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Journal articles on the topic 'Weaning'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Schönhofer, B., J. Geiseler, D. Dellweg, H. Fuchs, O. Moerer, S. Weber-Carstens, M. Westhoff, et al. "Prolongiertes Weaning." Pneumologie 73, no. 12 (December 2019): 723–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1010-8764.

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ZusammenfassungBeatmungstherapie stellt einen zentralen und wesentlichen Bestandteil der modernen Intensivmedizin dar. Sie kommt bei Patienten mit schwerer respiratorischer Insuffizienz infolge Versagens der muskulären Atempumpe oder bei direkter oder indirekter Schädigung des Lungenparenchyms mit nachfolgendem Oxygenierungsversagen zum Einsatz, wenn mit anderen nicht-medikamentösen Maßnahmen, Sauerstoffgabe, Sekretmobilisation, kontinuierlicher positiver Atemwegsdruck – Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) oder Nasal-High-Flow-Therapie, keine ausreichende Stabilisierung erreicht werden kann.Die maschinelle Beatmung dient der direkten Behandlung der Atmungsinsuffizienz und schafft Zeit für die Behandlung der zugrundeliegenden Ursache. Der überwiegende Anteil beatmeter Patienten kann nach kurzzeitiger Beatmungstherapie und kausaler Behandlung unproblematisch von der Beatmung entwöhnt werden. Allerdings muss die Beatmung bei ca. 20 % der Patienten auch noch dann fortgesetzt werden, wenn die ursprüngliche Indikation (z. B. eine schwere Pneumonie) längst behoben ist, sodass sich die Phase des Weanings (Entwöhnung von der maschinellen Beatmung) deutlich verlängert. Ungefähr 40 – 50 % der gesamten Beatmungszeit eines Intensivpatienten entfallen aufgrund einer prolongierten Atmungsinsuffizienz auf den Prozess, den Patienten von der Beatmung zu trennen. Neben der respiratorischen Funktionsstörung tragen häufig hohes Alter und Komorbiditäten der Patienten zum prolongierten Weaning-Prozess bei.Nach internationalem Konsens liegt ein prolongiertes Weaning dann vor, wenn es erst nach 3 erfolglosen Spontanatmungsversuchen (spontaneous breathing trial = SBT) oder nach über 7 Tagen Beatmung nach dem ersten erfolglosen SBT gelingt, den Patienten von der Beatmung zu trennen.Das Patientenkollektiv mit prolongiertem Weaning stellt das behandelnde Team vor eine besondere Herausforderung. Ganz wesentlich für den Therapieerfolg ist die eng verzahnte interdisziplinäre Behandlung der Patienten im prolongierten Weaning. Nicht selten sind es der fehlende multidisziplinäre Ansatz und die unzureichende Beachtung der multifaktoriellen Ursachen, die ein erfolgreiches Weaning verhindern. Dieses erfolgreich durchzuführen, setzt eine hohe Expertise in der modernen Intensivmedizin, der Anwendung invasiver und nichtinvasiver Beatmungsverfahren, ein klares Weaning-Konzept, und eine enge, fachübergreifende interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit voraus.Im komplexen prolongierten Weaning-Prozess gelingt es in spezialisierten Weaning-Zentren/-Einheiten nach Verlegung der invasiv beatmeten Patienten in ca. 50 % der Fälle doch noch, ein Weaning-Versagen abzuwenden. Bei einem Teil der Patienten schlagen auch wiederholte Weaning-Versuche fehl, sodass gegebenenfalls eine dauerhafte invasive Beatmung in außerklinischer Umgebung erforderlich ist.Vor dem Hintergrund der wachsenden Bedeutung des prolongierten Weanings, insbesondere der medizinischen, psychosozialen und ökonomischen Folgen des Weaning-Versagens, wurde erstmals 2014 diese Leitlinie auf Initiative der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin e. V. (DGP) gemeinsam mit anderen wissenschaftlichen Fachgesellschaften, die sich zum Thema prolongiertes Weaning engagieren, publiziert. Aktuelle Forschungs- und Studienergebnisse, Registerdaten und die Erfahrungen in der täglichen Praxis machten die Revision dieser Leitlinie erforderlich.In der revidierten Leitlinie werden Definitionen, Epidemiologie und Weaning-Kategorien, die zugrundeliegende Pathophysiologie, Strategien zur Prävenion von prolongiertem Weaning, das gesamte Spektrum der verfügbaren Therapiestrategien, die Weaning-Einheit, die Überleitung in eine außerklinische Beatmung und schließlich Empfehlungen zu Therapieentscheidungen am Ende des Lebens bei prolongiertem bzw. erfolglosem Weaning abgehandelt.Besondere Schwerpunkte in der Revision der Leitlinie sind folgende Themenfelder:– Eine neue Klassifikation der Untergruppen der Patienten im prolongieren Weaning– Wichtige Aspekte der pneumologischen Rehabilitation und Neurorehabilitation im prolongieren Weaning– Infrastruktur und Prozessorganisation in der Versorgung von Patienten im prolongierten Weaning im Sinne eines kontinuierlichen Behandlungskonzeptes– Therapiezieländerung und Kommunikation mit AngehörigenDie Besonderheiten bei pädiatrischen Patienten werden innerhalb der einzelnen Kapitel jeweils gesondert behandelt.Wichtige Adressaten dieser Leitlinie sind Intensivmediziner, Pneumologen, Anästhesisten, Internisten, Kardiologen, Chirurgen, Neurologen, Pädiater, Geriater, Palliativmediziner, Rehabilitationsmediziner, Pflegekräfte, Logopäden, Physiotherapeuten, Atmungstherapeuten, der medizinische Dienst der Krankenkassen und die Hersteller von Beatmungstechnik.Die wesentlichen Ziele der revidierten Leitlinie sind es, den aktuellen Wissensstand zum Thema „Prolongiertes Weaning“ wissenschaftlich zu bewerten und auf Basis der Evidenz und der Erfahrung von Experten Empfehlungen hinsichtlich des prolongierten Weanings nicht nur für den Bereich der Akutmedizin, sondern auch für den Bereich „Chronic critical care“ zu geben.
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2

Kamat, Soumiya Sateesh, and Shaila S. Kamath. "A Prospective Comparative study between the Tobin Index and Integrative Weaning Index to predict the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation." YMER Digital 21, no. 07 (July 22, 2022): 988–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.07/80.

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Weaning indices that are simple to derive and apply have been developed for predicting the likeliness of a patient to tolerate weaning. This study compared the Tobin Index and Integrative Weaning Index (IWI) to determine the better predictor for a successful weaning. This was a prospective observational study done on 60 patients on mechanical ventilation meeting the defined criteria whose physicians considered clinically stable to be given a weaning trial. Pre-determined threshold values of the Tobin index and IWI for determining a successful or unsuccessful weaning were used. A daily assessment was made with calculation of the Tobin index in GroupTI for extubation when Tobin Index≤105 breaths/min/L and IWI in GroupIWI when IWI>25 ml/min/cm H2O, with each group having 30 patients. A spontaneous breathing trial of 2 hours was given. The variables compared between the two groups were the outcome of weaning, duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay and hospital stay in days, and mortality. Comparison was done using Chi square test / Fisher’s exact test and Mann Whitney test. There was no significant comparison in terms of weaning success or failure, durations of mechanical ventilation, hospital stay and mortality. The duration of ICU stay was less and of statistical significance in the IWI group. However, the percentage of successful weanings while using the indices, both considered separately, was higher than the failures. Both the predictive indices studied did not successfully predict weaning outcomes in all the cases thus limiting their use in clinical practice. Key words: successful weaning, mechanical ventilation, weaning predictors, Tobin index, integrated weaning index
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3

Tao, X., Z. Xu, and X. Men. "Transient effects of weaning on the health of newly weaning piglets." Czech Journal of Animal Science 61, No. 2 (July 15, 2016): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8731-cjas.

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4

MANZOOR, IRAM, Azeez Bukhari, SEEMA DAUD, Muhammad Khurram Munir, NOREEN RAHAT HASHMI, Sameer Shaharyar, and Jahanzaib Idrees. "WEANING." Professional Medical Journal 16, no. 02 (June 10, 2099): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2009.16.02.2939.

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Objective: To evaluate the awareness & practices regarding weaning in lactating mothers of infants. Design: A crosssectional descriptive study. Setting: At pediatrics OPD in Ghurki Trust Teaching hospital, Lahore. Period: From Octoberto December 2007.Methodology: A non probability convenience sampling was done to collect data from 50 mothers who were attending out patient departmentalong with their infants on a pre-formed questionnaire. After gathering, data was analyzed & presented in the form of tables & graphs.Results: In the present study, 66% mothers were in the age group of 20-29 years, all were house wives, 34 % were matriculate and 72%lived in joint family system, Mean age of weaning was 4-6 months in more than 64 % of the sample. Among the women interviewed, 44%used home-made weaning diets, 30% used mixture of homemade and commercially prepared diets, while 16% used only commerciallyprepared diets. Breast feeding was continued during and after weaning, by 64% of respondents along with weaning diets. Conclusion:Mothers need to be educated about the importance of weaning, the recommended age of weaning and about the types of weaning food.This can be achieved by using lady health workers and lady health visitors and the mass media. Importance of continued breast feedingwith weaning diet should be emphasized upon.
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5

Whitehead, R. G. "Weaning." Nurse Practitioner 10, no. 5 (May 1985): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-198505000-00011.

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6

WEBSTER, F. "Weaning." Archives of Disease in Childhood 78, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.78.4.i395.

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7

Esteban, Andrés, Inmaculada Alía, and Federico Gordo. "Weaning." Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 3, no. 2 (March 1996): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00045413-199603000-00007.

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8

Hörmann, Ch, M. Baum, Ch Putensen, W. Lingnau, N. Mutz, F. Aïssa, X. Du Fretay, et al. "Weaning." Intensive Care Medicine 18, S2 (October 1992): S63—S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03216315.

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9

Castiglia, Patricia T. "Weaning." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 6, no. 1 (January 1992): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5245(92)90064-b.

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10

Berndt, Kelsey S., and David J. Dries. "Weaning." Air Medical Journal 36, no. 3 (May 2017): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2017.03.002.

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11

Skazel, T., M. Kippnich, H. Klingshirn, L. Gerken, P. Heuschmann, K. Haas, M. Schutzmeier, et al. "Beatmungspatienten zwischen Akutversorgung und außerstationärer Langzeitbeatmung." Pneumologie 75, no. 08 (August 2021): 560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1376-1578.

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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Fragestellung Die Anzahl der invasiven und nicht-invasiven außerklinischen Langzeitbeatmungen steigt seit Jahren stark an. Gleichzeitig gibt es nur wenige Informationen über die Versorgungsqualität von außerstationär beatmeten Patienten. Die vorliegende Untersuchung erfolgte im Rahmen der OVER-BEAS-Studie. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, die Versorgungssituation von Weaning-Patienten von der Aufnahme bis zur Entlassung aus dem Weaning-Zentrum anhand der vorhandenen Routinedokumentation abzubilden. Material und Methoden In unsere retrospektive Analyse schlossen wir alle Patienten ein, die 2018 über die Weaning-Station des Thoraxzentrums Münnerstadt aufgenommen wurden. Es erfolgte die deskriptive Auswertung der im Rahmen des Qualitätsmanagements erhobenen Routinedaten. Datenquellen waren die WeanNet-Datenbank, der Entlassbrief des Weaning-Zentrums sowie der Verlegungsbericht der zuverlegenden Klinik. Ergebnisse Im untersuchten Weaningz-Zentrum konnten 50,8 % der Patienten (n = 31) vollständig vom Respirator entwöhnt und extubiert bzw. dekanüliert werden (Kategorie 3aI). Gelang keine vollständige Entwöhnung, so war im weiteren Verlauf bei 75,0 % (n = 21) die ständige Anwesenheit von speziell geschultem Personal oder einer Fachpflegekraft erforderlich. Hier erfolgte die Weiterversorgung meist in stationären Pflegeeinrichtungen (z. B. Beatmungs-WG). Schlussfolgerung Anhand der Routinedokumentation lässt sich die Versorgungssituation von Weaning-Patienten darstellen und mit bekannten Daten vergleichen. So kann die Ergebnisqualität eines Weaning-Zentrums vergleichbar gemacht werden.
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12

Simonds, A. K. "Streamlining weaning: protocols and weaning units." Thorax 60, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2004.028688.

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13

Speijers, M. H. M., J. R. S. O. Langa, J. Struthers, J. Twigge, and J. R. Scaife. "The performance of Holstein-Friesian and Jersey calves when fed two concentrations of a high protein milk replacer." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620001098x.

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Artificial rearing is a common practice for rearing calves from the dairy herd, either for replacement heifers or for beef production. The period from birth to weaning is a critical period for the calf and nutrition is one of the components important to ensure successful rearing of calves. Improved nutrition that allows earlier weaning through a rapid calf growth has the potential to decrease costs. Moreover, it has been shown that healthy, vigorous and well-grown weanling heifers may enter the milking herd sooner (Davis and Drackley, 1998). The objective of this study was to examine the effect of feeding two concentrations of a high protein milk replacer on the health and growth performance of dairy calves until weaning.
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14

Lu, H., H. Yan, H. M. Masey O’Neill, C. L. Bradley, M. R. Bedford, P. Wilcock, C. H. Nakatsu, O. Adeola, and K. M. Ajuwon. "Effect of xylanase and live yeast supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut microbiome diversity of pigs." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 101, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2020-0082.

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Effect of xylanase (Xyl) and live yeast (LY) supplementation on gut microbiome composition, growth performance, and nutrient digestibility of weanling pigs was determined. A total of 180 weanling pigs were assigned to five treatments from weaning to market. Treatments were designated based on whether Xyl, LY, or their combination were fed in the first 2 wk postweaning or thereafter until finishing at day 141 postweaning. Treatments were (days 1–15; days 15–141): control–control, control–Xyl, Xyl–Xyl, LY–Xyl, Xyl + LY–Xyl. Xylanase was added at 16 000 BXU·kg−1 and LY at 1 kg·t−1. Pigs fed with LY and LY + Xyl from days 0–15 had greater body weight and average daily gain at day 15 compared with control (P < 0.05). Glucose transporter 2 mRNA was higher in LY and LY + Xyl groups on day 15 compared with control (P < 0.05). Xylanase supplementation from week 2 postweaning increased apparent total tract nutrient digestibility of gross energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus on day 43. Live yeast with or without Xyl improved growth performance in the first 2 wk after weaning; Xyl + LY–Xyl and control–Xyl groups had improved overall feed efficiency. In conclusion, LY and Xyl supplementation improved performance of weanling pigs in the first 2 wk after weaning with no effects on long-term growth performance.
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15

Soomro R. A, Memon K, Hussain. S.S, Shaikh G, and Baloch N. A. "Assessment of weaning practices among mothers for their infants attending the Pediatric Outpatient Department of Sindh Government Hospital Paretabad Hyderabad." JMMC 4, no. 1 (May 7, 2024): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.62118/jmmc.v4i1.327.

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General Objective: To assess the weaning practices among mothers for their infants those attending the pediatric outpatient department of Sind Government Hospital, Paretabad, Hyderabad.Specific objectives:1. To determine the age of onset of weaning2. To determine the type of weaning food3. To determine the level of education and its relation to weaningMethods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at Sind Government Hospital, Paretabad, Hyderabad, duringthe period of 15th May 2008 to 15th June 2008. We had included all the patients according to the inclusion criteriaand did not do sampling. Data was collected by principal investigator herself on a pre-formed, pre – tested questionnaire about weaning practices among mothers for their infants. Respondents were mothers/care givers accompanying their infants who were interviewed in their own language to avoid inconvenience. The operationaldefinitions of variables were already set before the starting of data collection process. The study population included all new patients visiting in out patient department of Sindh Government Hospital Paretabad, Hyderabadduring the study period. The variables included the basic demographic variables i.e. age, residence, occupation,education and socio-economic status of mothers, age of onset of weaning, type of first food given as weaning,hygienic practices of mothers etc.The exclusion criteria included prematurely borne infants, those revisiting OPD, and those who visited the facilityfor acute medical problems that required hospitalization.Result: Among 307 infants aged 3-12 months registered, males were 54.1% in comparison to females (45.9%).The majority of the mothers visiting the facility belonged to slum areas (79.2%). Regarding maternal attitudesand practices of weaning, 67 (21.8%) mothers considered cow’s milk as a weaning diet while majority of them i.e.240 (78.2%) were of the opinion that semisolids were the weaning foods. About 24.8% mothers started weaningearlier and only 47.6% of them started to give weaning food to their infants between ages 3 – 6 months. A strongassociation is evident between socio- economic status of mothers and the use of commercial weaning foods(p=0.01). The study concludes that there is a dire need of promoting among mothers the norms of giving properweaning foods to their infants.
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16

Estienne, Mark, Sherrie Clark-Deener, and Kimberly Williams. "Growth performance and hematology characteristics in pigs treated with iron at weaning as influenced by nursery diets supplemented with copper." Journal of Swine Health and Production 28, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 190–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.54846/jshap/1165.

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Objective: Determine the effects of dietary copper on growth in pigs given iron at weaning. Materials and methods: Weanlings (n = 144) were allocated to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (6 pens/treatment, 3 pigs/pen). Factors were size (large or small), 100 mg intramuscular iron doses (birth or birth and weaning), and dietary copper (14.2 or 250 ppm). Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio were determined for 49 days. Blood was sampled at weaning and days 7 and 49. Results: Hemoglobin (P < .001) and hematocrit (P = .002) at weaning were less in large pigs. Pigs receiving two doses of iron had greater hemoglobin (P = .05) and hematocrit (P = .04). Hemoglobin (P = .03) and hematocrit (P = .03) were greater in pigs fed the control diet. In large pigs only, body weights at day 49 were greater (P = .05) for individuals receiving two doses of iron. The interaction between number of iron doses and diet affected many growth measures including ADG (P = .02) and ADFI (P = .04) for the overall trial. In all cases, performance was greater in copper-fed pigs receiving two doses of iron. Implications: At weaning, larger pigs had hematology characteristics consistent with a lower iron status. Iron treatment at weaning increased hemoglobin. Copper enhanced growth only if pigs received iron at weaning. In copper-fed pigs, hemoglobin was less, possibly indicating a negative effect on iron absorption.
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17

Craig, Angela M., and Melanie L. Graham. "Characterization of Different Commercial Dietary Supplements in the Peri-Weaning Period on Consumption and Growth Performance in C57Bl/6J Mice." Animals 10, no. 8 (July 28, 2020): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081284.

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This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of common commercially available dietary supplementation in the peri-weaning period on feed intake, growth, and survival in C57Bl/6J mouse pups and lactating dams. A total of 96 pups and their dams were randomized to the control group or one of three nutritional supplement treatment groups: (i) control group without supplementation, or (ii) weanling-targeted Clear H2O gel (Gel), (iii) transgenic-targeted Bio-Serv dough (Dough), or (iv) dam diet as a mash (Chow), in the peri-weaning period (from 11 to 28 days). Stool was observed daily for a dye marker indicating supplement consumption. Pups were weaned at 21 days and followed for a total of 42 days. No pup morbidity or mortality was observed. There was a higher proportion of pups consuming dough and gel earlier than chow (p = 0.0091). The majority of treated pups (>95%) were consuming the supplement by day 23 (range 15–23), suggesting interplay between organoleptic properties of the supplement and pup maturity. All groups gained weight, with typical sexual dimorphism observed in the growth curves. Dough treatment led to significantly higher average daily gain in male pups (0.64 ± 0.03 g/d) as compared with controls (0.58 ± 0.03 g/d). The highest average daily gain in all groups was observed pre-weaning between days 21 and 28. Compared with controls, the weight gain slope was significantly higher in the Dough and Chow treatment groups and lower in Gel treatment groups, with a more pronounced effect in males. In this study, the composition of nutritional supplementation was the dominant factor in increasing the growth trend as opposed to energy density. Peri-weaning supplementation with Dough and Chow treatments improved pre- and post-growth performance in a comparable way and was more effective than Gel treatment during adaptation to solid feeding. Proper application of supplements to support weanlings can directly improve welfare and limit unintended experimental variability.
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18

Pluske, J. R., D. K. Kerton, P. D. Cranwell, R. G. Campbell, B. P. Mullan, R. H. King, G. N. Power, et al. "Age, sex, and weight at weaning influence organ weight and gastrointestinal development of weanling pigs." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 5 (2003): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02156.

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The present study was designed to determine the interrelationships between sex, weaning age, and weaning weight on aspects of physiological and gastrointestinal development in pigs. Forty-eight Large White × Landrace pigs were used in a factorial arrangement with the respective factors being: age at weaning (14 or 28 days), weight at weaning (heavy or light), sex (boar or gilt), and time after weaning (1, 7, and 14 days). At weaning, 48 pigs were removed from the sow: 16 pigs were then fasted for 24 h before euthanasia for determination of organ weights, gut histology, and enzymology, and 32 pigs were offered a high quality pelleted weaner diet ad libitum for subsequent assessment of organ weights, histology, and enzymology at 7 and 14 d after weaning. On Day 6 and 13 after weaning, 2 pigs from each group had their feed removed, and 24 h later were euthanased and similar measurements were taken. In general, the data highlighted the overall gastrointestinal underdevelopment of pigs weaned at 2 weeks of age and of pigs weaned light-for-age at either 2 or 4 weeks. Heavier body organs, gastrointestinal organs, and accessory digestive organs observed after weaning, except for the spleen, presumably reflected the increase in substrates available for cellular growth as feed intake increased after weaning, and the development of organs required to process this feed. Interestingly, the relative weights (% of liveweight) of the stomach and small intestine and, to a lesser extent, the caecum and colon, were greater in the light, 14-day-old weaned pigs, but these differences diminished with increasing time after weaning. Consistent effects due to age, weight, and sex were not observed for villous height and crypt depth, or for the specific activities of the brush-border and pancreatic enzymes measured. However, increases (P < 0.001) in the activities of maltase (P�<�0.001), glucoamylase (P < 0.001), and sucrase (P = 0.020) (all expressed per gram of mucosa), and that of trypsin (per gram of pancreas), occurred by 14 days after weaning. This most likely reflected the inducible nature of these enzymes in response to the increasing intake of substrates provided in the diet. In contrast, the specific activity of lactase declined (P = 0.012) in the first 14 days after weaning. These data suggest that pigs weaned at 2 weeks of age and pigs weaned light-for-age at either 2 or 4 weeks have a less developed gastrointestinal tract, and that its development after weaning might proceed differently to that of pigs weaned older and heavier.
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19

Rawstrone, Annette. "Weaning wisely." Early Years Educator 22, no. 10 (May 2, 2021): S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2021.22.10.s16.

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20

Jubran, Amal, Brydon J. B. Grant, Franco Laghi, Sairam Parthasarathy, and Martin J. Tobin. "Weaning Prediction." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 171, no. 11 (June 2005): 1252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200503-356oc.

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21

Krieger, Bruce P., and Michael Campos. "Weaning Parameters." Chest 122, no. 6 (December 2002): 1873–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.122.6.1873.

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22

EPSTEIN, S. "Weaning Parameters." Respiratory Care Clinics of North America 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 253–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1078-5337(05)70070-8.

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23

Schönhofer, B., J. Geiseler, D. Dellweg, O. Moerer, T. Barchfeld, H. Fuchs, O. Karg, et al. "Prolongiertes Weaning." Pneumologie 68, no. 01 (January 15, 2014): 19–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1359038.

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24

Gianakos, Dean. "Terminal Weaning." Chest 108, no. 5 (November 1995): 1405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.108.5.1405.

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25

Mador, M. Jeffery. "Weaning Parameters." Chest 102, no. 6 (December 1992): 1642–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.102.6.1642.

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26

Lemaire, F. "Difficult weaning." Intensive Care Medicine 19, S2 (February 1993): S69—S73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01708804.

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27

Underwood, Barbara A. "Weaning Practices in Deprived Environments: The Weaning Dilemma." Pediatrics 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.75.1.194.

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The weaning process varies widely among different cultures as to when the practice is initiated and terminated; in the variety, quality, and quantity of the weaning foods; and in the manner in which the endogenous food is provided. The variations in practices range from providing a food source even before the first breastfeeding to feeding nothing but breast milk for as long as 9 to 12 months, and include feeding from a cupped hand to use of a modern feeding bottle. The advice often given healthy mothers is to breast-feed for as long as possible and compatible with life-style. Most often, when breast-feeding is prolonged, the practice is to provide some complementary food from the early postpartum months onward. However, among some poor traditional societies and in deprived environments, this food may be limited and monotonous in flavor and texture. The monotony of the diet may act synergistically with the consequences of repeated infectious morbidity, and result in chronically depressed appetite and limited acceptance of additional food in quantity and variety at the time when this becomes critical for meeting the nutritional needs of the growing infant. The serious malnutrition prevalent in the 1 to 3 year olds in many deprived environments may have its antecedent etiology in the complementary feeding practices established in the first year of life. Effective interventions to reverse growth faltering of infants reared in deprived environments where breast-feeding is prolonged may require increased attention to providing variety in the weaning diet from at least 4 months onward.
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Pattison, Natalie, and Jennifer Watson. "Ventilatory weaning: a case study of protracted weaning." Nursing in Critical Care 14, no. 2 (March 2009): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-5153.2008.00322.x.

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Huaringa, Armando J., Allan Wang, Manuel H. Haro, and Francisco J. Leyva. "The Weaning Index as Predictor of Weaning Success." Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 28, no. 6 (October 22, 2012): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885066612463681.

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30

Mei, Hongyuan, Chengying Yang, Qing Xie, Yang Yang, Xianmei Luo, Hanwei Jiao, and Ling Gan. "Effects of γ-aminobutyric acid on aggressive behaviour, jejunum villus morphology, serum biochemical indicators and hippocampal neuropeptide mRNA levels in piglets at weaning with mixing." Czech Journal of Animal Science 64, No. 4 (April 9, 2019): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/33/2018-cjas.

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The effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on weanling piglets after mixing stress were investigated and the underlying molecular mechanism was analyzed. Sixty weaning piglets were randomly assigned to either the control group (weaning and mixing with a 3 : 3 sex ratio) or the GABA supplement group (30 mg GABA/kg body weight/day + weaning and mixing with a 3 : 3 sex ratio). Aggressive behaviours have been recorded for 2 days and the number of lesions for 3 days. The diarrhea rate on day 6 post-weaning and mixing was analyzed. Serum biochemical indicators, antioxidant variables, jejunum villus morphology and mRNA levels of stress-related neuropeptide genes of the hippocampus were investigated. The GABA addition decreased serum adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations (P &lt; 0.05), aggressive behaviours of weaned piglets 5 h after mixing (P &lt; 0.05), lesion scores over the entire 3-day period (P &lt; 0.01) and diarrhea rate (P &lt; 0.01) and improved jejunum villus integrity. Serum neuropeptide Y (NPY) concentration (P &lt; 0.05) and total superoxide dismutase activity (P &lt; 0.01) were increased in the GABA supplement group, whereas serum malondialdehyde concentration had a decreasing tendency (0.05 &lt; P &lt; 0.1), and glutathione peroxidase activity had an increasing tendency (0.05 &lt; P &lt; 0.1). The GABA treatment group had increased mRNA levels of NPY (P &lt; 0.05) and peptide YY (PYY) (P &lt; 0.05) in the hippocampus, which may contribute to insights into the regulatory mechanism of GABA in weaning and mixing stress. The addition of GABA is beneficial to reduce weaning and mixing stress in piglets, and NPY and PYY may mediate the process.
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Zhang, Bin, Mengqi Liu, Zhengkai Yue, Xiaoyang Chen, Chenyang Li, Lei Liu, and Fuchang Li. "Combined Omics Analysis Further Unveils the Specific Role of Butyrate in Promoting Growth in Early-Weaning Animals." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021787.

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Abnormal mutations in the microbial structure of early-weaning mammals are an important cause of enteritis. Based on the multiple known beneficial functions of butyrate, we hypothesized that butyrate would alleviate the imbalance of intestinal homeostasis induced by early weaning in animals. However, the mechanisms of action between butyrate and intestinal microbes are still poorly explored. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether butyrate exerts beneficial effects on the structure of the intestinal flora of weanling rabbits and their intestinal homeostasis, growth and development, and we attempted to elucidate the potential mechanisms of action through a combined omics analysis. We found that dietary butyrate upregulated the transcription of tight junction-related proteins in the epithelial barrier and improved the intestinal microbial structure by suppressing harmful bacteria and promoting beneficial ones. Intestinal and plasma metabolomes were also altered. The bile acid secretion, α-linolenic acid, apoptotic, and prostate cancer pathways responded to the positive dietary butyrate-induced metabolic changes in the weanling rabbits, resulting in the inhibition of inflammation, improved antioxidant capacity, increased rates of cell proliferation and survival, and decreased levels of apoptosis. Additionally, dietary butyrate suppressed the release of pro-inflammatory factors and enhanced positive appetite regulation, which increased the average daily gain of the rabbits. These results demonstrated that dietary butyrate can help maintain the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, improve the structural composition of the intestinal microflora, enhance organismal metabolism, inhibit inflammation, reduce post-weaning anorexia, and promote growth and development in early-weaning rabbits. These positive effects of dietary butyrate were exerted via the modulation of the microbe–gut–brain axis.
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Williams, E. A., R. D. E. Rumsey, and H. J. Powers. "Cytokinetic and structural responses of the rat small intestine to riboflavin depletion." British Journal of Nutrition 75, no. 2 (February 1996): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bjn19960133.

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Abstract:The impaired absorption and metabolism of Fe seen in riboflavin defiaency is attributed, at least in part, to a hyperproliferative response in the small intestine, associated with an altered morphology. Studies were conducted in female weanling Wistar rats to explore further the effect of riboflavin deficiency on the cytokinetics and structure of the small intestine. Feeding a riboflavin-deficient diet for 8 weeks from weaning resulted in a significantly lower villus number, a significant increase in villus length and an increased rate of transit of enterocytes along the villi, compared with weight-matched controls. A second experiment focused on the 3 weeks after weaning and showed that riboflavin deficiency inhibits the increase in villus number observed in control animals over this period. We suggest that riboflavin deficiency induced at weaning impairs the normal increase in villus number and that prolonged deficiency leads to an adaptive increase in length of villi and depth of crypts.
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33

S., Chandrashekar, Bharath Angadi, Kallesh Shamanur, and Manjunatha B.H. "Integrative Weaning Index: Can it be Used Routinely as a Predictor of Weaning Success?" Indian Journal of Emergency Medicine 3, no. 1 (2017): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijem.2395.311x.3117.3.

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34

Vente-Spreeuwenberg, M. A. M., J. M. A. J. Verdonk, A. C. Beynen, and M. W. A. Verstegen. "Interrelationships between gut morphology and faeces consistency in newly weaned piglets." Animal Science 77, no. 1 (April 2003): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800053686.

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AbstractA total of 104 weanling piglets was used to study the interrelationships between faeces consistency and mucosal integrity, as assessed by specific aminopeptidase and isomaltase-sucrase activity, villus height and crypt depth. Piglets were weaned at 26 (s.d. 1·4) days of age, weighing 8·4 (s.d. 0·70) kg. On the day of weaning (day 0), dissection was performed on one group of eight piglets. The remaining piglets were given restricted amounts of diets containing different protein sources. However, during the first 7 days post weaning 72% of the piglets ate on average less than 0·9 of the amount offered and thus actually had ad libitum access to food. On days 3 or 7 post weaning pigs were weighed and euthanased. Diet composition did not effect small intestine integrity and the data were pooled for further analysis. The weight of the stomach, large intestine and pancreas increased with time post weaning (P < 0·001). Small intestine weight decreased from day 0 to 3 and was increased again on day 7, exceeding the pre-weaning value (P < 0·001). Isomaltase-sucrase and aminopeptidase activities were decreased on days 3 and 7 when compared with day 0. Villus height was decreased after weaning, followed by an increase on day 7 post weaning at the proximal small intestine, but by a further decrease at the mid small intestine (P < 0·001). Crypt depth was increased after weaning (P < 0·001). Faeces consistency was scored twice a day on a scale from 0 to 3 with increasing liquid nature. The average percentage of days during which piglets had more-liquid faeces was 26%. During the 1st week post weaning, 73% of the piglets showed a faeces score of 2 during at least 1 day. Villus height was positively correlated with food intake level, brush-border enzyme activity and dry matter content of the chyme. Villus height was negatively correlated with more-liquid faeces. Crypt depth was positively associated with the weight of various parts of the gastro-intestinal tract. It is concluded that this study supports the concept that food intake by weaned piglets determines villus height in the small intestine and brush-border enzyme production which in turn determine the risk of diarrhoea development.
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El-Moaty, Asmaa M. Abd, Naglaa M. El Mokadem, Asmaa H. Abd-Elhy, and Yasser I. Fathy. "Comparison between burns weaning assessment program and integrative weaning index as predictors of weaning outcomes." International Journal of Advance Research in Nursing 4, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/nursing.2021.v4.i2c.200.

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36

XT, Zou, Zheng GH, Fang XJ, and Jiang JF. "Effects of glutamine on growth performance of weanling piglets." Czech Journal of Animal Science 51, No. 10 (December 5, 2011): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3963-cjas.

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An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of glutamine on growth performance of weanling piglets. Sixty piglets weaned at 21 days of age were randomly assigned to two groups (10 piglets per pen, 3 pens per group). The control group received a maize-soybean meal-based diet. The treatment group received a maize-soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 1.0% free l-glutamine. Piglets were fed the diets for 20 days. Results showed that piglets fed the glutamine diet had lower diarrhoea ratio and shorter diarrhoea duration than those fed the control diet during 20 days after weaning. During the first ten days after weaning, pigs supplemented with glutamine had a 12.05% lower feed:gain ratio than those fed the control diet (P &lt; 0.05). During the second ten days after weaning, they had a 27.75% higher average daily gain than those fed the control diet (P &lt; 0.05); there were no differences in the feed:gain ratio and average daily feed intake. During the first ten days after weaning, the serum urea nitrogen of pigs supplemented with glutamine was reduced by 17.36% (P &gt; 0.05) compared to the control. During the second ten days after weaning, serum urea nitrogen was reduced by 4.27% and serum concentrations of total protein increased by 18.70% in pigs supplemented with glutamine compared to the control (P &gt; 0.05). There were no differences in albumin, T<sub>3,</sub> T<sub>4</sub> and growth hormone. &nbsp;
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37

Wu, Guoyao, Nick E. Flynn, Darrell A. Knabe, and Laurie A. Jaeger. "A cortisol surge mediates the enhanced polyamine synthesis in porcine enterocytes during weaning." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 279, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): R554—R559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.2.r554.

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This study was conducted to determine whether a cortisol surge mediates the enhanced expression of intestinal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in weanling pigs. Piglets were nursed by sows until 21 days of age, when 40 pigs were randomly assigned into one of four groups (10 animals/group). Group 1continued to be fed by sows, whereas groups 2–4 were weaned to a corn and soybean meal-based diet. Weanling pigs received intramuscular injections of vehicle solvent (sesame oil), RU-486 (a potent blocker of glucocorticoid receptors; 10 mg/kg body wt), and metyrapone (an inhibitor of adrenal cortisol synthesis; 5 mg/kg body wt), respectively, 5 min before weaning and 24 and 72 h later. At 29 days of age, pigs were used to prepare jejunal enterocytes for ODC assay and metabolic studies. To determine polyamine (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) synthesis, enterocytes were incubated for 45 min at 37°C in 2 ml Krebs-bicarbonate buffer containing 1 mM [U-14C]arginine, 1 mM [U-14C]ornithine, 1 mM [U-14C]glutamine, or 1 mM [U-14C]proline plus 1 mM glutamine. Weaning increased intestinal ODC activity by 230% and polyamine synthesis from ornithine, arginine, and proline by 72–157%. Arginine was a quantitatively more important substrate than proline for intestinal polyamine synthesis in weaned pigs. Administration of RU-486 or metyrapone to weanling pigs prevented the increases in intestinal ODC activity and polyamine synthesis, reduced intracellular polyamine concentrations, and decreased villus heights and intestinal growth. Our results demonstrate an essential role for a cortisol surge in enhancing intestinal polyamine synthesis during weaning, which may be of physiological importance for intestinal adaptation and remodeling.
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38

Abohegazy, EmanA Abdelsatar, NagwaM Doha, HatemA Attalla, and AlaaeldinA Alsakka. "Integrative weaning index as a predictor of weaning success." Menoufia Medical Journal 35, no. 2 (2022): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/mmj.mmj_273_21.

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39

Holland, J. L., D. S. Kronfeld, R. M. Hoffman, K. M. Greiwe-Crandell, T. L. Boyd, W. L. Cooper, and P. A. Harris. "Weaning stress is affected by nutrition and weaning methods." Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine 12, no. 3 (1996): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21836/pem19960319.

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40

HAMPSON, D. J., Z. F. FU, and W. C. SMITH. "Pre-weaning supplementary feed and porcine post-weaning diarrhoea." Research in Veterinary Science 44, no. 3 (May 1988): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-5288(18)30862-2.

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41

Ekong, Archibong Idongesit, Essien Eka Bassey, Amadi Benjamin Achor, and Anacletus Francis. "Effects of Weaning Diets Supplemented with Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder on the Biochemical and Hematological Indices of Weanling Wistar Rats." Scholars International Journal of Biochemistry 5, no. 3 (March 22, 2022): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijb.2022.v05i03.001.

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The effect of weaning diets formulated locally were assessed on weanling wistar rats and compared with a commercial brand to ascertain its use as weaning diets for infants in resource-poor nations. The raw ingredients were processed using local methods into different diets and fed to weanling rats weighing between 45-60 g. Thirty weanling wistar rats were divided into six groups of five animals each and were allowed access to food and water ad-libitum for 28 days following standard procedures. Results of the antinutritive components of the diets revealed that phytate recorded the least amount of 0.29±0.00 mg/110g while oxalate was highest (18.12±0.07) in diet formulated majorly with plant materials. Organ weights of the experimental animals showed that animals fed the locally formulated diets compared favourably with the commercial diet while the least weights observed in animals fed protein-free diets. The Biochemical and hematological assessment of the serum of experimental animals did not show any marked difference in all the experimental groups. From the result, it can be deduced that the locally formulated diets did not pose any adverse health effect on rats and therefore is safe for use as infant diets.
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42

Vaz, Ricardo Zambarda, José Fernando Piva Lobato, and João Restle. "Productivity and efficiency of cow herds submitted to two weaning ages." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 8 (August 2010): 1849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010000800030.

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It was aimed in this work to evaluate the productivity and efficiency of beef cows submitted to weaning of their calves at 76 days (early weaning) or at 148 days (weaning at conventional age) after calving during three consecutive years. It was evaluated pregnancy rate, birth and weaning, gain weight of the calves and cows at conventional weaning, weight at conventional weaning of calves and cows, production of weaned calves per cow and calf production index. Pregnancy rate in the herd submitted to early weaning (86.34%) was higher than in the conventional weaning (55.5%). Early weaning cows showed higher birth and weaning rates when compared to conventional weaning (83.6 and 83.6% vs. 47.5 and 44.5%, respectively) besides a higher production of calves (183 vs. 114). Early weaning cows produced 60.5% more calves than the conventional weaning cows. Conventional weaning calves gained more weight from birth to weaning (97.9 vs. 83.4 kg, respectively). Early weaning cows had more weight gain from calving to weaning (42.5 vs. 18.7 kg, respectively), and regarded to calf production index, they were more efficient (efficiency of the herds). At the average of the three years, the early weaning of the calves allows higher calving rates and weaning to the cows, in addition to a higher index of calf kilogram index produced in relation to weaning at conventional age.
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43

Francis, D. A., G. I. Christison, and N. F. Cymbaluk. "Uniform or heterogeneous weight groups as factors in mixing weanling pigs." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-026.

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A series of trials evaluated the behavior and performance of pigs grouped into three main categories at weaning: (1) unmixed litters, (2) mixed into uniform body weight groups (light, medium and heavy) and (3) mixed into heterogeneous weight groups. The effects of grouping on performance criteria were conflicting among trials and with time after weaning. In trial 1, heterogeneous groups had lower (P = 0.09) average daily gain to 5 d after weaning than intact litters. The reverse was observed in trial 2. In trial 3, uniform weight groups grew more rapidly (P < 0.01) than heterogenous groups. These treatment differences persisted through 19 d post-weaning for pigs in trials 1 and 2 but were no longer evident in trial 3. Play/fight behavior was highest (P < 0.01) among uniform weight groups resulting in an increased wounding score for head and shoulders of pigs in medium and heavy weight groups. In trial 1, structures which allowed individuals to hide their heads were available for the first 5 d but did not affect behavior or wounding. In trial 2, pigs from the three main groupings were mixed again on day 19 into three new groupings (unmixed, uniform weight or heterogenous weight). There were no performance differences among the nine grouping combinations 40 d after weaning. We conclude that if litter groups cannot be maintained after weaning, it may be advantageous to mix newly weaned pigs into uniform weight groups although the benefit is not consistently present. If space is limited, the greatest benefit would be to group light weight pigs together. Key words: Pigs, weanlings, behavior, lesions, head hides, mixing
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44

Richert, Jacob A., Taw Scaff, Lauren A. Brizgys, Jon Ferrel, Allan P. Schinckel, John Scott Radcliffe, and Brian T. Richert. "295 The Effect of Weaning age and Diet Complexity on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Weight at Market." Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_2 (October 28, 2023): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.200.

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Abstract Changes in weaning age and diet complexity can impact pig growth post-weaning. Weanling gilts and barrows [n = 432 Topigs Duroc X (US York X Landrace)] from the same farrowing group were utilized for a 30 or 35 day growth trial to compare early (EW) versus late weaning (LW) and high or low levels of specialty proteins in nursery diets. Pigs (n = 216) were EW (18 or 19 d, average Age = 18.4 days, average BW = 5.96 kg) and 216 pigs were LW 5 days later (24, 25 or 26 d, average Age = 24.6 d, average BW = 7.50 kg). At weaning pigs were blocked by weaning age, BW, sex and litter, and randomly allotted to 48 pens with 9 pigs/pen. Pigs at each weaning age were fed a High Complexity (HC) or a Low Complexity (LC) diet. The trial was conducted as a 2X2 factorial design: 1) EW+HC; 2) EW+LC; 3) LW+HC; 4) LW+LC. Pigs and feeders were weighed on d 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 for EW, and on d 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 30 for LW. The LW pigs had improved ADG and ADFI from days 0-7, 7-14, 14-21, and the final week of the nursery (P &lt; 0.05). There were no differences in ADG and ADFI from days 21-28 (P &gt; 0.05) between weaning ages. G:F decreased for LW pigs from days 21-28 (P &lt; 0.01) compared with EW pigs; however, for the overall nursery trial LW pigs had increased G:F (P = 0.01). The LW pigs had increased overall nursery ADG vs EW pigs (452.5 g/d vs 400 g/d; P &lt; 0.01). End of nursery BW was greater for LW vs EW pigs (21.70 kg vs 20.74 kg; P = 0.001). When comparing pigs of similar BW at weaning, LW pigs were lighter at end of nursery (20.13 kg vs. 21.66 kg; P &lt; 0.01) but were more feed efficient (P &lt; 0.01) than EW pigs. There was a BW block by weaning age interaction, EW heavy pigs had less ADG compared with LW heavy pigs; however, when comparing light weight pigs, the EW light pigs had improved ADG compared with LW light weight pigs (P = 0.017). The EW pigs were lighter at market (approximately day 146 of age) compared with LW pigs (120.78 vs 124.16 kg; P = 0.014). An interaction between weaning age, nursery diet, and sex (P &lt; 0.07) was observed for market weight, EW barrows fed LC diets were lighter at market (120.77 kg) than EW barrows fed HC diets (126.54 kg). Whereas for LW barrows fed LC had greater market weights (130.04 kg) than LW barrows fed HC diets (127.59 kg). A similar, but non-significant pattern was observed for gilts. Weaning age and feeding pigs the correct diet for their age in the nursery can have a lifelong effect on the pig.
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Kobek-Kjeldager, Cecilie, Dar'ya Vodolazs'ka, Charlotte Lauridsen, Nuria Canibe, and Lene Juul Pedersen. "Impact of supplemental liquid feed pre-weaning and piglet weaning age on feed intake post-weaning." Livestock Science 252 (October 2021): 104680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104680.

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46

Reishtein, J. L. "Including a weaning predictor in the daily assessment of weaning readiness increased mechanical ventilation weaning time." Evidence-Based Nursing 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebn.10.3.91.

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47

Innok, Supanan, Witchuda Dokphueng, Kamol Udol, Worawong Slisatkorn, and Prasert Sawasdiwipachai. "Clinical Outcomes and Cost of Ventilator Weaning and Endotracheal Extubation Guided by An Established Ventilator Weaning Protocol in Patients Undergoing Elective Cardiac Surgery." Siriraj Medical Journal 73, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33192/smj.2021.106.

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Objective: To compare successful early extubation rates, complications, and cost before and after the use of anestablished ventilator weaning protocol in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery.Materials and Methods: Subjects were adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery who were clinically stablewithin 2 hours after surgery. The control group underwent conventional ventilator weaning at the discretion of theirattending staff. The intervention group underwent protocol-guided ventilator weaning. The primary outcome wasa successful early extubation (within 6 hours after surgery). Secondary outcomes were complications from weaningto 24 hours after surgery, and the relevant cost related to respiratory and cardiovascular care within 24 hours afteradmission to the postoperative intensive care unit.Results: The primary outcome occurred in 37 out of 65 patients (56.9%) in the intervention group and in 5 out of65 patients (7.7%) in the control group (adjusted odds ratio 20.6; 95% confidence interval 6.7–62.9, p<0.001). Thecomplication rates were not statistically different between the intervention and control groups (26.2% vs. 20.0%,p=0.41). The relevant cost, approximated by the service charges, related to respiratory and cardiovascular care wassignificantly less in the intervention group than in the control group (median 2,491 vs. 2,711 Thai baht, p<0.001).Conclusion: The use of the established ventilator weaning protocol after elective cardiac surgery was associated witha higher rate of successful early extubation and lower cost related to respiratory and cardiovascular care comparedto the conventional practices of ventilator weaning and extubation. The rates of overall complications were notsignificantly different.
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48

Hendricks, Meagan, Douglas Eborn, Kaylee R. Kipp, Caleta M. Willis, and Megan P. Owen. "120 Performance Effects on Weaned Calves using 3 Weaning Strategies and Nutritional Supplementation." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.104.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to compare nutritional and management strategies on performance of beef calves at weaning. Forty crossbred beef calves were assigned to receive either nutritional supplementation (Drench) 3 wks prior to weaning and again at weaning or nothing (Cntrl). In addition, calves were assigned 1 of 3 weaning treatments: 1) abrupt weaning with complete separation (Abrupt); 2) 4d fence line weaning with cows allowed to interact with calves through a fence for 4 d before removal (4Fence); and 3) 7 d fence line weaning with cows allowed to interact with calves through a fence for 7 d before removal (7Fence). Calves were blocked by sex and BW. Nutritional supplementation consisted of an oral drench (5cc/100 lbs. BW; Cellarator Turbo Drench; ADM Animal Nutrition; Quincy, IL). Calves were weighed at weaning, 7 d after, and 85 d after weaning. At weaning, average age of calves was 213 ± 19 d and average weight 224 ± 30 kg. Average final weight of calves was 279 ± 33 kg. Weight differences between weaning and 7 d after weaning and weaning and 85 d after weaning were analyzed using Proc Mixed with nutritional supplementation, sex, and weaning duration as fixed variables. Calves receiving Drench gained more (P &lt; 0.05) 1 wk after weaning (7.9 vs. 3.7 kg, respectively). Weight gains 85 d after weaning were not different (P &gt; 0.05) 7 d after weaning. Weight gain in calves assigned to 4Fence and 7Fence treatments were not different (P &lt; 0.05) but gained more (P &lt; 0.05) than Abrupt calves (8.5 vs. 7.6 vs. 1.2 kg, respectively). Weight gains 85 d after weaning were not different (P &gt; 0.05) between weaning treatments. In conclusion, nutritional supplementation and fence-line weaning improved calf performance 1 wk after weaning but not after 3 mo.
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Diané, Abdoulaye, W. David Pierce, James C. Russell, C. Donald Heth, Donna F. Vine, Denis Richard, and Spencer D. Proctor. "Down-regulation of hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) expression after weaning is associated with hyperphagia-induced obesity in JCR rats overexpressing neuropeptide Y." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 5 (October 7, 2013): 924–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513003061.

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We hypothesised that hypothalamic feeding-related neuropeptides are differentially expressed in obese-prone and lean-prone rats and trigger overeating-induced obesity. To test this hypothesis, in the present study, we measured energy balance and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA expressions in male JCR:LA-cp rats. We compared, in independent cohorts, free-feeding obese-prone (Obese-FF) and lean-prone (Lean-FF) rats at pre-weaning (10 d old), weaning (21–25 d old) and early adulthood (8–12 weeks). A group of Obese-pair-feeding (PF) rats pair-fed to the Lean-FF rats was included in the adult cohort. The body weights of 10-d-old Obese-FF and Lean-FF pups were not significantly different. However, when the pups were shifted from dams' milk to solid food (weaning), the obese-prone rats exhibited more energy intake over the days than the lean-prone rats and higher body and fat pad weights and fasting plasma glucose, leptin, insulin and lipid levels. These differences were consistent with higher energy consumption and lower energy expenditure. In the young adult cohort, the differences between the Obese-FF and Lean-FF rats became more pronounced, yielding significant age effects on most of the parameters of the metabolic syndrome, which were reduced in the Obese-PF rats. The obese-prone rats displayed higher NPY expression than the lean-prone rats at pre-weaning and weaning, and the expression levels did not differ by age. In contrast, POMC expression exhibited significant age-by-genotype differences. At pre-weaning, there was no genotype difference in POMC expression, but in the weanling cohort, obese-prone pups exhibited lower POMC expression than the lean-prone rats. This genotype difference became more pronounced at adulthood. Overall, the development of hyperphagia-induced obesity in obese-prone JCR rats is related to POMC expression down-regulation in the presence of established NPY overexpression.
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50

Li, Yimeng, Minghui Shi, Tianxiang Zhang, Xin Hu, Baofeng Zhang, Shanghua Xu, Jianhong Ding, Defu Hu, and Shuqiang Liu. "Dynamic changes in intestinal microbiota in young forest musk deer during weaning." PeerJ 8 (April 13, 2020): e8923. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8923.

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Weaning is an important event for all mammals, including young forest musk deer. However, weaning stress may cause intestinal microbiota-related disorders. Therefore, high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was applied to study the dynamic changes in intestinal microbiota during pre-weaning (10 days before weaning) and post-weaning (10 days after weaning) in 15 young forest musk deer. We saw that intestinal microbiota diversity in the post-weaning period was significantly higher than that in the pre-weaning period. The most dominant bacterial phyla were similar in the two groups (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia). Meanwhile, we applied Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSe) to identify the most differentially microbial taxa in the pre-weaning and post-weaning groups. In the post-weaning forest musk deer, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Treponema and Prevotella was higher than in the pre-weaning group. However, higher relative abundance of the phyla Bacteroidetes was found in the pre-weaning group compared with that in the post-weaning group. In summary, this research provides a theoretical foundation for the dynamics of young forest musk deer intestinal microbiota during the weaning transition, which may benefit in understanding the growth and health of forest musk deer.
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