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1
Stamenova, Svetlana. "The process of weakening of nation-state in the era of NEO-liberalism and the crisis of democracy." Socioloski pregled 55, no. 1 (2021): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socpreg55-30309.
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The article aims to show that as a result of globalization and NEO-liberal form of governance and ideology, the state was weakened through a complex system of economic, financial, technological and social relations on a global scale. The withdrawal of the state from regulative functions on its territory is a refusal of the state for ideological mobilization of its populace based on nationalism and national identity. During the decline of national identity, the national state moves its role from imposing of cultural and national homogeneity, a characteristic of the earlier stage of nation-state building, to supporting cultural diversity. Crisis of democracy and emergence of post-democracy are considered and the question about possibility of having democracy beyond the nation-state borders.
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Solescu, Daniel. "State Sovereignty in the Current Economic Context." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2016-0023.
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Abstract Globalization has raised the issue of the place and role of the nation state in the world market. The effects of globalization have resulted in the joint effort of some State’s sovereign powers, quite exclusive until recently, which leads to reconsider the concept of state sovereignty, tasks, functions and objectives of the state. Globalization involves reducing the state intervention in the economic matters, but it does not imply the disappearance of the state concept. The integration in the transnational economy necessarily implies the weakening of the nation-state authority, since it must make room for the independent actors.
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Firmansyah, Vicky Zaynul, and Firdaus Syam. "The Role of Public Administration in Preventing Corruption of State Officials." Jurnal Magister Administrasi Publik 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31629/jmap.v1i1.3382.
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The main problem with the Indonesian government is the behavior of deviant acts of corruption that harm the nation and state. This research is shown to prevent acts of corruption by implementing the principles of public administration in state officials. The research method used, namely the type of quantitative research is comparative experimental. There are various policies taken by the government to prevent corrupt behavior, namely the application of the principles of public administration in state officials, ethical development and bureaucratic governance through the development of good governance, enforcement and application of public administration law, public awareness, and participation, efforts to improve the system. more effective and efficient public services, and the establishment of an independent institution to prevent corruption. However, this study found irregularities in the efforts to strengthen the KPK institution by re-doing the national insight test on employees, which led to irregularities in the weakening of the KPK due to the dismissal of competent employees.
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Kjellberg, Anders. "The Shifting role role of unions in the social dialogue." European Journal of Workplace Innovation 6, no. 2 (March 5, 2021): 220–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46364/ejwi.v6i2.807.
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The article deals with the declining union density and shrinking coverage of collective agreements in most EU/EES countries, in particular in Eastern Europe and Greece. In many countries, international organizations pushed through “structural reforms” weakening trade unions. The result is declining union density and decreased capacity to conclude sectoral collective agreements and avoid downwards derogations at company level. Even in some core eurozone countries have governments without much of social dialogue carried through “internal devaluation” to restore competitiveness. High union density (Finland) or high union mobilization capacity (France) could not prevent this development. The economic performance of a country and degree of globalization, including the absence of a national currency, appear to be more important. The Swedish (and Nordic) model of self-regulation, resting on negotiations between the labour market parties, contrasts sharply to French state regulation with its high frequency of state extension of collective agreements and minimum wages set by the state. Union density in Sweden is still among the highest in the world but has declined considerably the last twenty years, in particular among the rapidly growing share of foreign-born blue-collar workers. As a small, strongly export-dependent country dominated by large transnational groups, Swedish economy is very influenced by globalization. This has shifted the balance of power to the advantage of employers, and by that circumscribed the unions’ efforts to achieve developing jobs and improved working environment.
5
Martineau, Patrick, and Seok-Woo Son. "Onset of Circulation Anomalies during Stratospheric Vortex Weakening Events: The Role of Planetary-Scale Waves." Journal of Climate 28, no. 18 (September 11, 2015): 7347–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00478.1.
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Abstract To highlight the details of stratosphere–troposphere dynamical coupling during the onset of strong polar vortex variability, this study identifies stratospheric vortex weakening (SVW) events by rapid deceleration of the polar vortex and performs composite budget analyses in the transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) framework on daily time scales. Consistent with previous work, a rapid deceleration of the polar vortex, followed by a rather slow recovery, is largely explained by conservative dynamics with nonnegligible contribution by nonconservative sinks of wave activity. During the onset of such events, stratospheric zonal wind anomalies show a near-instantaneous vertical coupling to the troposphere, which results from an anomalous upward and poleward propagation of planetary-scale waves. In the troposphere, zonal wind anomalies are also influenced by synoptic-scale waves, confirming previous studies. The SVW events driven by wavenumber-1 disturbances show comparable circulation anomalies to those driven by wavenumber-2 disturbances both in the stratosphere and troposphere. The former, however, exhibits more persistent anomalies after the onset than the latter. During both events, tropospheric wavenumber-1 and 2 disturbances project strongly onto the climatological waves, indicating that vertical propagation of planetary-scale waves into the stratosphere is largely caused by constructive linear interference. It is also found that the SVW-related vertical coupling is somewhat sensitive to the stratospheric mean state. Although overall evolution of zonal-mean circulation anomalies are reasonably similar under an initially weak or strong polar vortex, the time-lagged downward coupling is evident only when the polar vortex is decelerated under a weak vortex state. These results are compared with other definitions of weak polar vortex events, such as stratospheric sudden warming events.
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Qi, Hao. "“Distribution According to Work”: An Historical Analysis of the Incentive System in China’s State-Owned Sector." Review of Radical Political Economics 50, no. 2 (November 9, 2017): 409–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0486613416675620.
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This article analyzes the role of the incentive system in driving China’s economic transition. The reform of the incentive system during the late 1970s and early 1980s led to the abuse of material incentives. Changes in the incentive system led to recurrent inflation and squeezed profits. The state thus launched a series of reforms that commoditized labor power and divided cadres from workers, substantially weakening workers’ power and promoting China’s economic transition.
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Zurman, Afrizal, Joni Widjayanto, and Hipdizah. "The Role of National Leadership with Pancasila Character in Optimizing the State Defend Awareness." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 518–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.78.8874.
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The multidimensional crisis faced by the Indonesian today requires a national leadership with Pancasila character. The weakness of national leadership is realized to have implications on the weakening of state defend awareness. State defend awareness is one of the important capitals in national development and also in solving various problems of the nation. State defend awareness will be influenced by one of the national leadership qualities. Pancasila as the foundation of state and state philosophy should be a guide and a referral in the conduct of every national leadership practice. This research aims to explain the role of national leadership that has the Pancasila character in optimizing state defend awareness. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach. The results showed that the role of national leadership that has Pancasila character in building a state defend awareness is as a guide for the community in achieving the objectives of the country. Secondly, as the builder of the moral force of society in implementing state defend in national’s life. Meanwhile, the third role is as an inspirational role model for society
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Kamrava, Mehran. "Revolution Revisited: The Structuralist-Voluntarist Debate." Canadian Journal of Political Science 32, no. 2 (June 1999): 317–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900010519.
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AbstractThere are three ideal types of revolutions: spontaneous, planned and negotiated. The role and importance of structural factors versus human agency vary according to the general category to which a particular revolution belongs. In spontaneous revolutions, both the transition and conslidation phases are heavily conditioned by prevailing structural factors, especially those that result in the weakening of ruling state institutions and the political mobilization of one or more social groups. By contrast, in planned revolutions self-declared revolutionaries take the lead in both mobilizing supporters and weakening the state, in fact often having a highly elaborate ideological—as well as tactical and strategic—blueprint for the acquisition and consolidation of power. Negotiated revolutions see the greatest coalescence of forces involving both structural developments and human agency. The seeds of the revolution have germinated, but the prevailing structural developments are not by themselves sufficient to bring about the revolution's success. Actors representing both state and society must step in to negotiate, and only then might the revolution succeed and be consolidated.
9
Geng, Changjuan, and Lucas Meijs. "The Democratic Implications of npos and the Control Strategy of the State." China Nonprofit Review 8, no. 1 (May 21, 2016): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341303.
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Liberal scholars attribute an essential role to nonprofit organizations (npos) in the process of democratization, due to their roles in raising public awareness and supervising the hegemony of the state. Nevertheless, the current literature has yet to pay sufficient attention to the ways in which governments respond to the dynamics of power. As argued inpublic rational choice theory, the government is a self-benefit maximizing bureaucrat that spares no effort to adopt various strategies aimed at keeping society under control. We have studied this postulation by comparing the two contrasting civil societies of China and the Netherlands. Results from our investigation of campaigningnpos from China and the Netherlands confirm that states tend to apply a range of strategies (e.g., political restrictions and financial instruments) in order to assimilatenpos into the developmental planning of the government (e.g., by stimulating the economic functions ofnpos while weakening their democratic functions in intangible ways).
10
Jabbarova Telli Rahim. "The role of family and culture in the development of emotional intellect." Technium Social Sciences Journal 11 (September 1, 2020): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v11i1.1543.
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The aim of the study is to determine the influence of family and culture on emotional intellect and to study the causes of various psychological factors.
The methodological basis of the study is the relationship between cognitive and emotional factors in the behavior of individuals, theories and experiments related to emotional intellect.
The scientific novelty of the research is the study of the influence of family and cultural environment on the development or weakening of emotional intellect.
Output. Positive emotions that parents send to their children create conditions for the development of their emotional intellect, and negative emotions for lagging behind the level of emotional intellect. This, in turn, gives an impetus to the formation of certain psychological qualities in them. Social norms, gender and culture that play a role in the formation of the family environment are involved in the formation of the emotional intellect of the individual through the family. In a family, the emotional attitude of parents towards children and methods of emotional education influence the formation of the character of their future personality. Considering that people share their emotions mainly with close family members, we can say that the family is the main social mechanism that determines, directs and regulates the emotional state of society. The weakening and deterioration of this mechanism can lead to emotional imbalance in society. This is confirmed by the fact that young people belonging to criminal and deviant groups come mainly from disadvantaged families.
11
Hollings, James, Folker Hanusch, Ravi Balasubramanian, and Geoff Lealand. "SPECIAL REPORT: Causes for concern: The state of New Zealand journalism in 2015." Pacific Journalism Review 22, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v22i2.29.
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This survey of NZ journalists completed in late 2015 shows the impact of the rapid move to a digital news environment. Journalists are more educated, but working longer hours and feeling more pressure, both ethically and resource-wise, than they were only two years ago. Technological changes are felt acutely, particularly the use of social media and user-generated content. Journalists are concerned that advertising and commercial pressures are stronger, while overall standards are weakening. This study also shows, for the first time, that women are seriously disadvantaged in pay and promotion despite making up the majority of the workforce. Despite these challenges, overall job satisfaction remains at similar levels to previous surveys, and journalists’ own commitment to ethical standards and journalism’s Fourth Estate role remains strong.
12
Eyre, Thomas S., David W. Eaton, Dmitry I. Garagash, Megan Zecevic, Marco Venieri, Ronald Weir, and Donald C. Lawton. "The role of aseismic slip in hydraulic fracturing–induced seismicity." Science Advances 5, no. 8 (August 2019): eaav7172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav7172.
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Models for hydraulic fracturing–induced earthquakes in shales typically ascribe fault activation to elevated pore pressure or increased shear stress; however, these mechanisms are incompatible with experiments and rate-state frictional models, which predict stable sliding (aseismic slip) on faults that penetrate rocks with high clay or total organic carbon. Recent studies further indicate that the earthquakes tend to nucleate over relatively short injection time scales and sufficiently far from the injection zone that triggering by either poroelastic stress changes or pore pressure diffusion is unlikely. Here, we invoke an alternative model based on recent laboratory and in situ experiments, wherein distal, unstable regions of a fault are progressively loaded by aseismic slip on proximal, stable regions stimulated by hydraulic fracturing. This model predicts that dynamic rupture initiates when the creep front impinges on a fault region where rock composition favors dynamic and slip rate weakening behavior.
13
Kruk, M. Z., A. M. Liashevych, I. S. Chernukha, A. Z. Kruk, and L. I. Levchuk. "Functional state of the cardiorespiratory system of the body of students engaged in physical culture and sports." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 3(123) (July 28, 2020): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.3(123).18.
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According to the authors, the assessment of the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system of the body during physical training and sports is of paramount importance because of the huge role of this system in the adaptation to physical activity of different nature, the optimal functioning of the organism in the most varied in terms of training activity.
The analysis of the scientific literature shows that the deterioration of the indicators of the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system of the human body caused by the weakening of socio-economic conditions in the country, the influence of radioactive radiation, the deterioration of the quality of nutrition, the decrease of motor activity, etc. There is also a general increase in the number of cardiovascular diseases, deterioration of the body's functional reserves, systemic impaired posture, the presence of various disorders of the musculoskeletal system, a decrease in the level of physical fitness, etc.
All this happens against the background of the weakening of the functions of the cardio-respiratory and nervous systems of the body during training and during the exams, which negatively affects the formation of health of future specialists. Therefore, since there is a tendency to deteriorate the health of students, in particular, the condition of their cardio-respiratory system, the question of improving it through the use of physical education is very relevant.
14
WRIGHT, CHRIS F., and WILLIAM BROWN. "FROM CENTER STAGE TO BIT PLAYER: TRADE UNIONS AND THE BRITISH ECONOMY." Singapore Economic Review 59, no. 04 (September 2014): 1450030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590814500301.
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Over the past 30 years, British unions have been marginalised from economic policymaking. Union membership and collective bargaining coverage have fallen dramatically, and the sometimes negative economic impact of unions at the workplace level has disappeared. While strong unions were once key contributors to macroeconomic problems such as high inflation, the weakening of organised labour has created other economic problems for policymakers in Britain, such as rising inequality. The social and political consequences of deepening inequality may force a reconsideration of the role of both the state and of unions in upholding labour standards.
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Tolkachenko, V. "The essence and causes of the spiritual and moral decline of mankind in the XX century." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 7 (February 24, 1998): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/1998.7.153.
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One of the most important reasons for such a clearly distressed state of society was the decline of religion as a social force, the external manifestation of which is the weakening of religious institutions. "Religion," Baha'u'llah writes, "is the greatest of all means of establishing order in the world to the universal satisfaction of those who live in it." The weakening of the foundations of religion strengthened the ranks of ignoramuses, gave them impudence and arrogance. "I truly say that everything that belittles the supreme role of religion opens way for the revelry of maliciousness, inevitably leading to anarchy. " In another Tablet, He says: "Religion is a radiant light and an impregnable fortress that ensures the safety and well-being of the peoples of the world, for God-fearing induces man to adhere to the good and to reject all evil." Blink the light of religion, and chaos and distemper will set in, the radiance of justice, justice, tranquility and peace. "
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Mehdi, Syed Eesar. "Serving the Militant’s Cause: The Role of Indo-Pak State Policies in Sustaining Militancy in Kashmir." Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 7, no. 2 (July 23, 2020): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347797020939012.
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The essay explores three recently published books on the origins of militancy in Kashmir. In short, they all find that two causal factors are responsible for the insurgency’s ability to endure. First, the unending muscular security policy of India coupled with its explicit integrationist approach that triggered alienation by squeezing the democratic space of Kashmiris. Second, the role played by Pakistan in strongly backing the menagerie of militant groups for weakening political and territorial control of India over Kashmir. These books rely on a series of case studies of the different militant groups that have operated in Kashmir: most notably, Al-Fatah, the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), Hizbul Mujahedeen (HM) and Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (LeT). The emergence of Al-Fatah and JKLF was an offshoot of New Delhi’s iron-fist approach compounded with the dwindling of democratic space. Pakistan played a major role in the creation of HM and LeT by invoking Islam and Muslim identity as mobilising factors. These books, in their own different ways, identify a teleological shift in the thinking, strategies and operations of the militant groups, and this essay tries to extrapolate this by outlining the key markers of distinction between the old and new militancy.
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Stapran, Dmitriy. "On the Role and Future of Outsourcing in the Russian Economy." Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2018, no. 5 (October 30, 2018): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105201853.
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The author defines outsourcing not only as a business-tool, but also as one of the most important indicators of the health of the national economy and its competitiveness. Methodology to define the volume of outsourcing in the economy proposed by the author is new to the Russian economic science. By using a range of econometrics of personal design — namely methods of «statistics», «industries» and «outsourcing» (explained hereinafter) the author defines the share of outsourcing as 19% of GDP. At the same time, the author proves that the current volume of outsourcing is insufficient to secure stable growth of the economy. Industrial behemoths and state owned companies — so called national champions — are weakening, not strengthening the competitiveness of the Russian economy with their size. Because of the very overconcentration in the Russian economy, the share of small and medium enterprises is too small. The number of workers hired by SMEs is also less than in other comparable economies. The insufficient share of outsourcing also to the lack of innovations, because innovation breeds not inside large state owned corporations but amongst entrepreneurs. In the end of the article summarizes factors that will contribute or otherwise hamper the development of outsourcing in the Russian economy, influencing its competitiveness worldwide.
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BEKRENEV, Yu V. "THE DEPRESSED STATE OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY AS A RESULT OF ITS LIBERAL-MARKET REFORM." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 5 (2021): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.05.01.022.
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The article presents an analysis of socio-economic reforms in Russia from the early 90s to the present, based on the concept of market liberalism and the maximum weakening of the role of the state in the economy. The negative result that this has led to in terms of the progressive development of society is shown. This makes it possible to assess the current state of the country's economy as a great Russian depression, similar to that Great Depression of the 30s. A possible alternative to the existing course of market liberalism in the form of the concept of the state planning and market economy and steps that will overcome the depressed state of the Russian economy and ensure its real progressive development, accompanied by a proportional improvement in the quality of life of most Russians.
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Latifi, Tahir. "Generational and Intergenerational Care and Mobility Networks in Kosovo." Südosteuropa 67, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 196–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2019-0014.
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Abstract Generational and intergenerational relations are established according to family patterns, sociocultural, economic, and institutional backgrounds. In the case of Kosovo, where welfare is poor, and economic activity rates are low, kinship ties are very strong. Under these conditions, the state and the market are failing to provide social security to Kosovo’s citizens. In such a situation, solidarity and intergenerational relations play a vital role in keeping families intact and maintaining social cohesion. In this article, however, I point out that strong kinship ties may also have a negative effect—creating a form of distrust of state institutions, and thus weakening the state and the market. Or this could make the state ‘lazy’. The research outlined here is mainly based on data collected during fieldwork conducted in the years 2011-2015 in a village in western Kosovo.
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Arfani, Junita Widiati. "International Education beyond State Regulations in Indonesia: Practices from Y Province-Based Public and Private High Schools." Policy & Governance Review 3, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v3i3.151.
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The objective of this study is to examine implementation of the international education (IE) policy (under the so-called Undang-Undang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional (the Law of National Education System) and its legal derivatives) at high school level in Indonesia by investigating the policy text and its dynamic practices concerning the IE policies at both public and private schools. The study employs qualitative case study methodology combining data collection methods which include individual interviews to key resource persons and documents analysis at national, local and at school levels. Using the Vidovich policy framework, the study explores how national executive, legislative and judicial (states) bodies interact in formulating IE policy and how the policy has impacted at school level. Two schools of public and private that implemented international curriculum were selected as case studies. The study finds that the IE policy that was initially formulated at national level by relevant state authorities/agencies has however resulted in weakening role of the state due in part to its centralized feature (despite its decentralized implementation claim). Consequently, in the stage of its implementation at school level, providers of IE and their champions as non-state actors play significant roles. The study indicates importance and significance of relevant state authorities at local government level in the framework to offer effective supervision on the IE policy implementation.
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Figueredo, Darío Salinas. "The United States and Latin America: Beyond Free Trade." Critical Sociology 38, no. 2 (September 9, 2011): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920511419905.
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Trade policies have long been configured into the history of Latin America. In virtually all such policies, US interests can be readily discerned. Recent experiences in a neoliberal context have witnessed a rearrangement of interests, forces, and scenarios at the global level. The weakening of the role of the state in allocating resources and in defining national agendas has been notable. Wherever proposals for democratization have appeared and have sought to distance themselves from hegemonic policies, the issues of free trade and commerce begin to reveal important aspects of interrelationship between development, regional integration, cooperation, and security.
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Battaglia, Francesco. "Peacebuilding and Statebuilding in Libya: An Analysis on the Role of the European Union." African Journal of Legal Studies 10, no. 2-3 (December 7, 2017): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340020.
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Abstract The Libyan crisis is the largest and closest crisis on the southern borders of the EU. It is therefore reasonable that the stabilization of this country and the engagement of international relations and partnership with an independent and effective government of Libya is a central point of the EU’s foreign policy since the outbreak of the crisis in 2011. The consolidation of peace in Libya is of primary importance not only because of political and economic reasons. The engagement with Libya is essential for the EU even to strengthen its role as global actor in the field of foreign and security policy. Finally, the Libyan crisis is closely connected with the migration emergency that is weakening European political cohesion. The purpose of this article is thus to carry out a legal analysis on the role of the EU in promoting peace/state-building in Libya, to make some considerations on the main lesson learned.
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Surprenant, Chris W. "Cultivating Virtue: Moral Progress and the Kantian State." Kantian Review 12, no. 1 (March 2007): 90–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415400000820.
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After examining the ethical and political writings of Immanuel Kant, one finds an apparent paradox in his philosophy as his perfectionist moral teachings appear to be linked to his anti-perfectionist political theory. Specifically, he writes that the perfection of moral character can only take place for an individual who is inside of civil society, a condition where no laws may legitimately be implemented expressly for the purpose of trying to make individuals moral. Kant believes that living in civil society is a necessary condition for an individual to refine his talents and reason completely, a process required by morality. I believe, however, that the connection between his moral and political theory runs much deeper than simply facilitating the refinement of talents. Kant's moral theory focuses on an individual's cultivation of virtue, but this cultivation cannot be most satisfactorily completed unless that individual is a member of civil society. Put differently, civil society plays a necessary role in cultivating an individual's character so that he is able to act from maxims consistent with the moral law, out of the respect for the law itself. However, because he believes that civic laws primarily intended to encourage moral cultivation cannot be implemented legitimately, it seems curious that this condition should play such a significant role in Kant's moral philosophy. Through this examination of Kant's moral and political theory, it will be shown that Kant's political society establishes a condition necessary for an individual's complete cultivation of virtue, not by implementing laws that make men moral but by weakening the forces of heteronomy, thereby removing barriers to moral action.
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Khan, Tayeba, Eric S. Muise, Puneeth Iyengar, Zhao V. Wang, Manisha Chandalia, Nicola Abate, Bei B. Zhang, Paolo Bonaldo, Streamson Chua, and Philipp E. Scherer. "Metabolic Dysregulation and Adipose Tissue Fibrosis: Role of Collagen VI." Molecular and Cellular Biology 29, no. 6 (December 29, 2008): 1575–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01300-08.
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ABSTRACT Adipocytes are embedded in a unique extracellular matrix whose main function is to provide mechanical support, in addition to participating in a variety of signaling events. During adipose tissue expansion, the extracellular matrix requires remodeling to accommodate adipocyte growth. Here, we demonstrate a general upregulation of several extracellular matrix components in adipose tissue in the diabetic state, therefore implicating “adipose tissue fibrosis” as a hallmark of metabolically challenged adipocytes. Collagen VI is a highly enriched extracellular matrix component of adipose tissue. The absence of collagen VI results in the uninhibited expansion of individual adipocytes and is paradoxically associated with substantial improvements in whole-body energy homeostasis, both with high-fat diet exposure and in the ob/ob background. Collectively, our data suggest that weakening the extracellular scaffold of adipocytes enables their stress-free expansion during states of positive energy balance, which is consequently associated with an improved inflammatory profile. Therefore, the disproportionate accumulation of extracellular matrix components in adipose tissue may not be merely an epiphenomenon of metabolically challenging conditions but may also directly contribute to a failure to expand adipose tissue mass during states of excess caloric intake.
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Kang, Wanying, and Eli Tziperman. "The Role of Zonal Asymmetry in the Enhancement and Suppression of Sudden Stratospheric Warming Variability by the Madden–Julian Oscillation." Journal of Climate 31, no. 6 (March 2018): 2399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0489.1.
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Sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events influence the Arctic Oscillation and midlatitude extreme weather. Previous work showed the Arctic stratosphere to be influenced by the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and that the SSW frequency increases with an increase of the MJO amplitude, expected in a warmer climate. It is shown here that the zonal asymmetry in both the background state and forcing plays a dominant role, leading to either enhancement or suppression of SSW events by MJO-like forcing. When applying a circumglobal MJO-like forcing in a dry dynamic core model, the MJO-forced waves can change the general circulation in three ways that affect the total vertical Eliassen–Palm flux in the Arctic stratosphere. First, weakening the zonal asymmetry of the tropospheric midlatitude jet, and therefore preventing the MJO-forced waves from propagating past the jet. Second, weakening the jet amplitude, reducing the waves generated in the midlatitudes, especially stationary waves, and therefore the upward-propagating planetary waves. Third, reducing the Arctic lower-stratospheric refractory index, which prevents waves from upward propagation. These effects stabilize the Arctic vortex and lower the SSW frequency. The longitudinal range to which the MJO-like forcing is limited plays an important role as well, and the strongest SSW frequency increase is seen when the MJO is located where it is observed in current climate. The SSW suppression effects are active when the MJO-like forcing is placed at different longitudinal locations. This study suggests that future trends in both the MJO amplitude and its longitudinal extent are important for predicting the Arctic stratosphere response.
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Kalinowski, Thomas. "From Developmental State to Developmental Society?: The Role of Civil Society Organizations in Recent Korean Development and Possible Lessons for Developing Countries." International Studies Review 10, no. 1 (October 15, 2009): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01001003.
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In the 1980s and 1990s, rapid market oriented reforms, liberalization and privatization ("shock therapy") in developing and transformational countries caused economic and social problems that began to undermine the legitimacy of political democratization and market reforms itself. Scholars in the field of transformation and development theory found that market coordination alone was not able to fill the void left by a weak or weakening state. In this essay, we look at the case of Korea to find out if an active civil society can substitute functions of the withdrawing developmental state since the 1980s. We show that civil society organizations (CSOs) in Korea have been relatively effective in influencing political processes, shaping public opinion, compensating the weakness of political instirucions, and contributing to general development. Korean CSOs achieved this remarkable impact despite substantial organizational problems and a relatively unfavorable socioeconomic and political environment. This effectiveness and the synergy between state and civil society make Korean CSOs very interesting to study for development scholars. Korea might offer some valuable lessons on how to improve advocacy CSOs in an unfavorable environment similar to that of many developing countries.
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Fan, Caiyuan, Jinfeng Liu, Luuk B. Hunfeld, and Christopher J. Spiers. "Frictional slip weakening and shear-enhanced crystallinity in simulated coal fault gouges at slow slip rates." Solid Earth 11, no. 4 (July 26, 2020): 1399–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1399-2020.
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Abstract. Previous studies show that organic-rich fault patches may play an important role in promoting unstable fault slip. However, the frictional properties of rock materials with nearly 100 % organic content, e.g., coal, and the controlling microscale mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report seven velocity stepping (VS) experiments and one slide–hold–slide (SHS) friction experiment performed on simulated fault gouges prepared from bituminous coal collected from the upper Silesian Basin of Poland. These experiments were performed at 25–45 MPa effective normal stress and 100 ∘C, employing sliding velocities of 0.1–100 µm s−1 and using a conventional triaxial apparatus plus direct shear assembly. All samples showed marked slip-weakening behavior at shear displacements beyond ∼ 1–2 mm, from a peak friction coefficient approaching ∼0.5 to (nearly) steady-state values of ∼0.3, regardless of effective normal stress or whether vacuum-dry or flooded with distilled (DI) water at 15 MPa pore fluid pressure. Analysis of both unsheared and sheared samples by means of microstructural observation, micro-area X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy suggests that the marked slip-weakening behavior can be attributed to the development of R-, B- and Y-shear bands, with internal shear-enhanced coal crystallinity development. The SHS experiment performed showed a transient peak healing (restrengthening) effect that increased with the logarithm of hold time at a linearized rate of ∼0.006. We also determined the rate dependence of steady-state friction for all VS samples using a full rate and state friction approach. This showed a transition from velocity strengthening to velocity weakening at slip velocities >1 µm s−1 in the coal sample under vacuum-dry conditions but at >10 µm s−1 in coal samples exposed to DI water at 15 MPa pore pressure. The observed behavior may be controlled by competition between dilatant granular flow and compaction enhanced by the presence of water. Together with our previous work on the frictional properties of coal–shale mixtures, our results imply that the presence of a weak, coal-dominated patch on faults that cut or smear out coal seams may promote unstable, seismogenic slip behavior, though the importance of this in enhancing either induced or natural seismicity depends on local conditions.
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Li, Hong Jiang. "Influence of Stiffness Weakening at Construction Joints on the Deflection of Cantilevering-Cast Prestressed Concrete Box Girder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 777 (July 2015): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.777.34.
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For a long-span prestressed concrete box-girder bridge erected by the double-cantilever segmental method, concrete of segmental joints and concrete in their nearby area may be different from integrally-cast concrete in structural performances. For example, the stiffness of segmental joints could be weakened significantly. To reveal influences of weakening in the stiffness of segmental joints on the deflection at mid-span of box girder, a typical continuous rigid frame bridge in China was taken as the analysis example, and its finite element models were established. In these models, weakening joints were simulated. After the validity of finite element models were warranted, the deflection in the completed construction stage and the long-term deflection in the running period of box girder were calculated, and then the variation of these deflections with the stiffness reduction in all segmental joints was described. Results showed that, compared with the shearing stiffness reduction in segmental joints, the bending stiffness reduction played more significant role in affecting the deflection of box girder. When the weakening times of joint stiffness arrived at 100, deflection values of the box girder increased significantly. However, in the practical engineering, the determination of stiffness reduction in segmental joints according by their damages, and the incorporation of weakening segmental joints into the bearing capacity assessment for existing box girders were all worth further study.
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Kirillina, Svetlana A., Alexandra L. Safronova, and Vladimir V. Orlov. "Caliphatism in the period of decline and collapse of the Ottoman Empire." RUDN Journal of World History 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2018-10-4-327-337.
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The article analyses the historical role of the movement for defenсe of the Caliphate, which emerged in various regions of the Muslim world as a response to weakening and fall of the Ottoman Empire. The authors also focus on the social and political discussions of the 1920s - 1930s about the destiny of Muslim unity and the role of the future Caliphate. The article also deals with the transformation of conceptions of the Caliphate in the works of eminent ideologists and politicians of the Muslim world - Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi, Muhammad Rashid Rida and Abul Kalam Azad. The authors give an overview of the history of Caliphatist congresses and conferences of 1920s - 1930s. The aims and tasks of the Caliphatist movement among the Muslims of South Asia are also under study. The article examines the reaction of the South Asian princely elites to the weakening of the Ottoman state and explores the interrelation between pro-Ottoman sentiments of Caliphatists and the radicalization of anti-colonial struggle of Indian Muslims. A special attention is given to the role of leaders of Indian Caliphatists in preparation of the antiBritish uprisings in North-Western Hindustan. The authors also examine common and specifi c features of views and political actions of advocates and supporters of the Caliphate in the Middle East and in the Islamic communities of South Asia. The analysis of the source data reveales several patterns of reaction of Muslims in the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia to the repudiation of the Caliphate by the Republican Turkey.
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Pichavant, Michel, Tahar Hammouda, and Bruno Scaillet. "Control of redox state and Sr isotopic composition of granitic magmas: a critical evaluation of the role of source rocks." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 87, no. 1-2 (1996): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300006714.
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ABSTRACT:The current underlying assumption in most geochemical studies of granitic rocks is that granitic magmas reflect their source regions. However, the mechanisms by which source rocks control the intensive and compositional parameters of the magmas remain poorly known. Recent experimental data are used to evaluate the ‘source rock model’ and to discuss controls of (1) redox states and (2) the Sr isotopic compositions of granitic magmas.Experimental studies have been performed in parallel on biotite-muscovite and tourmaline-muscovite leucogranites from the High Himalayas. Results under reducing conditions ( = FMQ – 0·5) at 4 kbar and variable suggest that the tourmaline-muscovite granite evolved under progressively more oxidising conditions during crystallisation, up to values more than four log units above the FMQ buffer. Leucogranite magmas thus provide an example of the control of redox conditions by post-segregation rather than by partial melting processes.Other experiments designed to test the mechanisms of isotopic equilibration of Sr during partial melting of a model crustal assemblage show that kinetic factors can dominate the isotopic signature in the case of source rocks not previously homogenised during an earlier metamorphic event. The possibility is therefore raised that partial melts may not necessarily reflect the Sr isotopic composition of their sources, weakening in a fundamental way the source rock model.
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Shlapentokh, Vladimir. "Corruption, the power of state and big business in Soviet and post-Soviet regimes." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 46, no. 1 (January 3, 2013): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.12.010.
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The growth of corruption after 1991 was probably unavoidable. The privatization of the state economy created favorable conditions for corruption, which did not exist before. The feudalization of a society, with its weakening of the state and the high autonomy of its office holders, was another major factor behind the outburst of corruption. However, while these “objective” factors account for a great part of corruption’s growth, the transformation of the leaders of the country to people who encouraged corruption for their own benefit—one of the major elements of feudalization—also played an extremely large role in spreading corruption inside the country. Corruption poses greater concerns to society in the long term. Russian corruption undermines labor ethics, particularly among younger generations. Russian youths firmly believe that bribes and connections are the best and perhaps only way to become successful. Widespread corruption creates a parallel, semi-feudal chain of command that competes with the official hierarchy. The weakness of law enforcement agencies, as well as the army—now almost totally demoralized—is, to a great extent, the product of corruption.
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Lessing, Benjamin. "Logics of Violence in Criminal War." Journal of Conflict Resolution 59, no. 8 (June 4, 2015): 1486–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715587100.
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What kind of war is Mexico’s drug war? The prominent “criminal insurgency” approach helpfully focuses attention on cartel–state conflict, but unnecessarily redefines insurgency as “state-weakening,” eliding critical differences in rebels’ and cartels’ aims. Whereas rebels fight states, and cartels fight with one another, to conquer mutually prized territory and resources, cartels fight states “merely” to constrain their behavior and influence policy outcomes. This distinction yields a typology with theoretical consequences: decisive victory plays an important role in most models of civil war but is impossible or undesirable in wars of constraint. Theories of criminal war must therefore explain how ongoing coercive violence can be preferable to pacific strategies. I distinguish two such coercive logics of cartel–state conflict: violent lobbying and violent corruption. Lobbyings' more universalistic benefits elicit free riding, so turf war among cartels should make it rarer than violent corruption. This prediction accords with qualitative and quantitative evidence from Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil.
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Forkuor, John Boulard, Vincent De Paul Kanwetuu, Eugene Muobom Ganee, and Ignatus Kpobi Ndemole. "Bride Price and the State of Marriage in North-West Ghana." International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, no. 9 (August 19, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i9.3439.
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This paper sought to examine the role of bride price on the state of marriage among the Dagara of North-West Ghana. In the face of increasing scarcity of the items used in marriage in the study area, getting bride price has become a daunting task for many young men preparing to marry or already in marriage with consequences on the legitimacy and stability of families. Through purposive sampling, 5 FGDs and 9 personal interviews were conducted to obtain experiential information on bride price and state of marriage. The study revealed that the role of families, payback norms and incorporation (as part of bride price payment) are clear structures that have positive consequences for the stability of marriage; weakening potentially destabilising factors such as spousal abuse and the extra-marital sexual activities of men. Interestingly, the type and amount of items used for bride price have so much social and cultural significance that formal education and modernity has so far failed to completely change this practice among the people. The preceding allows us to conclude that the Dagara of Buo community are an epainogamous people, with societally supported marital norms and systems leading to marital stability. We recognise however that stability and longevity of marriage does not necessarily mean that spouses are ‘happy and content’ with their marriage. This is a relevant question that our current study did not explore. Thus, we recommend that a future quantitative study examine the relationship between marital stability and spousal ‘happiness and contentment.’
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Shlyakhto, E. V., E. R. Barantsevich, N. S. Shcherbak, and M. M. Galagudza. "MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF CEREBRAL TOLERANCE TO ISCHEMIA (REVIEW. PART 2)." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 67, no. 7 (July 10, 2012): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v67i7.336.
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In the 2nd part the authors describe in details the main aspects of protective effect of preconditioning of the brain: inhibition of programmed cell death, weakening of phenomenon of excitotoxicity, activation of endogenous antioxidant systems, anti-inflammatory effects, modulation of glial cell function, changes in regional blood flow and vascular reactivity. In addition, data analysis on the impact of preconditioning on brain neurogenesis, the state of the blood-brain barrier, ion homeostasis and metabolism of neurons is presented. Review emphasizes the role of microRNAs in mechanisms of ischemic tolerance of brain. Profound understanding of molecular mechanisms of increased tolerance of brain to ischemic and reperfusion injury requires the implementation of this phenomenon in clinical practice.
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Lenkiewicz, Tomasz. "Rola i znaczenie międzynarodowych rozwiązań prawnych wobec procesów globalizacji." Cywilizacja i Polityka 14, no. 14 (October 30, 2016): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0241.
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Growing international interdependencies, weakening of internal and external sovereignty of the state and necessity of joint overcoming of problems and global threats reveals the necessity of creating new rules of global order, based not only on nation-states, but also on growing number of international organizations and institutions, regional groupings, communities and local organizations. The globalization of political life fosters rise of number of institutions, organizations and international groupings and development of international law. The cooperation between them should respect the rules of equality, freedom, democracy, partnership, solidarity, respect for cultural diversity and environmental protection.
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Agade, Kennedy Mkutu. "Changes and Challenges of the Kenya Police Reserve: The Case of Turkana County." African Studies Review 58, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2015.10.
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Abstract:In rural Kenya, the main visible security force is the Kenya Police Reserve, an unpaid force guarding localities and armed by the state. Turkana County faces challenges of low state penetration, small arms flows, and armed intercommunal conflict. The state has a weak hold on Kenya Police Reservists (KPRs) and their arms, and this situation is weakening further as many move into paid private security roles, including guarding oil exploration and drilling sites. Security is critical in view of the recent oil discovery and ensuing land disputes which could trigger widespread conflict, and the recent devolution of development and administrative functions to counties in Kenya.
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Morozov, Ilya. "Political Communicativistics: The Evolution of Understanding the Role of Information in Political Process." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.3.6.
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Introduction. The article is a survey study, the purpose of which is to analyze the evolution of concepts in the field of political сommunicativistics, aimed at understanding the role of information in the system of political processes from the middle of the 20th Century to the present day. Methods and materials. As the main toolkit for working with scientific texts, methods of qualitative text analysis, focused on the study of the conceptual description of social problems, aspects of the interaction between government and society were used. As materials for the analysis, the texts of Russian and foreign scientists devoted to the study of the role of information in public administration and in political processes and published in one of the leading scientific periodicals or central scientific publishing houses were used. Analysis. The article establishes the objective factors of enhancing scientific research in the subject area of political сommunicativistics in the 20th Century, examines the modern understanding of the role of information in the processes of public administration, the influence of the general information theory and the cybernetic approach on the development of Russian political communication. Result. Modern political science concepts do not demonstrate a unified understanding of the “information future” image that emerges under the influence of the “digital revolution”. The range of approaches is wide, from the libertarian assumption of a gradual weakening of the state functions and the transition to direct democracy, when citizens are in direct contact with each other using the technologies of the information and communication system of Internet and do not need the mediation of professional state administrators, to the revival of totalitarian forms of government based on control over information flows. The tendency of Russian scientists to correlate with the trends of state policy, shifting their research topics to the political aspects of information security, social networks and the activity of opposition public associations on the Internet, was revealed as the dominant trend at the current stage. This trend is ambiguous – it corresponds to the nature of modern challenges and threats in the information sphere, but in the future it can negatively affect the volume and quality of fundamental theoretical developments, and decrease the interest in them.
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Hegyi, Bradley M., Yi Deng, Robert X. Black, and Renjun Zhou. "Initial Transient Response of the Winter Polar Stratospheric Vortex to Idealized Equatorial Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the NCAR WACCM." Journal of Climate 27, no. 7 (March 26, 2014): 2699–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00289.1.
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Abstract Perpetual winter simulations using the NCAR Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) are conducted to document the differences of the initial transient response of the boreal winter Northern Hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex to central (CPW) and eastern Pacific warming (EPW) events. Idealized patches of positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are superimposed onto a climatological SST field to mimic canonical CPW and EPW forcings. A 20-member ensemble was created by varying initial atmospheric conditions for both CPW and EPW cases. In the ensemble average, the vortex weakens under both CPW and EPW forcing, indicated by a negative zonal mean zonal wind tendency. This tendency is mainly tied to changes in the eddy-driven mean meridional circulation (MMC). A negative anomaly in the eddy momentum flux convergence also plays a secondary role in the weakening. The vortex response, however, differs dramatically among individual ensemble members. A few ensemble members exhibit initial vortex strengthening although weaker in magnitude and shorter in duration than the initial weakening in the ensemble average. The initial state and the subsequent internal variation of the extratropical atmosphere is at least as important as the type of SST forcing in determining the transient response of the stratospheric polar vortex. Interactions between the internal variability of the vortex and SST-driven wave anomalies ultimately determine the nature of the initial transient response of the vortex to EPW and CPW forcing. This sensitivity to the initial atmospheric state has implications for understanding medium-range forecasts of the extratropical atmospheric response to emerging tropical SST anomalies, particularly over high-latitude regions.
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Đorđević, Ivan. "Whose game is this? An overview at the role of football in the construction of national identity." Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 9, no. 1 (February 25, 2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v9i1.5.
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In this paper I will consider the ways in which national identity is constructed through football, by analyzing different case studies foremost in the countries of Western Europe which are, in public narratives, signified as “developed”. I will attempt to point out the fact that, despite the weakening of the prerogative of the nation-state, the identity which refers to such a state is still strong, and that football is one of those cultural elements though which such identification is encouraged and supported. On the other hand, through analyzing the “nation building” through football project in countries which, supposedly represent the ideal for a transitional country like Serbia, in both the economic and political sense, it is my intent to point out that the ideology of nationalism and its instrumentalization in the media, such as that given in the examples, is by no means locally specific nor connected to so-called “insufficiently modernized societies”, where this term, in itself has the ideological weight in context – that we could thus refer to certain societies as “enough” or “completely” modernized. On the contrary, these models, more or less, function the same way everywhere, only they are historically determined, and greatly dependent on momentary power relations, or that which the dominant discourse in continual hegemonic struggles defines as the desirable image of “nation”, “economy” or anything else.
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Grubač, Momčilo. "Enforcement of judgments according to European legal standards." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 75, no. 9-10 (2003): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv0302018g.
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The author gives an overview of the achievements of the 24th Conference of European Ministers of Justice, held in Moscow in October 2001, and in particular its section relating to enforcement of judgments. In the first part of the article, the author writes about enforcement of judgments containing a long-term imprisonment sentence. He analyzes in depth the conditions and rules on keeping prisoners, their education and employment, security of prisoners and personnel, conditional release, status of aliens and stateless persons, and relations between the prison system and private sector. In the second part of the article, the author writes about enforcement of judgments in civil matters and the respective strengthening and/or weakening of the state role in this domain.
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Dobaño-López, Cèlia, Ferran Araujo-Ayala, Neus Serrat, Juan G. Valero, and Patricia Pérez-Galán. "Follicular Lymphoma Microenvironment: An Intricate Network Ready for Therapeutic Intervention." Cancers 13, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040641.
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Follicular Lymphoma (FL), the most common indolent non-Hodgkin’s B cell lymphoma, is a paradigm of the immune microenvironment’s contribution to disease onset, progression, and heterogeneity. Over the last few years, state-of-the-art technologies, including whole-exome sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing, and mass cytometry, have precisely dissected the specific cellular phenotypes present in the FL microenvironment network and their role in the disease. In this already complex picture, the presence of recurring mutations, including KMT2D, CREBBP, EZH2, and TNFRSF14, have a prominent contributory role, with some of them finely tuning this exquisite dependence of FL on its microenvironment. This precise characterization of the enemy (FL) and its allies (microenvironment) has paved the way for the development of novel therapies aimed at dismantling this contact network, weakening tumor cell support, and reactivating the host’s immune response against the tumor. In this review, we will describe the main microenvironment actors, together with the current and future therapeutic approaches targeting them.
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Gupta, Sunil, Scott A. Read, Nicholas A. Shackel, Lionel Hebbard, Jacob George, and Golo Ahlenstiel. "The Role of Micronutrients in the Infection and Subsequent Response to Hepatitis C Virus." Cells 8, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8060603.
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Micronutrient deficiencies develop for a variety of reasons, whether geographic, socioeconomic, nutritional, or as a result of disease pathologies such as chronic viral infection. As micronutrients are essential for a strong immune response, deficiencies can significantly dampen both the innate and the adaptive arms of antiviral immunity. The innate immune response in particular is crucial to protect against hepatitis C virus (HCV), a hepatotropic virus that maintains chronic infection in up to 80% of individuals if left untreated. While many micronutrients are required for HCV replication, an overlapping group of micronutrients are also necessary to enact a potent immune response. As the liver is responsible for the storage and metabolism of many micronutrients, HCV persistence can influence the micronutrients’ steady state to benefit viral persistence both directly and by weakening the antiviral response. This review will focus on common micronutrients such as zinc, iron, copper, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin D and vitamin E. We will explore their role in the pathogenesis of HCV infection and in the response to antiviral therapy. While chronic hepatitis C virus infection drives deficiencies in micronutrients such as zinc, selenium, vitamin A and B12, it also stimulates copper and iron excess; these micronutrients influence antioxidant, inflammatory and immune responses to HCV.
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Vinciguerra, Maria Chiara. "Punching Below Its Weight: The Role of the European Parliament in Politicised Consultation Procedures." Politics and Governance 9, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i3.4069.
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With Lisbon, the European Parliament formally acquired an equal standing to that of the Council of the EU in the making of policies in the AFSJ (area of freedom, security and justice). However, the growing political salience of policy issues at stake and bottom-up politicisation in the AFSJ has had the unintended effect of undermining the European Parliament’s internal unity even under consultation procedures. To show how this played out in practice during Europe’s migration and refugee crisis, this article analyses the European Parliament’s role, preferences, and bargaining position in the making of two Refugee Relocation Decisions (Council Decisions 2015/1523 and 2015/1601) under consultation procedure. To do so, this article exploits Putnam’s two-level framework (level I and II politics throughout the policy-making process) to explore early agenda-setting attempts and groups’ positions on issues of refugee relocation and burden-sharing, as they were formally stated in their position papers and expressed at the LIBE Committee and at plenary. This article shows that the high domestic salience and politicization of the issues at stake left MEPs torn between competing principals at home and within their European Parliament political groups and had the effect of weakening overall unity on the issue of refugee relocation.
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Ampuja, Marko, and Juha Koivisto. "From ‘Post-Industrial’ to ‘Network Society’ and Beyond: The Political Conjunctures and Current Crisis of Information Society Theory." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 12, no. 2 (July 30, 2014): 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v12i2.568.
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This article critically discusses the intellectual and conceptual shifts that have occurred in information society theories (and also policies) in the previous four decades. We will examine the topic by focusing on the work of Daniel Bell and Manuel Castells, arguably two of the most important information society theorists. A key element in the academic shift from “post-industrial” (Bell) thinking to the discourse on “network society” (Castells) is that it has brought forward a different way of understanding the role of the state vis-a-vis the development of new information and communication technologies, as well as a new assessment of the role of the state in the economy and society at large. Against the Keynesian undertones of Bell’s ideas, Castells’ network society theory represents a neoliberally restructured version of “information society” that is associated with the rise of flexibility, individuality and a new culture of innovation. We argue that these changing discourses on the information society have served a definite hegemonic function for political elites, offering useful ideals and conceptions for forming politics and political compromises in different historical conjunctures. We conclude the article by looking at how the on-going global economic crisis and neoliberalism’s weakening hegemonic potential and turn to austerity and authoritarian solutions challenges existing information society theories.
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Fereiro, Jerry A., Xi Yu, Israel Pecht, Mordechai Sheves, Juan Carlos Cuevas, and David Cahen. "Tunneling explains efficient electron transport via protein junctions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 20 (April 30, 2018): E4577—E4583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719867115.
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Metalloproteins, proteins containing a transition metal ion cofactor, are electron transfer agents that perform key functions in cells. Inspired by this fact, electron transport across these proteins has been widely studied in solid-state settings, triggering the interest in examining potential use of proteins as building blocks in bioelectronic devices. Here, we report results of low-temperature (10 K) electron transport measurements via monolayer junctions based on the blue copper protein azurin (Az), which strongly suggest quantum tunneling of electrons as the dominant charge transport mechanism. Specifically, we show that, weakening the protein–electrode coupling by introducing a spacer, one can switch the electron transport from off-resonant to resonant tunneling. This is a consequence of reducing the electrode’s perturbation of the Cu(II)-localized electronic state, a pattern that has not been observed before in protein-based junctions. Moreover, we identify vibronic features of the Cu(II) coordination sphere in transport characteristics that show directly the active role of the metal ion in resonance tunneling. Our results illustrate how quantum mechanical effects may dominate electron transport via protein-based junctions.
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Raitano, Michele. "L'opting out dalla previdenza pubblica a quella privata e le scelte di adesione dei lavoratori del Regno Unito." ECONOMIA PUBBLICA, no. 5 (September 2009): 153–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ep2008-005007.
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The economic policy debate on the pension system's reform process in Italy has been on the forefront for more than a decade, and an increase in the role of funded private pillars has been often suggested. In this paper we focus on a specific way for enlarging such pillars: the partial opting out proposal, i.e. the chance for individuals to voluntarily devolve part of the contribution due to «pay as you go» public schemes to funded private ones. We argue that, if enrolment in different pension schemes is significantly related to individuals' socio-economic status, the introduction of opting out could result in population segmentation, weakening the social cohesion lying at the basis of a universal welfare state. We focus on the pension system of the UK, where voluntarily opting out from public second pillar towards private pension funds has been possible since the mid 1980s, and we study by means of an econometric analysis if the choice of pension enrolment of British workers are significantly related to their socio-economic status.JEL H55Keywords: sistemi e riforme previdenziali, opting out, welfare state, Regno Unito
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Zhang, Xiaoyan, Qingnong Xiao, and Patrick J. Fitzpatrick. "The Impact of Multisatellite Data on the Initialization and Simulation of Hurricane Lili’s (2002) Rapid Weakening Phase." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 526–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3287.1.
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Abstract Numerical experiments have been conducted to examine the impact of multisatellite data on the initialization and forecast of the rapid weakening of Hurricane Lili (in 2002) from 0000 UTC to landfall in Louisiana on 1300 UTC 3 October 2002. Fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) 4DVAR sensitivity runs were conducted separately with QuikSCAT surface winds, the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-8 (GOES-8) cloud drift–water vapor winds, and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) temperature–dewpoint sounding data to investigate their individual impact on storm track and intensity. The results were compared against a simulation initialized from a Global Forecast System background interpolated to the MM5 grid. Assimilating QuikSCAT surface wind data improves the analyzed outer-core surface winds, as well as the inner-core low-level temperature and moisture fields. Substantial adjustments of winds are noted on the periphery of the hurricane by assimilating GOES-8 satellite-derived upper-level winds. Both track forecasts initialized at 1200 UTC 2 October 2002 with four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) of QuikSCAT and GOES-8 show improvement compared to those initialized with the model background. Assimilating Aqua MODIS sounding data improves the outer-core thermodynamic features. The Aqua MODIS data has a slight impact on the track forecast, but more importantly shows evidence of impacting the model intensity predicting by retarding the incorrect prediction of intensification. All three experiments also show that bogusing of an inner-core wind vortex is required to depict the storm’s initial intensity. To properly investigate Lili’s weakening, data assimilation experiments that incorporate bogusing vortex, QuikSCAT winds, GOES-8 winds, and Aqua MODIS sounding data were performed. The 4DVAR satellite-bogus data assimilation is conducted in two consecutive 6-h windows preceding Lili’s weakening. Comparisons of the results between the experiments with and without satellite data indicated that the satellite data, particularly the Aqua MODIS sounding information, makes an immediate impact on the hurricane intensity change beyond normal bogusing procedures. The track forecast with the satellite data is also more accurate than just using bogusing alone. This study suggests that dry air intrusion played an important role in Lili’s rapid weakening. It also demonstrates the potential benefit of using satellite data in a 4DVAR context—particularly high-resolution soundings—on unusual cases like Hurricane Lili.
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Marmor, Theodore R., and Robert W. Gordon. "Commercial Pressures on Professionalism in American Medical Care: From Medicare to the Affordable Care Act." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 42, no. 4 (2014): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12164.
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This essay describes how longstanding conceptions of professionalism in American medical care came under attack in the decades since the enactment of Medicare in 1965 and how the reform strategy and core provisions of the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) illustrate the weakening of those ideas and the institutional practices embodying them. The opening identifies the dominant role of physicians in American medical care in the two decades after World War II. By the time Medicare was enacted in 1965, associations of American physicians were almost completely in charge of medical education, specialist certification, and the enforcement of professional norms on their members. Who could be a doctor, what education and training would be required, and what collegial oversight was operative was first a professional matter and only secondly implicated the state through malpractice or major corporations via the employment of physicians.
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Baker, Jonathan A., Andrew J. Watson, and Geoffrey K. Vallis. "Meridional Overturning Circulation in a Multibasin Model. Part I: Dependence on Southern Ocean Buoyancy Forcing." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 5 (May 2020): 1159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0135.1.
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AbstractThe variation in the strength and structure of the overturning circulation under varying Southern Ocean buoyancy forcing, corresponding to present day, a cooler (glacial) state, and a possible future warmer state is analyzed in an idealized two-basin general circulation model connected by a southern circumpolar channel. A connection between the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) cell in the Atlantic basin and the Pacific Deep Water (PDW) cell in the Pacific basin occurs with a direct flow of NADW into the channel’s lower cell, while PDW upwelled in the Pacific basin can flow directly into the upper wind-driven cell in the channel. The intersection of these cells along with direct zonal flows between the basins completes the interbasin circulation. The present-day Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in the model is upwelled both by wind-driven upwelling in the Southern Ocean and by diffusion in the Pacific and Atlantic. In a cooler climate with enhanced sea ice, the NADW cell shoals, which can then no longer flow directly into the channel’s lower cell, reducing the Pacific pathway of NADW. This leads to a substantial weakening of the AMOC, suggesting buoyancy forcing changes can play a substantial role in the transition of the AMOC to a glacial state. In contrast, in a warmer equilibrium climate state with reduced AABW formation, the NADW cell strengthens and deepens. NADW is increasingly directed along the Pacific pathway, while the direct upwelling in the channel’s wind-driven upper cell plays a smaller role.
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Pisarska, Katarzyna. "Projekty modernizacyjne zmian pozycji państw narodowych w Unii Europejskiej." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 1 (December 3, 2012): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2012.1.6.
Full textAbstract:
The article undertakes the difficult task of assessing the impact of the European intention on the shift of position of national states in the world system. The author argues that the main political and economic motivation to be a part of this process is the strengthening of member states, not weakening them. She also demonstrates that the EU multi-level decision-making process guarantees a critical role for member states, at the same time allowing for activities that would not be possible if these states chose to act alone. Finally, the article stresses that the current direction in which the EU is heading does not indicate a possibility of a supranational federal European state emerging in the near future. The most probable outcome of the processes will be rather a hybrid model, with member states still at the heart of the decision-making process.