and the motor symptoms improve six hours after the storm is over. She can differentiate approaching snow or rain such that snow causes more intense symptoms. She denies change in symptomatology on airplanes or when she is present at high altitude such as Las Vegas or Colorado. She also affirms that her symptoms are worse when she is in a hot tub and better in a cold-water bath. She reports that there is a family history of similar ability to predict the weather in a cousin and nephew, both who also suffer from MS.ResultsAbnormalities in Neurological Examination: BP 159/115. Pulse 100. Mental Status Examination: disheveled. Depressed mood with congruent affect. Short-term memory: 5 digits forwards, 2 digits backwards. Recent memory: able to recall none of 4 objects in 3minutes without improvement with reinforcement. Unable to interpret similarities or proverbs. Poor ability to calculate. Reflexes: 3+ bilateral lower extremities. Clock Drawing Test: 1 (abnormal).ConclusionsUhthoff’s phenomena (hot bath test) is well described in MS (Humm, 2004), however the worsening of symptoms prior to weather change has not been reported. Possible mechanisms include meteorological induced anxiety and depression with associated exacerbation (Ackerman, 1998). Other possible mechanisms include misattribution, selective recall, or a misreporting due to psychological needs for acceptance by examiner, similar to the Hawthorne effect (observer effect) (Adair, 1984). With the approaching storms there could be a change in internal temperature, which then preferentially affects areas of demyelination (Kudo, 2014). It is worth querying those with epoch associated neurological disorders as to linkage with meteorological events.
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Kolusu, S. R., J. H. Marsham, J. Mulcahy, B. Johnson, C. Dunning, M. Bush, and D. V. Spracklen. "Impacts of Amazonia biomass burning aerosols assessed from short-range weather forecasts." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 13 (July 10, 2015): 18883–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-18883-2015.

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Abstract. The direct radiative impacts of Biomass Burning Aerosols (BBA) on meteorology are investigated using short-range forecasts from the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) over South America during the South American Biomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA). The impacts are evaluated using a set of three simulations: (i) no aerosols, (ii) with monthly mean aerosol climatologies and (iii) with prognostic aerosols modelled using the Coupled Large-scale Aerosol Simulator for Studies in Climate (CLASSIC) scheme. Comparison with observations show that the prognostic CLASSIC scheme provides the best representation of BBA. The impacts of BBA are quantified over central and southern Amazonia from the first and second day of two day forecasts during 14 September–03 October 2012. On average, during the first day of the forecast, including prognostic BBA reduces the clear-sky net radiation at the surface by 15 ± 1 W m−2, and reduces net TOA radiation by 8 ± 1 W m−2, with a direct atmospheric warming of 7 ± 1 W m−2. BBA-induced reductions in all-sky radiation are smaller in magnitude: 9.0 ± 1 W m−2 at the surface and 4.0 ± 1 W m−2 at TOA. In this modelling study the BBA therefore exert an overall cooling influence on the Earth–atmosphere system, although some levels of the atmosphere are directly warmed by the absorption of solar radiation. Due to the reduction of net radiative flux at the surface the mean 2 m air temperature is reduced by around 0.1 ± 0.02 °C. The BBA also cools the boundary layer (BL) but warms air above by around 0.2 °C due to the absorption of shortwave radiation. The overall impact is to reduce the BL depth by around 19 ± 8 m. These differences in heating lead to a more anticyclonic circulation at 700 hPa, with winds changing by around 0.6 m s−1. Inclusion of BBA in the MetUM significantly improves forecasts of temperature and relative humidity, but effects were small compared with model error and differences between effects from climatological and prognostic BBA were not significant. Locally, on a 150 km scale, changes in precipitation reach around 4 mm day−1 due to changes in the location of convection. Over Amazonia, including BBA in the simulation led to fewer rain events that were more intense. This change may be linked to the BBA changing the vertical profile of stability in the lower atmosphere. The localised changes in rainfall tend to average out to give a 5 % (0.06 mm day−1) decrease in total precipitation over the Amazonian region (except on day 2 with prognostic BBA). The change in water budget from BBA is, however, dominated by decreased evapotranspiration from the reduced net surface fluxes (0.2 to 0.3 mm day−1), since this term is larger than the corresponding changes in precipitation and water vapour convergence.
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Mbokodo, Innocent L., Mary-Jane M. Bopape, Thando Ndarana, Sifiso M. S. Mbatha, Tshimbiluni P. Muofhe, Mukovhe V. Singo, Nkosinathi G. Xulu, Tumelo Mohomi, Kingsley K. Ayisi, and Hector Chikoore. "Heatwave Variability and Structure in South Africa during Summer Drought." Climate 11, no. 2 (February 5, 2023): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli11020038.

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Pronounced subsidence leading to summer drought over southern Africa causes warmer than average surface air temperatures or even heatwave (HW) conditions. We investigated the occurrence of HWs during the summer drought over South Africa based on station data and the ECMWF ERA5 reanalyses. Temperature observations from the South African Weather Service were analyzed for seasonality and long-term trends (1981–2020) as background to the occurrence and variability of HWs. We focused on three severe El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-induced drought seasons, i.e., 1982/83, 1991/92, and 2015/16, to investigate HW characteristics. While 1997/98 was among the strongest El Niño seasons, the impacts were not as severe because it coincided with an intense Angola low, which allowed for rain-bearing cloud bands to form. Results showed that the hottest months were spread across the austral summer season from December to February. Regions experiencing high mean maximum temperatures and high HW frequencies exhibited a strong ENSO signal, with record HWs occurring during 2015/16. The establishment and persistence of a middle-level high-pressure system over Botswana/Namibia (Botswana High) appears to trigger the longest-lasting HWs during drought seasons. The Botswana high is usually coupled with a near-surface continental heat low and/or tropical warm air advection towards the affected region. It was also found that intense ENSO-induced drought events coincided with high HW frequency over South Africa, such as during 1982/83, 1991/92, and the recent 2015/16 events. The results of this study contribute to understanding drought and heat wave dynamics in a region experiencing rapid warming as a result of climate change.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Weather induced rail temperature"

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(13966684), Ying M. Wu. "Development of rail temperature prediction model and software." Thesis, 2011. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Development_of_rail_temperature_prediction_model_and_software/21344169.

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The railway track buckling occurs all over the world due to inadequate rail stress adjustment, which is greatly influenced by the variation in weather induced rail temperature and the rigidity of the track structure. Climate change and the ever increase in extreme changes in temperatures have made buckling an ever more prevalent problem in the railway industry. The ultimate goal of any research in the area of track stability management is to comprehensively manage rail buckling and the subsequent procedures that follow after buckling. The first step to have a clear understanding of how the temperature change of the rail track is influenced by the environmental conditions. The second step is to have an accurate prediction of what the environmental conditions will be in the next day so that management procedure can be put into place.

This study aims to develop a model and software that is capable of predicting rail temperature 24 hours in advance that is as accurate for use in the rail buckling management. Two distinct and separate mathematical manipulations are performed to achieve this goal.

One method used weather forecasts from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) and forecasts the weather for the location that the rail is situated. This involves using 3-dimensional cubic interpolation that is the weather parameters are interpolated in 2-dimensions geographically and then 1-dimensionally through time. An interactive software is written in MATLAB to convert the BoM raw data into a rail temperature forecast for this study. The result is a 15 -minute forecast for every 3.06 km. The second method used multivariate linear regression, to predict the rail temperatures 24 to 48 hours in advance.

To validate the rail temperature predications, 3 months field test spanning June, July and August 2010, is conducted on Queensland Rail's (QR) coal network, this involved erecting an automated weather station (AWS) and adhering temperature sensors on to a section of track. The guidelines of World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) were followed for implementation of the AWS on site (WMO 2008). The AWS model WXT520 , produced by Vaisala (Vaisala 2009) was used in this study which an off the shelf product that is similar to what some rail compaies are already using for continues monitoring of critical sites.

The temperature sensors (surface thermocouples) and an off the shelf product Salient system's rail -stress modules are used to measure rail surface temperatures on both rails of the track (Salient Systems Inc 2009). The sensors were attached to the surface of the rail track to directly measure temperature change of the rail profile throughout the diurnal cycle. Statistical correlations between the different measured points of the rail profile are evaluated in relation to the diurnal cycle to assess the accuracy of current rail temperature measuring practices.

Statistical evaluation of how well the BoM predictions compare with weather parameters at the field experimentation site are performed, so too is a statistical evaluation of the accuracy of the rail temperature model developed. The prediction model is compared with the existing empirical methods as found in the literature review and an assessment of track conditions. This is a flag ship study in Australia; the main purpose of this study is to prove in a test case scenario that a rail temperature forecast without use of weather instrumentation is possible and the accuracy of the prediction is as good if not better than the instrumentation calculation.

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Book chapters on the topic "Weather induced rail temperature"

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Di Napoli, Claudia, Alessandro Messeri, Martin Novák, João Rio, Joanna Wieczorek, Marco Morabito, Pedro Silva, Alfonso Crisci, and Florian Pappenberger. "The Universal Thermal Climate Index as an Operational Forecasting Tool of Human Biometeorological Conditions in Europe." In Applications of the Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI in Biometeorology, 193–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76716-7_10.

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AbstractIn operational weather forecasting standard environmental parameters, such as air temperature and humidity, are traditionally used to predict thermal conditions in the future. These parameters, however, are not enough to describe the thermal stress induced by the outdoor environment to the human body as they neglect the human heat budget and personal characteristics (e.g. clothing). The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) overcomes these limitations by using an advanced thermo-physiological model coupled with a state-of-the-art clothing model. Several systems have been recently developed to operationally forecast human biometeorological conditions via the UTCI, i.e. by computing UTCI from the forecasts of air temperature, humidity, wind speed and radiation as provided by numerical weather prediction models. Here we describe the UTCI-based forecasting systems developed in Czech Republic, Italy, Poland, Portugal and at the pan-European scale. Their characteristics are illustrated and their potential as warning systems for thermal hazards discussed.
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Han, Qinmei, Wei Xu, and Peijun Shi. "Mapping Global Population Exposure to Heatwaves." In Atlas of Global Change Risk of Population and Economic Systems, 95–102. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6691-9_6.

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AbstractGlobal warming has become a severe problem worldwide, where the average global temperature has steadily increased over recent decades, accompanied by the abnormally hot weather (IPCC 2013). Since the 1950s, heatwave events have increased in frequency, intensity, and duration and their impact on human health will also increase under enhanced global warming (Perkins-Kirkpatrick and Lewis 2020). Heatwaves have become one of the most serious climate events in the world. Thousands of people have died from exposing to heatwaves in recent years, for instance, the European heatwave of 2003 induced more than 70,000 additional deaths (Robine et al. 2008). Heat-related mortality and morbidity are not only attributed to natural hazards resulting from climate change (Seneviratne et al. 2012). Both climatic factors and socioeconomic factors such as population change and vulnerability of people exposed to heatwaves have impact on the number of deaths caused by heatwaves. Thus, a comprehensive and quantitative assessment of heatwave exposure is conducive to taking targeted measures to reduce the risk in hotspot regions of the world.
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M. Bastías, Richard, and Alexandra Boini. "Apple Production under Protective Netting Systems." In Apple Cultivation - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109429.

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Apple crop is more and more cultivated under protective netting systems. Depending on the location and sunlight intensity, apple orchards can benefit from these installations, as they will be protected against extreme weather events. Depending on the technical features of the thread, the nets will be hail-proof, wind-proof, or rain-proof, while having different shading percentages. Modern fruit production faces high pressure also related to biotic stressors; thus, modern protective nets are designed to aid pest management. These protective systems become interesting, as they will induce changes in the orchards’ microenvironment, with consequences on crop physiology. Netting mainly reduces incoming solar radiation and wind speed, altering the heat balance. Leaf gas exchanges and water relations can be positively influenced by netting in apple cultivation areas with extreme solar radiation, high temperatures, and low water availability. These considerations are important, especially if the final yield and quality are not compromised by shading. These protective systems can allow higher sustainability of apple production, lowering resource use, along with crop protection.
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Burt, Stephen, and Tim Burt. "Climate change in Durham." In Durham Weather and Climate since 1841, 273–92. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870517.003.0021.

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Abstract In their 2018 report, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded with high confidence that human-induced global warming had reached approximately 1 degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels by 2017, increasing at 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade. This chapter consider the quantifiable effects of climate change on the long record from Durham Observatory. It considers particularly temperature, focusing on decadal means since 1851 and the effects on growing season; precipitation, exploring the trends in annual average rainfall, the wettest day of the year, and frequency of rainfall; and it examines the frequency of prolonged drought by measures of both rainfall and streamflow.
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Burt, Stephen, and Tim Burt. "Climate change in Oxford." In Oxford Weather and Climate since 1767, 251–70. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834632.003.0024.

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An increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other related changes in the climate system. Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer than any preceding decade since 1850. Given the very long climate records for the Radcliffe Observatory, one should expect to observe other aspects of climate change in addition to recent human-induced global warming; some of these changes will relate to global drivers such as the ‘greenhouse effect’, while others will reflect regional or local changes such as urbanisation or changing levels of air pollution. Following the same format as previous chapters, the chapter includes information on temperature-related indices such as the incidence of frost and the length and intensity of the growing season, on precipitation, including data on the occurrence of droughts and floods, and on sunshine. There is some reference to the hydrology of the River Thames, both high and low river flow, and coverage of evaporation losses.
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Wilson, Miles P., Gillian R. Foulger, Christopher Saville, Samuel P. Graham, and Bruce R. Julian. "Earthquake weather and climate change: Should we stress about the forecast?" In In the Footsteps of Warren B. Hamilton: New Ideas in Earth Science. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.2553(15).

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ABSTRACT Relationships between the weather and earthquakes have been suspected for over 2400 yr. However, scientific evidence to support such relationships has grown only since the 1980s. Because faults in Earth’s crust are generally regarded as critically stressed, small changes in stress and pore-fluid pressure brought about by rainfall, snow, and atmospheric pressure and temperature variations have all been proposed to modulate seismicity at local and regional scales. Elastic static stress changes as low as 0.07 kPa and pore-fluid pressure changes as low as 0.5 kPa have been proposed to naturally trigger earthquakes. In the UK, the spatial distributions of onshore earthquakes and rainfall are highly nonuniform and may be related; the wetter and most naturally seismically active areas occur on the west side of the country. We found significant spatial and temporal relationships between rainfall amount and the number of earthquakes for 1980–2012, suggesting larger volumes of rainfall promote earthquake nucleation. Such relationships occur when human-induced seismicity is included or excluded, indicating that meteorological conditions can also modulate seismicity induced by subsurface anthropogenic activities such as coal mining. No significant relationships were observed for monthly time lags, suggesting that the triggering effect of rainfall in the UK is near-instantaneous or occurs within 1 mo. With global climate changing rapidly and extreme weather events occurring more frequently, it is possible that some global regions may also experience changes in the spatial and temporal occurrence of earthquakes in response to changes in meteorologically induced stress perturbations.
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Amare, Zerihun Yohannes. "Climate Change and Crop Production in Africa." In Research Anthology on Environmental and Societal Impacts of Climate Change, 1293–302. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3686-8.ch063.

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Agriculture, particularly crop production, is an economic activity that is highly dependent upon weather and climate in order to produce the food and fiber necessary to sustain human life. The vulnerability of agriculture to climate change and variability is an issue of major importance to the international scientific community. Greenhouse gas (GHG)-induced climate change would very likely result in significant damage in the agricultural sector in sub-Saharan Africa because the region already endures high heat and low precipitation. General circulation models (GCMs) are the primary source of climate change scenarios which make projections about the degree and timing of climate change. Agriculture has always been dependent on the variability of the climate for the growing season and the state of the land at the start of the growing season. The key for adaptation for crop production to climate change is the predictability of the conditions. What is required is an understanding of the effect on the changing climate on land, water, and temperature.
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Amare, Zerihun Yohannes. "Climate Change and Crop Production in Africa." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 204–12. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4817-2.ch013.

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Agriculture, particularly crop production, is an economic activity that is highly dependent upon weather and climate in order to produce the food and fiber necessary to sustain human life. The vulnerability of agriculture to climate change and variability is an issue of major importance to the international scientific community. Greenhouse gas (GHG)-induced climate change would very likely result in significant damage in the agricultural sector in sub-Saharan Africa because the region already endures high heat and low precipitation. General circulation models (GCMs) are the primary source of climate change scenarios which make projections about the degree and timing of climate change. Agriculture has always been dependent on the variability of the climate for the growing season and the state of the land at the start of the growing season. The key for adaptation for crop production to climate change is the predictability of the conditions. What is required is an understanding of the effect on the changing climate on land, water, and temperature.
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Conference papers on the topic "Weather induced rail temperature"

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Bruzek, Radim, Larry Biess, Leopold Kreisel, and Leith Al-Nazer. "Rail Temperature Prediction Model and Heat Slow Order Management." In 2014 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2014-3767.

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Track buckling due to excessive rail temperature may cause derailments with serious consequences. To minimize the risk of derailments, slow orders are typically issued on sections of track in areas where an elevated rail temperature is expected and risk of track buckling is increased. While slow orders are an important preventive safety measure, they are costly as they disrupt timetables and can affect time-sensitive shipments. Optimizing the slow order management process would result in significant cost saving for the railroads. The Federal Railroad Administration’s (FRA’s) Office of Research and Development has sponsored the development of a model for predicting rail temperatures using real time weather forecast data and predefined track parameters and a web-based system for providing resulting information to operators. In cooperation with CSX Transportation (CSX) and FRA, ENSCO Inc. conducted a comprehensive model verification study by comparing actual rail temperatures measured by wayside sensors installed at 23 measurement sites located across the CSX network with the rail temperatures predicted by the model based on weather forecast data over the course of spring and summer 2012. In addition to the correlation analysis, detection theory was used to evaluate the model’s ability to correctly identify instances when rail temperatures are elevated above a wide range of thresholds. Detection theory provides a good way of comparing the performance of the model to the performance of the current industry practice of estimating rail temperature based on constant offsets above predicted daily peak ambient air temperatures. As a next step in order to quantify the impact of implementation of the model on CSX operations, heat slow orders issued by CSX in 2012 on 10 selected subdivisions were compared to theoretical heat slow orders generated by the model. The paper outlines the analysis approach together with correlation, detection theory and slow order comparison results. The analysis results along with investigation of past heat related track buckle derailments indicate that the railroad would benefit from adopting the rail temperature prediction model along with flexible rail temperature thresholds. The implementation of the model will have a positive impact on safety by allowing for issuing of advance heat slow orders in more accurate, effective and targeted way.
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Bruzek, Radim, Larry Biess, and Leith Al-Nazer. "Development of Rail Temperature Predictions to Minimize Risk of Track Buckle Derailments." In 2013 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2013-2451.

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Track buckling due to excessive rail temperature is a major cause of derailments with serious consequences. To minimize the risk of derailments, slow orders are typically issued on sections of track in areas where an elevated rail temperature is expected and risk of track buckling is increased. While the slow orders are an important preventive safety measure, they are costly as they disrupt timetables and can affect time-sensitive shipments. Optimizing the slow order process would result in significant cost saving for the railroads. The Federal Railroad Administration’s (FRA’s) Office of Research and Development has sponsored the development of a model for predicting rail temperatures using real time weather forecast data and predefined track parameters and a web-based system for providing resulting information to operators. In cooperation with CSX Transportation (CSX), ENSCO Inc. conducted a model verification study by comparing actual rail temperatures measured by wayside sensors installed on railroad track near Folkston, GA, with the rail temperatures predicted by the model based on weather forecast data over the course of summer 2011. The paper outlines the procedure of the verification process together with correlation results, which are favorable. The paper also presents results of several case studies conducted on derailments attributed to track buckling. These investigations improve our understanding of conditions and temperature patterns leading to increased risk of rail buckles and validate further use of the Rail Temperature Prediction Model as track buckling prediction tool and as an aid to the railroads in making more informed decisions on slow order issuing process.
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Phillips, Robert, Francesco Lanza di Scalea, Claudio Nucera, Mahmood Fateh, and John Choros. "Field Testing of Prototype Systems for the Non-Destructive Measurement of the Neutral Temperature of Railroad Tracks." In 2014 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2014-3735.

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In both high speed and freight rail systems, the modern construction method is Continuous Welded Rail (CWR). The purpose of the CWR method is to eliminate joints in order to reduce the maintenance costs for both the rails and the rolling stock. However, the elimination of the joints increases the risk of rail breakage in cold weather and buckling in hot weather. In order to predict the temperature at which the rail will break or buckle, it is critical to have knowledge of the temperature at which the rail is stress free, namely the rail Neutral Temperature. The University of California at San Diego (UCSD) has developed an innovative technique based on non-linear ultrasonic guided waves, under Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) research and development grants for the non-destructive measurement of the Neutral Temperature of CWR. Through the licensing of this technology from UCSD and under the sponsorship of the FRA Office of Research and Development, a field deployable prototype system has been developed and recently field-tested at cooperating railroad properties. Three prototype systems have been deployed to the Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF), AMTRAK, and the Union Pacific (UP) railroads for field testing and related data acquisition for a comprehensive evaluation, with respect to both performance and economy of operation. This paper summarizes the results of these field tests, as compared to well-established techniques such as VERSE and strain gages.
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Bruzek, Radim, Michael Trosino, Leopold Kreisel, and Leith Al-Nazer. "Rail Temperature Approximation and Heat Slow Order Best Practices." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5720.

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The railroad industry uses slow orders, sometimes referred to as speed restrictions, in areas where an elevated rail temperature is expected in order to minimize the risk and consequence of derailment caused by track buckling due to excessive rail temperature. Traditionally, rail temperature has been approximated by adding a constant offset, most often 30°F, to a peak ambient air temperature. When this approximated maximum rail temperature exceeds a given risk threshold, slow orders are usually issued for a predefined period of the day. This “one size fits all” approach, however, is not effective and suitable in all situations. On very warm days, the difference between rail temperature and ambient air temperature can exceed railroad-employed offsets and remain elevated for extended periods of time. A given temperature offset may be well suited for certain regions and track buckling risk-related rail temperature thresholds but less accurate for others. Almost 160,000 hours of rail temperature measurements collected in 2012 across the eastern United States by two Class I railroads and predicted ambient air temperatures based on the National Weather Service’s National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) data were analyzed using detection theory in order to establish optimal values of offsets between air and rail temperatures as well as times when slow orders should be in place based on geographical location and the track buckling risk rail temperature threshold. This paper presents the results of the analysis and describes an improved procedure to manage heat-related slow orders based on ambient air temperatures.
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Schladitz, Markus, Robert Adam, and Steffen Großmann. "Calculation of the temperature distribution in heated switch points." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.991.

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Snow and ice can accumulate between the moveable parts of a switch point during the winter season. As a result he point cannot be switched anymore. In order to prevent failures and delays of trains, switch points are heated. Electrical heating rods shall ensure the melting of snow and ice in the critical areas of a point. Practical experiences have shown that this is not always possible. A calculation model for the heating of a point has to be set up in order to investigate the effectivity of switch point heating systems. Besides that, various ambient factors (such as ambient temperature, wind, precipitation) reduce the heating of the point. However, the extent of impact of the weather conditions on the heating remains to be investigated. Therefore, it is important to study their thermal influence and implement it into the calculation model. The Thermal Network Method (TNM) is suitable in this case. Initially the single main components of a switch point will be set up in separate networks. After a verification with experimental setups, the separate networks can be connected to each other. An experimental setup of an entire model point gives the opportunity to compare calculated and measured heating results without the influence of weather conditions. Finally, the ambient conditions can be implemented into the TNM model by performing field tests. The finished model can give high-resolution temperature information for different heating powers, ambient temperatures, wind velocities, rain and snowfall. According to the practical experience of various railway companies the temperature distribution is calculated for different parameter scenarios and subsequently evaluated regarding its effectivity to prevent failures.
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Nucera, Claudio, Robert Phillips, Francesco Lanza di Scalea, Mahmood Fateh, and Gary Carr. "A Wayside System for In-Situ Measurement of Rail Neutral Temperature by Nonlinear Ultrasonic Guided Waves." In ASME 2012 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2012-9407.

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The University of California at San Diego (UCSD), under a Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Research and Development (R&D) grant, is conducting research to develop a system for in-situ measurement of the rail Neutral Temperature in Continuous-Welded Rail (CWR). It is known that CWR can break in cold weather and can buckle in hot weather. Currently, there is a need for the railroads to know the current state of thermal stress in the rail, or the rail Neutral Temperature (rail temperature with zero thermal stress), to properly schedule slow-order mandates and prevent derailments. UCSD has developed a prototype for wayside rail Neutral Temperature measurement that is based on non-linear ultrasonic guided waves. Numerical models were first developed to identify proper guided wave modes and frequencies for maximum sensitivity to the thermal stresses in the rail web, with little influence of the rail head and rail foot. Experiments conducted at the Large-scale Rail NT Test-bed indicated a rail Neutral Temperature measurement accuracy of a few degrees. Field tests are planned at the Transportation Technology Center (TTC) in Pueblo, CO in June 2012 in collaboration with the Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) Railway.
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Pucillo, Giovanni Pio. "Train-Induced Load Effects on the Thermal Track Buckling." In 2019 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2019-1276.

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Thermal track buckling is probably the major problem due to the advent of continuous welded rail track. In fact, when the rails temperature rises over a critical value, the track can buckle, suddenly or progressively, in the lateral plane. Both poor ballast conditions and large lateral alignment defects are the principal causes of such phenomenon. In a previous paper, a parametric finite element model for thermal track buckling simulation was presented and validated by comparison with analytical results of the literature. In this study, the finite element model has been further validated by comparison with analytical and numerical results obtained by three other authors. Moreover, to take into account the effect on the buckling temperatures of the vertical loads due to train passes, the tie-ballast lateral resistance has been modified along the track, taking into account the vertical reaction forces distribution induced by axle loads. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out both for tangent and curved track, considering two values of the alignment defect amplitude, and different values of the parameters that characterize actual railway vehicles. It is found that the conditions to trigger progressive buckling (△Tmax ≈ △Tmin) are attained with small values of the truck center distance, and in a more accentuated manner in the presence of high values of the lateral alignment defect. △Tmax and △Tmin increase with axle spacing, and this increase is more pronounced for low values of the truck center spacing. △Tmax and △Tmin also increase with curve radius, but decrease for increasing values of the misalignment defect amplitude. In explosive buckling conditions (△Tmax ≠ △Tmin), there is a limit value of the truck center distance above which the vertical load has no more effects, and the results of the static thermal buckling are found.
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Koh, Taehoon, Seonkeun Hwang, Junghoon Yoo, and Donggeun Lee. "Rapid Construction Technology for Railroad Concrete Infrastructure: Microwave Heat Curing Technology." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5704.

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The cast-in-place concrete lining construction process represents about 25% of the total railroad tunnel construction period. Moreover, the construction period for lining concrete depends on the speed of the curing process of the lining concrete. Therefore, in cold weather when the air temperature in mountain railroad tunnel is consistently 10 degrees or below, equipment for heat insulation of cast-in-place concrete lining, such as a portable fossil fuel heater, must also be prepared to maintain an appropriate curing temperature in the tunnel. It generally takes about 24 to 36 hours to reach the compressive strength (3 to 5MPa) required to remove the lining form. Recently, microwave heat curing technology has been developed as a way of substantially reducing the concrete curing time, to achieve a reduction in the total construction period. The microwave heating system developed in this technology is comprised of a microwave generator, cavity, insulator, and exothermic body (microwave irradiated pyrogen). In this system, microwaves generated from the magnetron are irregularly reflected inside the cavity, and rapidly heat up the exothermic body so that the heat is transferred to the lining form and the concrete in turn, resulting in the accelerated hydration of concrete. Based on the field test data from the construction of the railroad tunnel cast-in-place concrete lining, it is found that this technology is able in 6 to 12 hours to complete the curing of concrete lining sufficiently to remove the form. It is hoped that this approach will substantially reduce the construction period and cost of tunnel lining, even during cold-weather.
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Knopf, K., D. C. Rizos, Y. Qian, and M. Sutton. "A Stereovision System for Rail Neutral Temperature Measurements and Effects of the Heating Method." In 2020 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2020-8119.

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Abstract Continuous Welded Rail (CWR) practice is used in modern railroads to alleviate maintenance issues associated with joints and to improve ride quality. The absence of expansion joints, however, leads to long rail segments that are prone to the development of longitudinal thermal stresses that may cause track buckling, or rail pull-apart. A critical parameter in the susceptibility of the track to failure due to thermal loading is the Rail Neutral Temperature. This parameter is the temperature at which the rail is stress free. Rail stress management practices depend on the knowledge of the total net stress in the rail and the RNT. Current in-situ rail stress measurement techniques are destructive and disruptive of service. A new non contacting, nondestructive methodology is under development at the University of South Carolina for RNT and longitudinal stress measurements. The method is based on stereo vision image acquisition and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) for acquiring the full field shape, deformation and strain measurements taken during a thermal cycle. The thermal cycle can be natural or induced. This paper discusses the effects of the way the rail is heated on the RNT and stress measurements.
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Wang, Hao, Jiaqi Chen, P. N. Balaguru, and Leith Al-Nazer. "Thermal Benefits of Low Solar Absorption Coating for Preventing Rail Buckling." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5669.

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A low solar absorption coating for rail application is developed to reduce the peak rail temperature and buckling risk in summer months. The proposed coating system provides a highly reflective surface through white or off-white color and has constituents to provide high abrasion resistance and self-cleaning properties. The zero volatile organic content (VOC) and one hundred percent inorganic coating system has excellent adhesion to steel surfaces with minimal surface preparation. This paper presented the outdoor temperature monitoring results of the coated rail segments under hot weather. The results show that the application of coating could significantly reduce the peak rail temperature up to 10.5°C. Three-dimensional finite element (FE) models were developed to predict temperature distributions and thermal stresses in the rail. The thermal stress simulation shows that, when the rail neutral temperature (RNT) is relatively low, rail coating decreases the compressive stress in the rail up to about 50% during the hottest hours. Although increasing the RNT decreases compressive thermal stresses in the rail, it could increase the risk of rail break due to the increased tensile stresses in the rail. The coating application could reduce the high RNT requirement during rail placement and prevent rail buckling as the effective RNT decreases after traffic and maintenance. Therefore, the low solar absorption coating could serve as a proactive way to control peak temperatures and thermal stresses in the rail.
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Reports on the topic "Weather induced rail temperature"

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Venäläinen, Ari, Sanna Luhtala, Mikko Laapas, Otto Hyvärinen, Hilppa Gregow, Mikko Strahlendorff, Mikko Peltoniemi, et al. Sää- ja ilmastotiedot sekä uudet palvelut auttavat metsäbiotaloutta sopeutumaan ilmastonmuutokseen. Finnish Meteorological Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361317.

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Climate change will increase weather induced risks to forests, and thus effective adaptation measures are needed. In Säätyö project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, we have summarized the data that facilitate adaptation measures, developed weather and climate services that benefit forestry, and mapped what kind of new weather and climate services are needed in forestry. In addition, we have recorded key further development needs to promote adaptation. The Säätyö project developed a service product describing the harvesting conditions of trees based on the soil moisture assessment. The output includes an analysis of the current situation and a 10-day forecast. In the project we also tested the usefulness of long forecasts beyond three months. The weather forecasting service is sidelined and supplemented by another co-operation project between the Finnish Meteorological Institute and Metsäteho called HarvesterSeasons (https://harvesterseasons.com/). The HarvesterSeasons service utilizes long-term forecasts of up to 6 months to assess terrain bearing conditions. A test version of a wind damage risk tool was developed in cooperation with the Department of Forest Sciences of the University of Eastern Finland and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. It can be used to calculate the wind speeds required in a forest area for wind damage (falling trees). It is currently only suitable for researcher use. In the Säätyö project the possibility of locating the most severe wind damage areas immediately after a storm was also tested. The method is based on the spatial interpolation of wind observations. The method was used to analyze storms that caused forest damages in the summer and fall of 2020. The produced maps were considered illustrative and useful to those responsible for compiling the situational picture. The accumulation of snow on tree branches, can be modeled using weather data such as rainfall, temperature, air humidity, and wind speed. In the Säätyö project, the snow damage risk assessment model was further developed in such a way that, in addition to the accumulated snow load amount, the characteristics of the stand and the variations in terrain height were also taken into account. According to the verification performed, the importance of abiotic factors increased under extreme snow load conditions (winter 2017-2018). In ordinary winters, the importance of biotic factors was emphasized. According to the comparison, the actual snow damage could be explained well with the tested model. In the interviews and workshop, the uses of information products, their benefits, the conditions for their introduction and development opportunities were mapped. According to the results, diverse uses and benefits of information products and services were seen. Information products would make it possible to develop proactive forest management, which would reduce the economic costs caused by wind and snow damages. A more up-to-date understanding of harvesting conditions, enabled by information products, would enhance the implementation of harvesting and harvesting operations and the management of timber stocks, as well as reduce terrain, trunk and root damage. According to the study, the introduction of information is particularly affected by the availability of timeliness. Although the interviewees were not currently willing to pay for the information products developed in the project, the interviews highlighted several suggestions for the development of information products, which could make it possible to commercialize them.
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