Relevant bibliographies by topics / Weak instrument

Academic literature on the topic 'Weak instrument'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Weak instrument"

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Murray, Michael P. "Avoiding Invalid Instruments and Coping with Weak Instruments." Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.4.111.

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Archimedes said, “Give me the place to stand, and a lever long enough, and I will move the Earth.” Economists have their own powerful lever: the instrumental variable estimator. The instrumental variable estimator can avoid the bias that ordinary least squares suffers when an explanatory variable in a regression is correlated with the regression's disturbance term. But, like Archimedes' lever, instrumental variable estimation requires both a valid instrument on which to stand and an instrument that isn't too short (or “too weak”). This paper briefly reviews instrumental variable estimation, discusses classic strategies for avoiding invalid instruments (instruments themselves correlated with the regression's disturbances), and describes recently developed strategies for coping with weak instruments (instruments only weakly correlated with the offending explanator).
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Choi, Jaerim, Jiaying Gu, and Shu Shen. "Weak-instrument robust inference for two-sample instrumental variables regression." Journal of Applied Econometrics 33, no. 1 (June 21, 2017): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jae.2580.

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Hahn, Jinyong, and Guido Kuersteiner. "Discontinuities of weak instrument limiting distributions." Economics Letters 75, no. 3 (May 2002): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(01)00622-x.

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Denault, William R. P., Jon Bohlin, Christian M. Page, Stephen Burgess, and Astanand Jugessur. "Cross-fitted instrument: A blueprint for one-sample Mendelian randomization." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 8 (August 29, 2022): e1010268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010268.

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Bias from weak instruments may undermine the ability to estimate causal effects in instrumental variable regression (IVR). We present here a new approach to handling weak instrument bias through the application of a new type of instrumental variable coined ‘Cross-Fitted Instrument’ (CFI). CFI splits the data at random and estimates the impact of the instrument on the exposure in each partition. These estimates are then used to perform an IVR on each partition. We adapt CFI to the Mendelian randomization (MR) setting and term this adaptation ‘Cross-Fitting for Mendelian Randomization’ (CFMR). We show that, even when using weak instruments, CFMR is, at worst, biased towards the null, which makes it a conservative one-sample MR approach. In particular, CFMR remains conservative even when the two samples used to perform the MR analysis completely overlap, whereas current state-of-the-art approaches (e.g., MR RAPS) display substantial bias in this setting. Another major advantage of CFMR lies in its use of all of the available data to select genetic instruments, which maximizes statistical power, as opposed to traditional two-sample MR where only part of the data is used to select the instrument. Consequently, CFMR is able to enhance statistical power in consortia-led meta-analyses by enabling a conservative one-sample MR to be performed in each cohort prior to a meta-analysis of the results across all the cohorts. In addition, CFMR enables a cross-ethnic MR analysis by accounting for ethnic heterogeneity, which is particularly important in meta-analyses where the participating cohorts may have different ethnicities. To our knowledge, none of the current MR approaches can account for such heterogeneity. Finally, CFMR enables the application of MR to exposures that are either rare or difficult to measure, which would normally preclude their analysis in the regular two-sample MR setting.
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Keele, Luke, and Jason W. Morgan. "How strong is strong enough? Strengthening instruments through matching and weak instrument tests." Annals of Applied Statistics 10, no. 2 (June 2016): 1086–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/16-aoas932.

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Finlay, Keith, and Leandro M. Magnusson. "Implementing Weak-Instrument Robust Tests for a General Class of Instrumental-Variables Models." Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata 9, no. 3 (September 2009): 398–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0900900304.

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Chao, John C., Norman R. Swanson, Jerry A. Hausman, Whitney K. Newey, and Tiemen Woutersen. "ASYMPTOTIC DISTRIBUTION OF JIVE IN A HETEROSKEDASTIC IV REGRESSION WITH MANY INSTRUMENTS." Econometric Theory 28, no. 1 (September 13, 2011): 42–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466611000120.

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This paper derives the limiting distributions of alternative jackknife instrumental variables (JIV) estimators and gives formulas for accompanying consistent standard errors in the presence of heteroskedasticity and many instruments. The asymptotic framework includes the many instrument sequence of Bekker (1994, Econometrica 62, 657–681) and the many weak instrument sequence of Chao and Swanson (2005, Econometrica 73, 1673–1691). We show that JIV estimators are asymptotically normal and that standard errors are consistent provided that $\root \of {K_n } /r_n \to 0$ as n→∞, where Kn and rn denote, respectively, the number of instruments and the concentration parameter. This is in contrast to the asymptotic behavior of such classical instrumental variables estimators as limited information maximum likelihood, bias-corrected two-stage least squares, and two-stage least squares, all of which are inconsistent in the presence of heteroskedasticity, unless Kn/rn→0. We also show that the rate of convergence and the form of the asymptotic covariance matrix of the JIV estimators will in general depend on the strength of the instruments as measured by the relative orders of magnitude of rn and Kn.
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Li, Hong, and Zhijie Xiao. "Weak instrument inference in the presence of parameter instability." Econometrics Journal 15, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 395–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423x.2012.00384.x.

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Yuan, Quan, Yan Shen, and Liang Chen. "Virtual Instrument for Weak Signal Detecting on Monostable Stochastic Resonance." Advanced Materials Research 279 (July 2011): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.279.361.

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Stochastic resonance (SR) is a nonlinear phenomenon which can be used to detect weak signal. The theory of SR in a biased mono-stable system driven by multiplicative and additive white noise as well as a weak periodic signal is investigated. The virtual instrument (VI) for weak signal detecting based on this theory is designed with LabVIEW. This instrument can be used to detect weak periodic signals which meets the conditions given and can greatly improved the power spectrum of the weak signal. The results that related to different sets of parameters are given and the features of these results are in accordance with the theory of mono-stable SR. Thus, the application of this theory in the detecting of weak signal is proven to be valid.
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Bazzi, Samuel, and Michael A. Clemens. "Blunt Instruments: Avoiding Common Pitfalls in Identifying the Causes of Economic Growth." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 152–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.5.2.152.

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Concern has intensified in recent years that many instrumental variables used in widely-cited growth regressions may be invalid, weak, or both. Attempts to remedy this general problem remain inadequate. We show how a range of published studies can offer more evidence that their results are not spurious. Key steps include: grounding growth regressions in more generalized theoretical models, deployment of new methods for estimating sensitivity to violations of exclusion restrictions, opening the “black box” of GMM with supportive evidence of instrument strength, and utilization of weak-instrument robust tests and estimators. (JEL C52, E23, F35, O41, O47)
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Weak instrument"

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Souri, Davood. "Theoretical and Applied Essays on the Instrumental Variable Method." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28765.

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This dissertation is intended to provide a statistical foundation for the IV models and shed lights on a number of issues related to the IV method. The first chapter shows that the theoretical Instrumental Variable model can be derived by reparameterization of a well-specified statistical model defined on the joint distribution of the involved random variables as the actual (local) data generation process. This reveals the covariance structure of the error terms of the usual theory-driven instrumental variable model. The revealed covariance structure of the IV model have important implications, particularly, for designing simulation studies. Monte Carlo simulations are used to reexamine the Nelson and Startz (1990a) findings regarding the performance of IV estimators when the instruments are weak. The results from the simulation exercises indicate that the sampling distribution of ^Î IV is concentrated around ^Î OLS. The second chapter considers the underlying joint distribution function of the instrumental variable (IV) model and presents an alternative definition for the exogenous and relevant instruments. The paper extracts a system of independent and orthogonal equations that covers up a non-orthogonal structural model and argues that the estimated IV regression is well-specified if the underlying system of equations is well-specified. It proposes a new instrument relevancy measure that does not suffer from the first-stage R² deficiencies. Third chapter argues the application of the IV method in estimation of models with omitted variable. The paper considers the implicit parametrization of statistical models and presents five conditions for an appropriate instruments. Two of them are empirically measurable and can be tested. This improves the literature by adding one more objective criterion for the selection of instruments. This chapter applies the IV method to estimate the rate of return to education in Iran. It argues that the education of two cohorts of Iranians was delayed or cut short by the Cultural Revolution. Therefore, the Cultural Revolution, as an exogenous shock to the supply of education, establishes the year of birth as the exogenous and relevant instrument for education. Using the standard Mincerian earnings function with control for experience, ethnicity, location of residence and sector of employment, the instrumental variable estimate of the return to schooling is equal to 5.6%. The estimation results indicate that the Iranian labor market values degrees more than years of schooling.
Ph. D.
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Wang, Wenjie. "Improved Inference for Instrumental Variable Models with Many Instruments and Weak Instruments." Kyoto University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/174868.

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Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso. "Instrumental variables estimation in the presence of weak instruments." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269521626.

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Sanderson, Eleanor. "Testing for weak instruments in two-stage least squares estimation of linear instrumental variable models." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.690773.

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Instrumental Variable (IV) methods are widely used in the analysis of economic data when the explanatory variable of interest is endogenous and so OLS estimation of the model is biased. However, if the instruments used do not strongly predict the endogenous variable being instrumented then the IV estimator will also give biased results. Weak Instrument Asymptotic theory can be used to model the strength of the instruments in Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) IV models and critical values have been developed to test for Weak Instruments in models with one time period. In the first part of this thesis I extend Weak Instrument Asymptotics to a model with multiple endogenous variables where the instruments available can strongly predict each of the endogenous variables separately but correlation between the endogenous variables means that they cannot be jointly predicted and so the overall strength of the instruments in the model is weak. I develop a partial F-statistic to test for 'Weak Instruments of this form and show that this test has the correct size using currently existing critical values for testing for Weak Instruments. I then extend the Weak Instrument Asymptotics to Panel Data models with multiple time periods, and one endogenous variable. I show that it is no longer possible to use the F -statistic to test for Weak Instruments but it is possible to use the Effective F-statistic developed by Olea and Pflueger (2013) with appropriately clustered standard errors to test for 'Weak Instruments in Pallel Data models. Finally, I extend this analysis to look a AR(l) panel data models and show that it is possible to control the strcngth of the instruments asymptotically by changing the persistence of the autoregressive process. I also show the Effective F-statistic has the correct size in these AR(l) models.
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Kim, Uijin. "Testing for weak instruments in a linear instrumental variables model under heteroskedasticity and in an exponential model." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.752745.

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Vilela, Lucas Pimentel. "Wald tests for IV regression with weak instruments." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11222.

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Submitted by Lucas Pimentel Vilela (lvilela@fgvmail.br) on 2013-10-07T17:22:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Final.pdf: 665295 bytes, checksum: b54a14202e41e19e863a73328cfb2123 (MD5) Supplement.pdf: 2259071 bytes, checksum: 19718d483c50f35f3878c81521b0acf9 (MD5)
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This dissertation deals with the problem of making inference when there is weak identification in models of instrumental variables regression. More specifically we are interested in one-sided hypothesis testing for the coefficient of the endogenous variable when the instruments are weak. The focus is on the conditional tests based on likelihood ratio, score and Wald statistics. Theoretical and numerical work shows that the conditional t-test based on the two-stage least square (2SLS) estimator performs well even when instruments are weakly correlated with the endogenous variable. The conditional approach correct uniformly its size and when the population F-statistic is as small as two, its power is near the power envelopes for similar and non-similar tests. This finding is surprising considering the bad performance of the two-sided conditional t-tests found in Andrews, Moreira and Stock (2007). Given this counter intuitive result, we propose novel two-sided t-tests which are approximately unbiased and can perform as well as the conditional likelihood ratio (CLR) test of Moreira (2003).
Esta dissertação trata do problema de inferência na presença de identificação fraca em modelos de regresso com variáveis instrumentais. Mais especificamente em testes de hipóteses com relação ao parâmetro da variável endógena quando os instrumentos são fracos. O principal foco é nos testes condicionais unilaterais baseados nas estatísticas de razão de máxima verossimilhança, score e Wald. Resultados teóricos e numéricos mostram que o teste t condicional unilateral baseado no estimador de mínimos quadrados em dois estágios tem uma boa performance mesmo na presença de instrumentos fracamente correlacionados com a variável endógena. A abordagem condicional corrige uniformemente o tamanho do teste t e quando a estatística F populacional é tão pequena quanto dois, o poder do teste é próximo ao power envelope tanto de testes similares quanto de não similares. Tal resultado é surpreendente visto a má performance dos testes t’s condicionais bilaterais relatada em (6, Andrews, Moreira and Stock (2007)). Dado esse resultado aparentemente contra intuitivo, apresentamos novos testes t’s condicionals bilaterais que são aproximadamente não viesados e performam, em alguns casos, tão bem quanto o teste condicional baseado na estatística de razão de verossimilhança de ( 19 , Moreira (2003)).
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ANGINO, SIRIA. "The importance of being clustered." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/201133.

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(I A Few-Cluster-Robust Test for Weak Instruments) - ABSTRACT - In the usual IV regression models, the quality of estimation and inference dra- matically depends on the relevance of the set of instruments. To test such condition, most empiricists rely on the first-stage F-statistic as suggested by Stock and Yogo (2005a). However, this method is not valid for clustered data, especially when there are few clusters. Recently, weak instrument-robust methods for inference have been proposed, but none of them deals with the latter case. In this paper, we propose a simple method to perform inference which is robust both to the presence of weak instruments and few clusters in the case of a single endogenous regressor. (II Sharing or gambling over losses?) - ABSTRACT - This paper investigates experimentally whether individuals prefer to share an exogenous loss in a deterministic way or to gamble over it. In particular, in some scenarios subjects face an equal allocation of the loss, in others a social lottery with an equal chance to suffer it entirely. The loss is implemented after the endowment is earned. We find that the loss domain does not affect subjects' behavior directly, but it decreases their probability to play in a competitive way.
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Tongur, Can. "Small sample performances of two tests for overidentifying restrictions." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6367.

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Two new specification tests for overidentifying restrictions proposed by Hahn and Hausman (2002:b) are here tested and compared to the classical Sargan test. Power properties are found to be very similar in overall performance, while Sargan generally has better size than the new tests. Also, size is distorted for one of the new tests, thus a tendency to reject prevails. In addition, sometimes severe bias is found which affects the tests’ performances, something that differs from earlier studies.

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Meade, Roy Edward. "Quantitative measurement of surface wear via a non-vibrating kelvin probe." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15999.

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Parroni, Carolina. "Cluster mass scaling relations through weak lensing measurements." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC232/document.

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Les amas de galaxies sont des outils cosmologiques et astrophysiques essentiels, car ce sont les objets les plus grands et les plus massifs gravitationnellement liées dans l'Univers. L'étude de leur fonction de masse, de leur fonction de corrélation et des relations d'échelle entre leur masse et différentes observables nous permettent de tester les prévisions des modèles cosmologique et les scenarii de formation des structures. Ils sont aussi d'intéressants laboratoires pour l'étude de la formation et de l'évolution des galaxies, et de leur interactions avec le milieu qui les entourent, dans d’environnements denses. Pour y parvenir, estimer précisément leur masse revêt une importance fondamentale. J’ai étudié la précision de la richesse optique calculée par l’algorithme de détection d’amas RedGOLD (Licitra et al. 2016) en tant que mass proxy, en utilisant des mesures de lentilles gravitationnelles (weak lensing) et des observations en rayon X. J’ai mesuré les masses cumulées d’un échantillon de 1323 amas de galaxies dans le CFHTLS et NGVS à 0.2
Galaxy clusters are essential cosmological and astrophysical tools, since they represent the largest and most massive gravitationally bound structures in the Universe. Through the study of their mass function, of their correlation function, and of the scaling relations between their mass and different observables, we can probe the predictions of cosmological models and structure formation scenarios. They are also interesting laboratories that allow us to study galaxy formation and evolution, and their interactions with the intra-cluster medium, in dense environments. For all of these goals, an accurate estimate of cluster masses is of fundamental importance. I studied the accuracy of the optical richness obtained by the RedGOLD cluster detection algorithm (Licitra et al. 2016) as a mass proxy, using weak lensing and X-ray mass measurements. I measured stacked weak lensing cluster masses for a sample of 1323 galaxy clusters in the CFHTLS W1 and in the NGVS at 0.2
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Books on the topic "Weak instrument"

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Mikusheva, Anna. Robust confidence sets in the presence of weak instruments. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2007.

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Mikusheva, Anna. Robust confidence sets in the presence of weak instruments. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2007.

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Mikusheva, Anna. Robust confidence sets in the presence of weak instruments. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2007.

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Tarifliche Arbeitszeitpolitik--ein Instrument der Beschäftigungspolitik? Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1989.

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Chelimsky, Eleanor. Medical devices: Underreporting of problems, backlogged systems, and weak statutory support. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1989.

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Analogien zur Bibel im Werk Büchners: Religiöse Sprache als sozialkritisches Instrument. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1996.

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Edskes, Cor H. Arp Schnitger und sein Werk: Bildband mit den erhaltenen Orgeln und Prospekten Arp Schnitgers. Bremen: Hauschild, 2009.

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Waldura, Markus. Monomotivik, Sequenz und Sonatenform im Werk Robert Schumanns. Saarbrücken: Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag, 1990.

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Schindler, Jürgen-Peter. Der Nürnberger Orgelbau des 17. Jahrhunderts: Leben und Werk der Nürnberger Stadtorgelmacher Steffan Cuntz und Nicolaus Manderscheidt. Michaelstein/Blankenburg: Institut für Aufführungspraxis, 1991.

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Suppan, Wolfgang. Werk und Wirkung: Musikwissenschaft als Menschen- und Kulturgüterforschung. Tutzing: Hans Schneider, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Weak instrument"

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Kochenov, Dimitry. "Article 7: A Commentary on a Much Talked-About ‘Dead’ Provision." In Defending Checks and Balances in EU Member States, 127–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62317-6_6.

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AbstractThe goal of this chapter is to contribute to the growing Article 7 TEU literature by showcasing the strong and weak points of this provision in the context of the on-going rule of law backsliding in Hungary and Poland threatening the very fabric of EU constitutionalism. This is done by presenting the general context of the institutional reactions to the so-called ‘reforms’ in Poland and Hungary aimed to hijack the state machinery by the political parties in charge; introducing the background of Article 7 TEU and the hopes of the drafters the provision was endowed with; to move on to the analysis of its scope and all the procedures made available through this instrument as well as the key procedural rules in place. The conclusion restates the necessity of putting our hopes in alternative instruments of combatting rule of law backsliding, outlining three possible scenarios of this, which are not (necessarily) connected to Article 7 as such.
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Bogatyreva, Lidia, and M. Teresa Espinal. "Weak referentiality and Russian instrumental nominals." In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 101–28. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.219.05bog.

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Feraru, Atena Ştefania. "Enforcement-related measures in ASEAN legal instruments1." In Weak States, Vulnerable Governments, and Regional Cooperation, 151–83. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351015073-5.

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Bodenhofer, Ulrich, Bernard De Baets, and János Fodor. "General Representation Theorems for Fuzzy Weak Orders." In Theory and Applications of Relational Structures as Knowledge Instruments II, 229–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11964810_11.

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Sanchez-Matilla, Ricardo, Maria Robu, Imanol Luengo, and Danail Stoyanov. "Scalable Joint Detection and Segmentation of Surgical Instruments with Weak Supervision." In Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2021, 501–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87196-3_47.

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van der Burgt, M., M. Dettingmeijer, and E. van Mechelen-Gevers. "Instrumenten om voorlichting in je werk te integreren." In Preventie en voorlichting, 44–47. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-9701-3_5.

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Raddatz, Frank. "Vom Aufstieg und Fall des Regimes der Akzeleration." In Heiner Müllers KüstenLANDSCHAFTEN, 101–20. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839455630-006.

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In diesem Essay untersucht Frank -M. Raddatz die Veränderung des Zeitregimes im dramatischen Werk Heiner Müllers. Während das Frühwerk das Diktat der Beschleunigung als Beleg für den gesellschaftlichen Fortschritt feiert, dechiffriert das spätere Werk die Industriezeit und ihre permanenet Verkürzung und Verknappung von Zeitabläufen als Instrument der Repression. Die Montage geschichtlicher Epoche lässt die chronologische Zeit als Fiktion erscheinen. Eine Emanzipation im umfassenden Sinne muss mit einer De-Kolonisation von Zeit einhergehen. Ein planetarisches, an den Rhythmen des Erdplaneten ausgerichtetes Zeitregime, fällt mit dem Ende von Ausbeutung und Unterdrückung in eins.
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Ledergerber, Martin, Emilie Cornet, and Erwin Hildbrand. "Humidity in Regularly Played Historical Brass Instruments. The Possibilities and Limitations of Preventive Conservation." In Musikforschung der Hochschule der Künste Bern, 48–60. Schliengen: Edition Argus, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26045/kp64-6179-004.

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Historical brass instruments that are played regularly face a number of risks to their preservation in the long run. Apart from mechanical damage caused by intensive handling and normal wear and tear, one of the major threats is the interior humidity accumulated through and during playing. As far as brass instruments are concerned, no investigations have yet been undertaken to measure the amount of humidity accumulated during playing and its damage potential. With the aid of climate measurements and complementary tests, the effective corrosive impact of regular playing on the interior surfaces of brass instruments was assessed over a period of several months. Based on the insights gained there, potential preventive conservation strategies were evaluated, and maintenance measures suggested that musicians could implement in situ and with ease.
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Matthes, Claudia-Y. "Safeguarding Democracy and the Rule of Law by Civil Society Actors? The Case of Poland." In Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, 263–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54674-8_11.

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Abstract A growing body of literature examines the EU’s reactions to illiberal trends in ECE countries. These studies predominantly focus on political instruments such as Article 7 and the Commission’s new rule of law mechanism, and there is a broad consensus on the view that these tools are too weak to combat breaches of liberal principles. This chapter therefore explores the potential of alternative strategies, namely the involvement of civil society actors in backsliding countries. By looking at the Polish case, it explores how much Polish civil society interacts with the European institutions in order to address violations of the rule of law and which strategies these actors unfold. It examines whether this cooperation may help to safeguard democracy in a bottom-up manner. The overall goal of the chapter is to investigate how much the EU’s instruments against democratic backsliding could and should be accompanied effectively by strategies aiming at collaboration with liberal forces within the backsliding member states.
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Hanke, Mila. "In China wird CSR ein Wettbewerbsfaktor – eine Mitgliedschaft in der „Fair Wear Foundation“ ist dafür ein geeignetes Instrument." In Corporate Social Responsibility - Mythen und Maßnahmen, 137–40. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02842-8_28.

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Conference papers on the topic "Weak instrument"

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Wei, Zhenlin. "Ultra-weak luminescence is a sensitive method to evaluate cadmium resistance of maize varieties." In International Conference of Optical Instrument and Technology, edited by Shenghua Ye, Guangjun Zhang, and Jun Ni. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.807005.

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Yusen, Wei, Zhu Xinya, Wang Hua, and Yang Guosheng. "A Weak Signals De-Noising Method Based On Virtual Instrument Technology." In 2007 8th International Conference on Electronic Measurement and Instruments. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2007.4350919.

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Bi, Weihong, Lichun Bai, and Yuefeng Qi. "Technique for designing NIR instrument to acquire and process weak signal." In 2nd International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies, edited by Xun Hou, Jiahu Yuan, James C. Wyant, Hexin Wang, and Sen Han. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.678394.

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Kimura, Shuhei, and Masato Tokuhisa. "Detection of Weak Relevant Variables using Random Forests." In 2020 59th Annual Conference of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers of Japan (SICE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/sice48898.2020.9240246.

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Avdochenko, Boris I., Geliya F. Karlova, and Vasilii I. Yurchenko. "Weak magnetic field detectors based on Hall-effect sensors." In 2016 13th International Scientific-Technical Conference on Actual Problems of Electronics Instrument Engineering (APEIE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apeie.2016.7802219.

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Budyldina, NadezhdaV, and Michaei P. Trukhin. "Methods for digitizing weak signals much less the LSB level." In 2016 13th International Scientific-Technical Conference on Actual Problems of Electronics Instrument Engineering (APEIE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apeie.2016.7806408.

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Budyldina, N. V., and M. P. Trukhin. "Methods for digitizing weak signals much less the LSB level." In 2016 13th International Scientific-Technical Conference on Actual Problems of Electronics Instrument Engineering (APEIE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apeie.2016.7806883.

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Kwon, Seong-Ho, Minh Hoang Trinh, Koog-Hwan Oh, Shiyu Zhao, and Hyo-Sung Ahn. "Infinitesimal Weak Rigidity and Stability Analysis on Three-Agent Formations." In 2018 57th Annual Conference of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers of Japan (SICE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/sice.2018.8492617.

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Tsarev, Andrei V., and Eugeny A. Kolosovsky. "Abnormal blocking of the fundamental guided wave in a silicon waveguide by weak tunnel coupling with periodic polymer strips." In 2016 13th International Scientific-Technical Conference on Actual Problems of Electronics Instrument Engineering (APEIE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apeie.2016.7802302.

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Mansour, Hossein. "The Feasibility of Statistical Energy Analysis in the Modeling of Stringed Musical Instruments." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38387.

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Stringed musical instruments are complex vibrating systems both from structural and fluid-structure coupling perspectives; hence, their modeling is one of the most challenging tasks in the area of vibration and acoustics. Making a reliable model not only broadens our knowledge of the physics of these instruments, but also it simplifies the procedure of structural modification and optimization on them. In this regard, a Finite Element Model has been previously made from Setar and is verified with the experimental results. Although that model could precisely simulate the instrument in lower frequencies (i.e. below 2.5 KHz), its results showed a weak correlation with reality in higher frequencies. In fact, unreliable results and high computational demand are common drawbacks of finite element method in higher frequencies. To avoid these problems, in this study Setar is modeled with Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) approach. This method is more efficient in dealing with high degree of uncertainty in the system. SEA does this by averaging the response over the frequency and location to gain a more general and reliable result. Application of SEA in higher frequencies is, in fact, compatible with the nature of musical instruments where in higher frequencies we are mostly interested in the trend of the response rather than the location of each individual peak.
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Reports on the topic "Weak instrument"

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Windmeijer, Frank, and Eleanor Sanderson. A weak instrument F-test in linear IV models with multiple endogenous variables. Institute for Fiscal Studies, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.cem.2013.5813.

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Windmeijer, Frank, and Eleanor Sanderson. A weak instrument F-test in linear IV models with multiple endogenous variables. Institute for Fiscal Studies, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.cem.2015.3115.

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Staiger, Douglas, and James Stock. Instrumental Variables Regression with Weak Instruments. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/t0151.

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Andrews, Donald W. K., and James Stock. Inference with Weak Instruments. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/t0313.

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Stock, James, and Jonathan Wright. Asymptotics for GMM Estimators with Weak Instruments. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/t0198.

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Stock, James, and Motohiro Yogo. Testing for Weak Instruments in Linear IV Regression. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/t0284.

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Moreira, Marcelo, Jack Porter, and Gustavo Suarez. Bootstrap and Higher-Order Expansion Validity When Instruments May Be Weak. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/t0302.

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Harding, Matthew C., Christopher Palmer, and Jerry Hausman. Finite sample bias corrected IV estimation for weak and many instruments. Institute for Fiscal Studies, July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.cem.2015.4115.

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Iselin, Columbus O'Donnell. Oceanographic observations from the Semmes : Jan. 14-Feb. 14, 1941. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/29558.

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Oceanographic Observations from the SEMMES Jan. 14-Feb. 14, 1941 On a recent cruise through the West Indies a program of oceanographic observations was carried out on board the experimental sound ship, the U.S.S. SEMMES, in conjunction with the submarine, TRITON. This work which began on January 14 at New London, Conn. and ended on February 14 at Key West, Fla. included a week of operations with the East Coast Sound School out of Key West. The bathythermograph, an instrument for measuring the sea water temperature continuously from the surface down to 75 fathoms, was used for oceanographic observations.
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van Ravens, Jan, Luis Crouch, Katherine Merseth King, Elisa A. Hartwig, and Carlos Aggio. The Preschool Entitlement: A Locally Adaptable Policy Instrument to Expand and Improve Preschool Education. RTI Press, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2023.op.0082.2302.

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Only three out of five children are enrolled in preschool globally, and only one out of five in low-income countries, yet the expansion of preschool education came to a near standstill in 2020. To restart it, we propose a policy instrument called the Preschool Entitlement. It entails the right of every child to 600 hours of quality government-funded preschool education per year (3 hours per day, 5 days per week, 40 weeks per year). Existing preschool institutions and other organizations with legal status (public, private, faith- or community-based) can offer the child development program after a process of rigorous accreditation to ensure quality, inclusion, and safety. In other respects, they will have the freedom to shape the program according to local circumstances and local preferences. This makes it possible to supplement the daily 3 hours with additional hours of childcare that can be financed by families, local government, employers, national associations, faith-based organizations, ministries of social affairs, or others. In this manner, the Preschool Entitlement reconciles local autonomy with governmental responsibility for quality, access, and equity. In low- and middle-income countries, government costs would range from about 0.15 to 0.4 percent of GDP, and the benefits are likely to be significant.
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