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Journal articles on the topic 'Weapons, Ancient – Middle East'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Trachuk, Oleksii. "Relations between Steppe Nomads and Farmers in Eastern Europe and M. Gimbutas’ Migration Concept." Ukrainian Studies, no. 2(79) (August 3, 2021): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.2(79).2021.233781.

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After Ukraine had gained independence, artificial problems began to arise in the study of the ancient history of Eastern Europe, especially in the relations of steppe herders and farmers of Polissia. In particular, this applies to the Migration Concept of the American archaeologist M. Gimbutas recognized in Europe. After an unfounded “unscrupulous criticism” of archaeologists – representatives of the “Russian World” – an archaeologist from Moldova V. Dergachev spoke in defense of the objectivity of the 50-year study of this topic by M. Gimbutas in his monograph. Earlier, the Migration Concept of conquering Europe was supported by D. Telehin, Kh. Todorova, N. Ryndina, Ye. Chernykh, and others.Our study confirms the conceptual foundations of the ancient history of relations between nomadic steppes and farmers of Eastern Europe relying on the Migration Concept of M. Gimbutas. On the basis of the sources, protective fortifications of Kukuteny-Trypillia settlements and a large number of arrowheads – weapons of steppe riding archers – were found. In the early, middle, and late stages of Kukuteni-Trypillya culture, three waves of military invasion against European farmers by the Middle-Volga’s, Middle-Stog’s and Novodanyliv’s nomadic tribes of the eastern steppes can be traced. Further research will allow the author to solve the problems of the origins and causes of the disappearance of Kukuten-Trypillia tribes, the problems of burning Trypillia settlements, the fate of Buh-Dniester and East Trypillian tribes.

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2

Molodin, V. I., L. N. Mylnikova, M. S. Nesterova, and E. S. Shvetsova. "New materials of the Ancient Turkic Epoch on settlement of Vengerovo-2 (Baraba forest-steppe)." Archaeology and Ethnography 17, no. 5 (2018): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-5-99-108.

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Purpose. Turkic peoples started to spread in the Baraba forest-steppe in the 8th century AD, bringing in their material culture and mixing with local population. At present, there have been recorded two settlements: Lozhka-4 and Sadovka in the Baraba forest-steppe. More commonly studied burial complexes include Chulym-2, Bolshie Luki-1, -3, Vladimirovka-3, Tretie Otdelenie-1, -2, Bazovo-1, Bazovo-2, Vengerovo-1, Vengerovo VII, Preobrazhenka-3, Sopka-2, Turunovka-3A, Hodunekovo, Aul-Koshkul, Oltary-1, Osintsevo-IV. Burial grounds are represented in three types: single mounds, groups of mounds and ground burials. We described the content of the ground burial found in 2016, which belongs to the Early Middle Age and was situated on the settlement of the Krotovo culture Vengerovo-2. Results. It was a single ground burial, located in the South-East – North-West direction. The skeleton was placed in an elongated position, arms along the body, the skull turned to the left and tilted to the shoulder. There was an iron knife in a poor condition near the diseased man’s left hand. There were found two horn buckles to the left of the sacrum and to the right of the lumbar spine. According to the classification by V. I. Molodin of the bone buckles of the Baraba forest-steppe, the full buckle can be referred to the type I, subtype 2, and it can be dated to the 7–8th centuries. By analogy with the buckles of the Srostkinskaya culture, the buckle from Vengerovo-2 is rectangular with a rounded frame, has a T-shape, and the slot for rolling the tongue is separated from the end of the slot isthmus. Such products were widely spread in the Middle Age cultures of Siberia and are dated in a broad range to the 8–10th centuries. The closest analogues to these items can be found in materials of the site Tartas-1, where burials of different times and cultures are represented, and which is situated near Vengerovo-2 settlement. Similar ground burials had been found at the Tartas-1 cemetery in 2008, 2009 and 2011. By the traits of their burial rite and inventory, they were referred to the ancient Turkic culture. Tartas-1 is an elite cemetery of the Turkic epoch on the territory of the Baraba forest-steppe as the site contained stuffed horses and a wide set of accessories such as weapons, jewelry, art objects and horse harness in its burials. There is another similar site, Turunovka-3A, where three shallow-dug soil graves were uncovered at the edge of the high shore terrace. The ancient graves of the Baraba burial ground Vengerovo-2 also do not include ceramic vessels. Conclusion. On the basis of the specific features of the burial rite and inventory, the burial on the site Vengerovo-2 is referred to a common type which was left by the population of the ancient Turkic culture of the Baraba.

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3

Donnelly, Warren. "Nuclear weapons in the middle East." Energy Policy 18, no. 2 (March 1990): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(90)90153-u.

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4

Karsh, Efraim, and Martin Navias. "Israeli nuclear weapons and Middle East peace." Israel Affairs 2, no. 1 (September 1995): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537129508719364.

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5

Lats, M. P. "Nuclear weapons: implications for the Middle East." ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 73, no. 8 (May 2021): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-05-2021-328.

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At the beginning of the second millennium world powers could confidently claim that the nuclear non-proliferation regime (NPR) was quite successful and withstood the test of time. Given the fact that back in the 1960s experts were mistrustful of the non-proliferation, predicting a biting increase in the number of countries-owners of nuclear weapon (NW) by the end of the 20th century, the regime survived, allowing only four powers to enter the expanded Nuclear Club. Besides, the issue of proliferation showed a trend towards regionalization. Today, however, it isn`t easy to be confident about the nuclear margin of safety, especially in the Middle East where the process of counteracting the states’ nuclearization is in the limelight.

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6

Robinson, J. P. P. "Weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East." International Affairs 68, no. 3 (July 1992): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2623044.

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7

Treverton, Gregory F., Anthony H. Cordesman, and Kathleen C. Bailey. "Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East." Foreign Affairs 70, no. 5 (1991): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20045026.

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8

Fishman, Rachelle HB. "Threat of biological weapons remains in Middle East." Lancet 351, no. 9103 (February 1998): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)78454-3.

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9

Kadhim, Abbas. "THE FUTURE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST." Nonproliferation Review 13, no. 3 (November 2006): 581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10736700601071686.

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10

Hart, John. "In the zone? Chemical weapons and the Middle East." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 70, no. 3 (May 2014): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096340214531183.

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11

Landau, Emily B. "In the zone? Chemical weapons and the Middle East." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 70, no. 3 (May 2014): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096340214531184.

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12

Saif, Mostafa Elwi. "In the zone? Chemical weapons and the Middle East." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 70, no. 3 (May 2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096340214531185.

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13

Taylor, N. A. J., Joseph A. Camilleri, and Michael Hamel-Green. "Dialogue on Middle East Biological, Nuclear, and Chemical Weapons Disarmament." Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 38, no. 1 (January 23, 2013): 78–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0304375412470776.

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Negotiations on the establishment of a Middle East zone free of biological, nuclear, and chemical weapons and their means of delivery are now at a critical phase after more than three decades of prenegotiations. This article examines the factors that have impeded negotiations in order to identify the key actors whose mutually reinforcing efforts are essential to its establishment. We argue that current efforts to negotiate a zone free of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems (WMDFZ) in the Middle East can learn much from the successful negotiation of other nuclear weapons free zones (NWFZs). Nevertheless, the circumstances in the Middle East are unique and require a more holistic approach. Success here will depend largely on a multidimensional perspective that brings together the energies and insights of a range of state and nonstate actors, not least civil society in the Middle East, where confidence and trust building is too complex and demanding a task to be seen as the preserve of political and geostrategic calculation. Enabling the societies and polities of the region to identify areas of mistrust and misunderstanding across strategic, political, but also cultural and religious divides in order to open up possibilities for dialogue and mutual respect holds the key to creating a favorable negotiating environment.

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14

ياسين, أ. م. د. عمار حميد. "Article The problem of nuclear proliferation and its impact on the formula of strategic balance in the Middle East after the events of September 11, 2001." مجلة العلوم السياسية, no. 55 (February 20, 2019): 37–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30907/jj.v0i55.13.

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The issue of nuclear proliferation is one of the most vital issues as it reflects a form of dealing in the field of international relations. Therefore, the Middle East region has taken great interest in reducing the levels of nuclear armament and acquiring nuclear power within the strategic framework of the international and regional powers. The establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East region is currently one of the most important international and regional arrangements for controlling the levels of nuclear proliferation and attempting to build a state of stability and balance. In the Middle East and the world. The importance of the research comes from the fact that it deals with an important and vital issue: the issue of nuclear proliferation and its implications for the equation of the strategic balance in the Middle East after the events of September 11, 2001, which gained great importance in the post-cold war era. And to achieve some kind of stability and balance within the framework of the international and regional environment, especially in the Middle East, which has increased the importance of efforts in this regard the proliferation of nuclear weapons to new countries, it is possible to obtain nuclear technology by enhancing levels The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction has become one of the most important facts for the post-Cold War era. At a time when only five countries possessed nuclear weapons (the United States, Russia, China, France and Britain) , As well as the possibility of other countries such as India, Pakistan and Israel, which suggests that the post-Cold War era has seen a widening of the circle of States possessing or manufacturing such weapons (Pakistan, North Korea and Iran) The emergence of regional tensions as in the case of William Middle East. Thus, the issue of non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction has become a central issue in the context of the post-Cold War American strategy, especially after the events of September 11, 2001, as a result of the convictions that there is an interrelationship between the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the global fight against terrorism. In keeping with this, the research started from the premise that the continuity of the Middle East countries in seeking to acquire nuclear capabilities is in itself an essential brake or determinant of the establishment of a zone free of weapons of mass destruction, as well as the lack of guarantees to establish security among countries The Middle East, which is reflected negatively on the regional and international security approaches to the Middle East, and of course lead to the adoption of their respective security policies against each other within the framework of the growing levels of nuclear weapons to achieve some kind of balance towards the nuclear capabilities of each of these countries And then more nuclear armament policies in the region, as a result can not promote positive security perceptions that are based on the employment of enablers of smart power, which is reflected negatively on the strategic balance in the territory of the Middle East equation. Keywords: nuclear proliferation, the Middle East, strategic balance, the events of September 11, 2001, regional and international security, doctrine of preemptive war, preemptive war, nuclear deterrence, strategic perception, terrorism, nuclear power Nuclear proliferation.

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15

Rajmil, Daniel. "The Middle East challenge to the Nuclear Weapons Ban Ttreaty." Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, no. 28 (June 29, 2020): 104–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/reim2020.28.006.

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La histórica aprobación en julio de 2017 de un tratado para la prohibición de armas nucleares, in-cluso si está lleno de complejidades, puede representar un avance hacia su eliminación mundial. Además, el tratado refuerza el papel central de las Zonas Libres de Armamento Nuclear (ZLAN) como pasos decisivos en los procesos de desarme regional como en el caso de Próximo Oriente. En este documento se presenta un análisis de las opiniones políticas de los países de la región así como de los parámetros de su votación final. En un contexto de incertidumbre global, con dinámi-cas de disuasión renovadas, examinar la posible limitación del uso de armas nucleares a través de un estudio regional, ofrece una interesante visión del estado actual de las relaciones in-ternacionales.

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16

Ramberg, Bennett. "The Promise of a Middle East Nuclear Weapons Free Zone." International Relations 22, no. 3 (September 2008): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117808094185.

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17

Friedman, David. "BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL WEAPONS ARMS CONTROL IN THE MIDDLE EAST." Nonproliferation Review 19, no. 3 (November 2012): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2012.734188.

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18

Stivachtis, Ioannis A. "Dealing with weapons of mass destruction in the middle east." Mediterranean Politics 3, no. 1 (June 1998): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629399808414648.

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19

Genz, Hermann. "Stunning Bolts: Late Bronze Age Hunting Weapons in the Ancient Near East." Levant 39, no. 1 (June 2007): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lev.2007.39.1.47.

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20

Ramadhan, Reza Bakhtiar. "Pengaruh Peningkatan Kekuatan Iran Terhadap Hegemoni Amerika Serikat di Timur Tengah." Analisis: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 19, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/ajsk.v19i1.4160.

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Using the method of discourse analysis and the theory of Balance of Power as a media for analysis of this paper seeks to find out why and how the increase in Iranian military power threatens the hegemony of the United States in the Middle East. Significant increases in Iranian military power are thought to threaten US interests in the Middle East. Post-revolution of Iran under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979 has turned this country into a new political and military power. Since then, relations between Iran and the West, especially the United States, are becoming more tense. Iran's policy on nuclear weapons has triggered an arm of race in the Middle East. Even Iran is considered to threaten the stability of the region's security. Especially the security of the United States allies in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia emerged as one of Iran's main opponents in the Middle East region. One vote with a colleague of the United States, the Saudis have always denounced all Iranian political and military policies. Given the enormous importance of the United States in the Middle East, as well as its responsibilities to the security of its allies in the Middle East, various ways in which the United States has secured its hegemony. Like strengthening alliances with its Middle East allies by way of massive military supply of weapons.

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21

Bahgat, Gawdat. "Prospects for a Nuclear Weapons Free Zone in the Middle East." World Affairs 169, no. 4 (July 24, 2007): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/wafs.169.4.161-170.

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22

Datan, Merav. "Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East: Conditions for Disarmament1." International Relations 22, no. 3 (September 2008): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117808094179.

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23

Bar-Yaacov, Nomi. "Achieving Universality of the Chemical Weapons Convention in the Middle East." Survival 57, no. 6 (November 2, 2015): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2015.1116162.

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24

Dhanapala, Jayantha. "The Middle East as a weapons of mass destruction-free zone." Medicine, Conflict and Survival 30, sup1 (July 29, 2014): s18—s26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2014.930240.

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25

Marshall, Shana. "Money for Nothing? Offsets in the U.S.–Middle East Defense Trade." International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 4 (October 26, 2009): 551–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809990055.

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In December 2008, the U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) released its thirteenth annual report on offsets in the U.S. defense trade. This chart displays numbers for the BIS category Middle East/Africa, taken from these reports beginning in 1993. Offsets are a variety of industrial and commercial incentives that defense firms provide to foreign governments to facilitate purchases, from coproduction of particular weapons systems to overseas investment. They have become such big business in the Middle East that a system has evolved to allow defense contractors to bank and trade offset credits like any other investment. Unlike ordinary investments, however, offsets represent transfers of substantial resources to authoritarian governments under conditions of near total unaccountability. Because offsets are usually a percentage of the overall contract value, regimes that spend more on weapons get more in offsets.

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26

Gandolfo, K. Luisa. "Middle East Patterns." American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i2.1630.

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Widely regarded as the most comprehensive, authoritative, and geographicalstudy of the region, Middle East Patterns: Places, Peoples, and Politicshas evolved dexterously into a fourth edition that embraces such diversethemes as archaeology and military capabilities, ethnolinguistic features andagricultural developments, and future implications for relations both within and without the region. The additional 221 illustrations – comprising mapsexclusively hand-drawn for the publication as well as images contributed bythe author and tables that elucidate the text through their scrupulous cogency– jointly advance the author’s objective to enhance the reader’s knowledgeof the region through a review of the Middle East’s natural and cultural patternsand their impact upon political and economic developments. Transcendingthe conflicts that have made the region a permanent fixture of theworld’s media, Held presents an enlightening evaluation of the interactionbetween the region’s people and biophysical phenomena in the context ofspatial and historical processes over time.Introducing the region’s historical and geographical foundationsthrough eight chapters, “Part One: Physical and Cultural Geography” examinesthe environment, the historico-political evolution of the power cores,and the spatial interaction between the geographical areas and the politicalevents in a region that encompasses “ancient cultures in new states – oldwine in new bottles” (p. 219). Located in an area of geographical wondersthat range from the planet’s lowest body of water body (1,310 ft. below sealevel) to extreme weather conditions that witnessed a locale southwest of theDead Sea receive its average total annual rainfall in a one-hour downpourduring December 2003, the environment has not escaped the consequencesof political discord ...

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27

حميد, أ. م. د. هالة خالد. "A political perusal of Initiations in Declaring Middle East a District vacant of mass Destruction weapons." مجلة العلوم السياسية, no. 55 (February 20, 2019): 173–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.30907/jj.v0i55.16.

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28

Leibowitz, Harold, and Richard D. Barnett. "Ancient Ivories in the Middle East and Neighboring Lands." Journal of the American Oriental Society 107, no. 1 (January 1987): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/602970.

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29

Nosonovsky, Michael. "Oil as a Lubricant in the Ancient Middle East." Tribology Online 2, no. 2 (2007): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2474/trol.2.44.

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30

Michalos, Alex C. "Ancient Observations on Business Ethics: Middle East Meets West." Journal of Business Ethics 79, no. 1-2 (April 18, 2007): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9386-4.

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31

Stefanović, Vladislav. "The causes of proliferation of nuclear weapons: The case of the Middle East." Vojno delo 72, no. 1 (2020): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo2001023s.

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The subject of this paper is nuclear proliferation and its implications for regional and world security. The study seeks to explain the motive of states to come into possession of nuclear weapons. It also looks at the consequences for the region if one of the states comes into possession of nuclear weapons. The subject matter of the study covers the Middle East region to the greatest extent. Since proliferation is also present outside the region, other cases of proliferation will be included in the research. Proliferation cases outside the Middle East region will be a guide to understanding the proliferation developments in this region, and will seek to explain the causes of nuclear proliferation in the world.

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32

Segal, Gerald. "Arms control and weapons proliferation in the Middle East and South Asia." International Affairs 68, no. 4 (October 1992): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622745.

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33

Quandt, William B., Shelley A. Stahl, and Geoffrey Kemp. "Arms Control and Weapons Proliferation in the Middle East and South Asia." Foreign Affairs 71, no. 4 (1992): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20045380.

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34

Fitzpatrick, Mark. "Will Nuclear Energy Plans in the Middle East Become Nuclear Weapons Strategies?" International Relations 22, no. 3 (September 2008): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117808094184.

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35

LEWIS, PATRICIA M. "A Middle East free of nuclear weapons: possible, probable or pipe-dream?" International Affairs 89, no. 2 (March 2013): 433–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12026.

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36

Arnett, William S. "Only the Bad Died Young in the Ancient Middle East." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 21, no. 2 (September 1986): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/k9b2-pgfr-a65d-jcqw.

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Biblical writers generally viewed old age as a reward for righteousness and piety. Consequently, they stressed the belief that the elderly were blessed and that they should be venerated. While life expectancy was usually below forty years, there are exceptional cases on record of individuals - men and women - living to advanced old ages. An analysis of these special few cases and a discussion of extra-Biblical texts shows that other ancient Middle Eastern societies held attitudes toward aging and the aged comparable to those expressed in the Hebrew Bible.

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37

Dokos, Thanos. "The probability of the deliberate use of nuclear weapons in the Middle East." Cambridge Review of International Affairs 3, no. 1 (March 1989): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09557578908400023.

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38

Ellis, Patricia. "Glanders: re-emergence of an ancient zoonosis." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 1 (2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20011.

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Glanders, although known to be endemic in certain regions/countries of the Old and New Worlds for centuries, had been largely overlooked as a threat to equine and human health until the disease re-emerged in the Middle East in 2004. The exponential growth in international horse movements, both legal and illegal, mainly for performance purposes, has enhanced the risk of global spread of glanders in the Middle East and elsewhere. Ever since the First World War, the glanders bacillus has been recognised as a potential biological warfare agent.

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39

Sanders, Mija A. "Yezidis in ancient India, or Indians in ancient Mesopotamia?: Re-imagining Ancient Yezidi Origins." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 6, no. 2 (August 16, 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/255.

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Members and leaders of the Kurdish speaking Yezidi diaspora in Phoenix, Arizona—and transnationally—are in dialogue with members of the Indian diaspora about their common historical connections. “Are Yezidis from ancient India, or are Indians from ancient Mesopotamia?” Both of these claims and hypotheses situate Yezidis on the outside of a historical Muslim world, and have material effects. They add validity to non-Muslim traditions, by imagining a historical cultural root structure between India and Mesopotamia. They also help both Hindu nationalists and Yezidis to displace historical Muslim culture and dominance to somewhere else while reinforcing tropes of Islam synonymous with the “war on terror.” By de-historicising Islam and its presence in the Middle East and in India, Hindu and Yezidi community leaders co-imagine a pan-polytheism with roots in ancient Persian (Kurdish) Yezidi culture and language. The symbols that can be recognized today that span both traditions— the peacock, the peacock statue (sanjak), and the use of fire in places of worship—give testament to that imagined past. The contradictions of that historical narrative point to the limits of this historical work in the two communities, and find limits in modern identity articulations of Yezidi identity and Hindu identity alike. Material effects of the historical narrative include Indian imagery on the wall of Lalish, online circulating images and articles equating Yezidis to Hindus, and common activism, fundraising, and humanitarianism between Yezidi and Hindu communities in Phoenix, India, and in the Middle East.

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40

Figus, Alessandro. "The Iranian nuclear issue between the West and East." Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2019-0014.

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Abstract Nowadays, Iranian foreign policy is developing following a defensive line along three axes: nuclear energy, respect of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Peace in the Middle East. This paper analyzes the strategical role of Iran in reaction to the new Trump policies. There is international apprehension about the issue of nuclear weapons, a matter that reflects an alarming situation that could lead to the opening of a new war front.

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41

Miller, A. J. "Towards Armageddon: The proliferation of unconventional weapons and ballistic missiles in the Middle East." Journal of Strategic Studies 12, no. 4 (December 1989): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402398908437388.

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42

Baumgart, Claudia, and Harald Müller. "A nuclear weapons‐free zone in the Middle East: A pie in the sky?" Washington Quarterly 28, no. 1 (December 2004): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0163660042518125.

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43

Philip, G., D. Donoghue, A. Beck, and N. Galiatsatos. "CORONA satellite photography: an archaeological application from the Middle East." Antiquity 76, no. 291 (March 2002): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00089869.

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The declassification of CORONA high-resolution space photography has made a valuable new resource available for the study of ancient landscapes. Using a recent case-study from Syria, examples are given of various ways in which CORONA imagery can significantly enhance regional survey work.

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44

Stefan, Dr Sc Georgescu, and Dr Sc Munteanu Marilena. "Middle East: New Balkans of the World?" ILIRIA International Review 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v2i2.147.

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Middle East is a region whose geopolitical dynamics has many analogies with the role of the Balkans in the first half of the 19th century and up to the 3rd decade of the 20th century, namely a "Powder keg of Europe", defined in the same period as the "Eastern Issue".Moreover, Middle East is a region located at the junction of three continents: Europe, Asia and the Mediterranean Africa, and along with ancient Egypt is the cradle of Western civilization, providing for it political, economic, religious, scientific, military, intellectual and institutional models.Four millennia of civilization before Christian era did not pass without leaving a trace.Trade, currency, law, diplomacy, technology applied to works in time of war or peace, the profit based economy and the bureaucratized economy, popular and absolutist government, nationalist and universal spirit, tolerance and fanaticism – all these are not inventions of the modern world, but have their origins and methods of implementation, often even sophisticated methods, in this region.

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SOLINGEN, ETEL. "Pax Asiatica versus Bella Levantina: The Foundations of War and Peace in East Asia and the Middle East." American Political Science Review 101, no. 4 (November 2007): 757–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055407070487.

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Although turmoil characterized both the Middle East and East Asia in the two decades following World War II, the two regions looked dramatically different at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Since 1965 the incidence of interstate wars and militarized conflicts has been nearly five times higher in the Middle East, as was their severity, including the use of ballistic missiles and chemical weapons. By contrast, declining militarized conflict and rising intraregional cooperation has replaced earlier patterns in East Asia. There are no systematic efforts explaining this contrast betweenBella Levantinaand an evolvingPax Asiatica. This article traces these diverging paths to competing domestic models of political survival. East Asian leaders pivoted their political control on economic performance and integration in the global economy, whereas Middle East leaders relied on inward-looking self-sufficiency, state and military entrepreneurship, and a related brand of nationalism. I examine permissive and catalytic conditions explaining the models' emergence; their respective intended and unintended effects on states, military, and authoritarian institutions; and their implications for regional conflict. The final section distills conceptual and methodological conclusions.

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Mohit, A. "Mental health and psychiatry in the Middle East: historical development." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 7, no. 3 (September 15, 2001): 336–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2001.7.3.336.

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A brief account is given of attitudes towards mental health and the development of psychiatry in the Middle East from an historical perspective. The Middle East is considered as a cultural entity and the influence of the beliefs and practices of ancient times on the collective mind of the people of the Region is discussed.

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Kamel, Marwan Awni. "Will Iran's nuclear agreement change the geopolitics of the Middle East?" Tikrit Journal For Political Science 3, no. 9 (February 25, 2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v3i9.40.

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With the date of September 17, 2015, the deadline set by the US Congress to work under the Iranian Nuclear Agreement (JCPOA), known as the Joint and Comprehensive Action Plan, the media has been flooded with editorials, comments and blogs making the case with or against the agreement. Those who supported the agreement, despite the fact that it was a flawed agreement, argued that it was the best deal that could have been reached through intrusive inspections, which would ensure that Iran's nuclear program would remain peaceful and would not achieve the goal of acquiring nuclear weapons. Those who oppose him have argued that Iran is the enemy of Israel. "The agreement will only last for 15 years." "Iran has no nuclear capability." It seems that both parties in this debate agree that this agreement will radically change the reality of the geopolitical Middle East. But is this really true?

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Aoyama, Kazuo. "ANCIENT MAYA ECONOMY: LITHIC PRODUCTION AND EXCHANGE AROUND CEIBAL, GUATEMALA." Ancient Mesoamerica 28, no. 1 (2017): 279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536116000183.

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AbstractThis article discusses the results of my diachronic analysis of lithic artifacts collected around Ceibal, Guatemala, in order to elucidate one aspect of long-term changing patterns in the pre-Columbian Maya economic systems and warfare. The importation of large polyhedral obsidian cores and local production of prismatic blades began as the result of sociopolitical development in Ceibal during the early Middle Preclassic Real-Xe phase. El Chayal obsidian was heavily used during the early Middle Preclassic period, while San Martín Jilotepeque was the principal source in the late Middle Preclassic, Late Preclassic, and Terminal Preclassic periods, and El Chayal once more became the major source in Ceibal during the Classic period. There is increasing evidence of the production and use of chert and obsidian points in the central part of Ceibal during the Late and Terminal Classic periods, indicating elites' direct involvement in warfare. Although the spear or dart points were predominant weapons in Classic Maya warfare, the increase in both chert small unifacial points and obsidian prismatic blade points in Ceibal points to bow-and-arrow technology by the Terminal Classic period.

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Ahmad, Ayesha. "Weapons of Mass Persuasion." American Journal of Islam and Society 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v22i2.1715.

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The concept of a public body deluded into believing whatever its leadersassert as truth might seem to recall Marxist theories of media and society. But this is an element of the reality painted by Paul Rutherford in hisWeapons of Mass Persuasion: Marketing the War against Iraq, in which heexamines Washington’s promotion of the war and its effectiveness in winningpublic support despite misinformation.Public opinion has been key to maintaining support for the war and thetremendous amount of money that it continues to pull out of the Americaneconomy. Rutherford investigates the marketing strategy, illustrates itseffects, and explores the significance of the experiment. His analysis providesan insightful look into how Washington was able to convince theAmerican people of the false threat of “weapons of mass destruction” andraises important questions about what the Bush administration’s “persuasion”experiment means for American democracy.The author dedicates the first three chapters to analyzing how the“weapons of mass persuasion” were deployed. However, the heart of hisstudy lies in the effects of those “weapons” on individuals and society. Hisresearch is centered in Canada and draws from its government and press.This makes it difficult to discern who is the focus of his analysis – is itCanadians, Americans, the Middle East, or the world at large? ...

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Taylor, G. W. "New Light on the Insect Red Dyes of the Ancient Middle East." Textile History 18, no. 2 (January 1987): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/004049687793700646.

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