Relevant bibliographies by topics / Weapons, Ancient – Middle East

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Weapons, Ancient – Middle East'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Weapons, Ancient – Middle East"

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Trachuk, Oleksii. "Relations between Steppe Nomads and Farmers in Eastern Europe and M. Gimbutas’ Migration Concept." Ukrainian Studies, no. 2(79) (August 3, 2021): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.2(79).2021.233781.

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After Ukraine had gained independence, artificial problems began to arise in the study of the ancient history of Eastern Europe, especially in the relations of steppe herders and farmers of Polissia. In particular, this applies to the Migration Concept of the American archaeologist M. Gimbutas recognized in Europe. After an unfounded “unscrupulous criticism” of archaeologists – representatives of the “Russian World” – an archaeologist from Moldova V. Dergachev spoke in defense of the objectivity of the 50-year study of this topic by M. Gimbutas in his monograph. Earlier, the Migration Concept of conquering Europe was supported by D. Telehin, Kh. Todorova, N. Ryndina, Ye. Chernykh, and others.Our study confirms the conceptual foundations of the ancient history of relations between nomadic steppes and farmers of Eastern Europe relying on the Migration Concept of M. Gimbutas. On the basis of the sources, protective fortifications of Kukuteny-Trypillia settlements and a large number of arrowheads – weapons of steppe riding archers – were found. In the early, middle, and late stages of Kukuteni-Trypillya culture, three waves of military invasion against European farmers by the Middle-Volga’s, Middle-Stog’s and Novodanyliv’s nomadic tribes of the eastern steppes can be traced. Further research will allow the author to solve the problems of the origins and causes of the disappearance of Kukuten-Trypillia tribes, the problems of burning Trypillia settlements, the fate of Buh-Dniester and East Trypillian tribes.
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Molodin, V. I., L. N. Mylnikova, M. S. Nesterova, and E. S. Shvetsova. "New materials of the Ancient Turkic Epoch on settlement of Vengerovo-2 (Baraba forest-steppe)." Archaeology and Ethnography 17, no. 5 (2018): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-5-99-108.

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Purpose. Turkic peoples started to spread in the Baraba forest-steppe in the 8th century AD, bringing in their material culture and mixing with local population. At present, there have been recorded two settlements: Lozhka-4 and Sadovka in the Baraba forest-steppe. More commonly studied burial complexes include Chulym-2, Bolshie Luki-1, -3, Vladimirovka-3, Tretie Otdelenie-1, -2, Bazovo-1, Bazovo-2, Vengerovo-1, Vengerovo VII, Preobrazhenka-3, Sopka-2, Turunovka-3A, Hodunekovo, Aul-Koshkul, Oltary-1, Osintsevo-IV. Burial grounds are represented in three types: single mounds, groups of mounds and ground burials. We described the content of the ground burial found in 2016, which belongs to the Early Middle Age and was situated on the settlement of the Krotovo culture Vengerovo-2. Results. It was a single ground burial, located in the South-East – North-West direction. The skeleton was placed in an elongated position, arms along the body, the skull turned to the left and tilted to the shoulder. There was an iron knife in a poor condition near the diseased man’s left hand. There were found two horn buckles to the left of the sacrum and to the right of the lumbar spine. According to the classification by V. I. Molodin of the bone buckles of the Baraba forest-steppe, the full buckle can be referred to the type I, subtype 2, and it can be dated to the 7–8th centuries. By analogy with the buckles of the Srostkinskaya culture, the buckle from Vengerovo-2 is rectangular with a rounded frame, has a T-shape, and the slot for rolling the tongue is separated from the end of the slot isthmus. Such products were widely spread in the Middle Age cultures of Siberia and are dated in a broad range to the 8–10th centuries. The closest analogues to these items can be found in materials of the site Tartas-1, where burials of different times and cultures are represented, and which is situated near Vengerovo-2 settlement. Similar ground burials had been found at the Tartas-1 cemetery in 2008, 2009 and 2011. By the traits of their burial rite and inventory, they were referred to the ancient Turkic culture. Tartas-1 is an elite cemetery of the Turkic epoch on the territory of the Baraba forest-steppe as the site contained stuffed horses and a wide set of accessories such as weapons, jewelry, art objects and horse harness in its burials. There is another similar site, Turunovka-3A, where three shallow-dug soil graves were uncovered at the edge of the high shore terrace. The ancient graves of the Baraba burial ground Vengerovo-2 also do not include ceramic vessels. Conclusion. On the basis of the specific features of the burial rite and inventory, the burial on the site Vengerovo-2 is referred to a common type which was left by the population of the ancient Turkic culture of the Baraba.
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Donnelly, Warren. "Nuclear weapons in the middle East." Energy Policy 18, no. 2 (March 1990): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(90)90153-u.

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Karsh, Efraim, and Martin Navias. "Israeli nuclear weapons and Middle East peace." Israel Affairs 2, no. 1 (September 1995): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537129508719364.

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Lats, M. P. "Nuclear weapons: implications for the Middle East." ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 73, no. 8 (May 2021): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-05-2021-328.

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At the beginning of the second millennium world powers could confidently claim that the nuclear non-proliferation regime (NPR) was quite successful and withstood the test of time. Given the fact that back in the 1960s experts were mistrustful of the non-proliferation, predicting a biting increase in the number of countries-owners of nuclear weapon (NW) by the end of the 20th century, the regime survived, allowing only four powers to enter the expanded Nuclear Club. Besides, the issue of proliferation showed a trend towards regionalization. Today, however, it isn`t easy to be confident about the nuclear margin of safety, especially in the Middle East where the process of counteracting the states’ nuclearization is in the limelight.
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Robinson, J. P. P. "Weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East." International Affairs 68, no. 3 (July 1992): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2623044.

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Treverton, Gregory F., Anthony H. Cordesman, and Kathleen C. Bailey. "Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East." Foreign Affairs 70, no. 5 (1991): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20045026.

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Fishman, Rachelle HB. "Threat of biological weapons remains in Middle East." Lancet 351, no. 9103 (February 1998): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)78454-3.

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Kadhim, Abbas. "THE FUTURE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST." Nonproliferation Review 13, no. 3 (November 2006): 581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10736700601071686.

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Hart, John. "In the zone? Chemical weapons and the Middle East." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 70, no. 3 (May 2014): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096340214531183.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Weapons, Ancient – Middle East"

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Stremlin, Boris. "Constructing a multiparadigm world history civilizations, ecumenes and world-systems in the ancient Near East /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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Rowe, Paul Stanley. "Ancient crosses and tower-keeps : the politics of Christian minorities in the Middle East." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19477.

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The interplay of religion and politics has been a consistent theme in the comparativepolitics of identity, and more specifically with regard to Middle Eastern politics Yetcoverage of religion and politics in the region is generally focused on the Muslimmajority and neglects the existence and impact of non-Muslim religious elements inMiddle Eastern societies. The most prominent of these are the various groups ofChristian Arabs.This work begins with a reassessment of common comparative theoretical approaches tothe study of religion and politics. It introduces a critical and dynamic constructivistapproach to religion, defining it as belief'. Using belief the political environment, andrelative demographics as a guide, it creates four general types of Christian groups as ameans to understand Christian group activation. These types match up with three generalmodes of engagement with the outside political culture in Middle Eastern contexts:competitive-nationalistic systems, neo-millet systems, and secular non-sectarian systems.These analytical tools are applied to the political activity of Christian groups in threeMiddle Eastern polities: Egypt, Lebanon, and Palestine. In Egypt, a stable neo-milletsystem is the result of the dominance of a single deferential organization amongChristians: the Coptic Orthodox Church. In Lebanon, years of competitive nationalisticpolitics have given way to an emergent neo-millet system as a result of the decline inidentity-based nationalistic parties and the increasing prominence of the traditionalChurch hierarchy. Among Palestinians, nominalism, deference, and voluntaristicactivism mix to create a neo-millet system with aspects of other systems of engagement.This study concludes that neo-millet systems are the natural outcome of a stronglyidentity-focused religious belief system among Arab Christians, one the author terms"tower-keep" theology. However, the dynamics of change fostered by new styles ofbelief, the challenges of responding to an eroding population base, and the influence ofdiaspora communities and coreligionists abroad all point to new systems of engagementto come in the future.
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Overmann, Karenleigh Anne. "Materiality in numerical cognition : material engagement theory and the counting technologies of the ancient Near East." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1d0e3925-5207-4858-9820-681ba97c6867.

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Using the Material Engagement Theory of Cognitive Archaeologist Lambros Malafouris as its framework, the thesis offers a unique synthesis of data from neuroscience, ethnography, linguistics, and archaeology to outline how number concepts are realized, manipulated, and elaborated. The process is described as an interactivity of psychological processes like numerosity, behaviors that manipulate objects into concept-generating stimuli, and material objects with semiotic qualities distinct from those of language and agency distinct from that of brains and bodies. The counting technologies of the Ancient Near East (ANE) are then analyzed through archaeological and textual evidence spanning the late Upper Paleolithic to the Bronze Age, from the first realization of number concepts in a pristine original condition to their elaboration into one of the ancient world's greatest mathematical traditions, a foundation for mathematical thinking today. Insights from the way numbers are realized through psychological-behavioral-material interactivity are used to challenge three dominant conceptualizations of ANE numbers: first, the idea that the ANE numerical lexicon would have counted only to very low numbers; second, that Neolithic tokens were the first counting technology; and third, that numbers were 'concrete' before they became 'abstract'. Considering archaeological evidence from the Epipaleolithic Levant and drawing on linguistic and ethnographic evidence to characterize the regional prehistory, the thesis suggests that the numerical lexicon would have included relatively high numbers prior to the Neolithic; that finger-counting (linguistically attested) and tallies (archaeologically attested) would have preceded tokens; and that numbers are 'abstract' concepts whose content changes in conjunction with the incorporation and use of different material forms. The evidence provided to support these alternatives implies that numbers may have originated in the late Upper Paleolithic and arithmetic early in the Neolithic, pushing the onset of these capabilities further back than is commonly held. In addition to tallies and tokens, the thesis explores fingers and numerical notations as material artifacts, enabling an analysis of how materiality might structure numerical concepts, influence a number system's capabilities, limitations, and elaboration potential, and affect brains and behavior over cultural spans of time. Insights generated by the case study are then applied to the role of materiality in cognition more generally, including how concepts become distributed across multiple material forms; the reasons why materiality might be transparent (or invisible) in cognition; and the differences between thinking through and thinking about materiality.
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Khan, Saira. "Nuclear proliferation in protracted conflict regions : a comparative study of South Asia and the Middle East." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0015/NQ55346.pdf.

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Liedeman, Gwendolene Caren. "Magic in the ancient Near East with special reference to ancient Israel." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52924.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this investigation an anthropological and comparative approach was employed in the study of magic in the ancient Near East. Firstly, a survey was presented with regard to anthropological theories throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This forms the background against which evidence on magic with respect to the cultures of the ancient Near East is investigated. Secondly, examples of magic in the Ancient Near East was discussed, with reference to Egypt, Mesopotamia and Hittite Anatolia. Reference was made to categories such as magic spells, objects, rituals and magical experts (magicians) and various examples were discussed. Thirdly, an analysis was made about the phenomenon of magic in ancient Israel. In this context magic plays a somewhat different role in comparison to its other ancient Near Eastern neighbours. It was shown that so-called miraculous actions, miracle workers (prophets) and other religious actions (curses and blessings) in the Hebrew Bible could definitely be associated with magic. The frequent prohibitions against magical practises furthermore suggest that magic was indeed been practiced in ancient Israel.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie ondersoek met betrekking tot magie in die ou Nabye Ooste word gebruik gemaak van 'n antropologiese en vergelykende benadering. Eerstens word 'n oorsig aangebied van antropologiese teorieë met betrekking tot magie in die negentiende en twintigste eeue. Dit vorm die agtergrond waarteen die verskynsel van magie in die ou Nabye Ooste ondersoek word. Tweedens word voorbeelde van magie in die ou Nabye Ooste ondersoek, met verwysing na Egipte, Mesopotamië en die Hetiete. Spesiale aandag word gegee aan kategorieë soos magiese spreuke, magiese objekte, rituele en magiese spesialiste. Dit word toegelig met verskillende toepaslike voorbeelde. Derdens word 'n ondersoek gedoen na die aard van magie in Oud-Israel. In hierdie konteks het magie ietwat van 'n ander rol vervul in vergelyking met die ander ou Nabye Oosterse bure. Daar word aangedui dat sekere wonderdade, wonderwerkers (profete), en ander religieuse aksies (vervloekinge en seënuitsprake) in die Hebreeuse Bybel met magie geassosieer kan word. Die vele verbiedinge teen die beoefening van magie is 'n duidelike aanduiding dat magie inderdaad in Israel gepraktiseer is.
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Bruce, Joel C. "The judicial process for suspected adultery in Israel and the ancient Near East." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1998. http://www.tren.com.

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Kabuka, Mukhtar 1954. "The origin and development of domestic architecture and urban planning in the pre-Islamic Near East." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558096.

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Salsabili, Mansour. "The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) : a comparative study of impediments to implementation in the Middle East." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286537.

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Rowan, Yorke M. "Ancient distribution and deposition of prestige objects : basalt vessels during late prehistory in the southern Levant /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Hanna, John Nabil. "The Nuclearization of Iran: Motivations, Intentions and America's Responses." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30894.

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This research investigates the strategic intentions behind the Iranian state's programs for acquiring nuclear weapons. Using Graham Allison's Rational Actor Model of national decision-making, this thesis investigates three questions: 1) Iran's motivations for obtaining nuclear weapons; 2) Iran's strategies for actual use of nuclear weapons; and, 3) alternative political frameworks for the U.S. to use with Iran to minimize the negative effects of a nuclearized Iran. This study asserts that Iran would most likely acquire nuclear weapons for the purposes of self-reliance, a greater international voice, to make up for deficiencies in conventional weapons, and for deterrence. Some scholars argue that since Iran should be designated a "rogue" state, it may become aggressive or hostile once obtaining nuclear weapons. Yet, Iran's political actions actually seem to have become increasingly pragmatic. Hence, it appears that Iran would use this arsenal to induce caution among its rivals to avoid major wars, as well as a tool for deterrence. While current political differences between Iran and America are considerable, this research recommends pursuing greater political engagement with Tehran, focusing on mutual benefits. American policymakers should implement policies which rely on positive inducements for change as well as sanctions for non-compliance. If no rapprochement takes place prior to Iran's nuclearization, however, the U.S. will need to employ tactics for minimizing the significance of Iran having nuclear weapons. This research suggests that Washington could begin by implementing economic, technical and material sanctions, establishing a Middle East missile defense system, and beefing-up U.S. coastal defenses.
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Books on the topic "Weapons, Ancient – Middle East"

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University of Pennsylvania. Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, ed. Peoples and crafts in period IVB at Hasanlu, Iran. Philadelphia: Published for the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology by the University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.

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Carus, W. Seth. Chemical weapons in the Middle East. Washington, D.C: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1988.

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Ancient jewelry of the Middle East. Boston: M-Graphics Publishing, 2012.

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Morkot, Robert. Ancient Egypt and the Middle East. New York, N.Y: DK Pub., 2001.

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Weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East. London: Brassey's (UK), 1991.

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The ancient Near East. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998.

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Ancient and medieval siege weapons. Guilford, Conn: Lyons Press, 2005.

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Bahgat, Gawdat. Proliferation of nuclear weapons in the Middle East. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2006.

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Bahgat, Gawdat. Proliferation of nuclear weapons in the Middle East. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007.

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Gruen, George E. The water crisis: The next Middle East conflict? Los Angeles, Calif: Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Weapons, Ancient – Middle East"

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Lacovsky, Exequiel. "Comparisons, implications for the Middle East and conclusions." In Nuclear Weapons Free Zones, 176–95. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2021] | Series: Routledge global security studies: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003119661-8.

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Steinberg, Gerald M. "The Obstacles to a Middle East Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone." In Nuclear Weapons-Free Zones, 194–209. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26972-3_11.

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Emberling, Geoff, and Lucas P. Petit. "Curating the ancient Middle East 1." In Museums and the Ancient Middle East, 3–12. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge research in museum studies; 11: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351164160-1.

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Karawan, Ibrahim A. "The Case For a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in the Middle East." In Nuclear Weapons-Free Zones, 184–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26972-3_10.

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Lacovsky, Exequiel. "The prospect of a Nuclear Weapons Free Zone in the Middle East." In Nuclear Weapons Free Zones, 155–75. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2021] | Series: Routledge global security studies: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003119661-7.

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Hashim, Ahmed S. "Syrian Weapons of Mass Destruction." In Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East, 73–92. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403977243_6.

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Picquet, Raymond. "Weapons Acquisition and Arms Racing in the Middle East." In Change and Continuity in the Middle East, 192–232. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24654-0_9.

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Azara, Pedro, and Marc Marín. "Ancient “art” in the white cube?" In Museums and the Ancient Middle East, 27–37. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge research in museum studies; 11: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351164160-3.

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Anila, Swarupa, and Geoff Emberling. "Negotiations in museum practice." In Museums and the Ancient Middle East, 123–37. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge research in museum studies; 11: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351164160-10.

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Azara, Pedro, and Marc Marín. "An archaeological exhibition without archaeology? Joan Miró looks at Mesopotamian masterpieces." In Museums and the Ancient Middle East, 138–52. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge research in museum studies; 11: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351164160-11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Weapons, Ancient – Middle East"

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Zhioua, Sami. "The Middle East under Malware Attack Dissecting Cyber Weapons." In 2013 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdcsw.2013.30.

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Bakhshaliyev, Elmar. "LINKS OF THE MIDDLE ENEOLITHIC CULTURES OF NAKHICHEVAN WITH THE MIDDLE EAST." In ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL CULTURES OF CENTRAL ASIA (THE FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT AND INTERACTION OF URBANIZED AND CATTLE-BREEDING SOCIETIES). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907298-09-5-47-49.

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Bakhshaliyev, Veli. "LINKS OF THE NEOLITHIC CULTURE OF NAKHICHTVAN WITH THE MIDDLE EAST." In ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL CULTURES OF CENTRAL ASIA (THE FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT AND INTERACTION OF URBANIZED AND CATTLE-BREEDING SOCIETIES). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907298-09-5-44-46.

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Dmitriev, Vladimir. "ON THE GEOPOLITICAL SITUATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST DURING THE 360S — 370S AD." In ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL CULTURES OF CENTRAL ASIA (THE FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT AND INTERACTION OF URBANIZED AND CATTLE-BREEDING SOCIETIES). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907298-09-5-179-180.

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Branduini, Paola Nella, Federico Zaina, Fereshteh Zavvari, and Yasaman Nabati Mazloumi. "QANATS AS AN ENDANGERED TRADITIONAL HYDRAULIC HERITAGE. AN INTEGRATED METHODOLOGY FOR DOCUMENTING, RESTORING AND REUSING AN ANCIENT IRANIAN." In ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 9th International Congress & 3rd GEORES - GEOmatics and pREServation. Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia: Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica9.2021.12102.

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Qanats represented a major technological solution for water supply in arid and semi-arid regions for millennia. Thanks to their multiple social and economic benefits, qanat-like systems spread from Iran through the Middle East in most of the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In recent years, this valuable traditional hydraulic technology has been neglected in preservation and reuse due to the lack of management as well as the lack of legal support. This precious heritage and sustainable water supply system according to their sustainable structural features has been replaced by modern water collection and management systems such as dams and other hydroelectric infrastructures along with new pumping technologies. However, there is a growing consensus on the number of short, medium and long-term issues emerging from these systems including pollution and other environmental damages, regional conflicts, political pressures as well as their limited lifetime and structural instability. The purpose of this paper is to show qanats as an example of endangered heritage which could also represent a sustainable and clean technology. To do so, we apply a multi-disciplinary perspective integrating archaeological, architectural, sociological and conservation methodologies on a specific case study from the Tabriz region in Northern Iran: the “No-Ras” qanat.
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Guiso, Bianca, and Maria Vittoria Tappari. "Il castello dei conti di Biandrate: indagini sulle strutture superstiti." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11542.

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Castello dei Conti di Biandrate: surveys on the surviving structureBiandrate is a northern Italian village in the province of Novara that lies in the Po plain between the Sesia and Ticino rivers. Border area disputed between Vercelli and Novara, since the early Middle Ages it represented an important crossing point because there were the fords of the Sesia river nearby, on the road axis joining Novara and Ivrea. Its importance grew in the tenth century, when the Pieve was erected, today disappeared, dedicated to Santa Maria and, in 1029, the Counts of Pombia family settled in the Biandrate castrum. In 1168 the castrum was destroyed by the armies of Milan, allied with Novara and Vercelli, that in 1194 carved up the territory. In the second half of the thirteenth century the village of Biandrate was divided into the Borgo Vecchio, vercellese, to the west, and the Borgo Nuovo, novarese, to the east. They developed around the canonica of S. Colombano, the hospital and the ruins of the Count’s castrum. The castrum, almost totally destroyed, continued to represent an area with particular rights: in fact the Statues established that the Podestà could pronounce sentences only “in castro veteri Blanderati”. Nowadays the collegiata of S. Colombano stands on the Biandrate castrum ruins; the collegiata was mentioned for the first time in 1146, but was altered various times over the centuries. In particular, portions of the ancient wall are visible in the lower part of the west wall of the church of Santa Caterina, incorporated within the complex of the collegiate of S. Colombano. It is noticed that the ancient castrum had very thick walls made primarily with river pebbles, roughly cut stones in a herringbone pattern and binding mortar.
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Reports on the topic "Weapons, Ancient – Middle East"

1

Schumeyer, Gerard. Chemical Weapons Proliferation in the Middle East. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada222311.

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2

Moore, Larry D. Weapons Sales to the Middle East and Arms Control in the New World Order. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada308670.

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3

Deyermond, John J. Iran's Growing Nuclear Weapons Program: A Catalyst for Regional Instability in the Middle East. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada263838.

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4

Hajjar, Sami G. Security Implications of the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada359947.

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5

Hajjar, Sami G. Security Implications of the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) in the Middle East. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada367196.

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6

Carlson, John. Nuclear verification in a Middle East WMD-Free Zone: Lessons from Past Verification Cases and Other Precedents. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmdfz/21/nv/01.

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Verification will be of critical importance to achieving and maintaining a Middle East zone free of weapons of mass destruction (ME WMD). Effective verification arrangements would serve a vital national security objective for each state in the region by reducing tensions, removing the motivation to proliferate, and mitigating the risk of a virtual nuclear arms race (or war). In view of the high levels of tension and mistrust within the zone, ensuring effective verification will be especially demanding. The paper examines specific elements of the future nuclear verification of the zone, including: Which states should be included? What prohibitions and obligations should apply in the zone and how would they be verified? How could elimination of nuclear weapons in the zone be achieved? On what basis would the zone treaty enter into force? The paper also examines a number of existing treaties and arrangements as well as the lessons learned from past verification cases which regional states can draw on in developing verification for a Middle East nuclear-weapon-free zone.
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7

Einhorn, Robert, Dina Esfandiary, Anton Khlopkov, Grégoire Mallard, and Andreas Persbo. From the Iran nuclear deal to a Middle East Zone? Lessons from the JCPOA for the ME WMDFZ. Edited by Chen Zak and Farzan Sabet. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmdfz/2021/jcpoa1.

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The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) explicitly states that it “should not be considered as setting precedents for any other state or for fundamental principles of international law.” However, its unique negotiations process, provisions, and implementation created an important set of tools that could provide valuable insights and lessons for a Middle East Weapons of mass Destruction Free Zone (ME WMDFZ). Understanding these tools in a regional context based on the JCPOA experience could provide ME WMDFZ negotiators and researchers important additional tools, ideas, and lessons learned on the road toward negotiating a Zone treaty. This series explores lessons from the JCPOA for the ME WMDFZ through essays focusing on five key themes, including the Iran nuclear deal’s negotiating process, structure and format; nuclear fuel cycle activities and research; safeguards and verification; nuclear cooperation; and compliance and enforcement.
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