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1
Koroschupov, V. "Some Aspects of European Defence Industry Development." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 12 (2022): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-12-98-107.
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As a result of the analysis of defence spending in European countries for the period 1990–2022, the author reveals a trend towards underfunding of their defence-industrial base. Due to the fall in defence spending, there is a reduction in European defence companies in Europe, some companies go into the commercial sector, the other part is trying to consolidate. The armed forces of European countries conduct exercises and fight on a multinational basis, and purchase weapons on a national basis. This situation does not allow industrial enterprises to consolidate demand, which makes it possible to increase production volumes. By researching the state of the defense-industrial base of European countries, it becomes evident that there are disagreements between the states of Europe about which is better to buy samples of weapons. Some are in favor of purchases in the United States, others – for joint European projects, and others – for national ones. For example, for fighters, we are talking about choosing between the F‑35, Eurofighter Typhoon, Dassault Rafale or SAAB. A study of data on arms exports from the United States to Europe shows that Europe has lost its status as the main export destination of the United States. The results of research illustrate that the procurement of weapons is a long and complex process, the programming of the construction of the armed forces and the costs are planned, taking into account the threats of tomorrow, in advance. The research findings indicate that the prevailing conditions of peace and stability of the last 30 years have shaped the image of the defense industrial base of European countries unable to produce military products in large quantities and in a short time. The author comes to the conclusion that the ambitions of Europe exceed the available resources.
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Colfer, Barry. "The European Trade Union Confederation." socio.hu 9, Special Issue (June 16, 2020): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2019en.9.
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The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) represents some 45 million trade union members from eighty-nine national trade union confederations and ten European Industry Federations from thirty-nine countries. In 2019, ETUC entered its forty-sixth year and marked its fourteenth quadrennial Congress in Vienna where delegates intervened to shape the work plan and direction of the organisation for the coming four years and to elect a new Executive Committee. This article takes stock of ETUC’s background and primary activities and considers whether ETUC enhances the power and influence of its members, despite the challenging environment in which trade unions in Europe reside in the 21st century. In so doing, the article assesses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the organisation, which remains the largest civil society organisation in Europe.
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Aytaç, Ayhan, and Murat Korkmaz. "An Analysis of the World Paper Industry with a Focus on Europe and Trade Perspective." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 32, no. 2 (April 13, 2022): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sues-2022-0007.
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Abstract The pulp and paper manufacturing industry is currently facing sweeping changes due to the fact that supply and demand are dominated by different global players. These changes have significant effects not only on the paper and pulp production of countries but also on world economies thanks to the high level of trade between countries around the world. Based on the historical development of paper, our study examines today’s production around the world economies, shows the latest commercial trends in the paper and pulp trade, and makes a prediction on the effects of the data belonging to this sector on the trade of countries through using panel regression models. According to our results, we determined a significant relationship between the total world paper and cardboard production in Turkey and the European Union and the amount of pulp. On the other hand, a partial relationship was found between the European Union and Turkey’s paper production. In addition, we concluded that the amount of pulp used in paper and cardboard production was the factor causing the total paper production in the European Union and Turkey. In other words, we have established as a result of the analysis that as the amount of pulp used in paper and cardboard production increases, paper and cardboard production also increases at the same rate.
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RÓŻAŃSKI, Piotr, Mariusz BORECKI, Marian NIESLER, Janusz STECKO, Wojciech SZULC, and Bogdan ZDONEK. "DECARBONISATION PATHWAYS OF THE STEEL INDUSTRY." Journal of Metallic Materials, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2022): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32730/imz.2657-747.22.3-4.6.
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The article was prepared on the basis of reports from the Green Steel for Europe (GREENSTEEL) project funded by the European Union as part of the implementation of the climate and energy goals for 2030 and the long-term strategy for a climate neutral Europe by 2050. A consortium of implementers composed of ten partners from EU countries, including Łukasiewicz – Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy in Gliwice, has identified promising technologies for the decarbonisation of the steel industry, defined technological pathways constituting process chains composed of these technologies, as well as scenarios of the decarbonisation process until 2030 and until 2050. The end result of the project is a set of insights and recommendations for effective clean steel manufacturing solutions suitable for the EU to achieve the EU’s climate and energy goals.
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Bošković, Gorica, and Ana Stojković. "Industrial Policy As The European Union Competitiveness Factor On The Global Market." Economic Themes 52, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2014-0019.
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Abstract The union of the most developed European countries and their heavy industry based economies after the World War II, seemed like the only answer to USA’s and Japan’s powerful economies. At the same time, it was the only chance for Europe to become competitive in the global market. That was achieved through various forms of economic communities, formed in Europe in the second half of XX century. Since the 1992. Maastricht Treaty, they are known as the European Union. European Union industrial policy had the same priorities since the very beginning – to make Europe the leader of global economy, through investments in knowledge and high-tech inovation. However, that still hasn’t happened and considering all the economical and political crisis shaking the Union lately, chances are it can hardly happen at all. Reasons are numerous and different, both inside and outside the Union. The implicit question being posed here is have the most developed world countries and their economies reached their peak and can the EU achieve further growth on the supersaturated global market? This paper investigates the role of industrial policy as one of the key factors for solution to many problems in the past as well as in the future of the EU, which would make this economic and political community of European countries much more competitive on the global market.
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Nagy, Benedek. "The Restructuring of the European Pharmaceutical Industry between 2000 and 2018." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.24.14.
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To meet the requirements of global competition, the European Union (EU) places particular emphasis on the development of knowledge‑intensive, innovative industries. The pharmaceutical industry, as a high‑tech manufacturing subsection, has a long tradition in Europe. However, the distribution of pharmaceutical industry employment and value added is not even within the Union, and its temporal dynamics is also different.
In the present paper, I examine the change of the structure of the pharmaceutical industry within the Union using country groups. I compare the development of pharmaceutical industry employment in the period between 2000 and 2018 in three country groups. I use a simple decomposition method to separate the effects of sector growth and labor productivity change on the change of pharmaceutical employment to find out how similarly this industry evolved in the different country groups. The analysis shows that while in the 12 original, i.e., pre–2004, member states (Core EU), employment slightly increased alongside a considerable increase in value added, the nine post‑socialist countries (PS9) achieved slightly greater value added expansion combined with substantial employment growth. Meanwhile, the four Visegrád countries (V4) achieved a value added growth similar to the PS9, but an even greater employment growth. This indicates that the part of the pharmaceutical industry operating with higher labor productivity is concentrating in the Core EU countries, while in the less developed post‑socialist countries, the part of the pharmaceutical industry with lower labor productivity is developing.
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Melissen, Jan. "Nuclearizing NATO, 1957–1959: the ‘Anglo-Saxons’, nuclear sharing and the fourth country problem." Review of International Studies 20, no. 3 (July 1994): 253–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500118066.
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The spread of nuclear weapons outside the Western world has become the most important nuclear issue since the end of the Cold War. By contrast, the debate about Europe's nuclear strategy has subsided. Nuclear collaboration in Western Europe now seems an unlikely prospect and so too does proliferation, despite instability in the former Soviet Union, and occasional speculation about Germany's nuclear appetite. A very different atmosphere prevailed during the Cold War, when the need for a European nuclear force was endlessly debated, without any prospect of this political demand being fulfilled, and, in the late 1950s and 1960s, several European countries appeared to be at the threshold of obtaining nuclear power.
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TILEAGA, Cosmin. "TOURISM – A GLOBAL CHALLENGED INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Revista Economica 73, sp (December 30, 2021): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.56043/reveco-2021-0065.
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10% of the EU's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is generated by the tourism industry. In some countries like Greece or Malta, tourism accounts for 20-25% of those countries' GDP. According to the EU Commission, Spain generated around 145 billion euros in the tourism sector, while German hotels and tour operators generate around 240 billion euros a year. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) estimates that during this coronavirus crisis, 96% of all tourist destinations in the world cannot be visited, thus calling for the restrictions to be ended as soon as possible in a coordinated global manner based on scientific health research. The economic situation of the tourism industry is catastrophic, not only in southern Europe along the Mediterranean Sea, but also in other parts of Europe, such as Germany. The tourism industry expects a drop of up to 70% in bookings this year. Meanwhile, the European Union (EU) Commission predicts that cruise companies will be the most affected with losses of up to 90%.
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Ulyanychev, Maxim A. "The Phenomenon of Company Towns: Specific Features of Their Genesis and Development." RUDN Journal of Public Administration 7, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8313-2020-7-2-118-123.
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The article analyzes the social phenomenon of single-industry towns (company towns), their role in the modern market economy, their genesis in Russia and other countries. The author observes historical stages of development of single-industry towns in Russia, as well as the features of their occurrence in the Soviet Union in connection with city-forming enterprises, which in addition to economic activities performed social functions. The characteristics of the development of single-industry towns in Europe, North America and are being compared. Distinctive features of the industrial enterprises of the cities formed in the Soviet Union are allocated. The article analyzes the problems of functioning and development of single-industry towns, examines foreign and domestic strategies for the rehabilitation of single-industry municipalities, including current measures to support such towns in the Russian Federation.
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BÓRAWSKI, PIOTR, MARIIA KUPTSOVA, ANDRII SLIS, and RAFAŁ WYSZOMIERSKI. "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOGAS MARKET IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." sj-economics scientific journal 31, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v31i4.77.
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Biogas is an alternative renewable energy source in Europe. The feedstock (biomass) for biogas can be waste from various industries. There are two methods of biogas generation that allow processing of organic waste into an accessible energy resource: thermal and chemical. This article also discusses the environmental aspects of using biogas as a safe source for the environment. From an economic point of view, the large-scale implementation of the biogas industry was achieved by highly developed countries, such as Germany and the United Kingdom. Unfortunately, this technology is not available in all countries. The direction of biogas production is considered very promising and over time a significant increase in biogas plants is expected.
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Mrówczyńska-Kamińska, Aldona, and Agnieszka Baer-Nawrocka. "CHANGES IN LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE AGRIBUSINESS IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2018.17.1.10.
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The main aim of the paper is to identify the changes in labour productivity in the agribusiness and to define its relationship to labour productivity in the entire national economy of the EU countries. Labour productivity is expressed as gross value added per employee in agribusiness as a whole and its three zones (I – industries manufacturing means of production and services for agriculture and the food industry, II – agriculture, III – food industry). The analysis concerns selected years from 1995 to 2010, which are the most recent available data. The gross value added in agribusiness were calculated by means of the formula suggested by Woś in 1979. As it results from the analyses, despite favorable changes, the productivity of labour in the agribusiness in the new EU Member States remains at a lower level than in most of the EU-15 countries. The main reason behind the differences in the levels of agribusiness labour productivity is a surplus of the labor force in the agriculture in the most EU-12 countries. Moreover, the EU-15 countries especially from Western and Northern Europe demonstrate smaller differences between the labour productivity in agribusiness and other sectors of the national economy.
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Ana, Maria-Irina. "Tourism industry in the new member states. Key countries and destinations." Management & Marketing 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 812–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2018-0007.
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Abstract This paper provides an examination of tourism in the New Member States of the European Union in the period 2007-2015, assessing the importance of tourism for the New Member States economy and the factors that might affect this industry. Considerable research has been devoted to tourism in the developed countries from Europe, but rather less attention has been paid to tourism in the Central-Eastern Europe, the New Member States region. In this regard, the paper will start with an overview of the current state of the literature on this topic, section that precedes a presentation of European bodies and policies in the travel and tourism field. Time series will be analyzed in order to identify the key countries for tourism in the region, according to the number of international arrivals, number of international overnight stays and exports in trade. Tourism contribution and importance for the economy, key destinations in the region, EU and state-level policies in the tourism sector, as well as main challenges and opportunities in the tourism sector will be addressed, focusing on the three key countries identified, Poland, Czech Republic and Croatia, that offer tourists unique, traditional experiences, focusing on niche markets, rather than on mass-market tourism.
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Pidmurniak, Oleksandr, Dmytro Baiura, Oksana Zhylinska, and Pavlo Kukhta. "INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO ASSESSING ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES AT AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES: THE EU EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE." Acta logistica 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22306/al.v7i4.196.
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The article considers the features of organizational changes (organizational innovations) that have been carried out in the automotive industry of countries that have relatively recently joined the European Union (the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Romania). These countries, starting from 1990s and throughout 2000s, rebuilt their own automotive industry and managed to attract investors, which resulted in increased production and car exports. The article substantiates that in the modern world the automotive industry has tendencies towards internationalization (production in different countries), development of large multi-brand concerns (production of different classes and makes of cars), cooperation (OEM companies and car dealers cooperating with concerns), and specialization (each country produces cars that meet market needs, either for domestic consumption or for export). This issue is extremely important for Ukraine, as the Ukrainian automobile industry now ranks second among the post-Soviet countries and 11th among the Eurozone countries in terms of production, with 7 automobile plants operating in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to analyse organizational changes in the automotive industry enterprises in Eastern Europe, including the introduction of innovations, as well as to determine the possibility of implementing such changes in the automotive industry in Ukraine.
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Ana, Maria-Irina. "Tourism industry in the new Europe: trends, policies and challenges." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0053.
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Abstract This paper provides an examination of tourism in the New Member States of the European Union from the date of accession until the last year for which data is available (2014), assessing not only the importance of tourism for the New Member States economy, but also the factors and trends that might affect this industry. Predictions for tourism after joining the EU had been confident and the statistical findings confirmed that the outcomes had been to a great extent encouraging and favourable. Considerable research has been devoted to tourism in the developed countries from Europe, the so-called Old Member States, but rather less attention has been paid to tourism in the Central Eastern Europe, the New Member States region. In this regard, the paper will start with an overview of the current state of the literature on this topic, section that precedes a presentation of European bodies and policies in the travel and tourism field. According to The World Bank Database (World Tourism Organization, 2016), the number of international inbound tourists in the countries Newest Members of EU increased on average three times and in many cases this is partly a consequence of the Community’s accession policy and the market oriented policies in the new Member States (Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General of the European Commission, 2007). Time series will be analysed in order to identify specific trends in the tourism industry, but also in an attempt to characterize the European integration impact on the New Member States’ tourism. Main future challenges and opportunities in the travel and tourism industry will also be sketched, so the paper to better serve not only participants in the academic community and practitioners in the tourism business, but also financial market parties or consultants.
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Shipkova, O. T., and Z. V. Vdovenko. "Development scenarios of new world order and transition to carbon-neutral waste-free economics-2050." Russian Journal of Industrial Economics 14, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2072-1633-2021-1-76-88.
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The authors analyze the patterns of strategic transformations in developed and developing countries by 2050. They paid special attention to basic global present-day trends and forecasting the changes in chemical industry. The article examines the predictive model of strategic solutions of the European Union based on strategic long-term vision of the modern competitive economy’s prosperity. The authors present the analysis of scenarios of transition to waste-free and effective technologies suggested by Europe. They take into consideration scientifi c and technological development and determine major reference points for development of chemical industry in Russia by means of examination of the developed models, scenarios, strategies, programs of transformation in different countries of the world and transition to carbon-neutral waste-free economics. The authors consider predictive scenarios of development of Russia’s chemical industry.
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Voronov, K. "Security Modus Operandi of the Northern Europe." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 1 (2021): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-1-82-89.
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The article analyses the complex influence of dangerous changes, which took place after 2014 in the international political environment in Europe, on the ongoing transformations, suggests essential revision of national policies of the five Nordic countries (Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Sweden and Finland) in the field of their security and defenсe. The degree of military and political tension in the North of Europe has increased significantly after 2014. The conflict is escalating due to additional deployment within the so-called reinforcement of the “eastern flank” of the Alliance with three allied battalions, and NATO weapons in the Baltic States and Poland. However, great strategic stability in the zone of direct contact between NATO and Russia is still possible to maintain. The international political situation in the subregion has also deteriorated markedly as a result of the U.S., NATO and EU sanctions policy against Russia, strengthening of transatlantic relations of the Nordic countries, and reinforcement of allied ties within the framework of the Western bloc policy as a whole. It noted signified not only a revision in favor of further strengthening of transatlantic ties in the policy of bloc allegiance of the Nordic countries – members of NATO (Denmark, Norway, Iceland), but also an obvious intensification of practical cooperation between formally non-aligned states (Sweden and Finland) with the Alliance structures. The Nordic Defenсe Cooperation (NORDEFCO) has also started to acquire a risky pro-Atlantic style, losing its previous autonomous subregional nature. Apparently, in the present complex situation, the Nordic Five is disposed to solve security and defence problems by: 1) having a greater many-sided cooperation with NATO; 2) giving a real, limited meaning to the European Union in the military-political sphere; 3) continuing to bear pressure upon Russia for the purpose of limiting Russian influence in the subregion, especially in the Baltic region. In the near future, the problem of NATO accession for Sweden and Finland may remain in the same precarious condition unless some dangerous force majeure circumstances occur in the Baltic region.
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Guliyev, I. "Oil Transport Networks in Europe." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(37) (August 28, 2014): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-4-37-68-72.
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The author examines the problems and prospects of crude oil and petroleum products transportation market on the European continent. Particular attention is paid to the possibilities of the planned pipeline routes and new supplies of oil and petroleum products. European Union countries have large reserves of hydrocarbons, but it is not enough to fully satisfy domestic consumption. Improved pipeline infrastructure both within the EU and oil pipelines from other countries is an important economic and social factor. Recent developments of this year especially emphasize the importance of strengthening the energy security in the foreign policy of the state. For transporting fuel energy in Europe used the following types of transport: marine (sea and river), truck, railway, and pipeline. It seems necessary to mention the fact that the role of pipeline transport is particularly high in the oil and gas industry. Pipeline transport has an important impact on the formation and developmen t of the fuel and energy complex of the state, as well as regions, as its integral part. An effective system of crude oil and petroleum products pipelines is an important tool for the implementation of public policies, policies at the EU level, allowing the country to regulate the supply of crude oil and petroleum products to the overseas and domestic markets.
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Tikunova, Irina, and Ekaterina Tsareva. "Tourism potential of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe within the framework of the European Union." InterCarto. InterGIS 28, no. 2 (2022): 376–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2022-2-28-376-394.
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The purpose of the work is to assess the tourism potential and its use by the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), their involvement in European integration. The transformation of tourism in the CEE countries after joining the EU is considered. With the help of a set of indicators, the rating of countries according to the level of development of tourist potential is calculated. The following indicators were used: the number of UNESCO sites, the quality of beaches, the price competitiveness index, infrastructure development indicators (number of the accommodation, aviation passenger turnover, density of the road and railway network), human development index, international safety rating, environmental management efficiency rating, the number of reviews on the Internet, travel competitiveness rating. There are 4 groups of countries. The first two groups with high and relatively high levels do not include any CEE countries. The third and fourth groups (with medium and low levels) consist almost entirely of CEE countries, with the exception of some countries in Western, Northern and Southern Europe. The classification shows that the CEE countries lag behind other EU countries not only in terms of basic tourism indicators. But it is also insufficiently adapted to the recreation of the natural, cultural, historical and socio-economic base. The typology of countries according to the attractiveness of tourist destinations is carried out and ratings on absolute and relative indicators of development are calculated. On the basis of the three ratings, a bubble chart is constructed reflecting the effectiveness of the use of the tourist potential by the EU countries. Its analysis shows that Croatia occupies a special place against the background of lagging behind the rest of Europe in the use of the tourist potential of the CEE countries, which, despite the average values of the potential, is ahead of most of the leading European countries in terms of the effectiveness of its use. With the availability of good natural and cultural and historical resources, the rise of the CEE tourism industry is possible in the long term.
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Heed, Tom, and Alexander Kubyshkin. "Armageddon: Comparative Images of the Nuclear Conflict Between the United States and the Soviet Union in American Cinema." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (October 2019): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.5.18.
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Introduction. Film offers a valuable mirror to reflect on how we assess our present and past. The Cold War was one of the most troubled periods in history. Two huge, wealthy, energetic, and creative societies competed in all areas. During those decades of electric change and development they faced each other with weapons of ever increasing lethality. The film industry in both countries looked at how the nuclear exchange would impact in both lands. Over the decades as the weaponry changed, as the patterns of leadership changed, as the economy of the world evolved, both nations’ film industry painted different images of what Armageddon could look like. If we compare comparable films, across similar decades, what do we learn of that era and those people? Methods and Materials. The methods used in the article are comparative, analytical and functional systematic ones. The materials used are the following: 1) five films of both cultures from different decades; 2) secondary accounts of contemporary events; 3) secondary reviews of the selected films, and 4) secondary accounts of parallel incidents. Analysis. With the complex weapons of the Cold War era we certainly need to worry about the technological imperative and the potential role of accident and unintended consequences. However, we are blessed that the doom day scenario has not yet erupted. We are most fortunate that the dire warning of many US filmmakers have not been realized. Indeed with the coming advent of AI technology and 5G communications, we may have more to fear than ever before. Results. After fifty some years of the Cold War, films continue to project the worst fears of people. As we review these films across the several decades we see constancy, the films again and again distrust technology.
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NAGAYAMA, Hiroaki. "Regulatory Reforms within the Electricity Supply Industry in the Countries of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union." Russian and East European Studies, no. 33 (2004): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5823/jarees.2004.122.
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Grzegorzewska, Emilia, and Mariana Sedliačiková. "Labour productivity in the sustainable development of wood-based industry: A case for the European Union countries." BioResources 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 3643–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.3643-3661.
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Labour productivity is one of the key factors determining the wood-based industry development and competitiveness. This study assessed the importance of human resources and labour productivity in the furniture sector in the European Union (EU) countries. A cluster analysis and multivariate linear ordering analysis were conducted. The EU15, especially Germany, Denmark, and United Kingdom, demonstrate a higher labour productivity and offer even four-fold higher wages to the employees than some EU13 countries. It results in a relatively high share of labour costs in the production. However, in some countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the importance of furniture production for the national economy and the job market was high. To maintain the sustainable development of the EU market, decreasing the regional differences is essential. Additionally, the existing competitive advantage of selected EU13 countries resulting from relatively low labour costs can be insufficient to maintain the current rate of production growth and furniture exports. The results of the study provide a precious source of information for entrepreneurs, managers, and government. They will help the production enterprises identify the areas to be made more efficient by taking important decisions to enhance competitiveness and design the future path of sustainable furniture sector development.
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Rachwał, Tomasz, Krzysztof Wiedermann, and Wioletta Kilar. "Rola przemysłu w gospodarce układów regionalnych Unii Europejskiej." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 14 (January 1, 2009): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.14.4.
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The aim of the paper is to present the role of industrial activity in the economy of European Union regional systems, with a special reference to Poland, measured by the employment rate and gross added value. Defining the range of influence of regional industry should allow us to define the places of accumulation of new development advantages, which is important from the perspective of the development of these areas. To assess the recent changes in the space of European industry in regional systems, a dynamic analysis of the discussed processes was carried out, covering the period of economic transformation of the Central and Eastern Europe countries and their integration with the European Union. To analyze the function of industry in the development of knowledge-based economy, the authors identified the relationship between the amount of investment in industry and the potential employees in research and development activities. The authors also attempt to assess the suitability of various measures of industrial development to determine their role in regional economic systems in the conditions of intensifying processes of globalization and European integration.
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Kyzym, Mykola O., Viktoriia Ye Khaustova, and Viktoriia O. Shlykova. "War in Ukraine: Analysis of the Prerequisites, Lessons of the Infighting, and Conclusions for the Future." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 2, no. 52 (2022): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2022-2-47-57.
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On February 24, 2022, russia launched an all-out invasion of Ukraine. This situation has radically changed the relations between the states, marked a point of no return in the relations between the once fraternal peoples, changed the vectors and priorities for the further development of Ukraine, and created new challenges in all spheres of its life. Moreover, the war in the center of Europe affected the world economy as a whole and the economy of many individual countries, as well as migration and sociopolitical processes. All this was reflected in the change in the research priorities in the world and, in particular, in Ukraine. The purpose of this study is to formulate generalized proposals on ways to counter russia’s military aggression. The article analyzes: World Military Strength Ranking 2022, losses of the russian armed forces as of 15.06.2022; changes in the number of personnel, weapons and equipment of Ukraine’s Armed Forces in 1991-2021. Also a comparative quantitative assessment of the armed forces of Ukraine and russia in 2021 was carried out, considering weaknesses and miscalculations in the formation and development of independent Ukraine that had allowed a full-scale war to take place on its territory. The military potential of the Ukrainian and Russian armies in 1991 and 2021 is compared, new types of weapons developed in Ukraine are considered. The results of Delphi analysis of the Ukrainian defense industry clusters necessary for asymmetric deterrence against an external aggression over the time horizon until 2030 are presented. The ways to provide Ukraine’s Armed Forces with the main types of weapons and military equipment are defined. The conducted research has allowed us to determine that russia, being a country with geopolitical ambitions, will always present a threat to Ukraine, so the national security of our country must be built with consideration for the military and economic strength of the aggressor country. Сonsequently Ukraine must enter into at least one military and economic alliance with other European and world countries. Moreover, Ukraine must have a strong diversified defense industry complex, which will produce its own competitive weapons and military equipment both independently and jointly with other European and world countries or under licenses from foreign manufacturers. Ukraine’s Armed Forces must have such a structure of their services and branches that would allow them to withstand threats from the russian armed forces or asymmetric types of weapons and military equipment that would make it possible to conduct the 2nd, 3rd and 6th generation war.
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Mahmutefendic, Tahir. "The Eu Enlargement. How to be Like the Irish and not the Greek?" ECONOMICS 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2019-0021.
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Abstract Apart from the former EFTA members (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and a few former republics of the Soviet Union (Bjelorussia, Moldova and Ukraina) the countries of the Western Balkans are the only European states outside of the European Union. They are very keen to join the Union. The Balkans have always been the poorest part of Europe. The appeal of the wealthy European Union is apparent. Access to the largest market in the world, investment, modern technologies and generous regional funds give a hope that by joining the EU the Western Balkans countries will join the rich club. At the moment performance of the Western Balkan countries does not guarantee that they will become rich by joining the European Union. Their current production and trade structure makes it likely that the Western Balkan countries will be locked in inter-industry trade in which they will export products of low and medium technological and developmental level and import products of high technological and developmental level. This might lead to divergence rather than convergence between them and the European Union. In other to overcome this problem the Western Balkan countries need to conduct radical reforms in the public sector, fiscal policy, industrial trade and investment policy. They also need to tackle corruption, simplify administrative procedure, strenghten property rights and the lawful state. All this with the aim to change economic structure and shift from achievements of the second and third to fourth technological revolution. Only if these reforms are successfuly implemented the Western Balkan countries can hope to avoid the Greek scenario and possibly experience the Irish scenario.
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Dudek, Carolyn M. "Transmitting Environmentalism? The Unintended Global Consequences of European Union Environmental Policies." Global Environmental Politics 13, no. 2 (May 2013): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00169.
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Will European companies investing abroad be transmitters of EU environmental policies or environmental dumpers? This article utilizes a most-differentcases approach to analyze transnational corporation (TNC) behavior in countries with less stringent environmental standards. Drawing on rational institutionalism, the article examines two significant European business investments in Mercosur countries: paper pulp mills in Uruguay and fishing off the coast of Argentina. These cases demonstrate that EU environmental standards will be diffused beyond Europe's borders if significant fixed assets are involved, high levels of public awareness and action in response to environmental degradation are possible, and if the environmental policy of an industry is successfully implemented in Europe. Paper pulp milling in Uruguay fulfilled these conditions and TNCs, in this case applied EU standards. This was not so with TNC fishing practices in Argentina. Also, with high citizen attention, local companies will adopt similar environmental practices to those of their European counterparts, improving environmental practices even without domestic government regulations.
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Bilan, I. I. "Materials Science in the Structures of European Union Framework Research and Innovation Programs “Horizon 2020” and Horizon Europe”." Uspihi materialoznavstva 2021, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/materials2021.02.003.
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The results of the analysis of European Research and Innovation Framework Program “Horizon 2020” calls, propositions and projects with their main subjects devoted to the problems of advanced materials, perspective technologies of their production and processing are presented in this paper. Analysis had been made on the base of Horizon Dashboard data. Horizon Dashboard is the suitable instrument created under the requirements of the European Commission, which presents an overview of evaluated proposals (incl. success rates) and detailed statistics and data about funded projects and their participants, broken down by countries and regions, research domain/program part, organization type, etc. Furthermore, this instrument allows to analyze country and organization profiles considering 38 thematic priorities (four of them: advanced materials; advanced manufacturing and processing; nanotechnologies, advanced materials and production; biotechnologies are devoted to materials science aspects), funding received, participations by region, top beneficiaries, collaboration with other countries, SME participation and more. Data about total project numbers, funding, top participating countries, top participating organizations had been presented for the each of four materials science priorities. Special attention had been paid on the participation level, funding, and success rates of Ukrainian organizations. Situation with materials science thematic priorities in the new European Research and Innovation Framework Program “Horizon Europe” had been described and it was underlined the absence of separate materials science working program in “Horizon Europe”, and necessity of the analysis of several working programs such as “Digital, Industry, Space”, «Climate, energy, mobility» and etc. for the search of corresponding materials science topics and calls. Status of Ukrainian organizations in “Horizon Europe “program till signing and ratification of agreement between Ukraine and European Union about participation of Ukraine in Horizon Europe Program had been clarified. Keywords: research and innovation European Union Framework Program, “Horizon 2020” program, “Horizon Europe” program, thematic priority, materials science, program pillars, grant agreement.
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BUSCH, MARC L., and ERIC REINHARDT. "Industrial Location and Voter Participation in Europe." British Journal of Political Science 35, no. 4 (August 22, 2005): 713–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123405000360.
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Does the geographic concentration of industry ‘matter’ outside the United States? Observers have long speculated that while geographically concentrated industries may be influential in American politics, this is probably not the case in countries where the electorate votes more as a national constituency. Others disagree, urging that clustered industries have an advantage regardless of how the political map is drawn. We sharpen the terms of debate and weigh in with empirical evidence from a cross-sectional analysis of intended voter turnout in eight member-states of the European Union and a multi-year study of voter turnout in the Netherlands. These tests uniformly show that, across different types of electoral systems, including those in which voters vote as a national constituency, thereby removing any effects of electoral geography per se, workers in traded industries that are physically concentrated are, in fact, substantially more likely to vote than employees in traded but geographically dispersed sectors.
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Denisenko, Kristina S. "BREXIT’S EFFECTS ON GERMAN-UK COOPERATION IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY." Russian Economic Journal, no. 4 (August 15, 2022): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/10.33983/0130-9757-2022-4-48-61.
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Europe is the second largest chemicals producer in the world, yield only to the Asian region, where China is the undisputed leading country. The chemical industry is of great importance for both countries and it determines the structure of their economies. In turn, Brexit significantly affected the current dynamics and state of bilateral relations. Fairly long, stable trade and economic relations with Great Britain were of great importance for German business that did not hide its interest in adopting the agreement, which exclude rigorous trade tariffs and barriers. Being the largest EU economy with a clear export orientation, Germany was not ready to lose a huge export market. That is why Germany has made a significant contribution to negotiation process regulating the UK’s exit from the EU and put an effort to reach the consensus among parties concerned. Managing the UK’s departure from the European Union was not an exception from such ambitious program of six-month Germany’s Presidency of the Council of the EU (July–December 2020). Despite the fact that the Agreement on the UK’s withdrawal from the Eropean Union, which formally ended the state’s membership in the EU, had been adopted, a qualitatively new document was required. The Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) was adopted, which determines a new framework for relations between the EU and the UK. The TCA significantly determines the entire spectrum of cooperation areas and includes the new interplay in the chemical industry, including the implementation of REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) regulation. This article focuses on current state of German-UK economic ties and illustrates the role of chemical industry in the economies of both countries as well as points out the countries’ performance in the global industry.
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Denisenko, Kristina S. "BREXIT’S EFFECTS ON GERMAN-UK COOPERATION IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY." Russian Economic Journal, no. 4 (August 15, 2022): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/0130-9757-2022-4-48-61.
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Europe is the second largest chemicals producer in the world, yield only to the Asian region, where China is the undisputed leading country. The chemical industry is of great importance for both countries and it determines the structure of their economies. In turn, Brexit significantly affected the current dynamics and state of bilateral relations. Fairly long, stable trade and economic relations with Great Britain were of great importance for German business that did not hide its interest in adopting the agreement, which exclude rigorous trade tariffs and barriers. Being the largest EU economy with a clear export orientation, Germany was not ready to lose a huge export market. That is why Germany has made a significant contribution to negotiation process regulating the UK’s exit from the EU and put an effort to reach the consensus among parties concerned. Managing the UK’s departure from the European Union was not an exception from such ambitious program of six-month Germany’s Presidency of the Council of the EU (July–December 2020). Despite the fact that the Agreement on the UK’s withdrawal from the Eropean Union, which formally ended the state’s membership in the EU, had been adopted, a qualitatively new document was required. The Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) was adopted, which determines a new framework for relations between the EU and the UK. The TCA significantly determines the entire spectrum of cooperation areas and includes the new interplay in the chemical industry, including the implementation of REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) regulation. This article focuses on current state of German-UK economic ties and illustrates the role of chemical industry in the economies of both countries as well as points out the countries’ performance in the global industry.
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Esparza, Ryan. "En Vogue: The Risks of Brexit to the European Fashion Industry." International Journal of Legal Information 46, no. 3 (November 2018): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jli.2018.37.
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Coco Channel, Yves Saint Laurent, Gianni Versace, and Thomas Burberry, all iconic names that are synonymous with fashion and the fashion industry. Further, they are all European designers. From Paris Fashion Week to Milan Fashion Week, Europe is arguably the center of emerging fashion. It can be theorized that the reason for strong intellectual property rights within the European Union (EU), in the area of fashion design, is due to the significance of the fashion industry within Europe. Within the EU, there has long been a recognition of the significance of design protection, which sets its IP protection apart from other places in the world. Several of the protections that the EU has implemented can be traced back historically to attempts by the countries in the region to protect their textile markets, and to protect regional innovations which were being developed within early textile industries. Even in the early stages of the EU's history, there were attempts to create uniformity within the area of design. The desire to create uniformity in this area is continuous, but Brexit threatens a path towards uniformity.
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Balogh, Jeremiás Maté, and Nuno Carlos Leitão. "A gravity approach of agricultural trade: The nexus of the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 11 (November 20, 2019): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/131/2019-agricecon.
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The European Union (EU) is one of the biggest traders of agricultural products. In 2017, extra-EU agricultural trade accounted for 7.4% of the total EU international trade. Furthermore, Europe is the main destination for agricultural goods arriving from African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) trading partners. The paper analyses the effect of geographical proximity, cultural similarity, free trade agreements on bilateral agricultural trade as well as intra-industry trade between EU member states and its trading partners (intra and extra EU trade), employing gravity model for a period of 1996–2017. Regression results suggest that EU countries export more agricultural products to their common markets. In addition, the export costs of agricultural products are lower if the EU and its external trading partners are culturally similar; have the same religion or both have regional trade agreements. We found a moderate intra-industry trade between the EU and ACP countries at 18%. The results indicate rather inter-industry trade between EU and non-EU members, with a lower index level for ACP countries. A higher positive impact is revealed on the agricultural import between ACP-EU countries than export.
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Reis, João, David Pascoal Rosado, Diogo Freitas Ribeiro, and Nuno Melão. "Quintuple Helix Innovation Model for the European Union Defense Industry—An Empirical Research." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 16499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416499.
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The European defense industry is undergoing profound upheavals, and traditional innovation models may no longer be adequate. For this reason, further investigation is needed to know if the triple helix (TH) is suitable for one of the most influential industries in the world. If not suitable, it is necessary to identify which type of n-helices are appropriate. This article follows an embedded case study research strategy that uses several sources of data collection such as interviews with active-duty military personnel, scholars, the defense industry, and interagency professionals. Field notes and official documentation were also collected for corroboration and triangulation purposes. The results showed that the defense industry is increasingly globalized, leaving the national sphere and weakening the action and participation of European Union governments. This research resulted in the design of a quintuple helix innovation model for the defense industry, which was based on a TH combined with technology and the natural environment. We concluded that the traditional TH may not be adequate for the entry of new supranational players and that political contributions are subject to a further response by the European states. Scientific research is also needed, especially in Asian and American countries, which have national defense policies different from those of Europe.
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GUDZ, PETER, MARYNA GUDZ, and BARBARA DĄBROWSKA. "COMMON POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE SPHERE OF INDUSTRY: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN THE NEW REALITY OF POSTPANDEMIC." Economic innovations 23, no. 3(80) (August 20, 2021): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2021.23.3(80).85-100.
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Topicality. The urgency of studying the problems and challenges of the European Union's common industrial policy in the post-pandemic is due to the need to overcome the recession caused by the epidemic crisis and find innovative ways and means to transform European economies to rebuild the economy for the welfare of citizens and environmental security. Another prerequisite for the intensification of industrial policy as a driver of development of the EU common market is the realization of competitive advantages over the economies of the United States and China.Aim and tasks. The aim of the work is to analyze the problems and general challenges of the European Union's industrial policy in the new realities after the pandemic. The COVID-19 crisis has created many problems and posed many challenges to the European Union, but this is not the first crisis it has faced. The paper analyzes the challenges that have arisen during the measures taken to correct the economic downturn, as well as plans for the recovery and development of the European Union, including on the basis of digitization of the common industrial policy.Research results. The day, the genesis of the new, the fourth stage of the development of the industrial policy of the European Union has been designated. Established, according to the main method of industrial policy, and at the same time, 24 industrial halls of the 27 countries ЄC to improve the competitiveness of the European industry, as a step towards the development of the age of the mainstream of work. It was approved by the tools for the implementation of the industrial policy and criteria and indicators of evaluation and development. Sectoral analysis of industry, allowing you to camp for 2018 p. advanced development of machinery and equipment for the indicator of additional costs for production of coke and products of naphtha processing, automobiles, hairstyles and applications, industrial production of metal products for machinery. An analysis of the indicator of security to the given variability in the industrial spheres has taken into account the tendency to the concentration of security in the five countries of the world, some of the economies of Nimechchin. Analyzed the Eurocomisin's praise for April 2020. The plan for the development of Europe and the plan for the middle of the initial ones is the concept of industrial ecosystems. The concept of Europe is a light leader and ecology of the economy, realizing the industry and economy of the state government, the energy and economics of the program “Green Ladies”, as well as the economics of the economy.Conclusion. Problems and directions of overcoming challenges, determined by coronary crisis in industry and economy in general are identified: assistance in resumption of activity of industrial enterprises, coordination of partnership principles, limitation of pandemic expansion, preservation of jobs, tax benefits and credit policy of national banks aimed at investment development, financial assistance governments to support small and medium-sized businesses, assistance to relevant sectors of economic activity. The common industrial policy of the European Union covers many areas. Therefore, it is known that in times of the COVID-19 pandemic, the common industrial policy will face many challenges and problems. The article highlights not only the difficulties that the European Union had to overcome, but also the measures and measures it has taken to solve these problems. Putting the safety of its citizens first, the European Union has temporarily suspended its common industrial policy to focus on priorities. The most important aim was to help the most needy Member States and to support the economic sectors most affected. In addition, the Union has also launched a ten- action plan to rebuild Europe. The reconstruction plan for Europe allowed the European Union authorities to focus on the original goals of the Union, thus putting the new industrial strategy for Europe into effect. The European Council plans not only to increase the global competitiveness of its industry as well as its autonomy and resilience, but also to increase the resilience of the single market and ensure the leading role of the EU in the ecological and digital transformation.
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Chepkwei, Ambrose Kipruto. "SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIC GROWTH, SAVINGS AND CREDIT COOPERATIVE SOCIETY AND CREDIT UNION INDUSTRY: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW." Journal of Strategic Management 3, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/jsm.345.
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Purpose: To ascertain the sustainable strategic growth Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies and Credit Unions Industry globallyMethodology: This is a secondary research based on review of existing available literature (from books, conference reports, websites and journals) in the area of Savings and Credit Cooperatives Societies and Credit Unions in various countries globally.Findings: The study found that number of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies/Credit Unions in Africa increased by 83.3%, while that of Asia increased by 78.0% between the periods 2007 and 2016 and the average industry growth for Africa and Asia was 33.2% and 42.3% respective. The number of Credit Union growth in Caribbean (-5.6%), Europe (-23.9%), Latin America (-4.5%), North America (-32.6%) and Oceania (-32.8%) registered number of Savings and Credit Cooperative Society/Credit Union growth decline between the periods 2007 and 2016. The global aggregate growth in the number of Savings and Credit Cooperative Society/Credit Unions between 2007 and 2016 was 46.0%.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Considerations for global Savings and Credit Cooperative and Credit Union growth are evaluated on the multiple dimensions of market, region diversity, technological innovation rate, and Savings and Credit Cooperative Society/Credit Union market trends. Growth is the most frequently used corporate strategy. It means increases sales, assets, net profits and a chance to take advantage of the experience curve.
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Bertollini, Roberto, Sofia Ribeiro, Kristina Mauer-Stender, and Gauden Galea. "Tobacco control in Europe: a policy review." European Respiratory Review 25, no. 140 (May 31, 2016): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0021-2016.
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Tobacco is responsible for the death of 6 million people every year globally, of whom 700 000 are in Europe. Effective policies for tobacco control exist; however, the status of their implementation varies across the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region. In order to tackle the tobacco epidemic, action has been taken though the implementation of both legally binding and non-legally binding measures. This article aims to present the achievements and challenges of tobacco control in Europe, focussing on the available legally binding instruments such as the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the revision of the Tobacco Products Directive at the European Union level. Tobacco still faces heavy lobbying of the tobacco industry, which has systematically contrasted policies to achieve public health objectives. The legal instruments for tobacco control in Europe presented here are not always adequately enforced in all the countries and there is certainly room for improving their implementation. Finally, the need for a strong political commitment towards the end-game of the tobacco epidemic is emphasised.
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Lazanyi, Kornelia, and Maya Lambovska. "READINESS FOR INDUSTRY 4.0 RELATED CHANGES: A CASE STUDY OF THE VISEGRAD FOUR." Ekonomicko-manazerske spektrum 14, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/ems.2020.2.100-113.
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Industrial revolution refers to a period in human history in which revolutionary scientific discoveries and inventions that affect the functioning of society as a whole take place. Changes resulting from industrial revolutions sooner or later affect all sectors of the economy. The Fourth Industrial Revolution, also known as Industry 4.0, has brought with it many changes. Industry 4.0 has spread rapidly and has become a current phenomenon. Within the theoretical part of the contribution, the authors deal with development, definition, and comparison of industrial revolutions. The aim of the contribution is to examine the readiness of the Visegrad Four countries for changes connected with Industry 4.0. Several national initiatives responding to Industry 4.0 have been launched across Europe in recent years. Their purpose is to regulate the realization of Industry 4.0 and its consequences. Almost every member state of the European Union has its own national initiative, responding to Industry 4.0. Within the practical part of the contribution, authors focused on initiatives responding to Industry 4.0 in the V4 countries. To examine the readiness of the V4 countries for the challenges related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution - Industry 4.0, secondary data - The Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) - was used, as well as a z-score calculation. The resulting z-scores show which countries currently achieve the best results in terms of the Drivers of Production values when compared to the GDP per capita. To see how each country is doing compared to the mean value of the respective indicators, z-scores were calculated for each of them.
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De Groot, Michael. "The Soviet Union, CMEA, and the Energy Crisis of the 1970s." Journal of Cold War Studies 22, no. 4 (December 2020): 4–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00964.
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Numerous scholars have claimed that the Soviet Union was a primary beneficiary of the 1973–1974 oil crisis. Drawing on archival evidence from Russia and Germany, this article challenges that interpretation, showing that the oil crisis forced Soviet policymakers to confront the limits of their energy industry and the effects of the crisis on their East European allies. Demand for Soviet energy outpaced production, forcing Soviet officials to weigh their need to compensate for economic shortcomings at home against their role as the guarantor of Communist rule in Eastern Europe. The Soviet decision to raise prices within the Council on Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Soviet Union's inability to fulfill demand across CMEA compelled the East European governments to purchase oil from Middle Eastern countries at increasing world market prices, crippling their balance of payments and accentuating their other economic shortcomings.
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Vâlsan, Călin, and Elena Druică. "Corporate Performance and Economic Convergence between Europe and the US: A Cluster Analysis Along Industry Lines." Mathematics 8, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8030451.
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We investigate the extent to which the United States and the countries of Europe have achieved economic convergence of their corporate sector. We define convergence as the homogenization of economic performance, institutional arrangements, and market valuation taking place at the meso-economic level. We perform a cluster analysis along industry lines and find that industries and corporations on both continents cluster in four groups, based on six variables measuring operating performance, ownership, and market valuation. The clusters resulted from the US data are more unstable than those resulted from European data. We are also able to pair a handful of highly similar clusters between the US and European data. These findings suggest a complex dynamic. It seems that the US corporate sector is more homogeneous than the European one. Moreover, some degree of convergence between the European Union and the United States appears to have already occurred.
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Andres, Pablo de, Laura Arranz-Aperte, and Juan Antonio Rodriguez-Sanz. "“Fit and proper” regulations in the banking industry: What we have learnt in the post-crisis years." Journal of Governance and Regulation 9, no. 3 (2020): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv9i3art6.
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In a highly influential paper, Bradford (2015) coined the term “Brussels effect” to describe the way the EU regulatory power is externalized to third countries via consumer markets. In this paper, we analyze whether there is a Brussels effect in the finance industry as well. To do so, we study the evolution and regulatory changes put in place in Europe after the financial crisis to ensure that directors in the banking industry are adequately qualified and competent to meet the expertise and education requirements (the “fit and proper” criteria). We find that, as a result of the latest financial crisis, stricter board requirements were paired with stricter controls from the banking supervisory authorities in Europe. We describe the post-crisis regulatory framework as being characterized by 1) a strong commitment to regulation of risk management, 2) a multilayered control system and 3) a harmonized system with a strong presence of national regulatory authorities. We conclude that the European Union – through European Banking Authority (EBA) and the European Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) – has become a standard setter for the banking industry promoting international financial standards and “hardening” the soft law recommendations with directives and binding technical standards as regulatory instruments.
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Debardeleben, Joan T. "Esoteric Policy Debate: Nuclear Safety Issues in the Soviet Union and German Democratic Republic." British Journal of Political Science 15, no. 2 (April 1985): 227–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400004178.
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At a time when the nuclear power industry in many Western countries faces political and economic obstacles to expansion, commitment to assertive development of nuclear power continues to intensify in the Soviet Union, as well as in most East European countries. Although in 1980 nuclear power provided only about 5·1 per cent of electrical generating capacity in the Soviet Union, the 11th Five Year Plan (1981–85) projected an increase to 14 per cent, or to approximately 38,000 MW (megawatts) of installed capacity. Although longer-run projections are less definite, it appears that by 1990 authorities hope to achieve between 80,000 and 90,000 MW of nuclear generating capacity. A similar commitment to nuclear power exists in most CMEA countries, particularly in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and the German Democratic Republic (GDR). As of 31 December 1982, the GDR's 1,830 MW of nuclear generating capacity was the highest in Eastern Europe (outside the Soviet Union), although Bulgaria has overtaken the GDR in terms of proportion of electrical capacity provided by nuclear power (16 per cent for Bulgaria and 11 per cent for the GDR in 1980). According to projections, Czechoslovakia should increase its nuclear capacity from 880 MW in 1980 to between 3,100 and 3,600 MW by 1985, while the GDR plans to raise its capacity to 2,270 MW.
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V. Shashyna, Maryna, Oleh V. Zakharchenko, Oleksandr V. Darushyn, Zoriana M. Buryk, and Maria I. Shpinkovska. "Agroindustrial Complex in the Eastern European Countries in the Context of Sustainable Development." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 54 (April 25, 2019): 1167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.54.1167.1180.
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The research paper deals with the formation of new scientific solutions concerning evaluation of the development of the agroindustrial complex, its role in ensuring sustainable development of the national economy, identifying problems and developing ways to solve them in the current conditions of the functioning of agrarian production in the countries of Eastern Europe. The research emphasizes the key importance of agrarian production to ensure the food and economic security of Eastern European countries. It has been revealed that the agroindustrial complex plays a significant role in the countries of Eastern Europe, especially as concerns Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Moldova, Bulgaria and Romania. There are problems with the formation of effective state support of agrarian production in the countries selected for study, especially as regards the countries of Eastern Europe, which are not members of the European Union. The methodology for assessing the development of the agroindustrial complex in Eastern European countries was developed and proposed for use, as well as calculations on its basis were made, which allowed to divide all countries of this region into three groups: countries - outsiders (Ukraine, Moldova, Russia); countries, where the development of agrarian industry is of concern (Belarus, Romania, Bulgaria); countries that need to improve the agrarian sector of the national economy (Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland). A complex of agrarian production problems was identified for each of the Eastern European countries, and the key ways of their elimination were proposed, which are aimed at: reforming the market of agricultural land; stimulating the development of farms; increasing efficiency of state support of agrarian production; intensification of development and introduction of innovations in the agrarian sector; the transformation of the structure of the agro commodities market, including the optimization of their export and import.
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V. Shashyna, Maryna, Oleg V. Zakharchenko, Oleksandr V. Darushyn, Zoriana M. Buryk, and Maria I. Shpinkovska. "Agroindustrial Complex in the Eastern European Countries in the Context of Sustainable Development." Journal of Social Sciences Research, Special Issue 5 (December 15, 2018): 549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi5.549.562.
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The research paper deals with the formation of new scientific solutions concerning evaluation of the development of the agroindustrial complex, its role in ensuring sustainable development of the national economy, identifying problems and developing ways to solve them in the current conditions of the functioning of agrarian production in the countries of Eastern Europe. The research emphasizes the key importance of agrarian production to ensure the food and economic security of Eastern European countries. It has been revealed that the agroindustrial complex plays a significant role in the countries of Eastern Europe, especially as concerns Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Moldova, Bulgaria and Romania. There are problems with the formation of effective state support of agrarian production in the countries selected for study, especially as regards the countries of Eastern Europe, which are not members of the European Union. The methodology for assessing the development of the agroindustrial complex in Eastern European countries was developed and proposed for use, as well as calculations on its basis were made, which allowed to divide all countries of this region into three groups: countries - outsiders (Ukraine, Moldova, Russia); countries, where the development of agrarian industry is of concern (Belarus, Romania, Bulgaria); countries that need to improve the agrarian sector of the national economy (Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland). A complex of agrarian production problems was identified for each of the Eastern European countries, and the key ways of their elimination were proposed, which are aimed at: reforming the market of agricultural land; stimulating the development of farms; increasing efficiency of state support of agrarian production; intensification of development and introduction of innovations in the agrarian sector; the transformation of the structure of the agro commodities market, including the optimization of their export and import.
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Kuvaldin, S. A. "Nuclear energetics of postsocialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe: it’s influence on forming of EU climate and energy policy." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 10 (September 30, 2022): 699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2210-02.
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Аt least in the last decade and a half the EU has put strict priorities on decarbonisation and developmennt of carbonfree technologies (mostly based on renewable energy resources) in its energy policy. Achieving this goal consists a challenge for many member-states from Central and Eastern Europe (CEU). That formed a tendency for this countries to defend nuclear power as a tool of decarbonisation. So this countries becomes a "nuclear fl ank" of the EU and has itd infl uences on forming outlines of energy and climate policy of the Union. The article describes the origin of nuclear power sector in the countries of the region and basic challenges for the sector during postsocialist transit and EU accesion. This challenges were overcome in building partnership with the players of world nuclear industry. In the same time lasting dependency from russian (soviet) nuclear technologies and general distrust of the EU toward the nuclear projects fi nanced by Russia formed an obstacle for several ambitious projects. Countries of the CEU also coordinated their positions on the role of nuclear sector in the decarbonisation and tried to fi nd poweful allies within the EU (France) to defend their stance.
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Abdul, Fino Wahyudi, Eko Joyoprayitno, and Taufan Maulamin. "ANALISIS STRATEGI DAN DAYA SAING MASKAPAI BERBIAYA RENDAH : STUDY KASUS RYANAIR Ltd." Majalah Ilmiah Bijak 13, no. 2 (March 6, 2018): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31334/bijak.v13i2.81.
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Before the emergence of flying at low cost, large companies such as British Airways has dominated the European aviation industry services company. When the current industry trends undergo strict regulations in the European Union in 1997, where an airline from one member state can not fly in one market domestic that different countries, but Ryanair Ltd., dared to enter the aviation industry with the major obstacle. They were able to break through the market with low cost operations while maintaining the advantages, distinguishes itself with a permanent service implements to customers who are superior, and achieve cost savings through the use services to the Internet network.As a result of its strategy Market Busting, Ryanair Ltd., has become the largest low - cost airlines (one of the flight operators) in Europe. For the fiscal year 2004, the company brings in revenue of $ 1.32 billion, increased 44% from the year previous. Ryanair Ltd. currently provides service to 93 cities across Europe, recorded more than 15 million passengers per year.This paper analyzes the strategy and competitiveness Ryanair Ltd. to achieve success using SWOT analysis and Business Model Canvas (BMC). Where the use of SWOT analysis tool and the BMC is expected to displays a simpler business model.
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Nikitin, Alexander. "Trends of military-political development in Europe and of military-technical cooperation between the EU member states." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 4 (2020): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2020.04.03.
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The article analyzes in the time frame of the coming decade (2020–2030) the main trends in the development of the military and political situation in Europe. New nuclear risks arising from the weakening of the WMD non-proliferation regime, the dismantling of the INF Treaty and the prospects for the deployment of new generations of medium- and short-range missiles in Europe are being considered. The EU's successes and failures over the past three decades in establishing a system of EU operations and missions in conflict regions have been systematized. The structure, types, purpose of the 47 projects of military-technical and military-political cooperation implemented by the European Union within the framework of the EU Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) are analyzed. Groups of projects aimed at strengthening cooperation in the crisis response, at the development and production of weapons, at mastering information- and cyber-communications, logistics and medical cooperation, and at training activities are identified. The strengthening of Europe's geostrategic autonomy from the United States is noted, as well as the military-technical rather than military-operational emphasis within the PESCO programs, the absence of projects aimed directly at conducting collective offensive operations. Conclusions are drawn regarding the dangers of involving the CSTO indirect confrontation with NATO and the EU, the need to establish cooperation along the CSTO-EU line in confronting new common risks and challenges that are endangering both the east and west of Europe. There has been a transformation of many programs of military-technical and military-operational cooperation/integration of EU countries into the basis for new directions of the arms race in Europe.
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Alsaleh, Mohd, Muhammad Abdulwakil, and Abdul Abdul-Rahim. "Does Social Businesses Development Affect Bioenergy Industry Growth under the Pathway of Sustainable Development?" Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041989.
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The Treaty of European Union (EU) sets out the EU vision for sustainable development of Europe based on balanced economic growth and price stability, a highly competitive social market economy, aiming at full employment and social progress, and a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the environment. This led us to ask whether or not social business development stimulates the development of the bioenergy sector in the EU28 countries. Given the increasing rates of energy insecurity, environmental pollution, poverty, and unemployment, countries are switching to alternative energy sources that might promote social business development, climate change, and environmental quality. In this scenario, the bioenergy industry has received the attention of scholars and policymakers alike. The role social business development can play in the growth of the bioenergy industry remains uncertain, therefore, further investigation is necessary. This study, therefore, explores the relationships between the bioenergy industry and social business development indicators related to zero emissions, zero poverty, and zero unemployment for EU28 region countries from 1990 to 2018. Empirical evidence is based on the use of a new economic model, dynamic panel co-integration simulations (Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square, Dynamic Ordinary Least Square, and Pooled Ordinary Least Square). The results reveal a negative relationship between EU28′s bioenergy industry growth and carbon dioxide emissions, vulnerable employment, and unemployment rate, suggesting that bioenergy industry growth helps reduce pollution and unemployment. Likewise, bioenergy industry growth increases food supply, economic growth, and female employment and might be the best alternative to fossil fuels. Necessary policy related to bioenergy industry growth can be formulated, especially in achieving the sustainable development goals for social businesses.
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Soto-Sanfiel, María T., Isabel Villegas-Simón, and Ariadna Angulo-Brunet. "Youngsters and cinema in the European Union: A cross-cultural study on their conceptions and knowledge about cinema." International Communication Gazette 80, no. 8 (February 21, 2018): 714–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748048518759171.
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Within the framework of the Creative Europe programme, and due to the inexplicable lack of current academic information on the topic, this exploratory cross-cultural study seeks to advance the understanding of the relationship between European adolescents and cinema through a sample of 937 secondary students from eight countries of the European Union. Specifically, the research contributes to the identification of young people’s conceptions of the artistic value and functions of cinema, their knowledge of cinematography and their opinions about national, European or foreign cinema. In addition, it explores the extent to which these factors are alike and differ according to nation. The results of this work are relevant for academics from different disciplines, regulators, educators and members of the audiovisual industry.
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Mitchell, Katharyne. "Work Authority in Industry: The Happy Demise of the Ideal Type." Comparative Studies in Society and History 34, no. 4 (October 1992): 679–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500018041.
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Recent dramatic changes in the social and political organization of Eastern Europe and what was the Soviet Union have led to a widespread reformulation of certain generic terms that have long plagued comparative scholarship. Similarly, with the destruction of the monolithic Berlin Wall has come the imperative to deconstruct monolithic terms, such as communism or traditionalism, which have often obfuscated difference and negated geographical and historical specificity. In this essay, and in the spirit of laying to rest the ghost of the ideal type, I compare the work and authority relations in Chinese and Soviet factories in the 1960s and 1970s. When the differing variables that coalesced to form distinctive patterns of labor relations in these two countries during those years are more clearly understood, it will be possible to discuss the current patterns of change with greater accuracy. In addition, when the essentially structuralist constraints of an overarching communist type are loosened, it is also possible to reintroduce actors into the dialectic and to enrich the comparison with finer social and historical detail.
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Agnoli, Lara, Roberta Capitello, Maria De Salvo, Alberto Longo, and Marco Boeri. "Food fraud and consumers’ choices in the wake of the horsemeat scandal." British Food Journal 118, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 1898–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-04-2016-0176.
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Purpose – In 2012, the European food industry was hit by a food fraud: horsemeat was found in pre-prepared foods, without any declaration on the package. This is commonly referred to as the “horsemeat scandal”. The purpose of this paper is to investigate consumers’ preferences across Europe for a selected ready meal, ready to heat (RTH) fresh lasagne, to consider whether the effects of potential food frauds on consumers’ choices can be mitigated by introducing enhanced standards of RTH products. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey was administered to 4,598 consumers of RTH lasagne in six European countries (Republic of Ireland, France, Italy, Spain, Germany and Norway), applying discrete choice experiments to estimate consumers’ willingness to pay for enhanced food safety standards and highlight differences between countries. Findings – Many similarities across countries emerged, as well as some differences. Consumers in Europe are highly concerned with the authenticity of the meat in ready meals and strongly prefer to know that ingredients are nationally sourced. Strong regional differences in price premiums exist for enhanced food safety standards. Originality/value – This research adds relevant insights in the analysis of consumers’ reaction to food fraud, providing practical guidelines on the most appropriate practices that producers should adopt and on the information to reduce food risk perception among consumers. This would prove beneficial for the food processing industry and the European Union. The survey is based on a representative sample of European consumers making this the largest cross-country study of this kind.
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Kozma, V. "NATIONAL INTERESTS OF UKRAINE BETWEEN WAR AND PEACE." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 1(53) (July 8, 2022): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2022.1(53).261118.
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The prospects for international security are closely linked to solving the age-old problems of war and peace, especially on the European continent. The long period of residence of European peoples in this part of the world, their communication with each other revealed numerous models of coexistence from armed confrontation to the formation of political integration with focus first on the economic component and then on socio-political unity. The creation of the European Union has changed relations between European countries. European states have committed themselves to resolving all disputes peacefully and to cooperating closely within the framework of pan-European institutions. However, the military conflict in Eastern Ukraine has reminded us that the war has not disappeared from the European continent and that Europe is facing new threats and challenges. Rising international tensions and the threat of large-scale military conflict in Europe are becoming a central theme of contemporary political discourse. The article analyzes the reasons for the increase in international conflict and new challenges to Ukraine’s national security. The author emphasizes that in order to understand the reasons, it is important to find out what interests each of the parties to the conflict pursues and what role our country plays in the East-West geopolitical confrontation. It is noted that the difference in views of Russia and the West on international relations leaves little room for compromise on Ukraine. The Kremlin’s demands for security combined with the “rattling” of weapons on Ukraine’s borders have provoked mixed reactions in the European Union and the United States. It is clear that Russia’s blackmail is bearing fruit and the start of the negotiation process marks a revision of European security policy. Given these circumstances, the author emphasizes the importance for Ukraine to be an active subject of the negotiation process in order to protect its own national interests.