Relevant bibliographies by topics / Weak reactivity

Academic literature on the topic 'Weak reactivity'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 8 June 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Journal articles on the topic "Weak reactivity":

1

Johnson, Elizabeth J., Claudia Kleinlein, Rebecca A. Musgrave, and Theodore A. Betley. "Diiron oxo reactivity in a weak-field environment." Chemical Science 10, no. 25 (2019): 6304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc00605b.

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A dinucleating cofacial Pacman dipyrrin ligand platform was utilized to isolate diiron bridging oxo complexes in a variety of oxidation states. The interplay between oxidation state and acid/base reactivity in diiron μ-oxo units is explored herein.
2

Neumann, Eberhard. "Digression on biochemical membrane reactivity in weak electromagnetic fields." Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 16, no. 3 (December 1986): 565–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0302-4598(86)80078-2.

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Morelati, F., N. Revelli, F. Drago, P. Mancuso, and G. Sirchia. "Reactivity of 62 Rh MAbs with weak and variant antigens." Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 3, no. 6 (January 1996): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1246-7820(96)80044-9.

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Botti, C., E. Seregni, S. Ménard, P. Collini, E. Tagliabue, M. Campiglio, B. Vergani, et al. "Two Novel Monoclonal Antibodies against the MUC4 Tandem Repeat Reacting with an Antigen Overexpressed by Lung Cancer." International Journal of Biological Markers 15, no. 4 (October 2000): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/172460080001500406.

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In this study we investigated the immunochemical and cytochemical reactivity of two monoclonal antibodies against the 16-amino acid tandem repeat of MUC4 to demonstrate a possible variation of the mucin core peptide expression related to lung cancer. The immunocytochemical anti-MUC4 reactivity was analyzed in four lung cancer cell lines (Calu-1, Calu-3, H460, SKMES) and in other tumor cell lines, as well as in frozen materials from 21 lung adenocarcinomas (ACs), including five bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (BACs), and 11 squamous cell lung carcinomas (SqCCs). A weak fluorescence anti-MUC4 positivity (range: 10.3–16.2) was observed only in acetone-fixed lung cancer cell lines Calu-1, Calu-3 and H460. These three lung cancer cell lines also showed a cytoplasmic immunoperoxidase reactivity. The immunostaining in lung cancer tissues showed a granular cytoplasmic reactivity: 15/21 (71%) and 17/21 (80%) ACs were positive with BC-LuC18.2 and BC-LuCF12, respectively. All BACs were positive. Moderate to strong reactivity was present in well-differentiated ACs. In the normal lung parenchyma counterparts weak reactivity was found only in bronchiolar cells. All SqCCs were negative. Anti-MUC4 reactivity was also observed in the alveolar mucus. In conclusion, our anti-MUC4 MAbs detect a secretion product present in mucus and this product is elaborated by lung cancer cells and overexpressed in well-differentiated lung ACs.
5

Shiozawa, M., K. Yasuda, S. Yamashita, and S. Aiso. "Distribution of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in human salivary glands: immunohistochemical study using a monoclonal antibody." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 41, no. 2 (February 1993): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/41.2.8093456.

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We studied in detail the distribution pattern of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) in human salivary glands using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) to human kidney gamma-GT. In the sublingual gland, a strong reactivity of the enzyme was recognized along the luminal and lateral membranes of serous cells. Weak but positive reactivity was noted on the luminal membrane of mucous cells. The intercellular canaliculi in the demilune and luminal surfaces of excretory duct cells were also immunoreactive. In the submandibular gland, a weak reaction was observed on the luminal membrane of intercalated duct cells and striated duct cells. Faint reactivity was seen on the luminal membrane of striated duct cells of the parotid gland. No reaction was observed in serous cells of the parotid gland. The immunoreaction in the sublingual gland was stronger than that in submandibular or parotid glands.
6

Wozniak, Derek I., Andrew J. Hicks, William A. Sabbers, and Graham E. Dobereiner. "Imidazolyl-phenyl (IMP) anions: a modular structure for tuning solubility and coordinating ability." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 37 (2019): 14138–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt03511g.

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Sacramento, Jireh Joy D., and David P. Goldberg. "The hydrogen atom transfer reactivity of a porphyrinoid cobalt superoxide complex." Chemical Communications 55, no. 7 (2019): 913–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc08453j.

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Hossain, M. Azad, Myung-Jong Jin, and William A. Donaldson. "Reactivity of acyclic (pentadienyl)iron(1+) cations with weak carbon nucleophiles." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 630, no. 1 (July 2001): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-328x(01)00869-5.

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Bhagavathi, M. S., N. Das, S. Prakash, A. Sahu, S. Routray, and S. Mukherjee. "Blood group discrepancy in Ah para-Bombay phenotype: a rare blood group variant and its clinical significance." Immunohematology 37, no. 4 (January 1, 2021): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/immunohematology-2021-026.

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Abstract Individuals with the rare para-Bombay phenotype have inherited defects in producing H associated with FUT1 and/or FUT2 genes. We report a case of blood group discrepancy in a para-Bombay patient from a tertiary care hospital of eastern India. A 31-year-old woman with rheumatic heart disease presented with fatigue and breathlessness and was then scheduled for valvuloplasty, for which a blood transfusion request was sent to the blood center. During pre-transfusion testing, red blood cell (RBC) testing showed group O, and serum testing showed strong reactivity with group B RBCs, weak reactivity with group O RBCs, and very weak reactivity with group A RBCs. Saliva inhibition testing and enzyme treatment of RBCs concluded the patient to be of “Ah para-Bombay” phenotype. The patient’s Lewis phenotype was Le(a–b+). This patient’s serum also had cold-reacting anti-IH along with anti-B. This case report highlights the importance of performing an advanced immunohematologic workup, including adsorption, elution, enzyme treatment, and saliva inhibition testing for identification of weak A or B subgroups as well as the rare para-Bombay blood group, when routine ABO typing, using forward and reverse grouping, is inconclusive. Accurate identification of blood group helps in preventing transfusion-related adverse events and encouraging safe transfusion practice.
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Gongora-Rivera, Fernando, Adolfo Cordero-Perez, Alejandro Gonzalez-Aquines, Antonio Anaya-Escamilla, Eduardo Villarreal-Garza, Meztli Espinosa-Ortega, Mario C. Salinas-Carmona, and Xochilt Ortiz-Jimenez. "Impaired Cerebral Vasomotor Reactivity in Alzheimer’s Disease." International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2018 (September 9, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9328293.

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Background. Recent studies have shown that cerebral vascularity may be impaired in Alzheimer’s disease. Cerebral vasomotor reactivity could be an important biomarker for this pathology.Aims. The aim of this study was to investigate the alterations in cerebral vascular motor reactivity in Alzheimer’s disease subjects and to associate these changes with their cognitive scores.Methods. We recruited subjects with a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and healthy controls. Demographic, clinical, imaging, and cognitive test were obtained. Then all participants performed a cerebral vascular motor reactivity test with 7% CO2 and cerebral blood flow velocities (CBFV) were recorded with transcranial doppler ultrasound before and after the test.Results. We recruited 45 subjects, 26 (21 female) Alzheimer’s disease participants and 19 (15 female) healthy controls. There were no differences in baseline cerebral blood flow velocities between the groups. After the cerebral vasomotor reactivity test, absolute mean difference in mean CBFV (ΔCBFV-m) was 8.70±4.14 versus 4.81±6.96 (p<0.01), respectively. Calculated percentage of change (%CVMR) was lower in the AD group 7.45±18.25 versus 23.29±17.48, and there was a positive but weak correlation with mini-mental scores (ρ=0.337, p=0.023).Conclusions. In this study, Alzheimer’s disease subjects showed significant changes in all absolute cerebral blood flow velocities after the cerebral vasomotor reactivity test with CO2, but only diastolic phase responses were statistically significant. There was a positive but weak correlation between cerebral vasomotor reactivity and cognitive scores. Further studies are needed to investigate these effects in larger Latin-American samples.
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Journal articles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Weak reactivity":

1

Sazama, Graham Thomas. "Late First-Row Transition Metals in Weak Ligand Fields - Correlating High-Spin Electronic Structure and Reactivity." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11012.

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High spin has been shown to be necessary for optimal reactivity of transition metal complexes toward the activation and functionalization of C-H bonds. This thesis presents our examination of the weak-field, tripodal, trianionic tris(pyrrolyl)ethane (tpe) ligand and its complexes. Outer-sphere oxidation of the manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and zinc complexes of tpe were performed by electrochemical and chemical methods. Electrochemical oxidation occurred at the same potential for each species, suggesting a ligand-based oxidation. The reaction product of chemical oxidation of iron showed oxidation of a pyrrole unit followed by H-atom abstraction to form a dichelated species. Density functional theory calculations confirm these results, and in silico oxidation of the complexes is entirely ligand-based. These results establish that tpe complexes are oxidized at the pyrrolide subunits in outersphere electron transfers, and elucidate minimal metal-ligand electronic communication. The more reactive \([(tpe)Fe(THF)]^−\) anion exhibits rapid binding of three equivalents of tert-butyl isonitrile, while reaction with excess carbon monoxide induces ligand fragmentation to form a species wherein two molecules of carbon monoxide have been reductively coupled. A mechanism based on the observed isonitrile species is proposed. The use of inner-sphere oxidant reagents allows for several stable iron (III) complexes of tpe to be isolated and characterized. Alkyl peroxides and alkyl disulfides, organic azides, and diphenyldiazomethane are all shown to oxidize iron by a single electron. Reaction with organic azides results in the formation of iron (III) amide species, likely as a result of Hatom abstraction. The weak-field of tpe creates a high propensity for forming high-spin iron (III) complexes, to the extent that diphenyldiazoalkane acts as a redox-active ligand and provides a one-electron reservoir to reveal a high-spin \(Fe^{3+}\). Spectroscopic and computational studies were undertaken to rigorously assign the physical oxidation state of iron in all cases. Given the outer-sphere redox liability of the tpe ligand, and the capability for inner-sphere oxidation local to iron, tpe complexes of iron represent a new class of metal-ligand redox activity, wherein the metal and ligand form two separate redox reservoirs, accessible via different mechanisms.
Chemistry and Chemical Biology
2

Li, Chi-kwan, and 李志君. "Gold(I) and Gold(II) phosphine complexes exhibiting weak AuI... AuI interactions and unsupported AuII-AuII bonds: syntheses, spectroscopy, host-guest chemistry and reactivity studies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31243332.

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Li, Chi-kwan. "Gold(I) and Gold(II) phosphine complexes exhibiting weak AuI ... AuI interactions and unsupported AuII-AuII bonds : syntheses, spectroscopy, host-guest chemistry and reactivity studies /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25155295.

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Mukhamediyarova, Akerke. "Microbiological Enhanced Oil Recovery : Model of Kinematic Waves and Asymptotic Analysis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0301.

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L’un des objectifs stratégiques de l’industrie pétrolière moderne est le développement réserve effective de pétrole à haute viscosité, caractérisées par une faible mobilité entraînant une forte baisse du facteur de récupération du pétrole. Le développement de tels réservoirs par des méthodes traditionnelles (déplétion naturelle, injection d’eau, etc.) n’est souvent pas efficace. L’alternative est une application de méthodes de récupération actives, en d’autres termes, des méthodes de récupération assistée du pétrole. Dans cette thèse, nous analysons les problèmes de modélisation du déplacement du pétrole par l’eau en présence de bactéries produisant des agents chimiques actifs qui changent favorablement les propriétés du pétrole et de l’eau. Plus strictement, nous analysons les bactéries produisant un biosurfactant qui réduit les effets négatifs du piégeage d’huile capillaire en milieux poreux. Un tel problème fait partie de la théorie générale de l’écoulement multiphase multicomposant partiellement miscible avec des réactions chimiques, couplé à la dynamique de la population. Le modèle mathématique général du processus est présenté, qui a été réduit au modèle des ondes cinématiques, grâce à plusieurs simplifications admissibles. Plus exactement, nous avons obtenu le système de cinq équations différentielles en dérivées partielles non linéaires du premier ordre, qui peuvent avoir des solutions discontinues. Un tel système ne peut être étudié que numériquement dans le cas général. Cependant, nous avons montré que pour un cas particulier, ce modèle peut être complètement analysé qualitativement. Pour une telle analyse, nous avons introduit le concept de faible bioréactivité. Elle correspond au comportement asymptotique du modèle général lorsque le taux de cinétique bactérienne tend vers zéro. En appliquant la technique de développement asymptotique, nous avons obtenu la solution semi-analytique du problème de déplacement. En particulier, cela nous a offert la possibilité de détecter les discontinuités (les chocs) de différents types et d’analyser exactement leur structure. Le cas général du taux cinétique arbitraire a été étudié numériquement, en utilisant le code COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS. Nous avons analysé l’impact du taux de croissance microbien, des concentrations microbiennes et nutritives, de la forme des fonctions cinétiques et du rapport de viscosité sur la récupération de l’huile. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous avons simulé un cas réel d’un champ pétrolier kazakh. Le principal et unique outil d’étude de la récupération microbiologique assistée du pétrole (RAMP) était l’analyse numérique, alors qu’il manquait des solutions analytiques. Les solutions semi-analytiques que nous avons obtenues comblent cette lacune. Ils représentent des résultats exacts qui pourraient être utilisés pour vérifier la validité de divers schémas et codes numériques
One of the strategic objectives of the modern oil industry is the efficient development of high-viscosity oil reserves, which are characterized by low mobility leading to a sharp decline in the oil recovery factor. The development of such reservoirs by traditional methods (natural drives, waterflooding etc.) is frequently not efficient. The alternative is an application of active recovery methods, in other words, enhanced oil recovery methods. In this thesis we analyze the problems of modelling the displacement of oil by water in presence of bacteria producing some active chemicals that change favorably the properties of oil and water. More strictly, we analyze the bacteria producing biosurfactant that reduces the negative effects of capillary oil trapping in porous media. Such a problem makes part of the general theory of multiphase multicomponent partially miscible flow with chemical reactions, coupled with the dynamics of population. The general mathematical model of the process is presented, which is reduced next to the model of kinematic waves, due to several admissible simplifications. More exactly, we have obtained the system of five nonlinear partial differential equations of the first order, which can have discontinuous solutions. Such a system can be studied only numerically in the general case. However, we have shown that for a particular case this model can be completely analyzed qualitatively. For such an analysis, we have introduced the concept of weak bioreactivity. It corresponds to the asymptotic behavior of the general model as the rate of bacterial kinetics tends to zero. Applying the technique of asymptotic expansions, we have obtained the semi-analytical solution to the displacement problem. In particular, this offered us the possibility to detect the discontinuities (chocks) of various types and to analyze exactly their structure. The general case of arbitrary kinetic rate was studied numerically, by using the code COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS. We analyzed the impact of the microbial growth rate, microbial and nutrient concentrations, the form of kinetic functions and the viscosity ratio on the oil recovery. In the last chapter, we simulated a field case for a Kazakhstani oil field. The main and unique tool of studying MEOR was the numerical analysis, whilst analytical solutions were missing. The semi-analytical solutions we have obtained fill this gap. They represent exact results that could be used to check the validity of various numerical schemes and codes
5

Starr, Rachel. "Reactivity in the Single Molecule Junction." Thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-wewk-rz28.

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In the last two decades, significant strides have been made towards utilizing the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) as a reaction chemistry tool, in addition to its primary use as an imaging instrument. Built off the STM, the STM-break junction (STM-BJ) technique was developed specifically for the reliable and reproducible measurement of properties of a single molecule suspended between two electrodes. These advances are crucial to the fields of molecular electronics and single-molecule reactivity, the latter also relating back to traditional bulk chemistry. By intelligently designing experiments and systems to probe with the STM and STM-BJ, we can begin to understand chemical processes on a deeper level than ever before. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the recent work using the STM and STM-BJ to effect chemical transformations which involve the making and breaking of bonds. We contextualize this progress in terms of single-molecule manipulation and synthetic chemistry, to understand the implications and outlook of this field of study. Seminal surface-based reactions are discussed, in addition to reactions that occur in both solution and within the single molecule junction. Differences between STM and STM-BJ capabilities and limitations are detailed, and the challenges of translating these fundamental experiments into functional reactions are addressed. Chapter 2 describes using the STM-BJ to study the binding of aryl iodides between gold electrodes. Important details regarding these binding modes, which were previously incompletely understood, are revealed via concrete experimental evidence. Our data suggests that this system, which is synthetically accessible, holds promise for forming the sought-after and highly conducting covalent gold-carbon bonds in situ and can be modulated with applied bias. Chapter 3 builds upon the knowledge gained in Chapter 2, and focuses on the reactivity of aryl iodides in the junction. We demonstrate a new in situ reaction of an Ullmann coupling, or dimerization, of various biphenyl iodides. By strategically designing the molecules studied, we are also able to gain mechanistic insight into this process, which in the bulk still remains debated, as well as demonstrate a cross-coupling reaction. This project is ongoing as of the submission of this dissertation, so other findings and continuing experiments are included. Chapter 4 transitions towards a different type of binder to gold, the cyclopropenylidene-based carbene. These amino-functionalized carbenes prove to be stronger linkers than N-heterocyclic carbenes, which are known binders to gold. Using a variety of surface analysis, imaging, and computational techniques, we explore the binding geometries and energies of cyclopropenylidenes, expanding the scope of carbene surface modifiers. Chapter 5 summarizes this body of PhD research, suggests directions for future work, and concludes the dissertation. These works explore the binding and reactivity of molecules on gold surfaces and within the single molecule junction, improving upon the understanding of this newly burgeoning field. This thesis seeks to encourage future work on these and related systems, to continue refining our comprehension of both junction and bulk reaction chemistry processes.

Books on the topic "Weak reactivity":

1

Robinson, James Malcolm Alexander. The rational design of molecular assemblies incorporating weak interactions and modified reactivity. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Weak reactivity":

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Besnard, Marcel, Nathalie Del Campo, and Jean Lascombe. "Chemical Reactivity in Weak Charge-Transfer Complexes: Analysis of Induced Far Infrared Profiles and Raman Scattering Profiles." In Chemical Reactivity in Liquids, 33–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1023-5_3.

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Li, Jinxiang, Yuankui Sun, Liping Liang, and Xiaohong Guan. "Improving the Reactivity of ZVI and NZVI Toward Various Metals and Metal(loid)s with Weak Magnetic Field." In Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron Particles for Environmental Restoration, 435–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95340-3_12.

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Jarmon, D. C., and G. C. Ojard. "Wear and Reactivity Studies of Melt Infiltrated Ceramic Matrix Composite." In Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Structural and Multifunctional Materials VII, 69–77. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118807965.ch8.

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Sawyer, Donald T., and R. J. P. Williams. "Reactivity of superoxide ion." In Oxygen Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195057980.003.0011.

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Reduction of dioxygen by electron transfer yields superoxide ion (O2-.), which has its negative charge and electronic spin density delocalized between the two oxygens. As such it has limited radical character [H-OO bond energy ΔGBF, 72 kcal]2 and is a weak Bransted base in water . . . HOO· → H+ + O2-. Kdiss, 2.0 × 10-5 (7.1) . . . The dynamics for the hydrolysis and disproportionation of O2-. in aqueous solutions have been characterized by pulse radiolysis. For all conditions the rate-limiting step is second order in O2-. concentration, and the maximum rate occurs at a pH that is equivalent to the pKa for HOO· (it decreases monotonically with further decreases in the hydrogen ion concentration).
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Eliasz, Andrzej. "Temperament, Type A, and Motives: A Time Sampling Study." In Persons, Situations, and Emotions, 55–73. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135176.003.0003.

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Abstract Reactivity, which plays a crucial role in regulating stimulation, is one of the most important dimensions of temperament (Strelau, 1983, 1988, 1998). Strelau coined the term “reactivity” to replace the well-known Pavlovian term: “strength of excitation” (or “strength of nervous system”). This dimension includes such characteristics as sensitivity to weak stimuli and endurance against strong stimuli. The more reactive individuals are, the more sensitive they are to weak stimuli and the less resistant to strong ones. It means that “high-reactives” show high sensitivity and low endurance. In contrast to high-reactives, “low-reactives” are supposed to be low in sensitivity and high in endurance.1
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García-Ramos, Juan C., Fernando Cortés-Guzmán, and Chérif F. Matta. "On the Nature of Hydrogen–Hydrogen Bonding." In Intermolecular Interactions in Crystals: Fundamentals of Crystal Engineering, 559–94. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781782621737-00559.

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This chapter reviews the recent experimental and computational evidence that support the concept of “hydrogen–hydrogen (or H–H) bonding” which involves the interaction of two neutral hydrogen atoms or two hydrogen atoms bearing charges of the same sign, as a new class of weak interactions. The H–H bonding interaction gains importance due to its utility in rationalizing the stability of several systems where no other attractive interactions are involved such as crystalline structures of n-alkanes and polyhedranes. H–H bonding complements the list of long-known interactions that stabilize the structures of proteins and other macromolecules such as hydrogen-bonding and van der Waals interactions that play a crucial role in the description of chemical structural, stability, and reactivity. The elucidation of this weak interaction from the standpoint of the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) leads to a quantitative description that is testable by experiment, and provides new insight that broadens and expands our understanding of weak interactions, ubiquitous as they are in nature.
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Donohoe, Timothy J. "Oxidation of heteroatoms attached to carbon." In Oxidation and Reduction in Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198556640.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the oxidation of heteroatoms attached to carbon. It begins by looking at the oxidation of tertiary amines to give the corresponding N-oxide. The mechanism of this reaction is illustrated by the oxidation of N-methylmorpholine with hydrogen peroxide and involves nucleophilic attack of the amine lone pair of electrons onto the peroxide, breaking the relatively weak oxygen–oxygen bond. Loss of proton then furnishes the amine-N-oxide plus water. A pattern of reactivity similar to that of nitrogen can be observed in the oxidation of phosphorous-containing compounds. However, as phosphorous is lower down the periodic table than nitrogen, it is generally more easily oxidised, as it is more nucleophilic. The chapter then considers the oxidation of sulfur and selenium.
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Hornby, Michael, and Josephine Peach. "Acids and bases." In Foundations of Organic Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198556800.003.0003.

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This chapter examines acids and bases. The Brønsted–Lowry theory states that acids are proton donors, and bases are proton acceptors. Acid/base reactions are largely equilibria and are therefore under thermodynamic control. Many organic acids, such as ethanoic acid, are weak acids. The equilibrium constants are small, much less than 1, and remarkably little of the acid donates its proton to water in aqueous solution. Moreover, many organic acids and bases are largely insoluble in water. The chapter then considers the reactivity of bases as leaving groups and nucleophiles, before comparing acid strengths and base strengths. It also looks at amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins; they are compounds which have major structural and catalytic roles in all living organisms.
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Bochmann, Manfred. "Alkene complexes." In Organometallics 2. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198558132.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses alkene complexes. Alkene (olefin) complexes now exist of every transition metal and constitute one of the most important classes of coordination compounds. The development of the organometallic chemistry of olefins is closely connected with the rise of the petrochemical industry during the course of this century; olefins, in particular ethylene, are abundantly available from petrochemical feedstocks. The chapter then details the synthesis of alkene complexes and bonding of alkenes to transition metals. Olefins bind to transition metals via their π orbitals, by donating electron density into an empty metal d-orbital. However, since olefins are weak bases, the bond has to be stabilized by another bonding contribution: the donation of electron density from the metal to the olefin. Finally, the chapter explains the reactivity of alkene complexes.
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Vaidyanathan, Gopalakrishnan, and James F. Garvey. "Magic Numbers, Reactivity, and lonization Mechanisms in ArnXm Heteroclusters." In Chemical Reactions in Clusters. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090048.003.0010.

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During the past decade, there has been an enormous increase in experimental and theoretical studies directed toward obtaining a fundamental understanding of the properties of van der Waals (vdW) clusters (Castleman 1990; Castleman and Keesee 1986b, 1988b; Garvey et al. 1991; Goyal et al. 1993; Janda 1985; Jortner 1984; Levy 1981; Märk 1987; Märk and Castleman 1985; Ng 1983; Stace 1992). As the term "cluster" is frequently used in the scientific community with different connations, it would be appropriate to define "cluster" in the context of this field. Gas phase clusters are defined as finite gas phase aggregates composed of two to several million components (i.e., atoms or molecules). These species are held together by different types of forces, ranging from the weak van der Waals forces all the way up to strong electrostatic forces. A techique of classifying clusters based on the type of the binding forces has been developed. Another convenient basis for the classification of clusters is according to the size, such that clusters with n = 2-10 or 13 have been termed microclusters, clusters with n = 10-102 have been referred to as small clusters, and aggregates with n ≥ 102 are called large clusters (Jortner 1984). Clusters composed of a few molecules can be treated, to a first approximation, as isolated gas phase species, while clusters with sizes n > 103 begin to exhibit properties resembling those of condensed or bulk materials. Between these two extremes lies the regime where cluster systems cannot be adequately treated by either the molecular concepts or the conventional solid-state approach. Thus, clusters have previously been described as the conceptual bridge linking the gas and the condensed phases (bulk liquids or solids) (Castleman 1990; Castleman and Keesee 1986b, 1988b; Garvey et al. 1991; Goyal et al. 1993; Janda 1985; Jortner 1984; Levy 1981; Märk 1987; Märk and Castleman 1985; Ng 1983; Stace 1992).

Conference papers on the topic "Weak reactivity":

1

Saito, Jun-Ichi, Kuniaki Ara, Ken-Ichiro Sugiyama, Hiroshi Kitagawa, Haruyuki Nakano, Kan Ogata, and Naoki Yoshioka. "Study on Chemical Reactivity Control of Liquid Sodium: Development of Nano-Fluid and Its Property and Applicability to FBR Plant." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48367.

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Liquid sodium is used as the coolant of the fast breeder reactor (FBR). A weak point of sodium is a high chemical reactivity with water or oxygen. So an idea of chemical reactivity suppression of liquid sodium itself is proposed. The idea is that nano-meter size particles (hereafter called nano-particles) are dispersed in liquid sodium, and an atomic interaction which is generated between nano-particle and sodium atoms is applied to suppress the chemical reactivity. We call sodium that has dispersed the nano-particle a Nano-fluid. Three key technologies which are the trial manufacture of Nano-fluid, the reaction property of the Nano-fluid and applicability of Nano-fluid to FBR Plant have been carried out to develop the Nano-fluid.
2

Kos, M., F. X. Hainz, I. Assmann, M. Kundi, I. Pabinger, S. Panzer, Ch Korninger, Ch Kunz, and K. Lechner. "RISK FACTORS FOR AIDS AND ARC IN MULTITRANSHJSED HAEMOPHILIACS: ASSOCIATION OF A WEAK GAG P 18 IN WESTERN BLOT (WB) AND IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA?" In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644680.

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Lymphocyte subsets, platelet counts, immune globulin levels and antibody to HIV (Elisa, WB) were determined in 87 multitransfused asymptomatic haemophiliacs in 1982/83. Between 1982 and 1987 6 patients developed AIDS and 5 ARC (3 immune thrombocytopenia and 2 lymphadenopathy). AIDS or ARC developed in seropositive patients only (11/49). Patients who subsequently developed AIDS or ARC showed significantly lower numbers of T helper lymphocytes (378/mm3 versus 605/mm3; p 0.01), lower platelet counts (157x109 versus 194x109; p 0.05) and higher levels of IgG (2528 mg/dl versus 1992 mg/dl; p 0.01). AIDS or ARC occured in 4 of 7 patients(57.1%) with a low HIV antibody level ( 2000), but only in 7 of 42 (16.6%) with a high level of antibody to HIV ( 2000). A weak gag p 24 in WB was found in 4 of 11 patients (36.3%) who subsequently acquired AIDS or ARC , while none of the patients whq remained asymptomatic displayed this reactivity pattern in WB. 9 patients showed a weak gag p 18 in WB. 8 of them (88.8%) have platelet counts below 120x109 /1, 3 developed imiruine thrombocytopenia with platelet counts of less than 50xl09. Oily 6 of 40 patients (15%) without this reactivity pattern in WB have platelet counts lower than 120x109 and none below 50xl09.We conclude that a weak gag p 24 in WB has a strong positive predictive power for the development of AIDS or ARC in seropositive haemophiliacs. A weak gag p 18 in WB could possibly be associated with the occurence of immune thrombocytopenia in these patients.
3

Lee, Jin Der, Shao Wen Chen, and Chin Pan. "The Investigation in the Oscillation Modes of In-Phase and Out-of-Phase in a Two-Phase Forced Circulation Loop With Multiple Nuclear-Coupled Boiling Channels." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66130.

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This study develops the nonlinear dynamic model for a multi-channel nuclear-coupled boiling forced circulation loop. Stability maps and nonlinear dynamics of a three nuclear-coupled boiling channel forced circulation loop are investigated. The possible mechanisms of in-phase and out-of-phase oscillations, and their distributions along with the stability boundaries are also discussed. For the pure thermal-hydraulic system without considering the nuclear coupling, the thermal-hydraulic feedback gain tends to dominate the system with different radial heat flux ratios to present out-of-phase mode of oscillations in the boundary states. The difference in heat fluxes among channels would enhance the channel interactions to destabilize the system and cause the phase difference among channel oscillations. The effects of neutron interaction and void-reactivity feedback have a great influence on the oscillation mode among three channels in the nuclear-coupled boiling forced circulation loop system. For the asymmetric heating system with a reference void-reactivity coefficient, the case with a relatively weak neutron interaction remains presenting out-of-phase mode with phase difference along with the stability boundary. However, the system with a relatively strong neutron interaction, the in-phase mode with phase difference distribute over the boundary states in the medium to high subcooling number region while the neutronic feedback gain may be dominant. On the other hand, it would favor out-of-phase mode with phase difference at the boundary states of low subcooling numbers if the thermal-hydraulic feedback gain is stronger and the two-phase frictional pressure drop is dominant in all channels. Moreover, the out-of-phase mode among unequal-heating channels in the weak neutron interaction system may turn into in-phase mode as strengthening the neutronic feedback gain through the reference void-reactivity coefficient doubled.
4

Zhou, Li, Qiangqiang Ren, Mingyue Wang, Wei Li, Chen Liang, and Wenyu Wang. "The Preparation of Glass-Ceramic Foams from Coal-Based Slag by Inorganic Gel Casting: The Effect of Structure of Slag on Weak Alkali-Activation Reactivity." In 46th International Technical Conference on Clean Energy. Louisa, Virginia, USA: Coal Technologies Associates, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/066314-0091.

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5

Wang, Peng, and Suizheng Qiu. "Study on the Coupled Neutronic and Thermal-Hydraulic Characteristics of the New Concept Molten Salt Reactor." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75868.

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The new concept Molten Salt Reactor is the only liquid-fuel reactor of the six Generation IV advanced nuclear energy systems. The liquid molten salt serves as the fuel and coolant simultaneously and causes one important feature: the delayed neutrons precursors are drifted by the fuel flow, which leads the spread of delayed neutrons distribution to non-core parts of the primary circuit, and it also can result in a reactivity variation depending on the flow condition of the fuel salt. Therefore, the neutronic and thermal-hydraulic characteristics of the Molten Salt Reactor is quite different from the conventional nuclear reactors using solid fissile materials, and no other reactor design theory and safety analysis methodologies can be used for reference. The neutronic model is derived based on the conservation of particle considering the flow effect of the fuel salt in the Molten Salt Reactor, while the thermal-hydraulic model uses the fundamental conservation laws: the mass, momentum and energy conservation equations. Then the neutronic and thermal-hydraulic calculations were coupled and the influences of inflow temperature and flow velocity on the reactor physical properties were obtained. The calculated results show that the flow effect on the distributions of thermal and fast neutron fluxes is very weak, as well as on the effective multiplication factor keff. While the flow effect on the distribution of delayed neutron precursors is much stronger. The inflow temperature influences the distribution of neutron flux and delayed neutron precursors slightly, and makes significant negative reactivity. Coupled calculation also reveals that the flow velocity of molten salt has little effect on the distribution of neutron fluxes in the steady state, but affects the delayed neutron precursors’ distribution significantly.
6

Agista, M. N., F. D. Gomado, M. Khalifeh, A. Saasen, and P. Moreira. "Geopolymer for Low-Temperature Shallow Depth Cementing Applications." In Offshore Technology Conference Brasil. OTC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/32834-ms.

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Abstract Shallow depth cementing is often faced with the challenges of low temperatures and weak formation strength. To handle this challenge, green alternative cementitious material, so-called geopolymer, is proposed as an alternative to Portland-based cement for this specific application. In this article, the potential of using low-density geopolymer, utilizing the water-extended approach, for low temperature shallow depth application is described. Despite its flexibility in operation and slurry design, water-extended slurry is often faced with challenges such as weaker strength, prolonged thickening time, excessive free fluid and increased risk of particle sedimentation. The objective is to reduce the particle size distribution of its precursors to increase its reactivity and performance in the water extended low-density geopolymer. Two granite-based geopolymer mix designs, a normal-density geopolymer design and a low-density design, are compared. Several tests assessing thickening time, rheology, and compressive strength are performed on both geopolymer materials. For the low-density slurry, higher liquid-to-solid ratio is used to extend the slurry. Different source of precursors with smaller particle size distribution are used as the approach to obtain stable low-density slurry for low temperature application. This approach modifies the rheology profile of the slurry and leads to a more rapid hardening, making it suitable for surface casing cementing applications. Prolonged thickening time issue is solved with the low-density geopolymer, allowing the slurry to have a shorter thickening time. Smaller particle size results in water adsorption capacity and increased reactivity of precursor. Moreover, the low-density geopolymer shows rapid strength development for a short period of observation of 7 days at low temperature. The result shows the potential of low-density geopolymer, utilizing a liquid extended approach, for low temperature surface casing cementing applications.
7

Jia, Conglong, Guanlin Shi, Zhiyuan Feng, Xiaoyu Guo, Kan Wang, Shanfang Huang, and Jingang Liang. "Calculation of Probability of Survival (POS) in Dynamic Systems Based on RMC Code." In 2021 28th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone28-64077.

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Abstract In a weak neutron source system, the neutron chains rarely overlap. It is necessary to describe this system using stochastic kinetics. Quantities of interest in the field of stochastic kinetics are Probability of Initiation (POI) and Probability of Survival (POS). The RMC code has the capability of calculating the POI in a static system. In this study, the calculation function of POS in dynamic systems is developed in RMC. The Monte Carlo direct simulation method is used for neutron transport in the program. The reactivity of the dynamic system changes with time through the linear interpolation method. The total number of simulated particles was controlled by the threshold and comb method. The benchmark calculated is proposed by the LANL. The calculation results of RMC and MCATK for POI are completely consistent. The calculation results of the two programs for POS are in good agreement except for 600sh(shake). Then the reason for the inconsistent between different calculation results of POS at time 600sh was analyzed and it can be found that the threshold setting in the comb method has a more significant impact on the calculation results of POS. This research is helpful for the further study of stochastic kinetics application.
8

Daniele, S., P. Jansohn, and K. Boulouchos. "Flashback Propensity of Syngas Flames at High Pressure: Diagnostic and Control." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-23456.

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Nowadays, the establishment of IGCC (integrated gasification combined cycle) plants, prompts a growing interest in synthetic fuels for gas turbine based power generation. This interest has as direct consequence the need for understanding of flashback phenomena for premixed systems operated with H2-rich gases. This is due to the different properties of H2 (e.g. reactivity and diffusivity) with respect to CH4 which lead to higher flame speeds in the case of syngases (mixtures of H2-CO). This paper presents the results of experiments at gas turbine like conditions (pressure up to 15 bar, 0.2 < Φ < 0.7, 577K < T0 < 674K) aimed to determine flashback limits and their dependence on the combustion parameters (pressure, inlet temperature and inlet velocity). For the experimental facility used for this work the back propagation of the flame is believed to happen into the boundary layer of the fuel/air duct. Flashback propensity was found to have an appreciable dependence on pressure and inlet temperature while the effects of inlet velocity variations are weak. Explanations for the dependence on these three parameters, based on consideration on laminar and turbulent flame speed data (from modeling and experiments), are proposed. Within the frame of this work, in order to avoid major damages, the experimental facility was equipped with an automatic control system for flashback described in the paper. The control system is able to detect flame propagation into the fuel/air supply, arrest it and restore safe operating conditions by moving the flame out of the fuel/air section without blowing it out. This avoids destruction of components (burner/mixing) and time consuming shut downs of the test rig.
9

Mahmoud, Ali Adel, Ala Shafeq AL-Dogail, Rahul Narayanrao Gajbhiye, and Abdullah Saad AlSultan. "Development of Emulsified Acid System using Organoclays." In Gas & Oil Technology Showcase and Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214149-ms.

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Abstract Matrix acidizing technique is used to enhance the production of hydrocarbons from a reservoir, especially in low permeable reservoirs and in the case of formation damage. In carbonate reservoirs, acid stimulation jobs are challenging due to the acid's strong reactivity with the formation. Thus, the ability to create wormholes will be limited. Wormholes allow hydrocarbons to be produced by flowing into the wellbore. Emulsified acids system helps to overcome this challenge by reducing face dissolution. Recently, Pickering emulsions have attracted attention due to their easy preparation and enhanced stability features. In Pickering emulsions, solid microparticles that localize at the interface between liquids are used as stabilizers instead of surfactants. The preparation of emulsified acid system (EAS) is a complex process sensitive to several parameters governing the properties/feature of the emulsified system. The parameter includes mixing the aqueous and oleic phase, the rotational speed, the time of mixing, and the quantity of emulsifying agent (organology). It requires performing several experiments to identify the proper procedure and optimum range of the parameters affecting the emulsified acid preparation of desired properties. In this study, several experiments were performed using three types of organoclays (OC) namely Claytone-SF (strong), Claytone-EM (medium), and Laponite-EP (weak). Thermal stability tests were carried out at room temperature, 80ºC, and 120ºC. Rheology tests were performed for the most stable emulsions. This study investigated the potential of using special nanoparticles as emulsion stabilizers instead of surfactants. A proper sequence of the component mixing and optimum range of the factors affecting the emulsion preparation and properties were identified. This work aims to study the parameters involved in the emulsified acid preparation and optimize them to obtain a stable EAS.
10

Krasnoshtanova, Alla, and Alesya Yudina. "PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES FROM POULTRY YOLK (IgY) AND INVESTIGATION OF THEIR IMMUNOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/17.

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"A particularly important aspect of immunology is to develop non-invasive methods of obtaining antibodies which could be a great alternative to traditional ones that based on the harmful procedure of isolation of immunoglobulins from animal blood sera. That’s why the extraction of antibodies from poultry egg yolks (IgY) is the most promising. Due to the fact of variation of IgY structural features that determine the definite immunochemical properties, yolk antibodies in comparison with mammalian immunoglobulins (IgG) does not interact with rheumatoid factor (Rf), contribute to the activation of the complement system, bind to the Fc-receptor (FcR), and also has weak cross-reactivity, which confirms the possibility of their widespread use in medicine and food. Also the presence of phylogenetic distance between chickens and mammalians guarantees immune response against conservative mammalian protein molecules which is highly important for the creation of new generation test systems. The aim of this work is to develop a selective method of producing high-purity immunoglobulin Y preparations from the yolk of chicken eggs. There were adopted selective conditions of isolation of IgY under spontaneous thawing procedure at the room temperature of firstly frozen yolk solution in a sodium-phosphate buffer mixed with water (pH 5.0) in a ratio of 1:6, which leads to receiving a water-soluble fraction further precipitated with the sodium chloride at a concentration of 10% of the solution mass and subsequently concentrated using ultrafiltration with membrane UAM-10, that allows achieving the content of IgY not less than 95% per dry substance in immunoglobulin fraction. It is possible to produce a protein fraction with a protein content of at least 9 g/l. The purity of the immunoglobulin fraction was verified using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The presence of a light chain in the IgY solution was proved to be a low-molecular compound using the method of gel-filtration-chromatography. The immunological activity of IgY was studied with respect to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as an antigen. The enzymatic resistance of IgY against proteolytic enzymes was tested in area of the gastrointestinal tract."

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