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1

Moolenburgh, Daniël. "WC Eend." Mednet 5, no. 4 (April 2012): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12462-012-0102-4.

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2

Noltemeier, Martina. "WC-Ente." Lebensmittel Zeitung 73, no. 26 (2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/0947-7527-2021-26-128.

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3

Brookes, Ken. "Grain-size distribution in WC and WC/Co." Metal Powder Report 67, no. 2 (March 2012): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(12)70131-5.

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4

Lay, S., C. H. Allibert, M. Christensen, and G. Wahnström. "Morphology of WC grains in WC–Co alloys." Materials Science and Engineering: A 486, no. 1-2 (July 2008): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.09.019.

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5

Zhong, Yang, and Leon L. Shaw. "Growth mechanisms of WC in WC–5.75wt% Co." Ceramics International 37, no. 8 (December 2011): 3591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.06.016.

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6

Bounhoure, Valérie, Sabine Lay, Marc Loubradou, and Jean-Michel Missiaen. "Special WC/Co orientation relationships at basal facets of WC grains in WC–Co alloys." Journal of Materials Science 43, no. 3 (October 31, 2007): 892–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-2181-x.

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7

Xu, Pei Quan, Ding Ma, and Chun Wei Ma. "Analysis of WC Dissolution Phenomenon Happened in TIG Welded Joint of Cemented Carbide and Invar Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 896–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.896.

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In current research, WC dissolution phenomenon happened in TIG welds was investigated and discussed. And the element diffusion was studied using area-scanning method. The results showed that the WC dissolution phenomenon always happened near WC-Co/Welded seam interface. Moreover, the amount of WC dissolved in welds became less from WC-Co, welds to invar alloys. WC dissolution happened in welded seam induced by tungsten arc led to the WC grain growth (60µm or so) and WC shape changes. The grain boundary (GB) between different WC particles during WC aggregation was also confirmed and WC grain growth was owed to the WC aggregation during the processing of WC dissolution.
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8

Seo, Osung, and Shin Hoo Kang. "On the Dissolution of WC in WC-Co Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 317-318 (August 2006): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.317-318.263.

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Transitional metals, such as V, Nb, Mo and Ti, were used to control the growth of ultrafine WC particles. Based on a study of the microstructures these metals were effective in inhibiting the growth of WC. The interaction parameter measured between those metals and W in a Co melt was a positive quantity. This indicates that the presence of V, Nb, Mo or Ti would tend to reduce the solubility of W in a Co melt, thus inhibiting the dissolution and growth of WC.
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9

Bľanda, Marek, Annamária Duszová, Tamás Csanádi, Pavol Hvizdoš, František Lofaj, and Ján Dusza. "Indentation fatigue of WC grains in WC–Co composite." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 34, no. 14 (November 2014): 3407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.02.022.

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10

Zhang, Pengxian, Yibin Pang, and Mingwei Yu. "Effects of WC Particle Types on the Microstructures and Properties of WC-Reinforced Ni60 Composite Coatings Produced by Laser Cladding." Metals 9, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9050583.

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WC-reinforced Ni60 composite coatings with different types of WC particles were prepared on 304 stainless steel surface by laser cladding. The influences of spherical WC, shaped WC, and flocculent WC on the microstructures and properties of composite coatings were investigated. The results showed that three types of WC particles distribute differently in the cladding coatings, with spherical WC particles stacking at the bottom, shaped WC aggregating at middle and lower parts, with flocculent WC particles dispersing homogeneously. The hardnesses, wear resistances, corrosion resistances, and thermal shock resistances of the coatings are significantly improved compared with the stainless steel substrate, regardless of the type of WC that is added, and especially with regard to the microhardness of the cladding coating; the addition of spherical or shaped WC particles can be up to 2000 HV0.05 in some areas. Flocculent WC, shaped WC, and spherical WC demonstrate large to small improvements in that order. From the results mentioned above, the addition of flocculent WC can produce a cladding coating with a uniform distribution of WC that is of higher quality compared with those from spherical WC and shaped WC.
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11

Cheng, Ping, Yuhong Yang, Kevin H. Gardner, and Yi Liu. "PAS Domain-Mediated WC-1/WC-2 Interaction Is Essential for Maintaining the Steady-State Level of WC-1 and the Function of Both Proteins in Circadian Clock and Light Responses of Neurospora." Molecular and Cellular Biology 22, no. 2 (January 15, 2002): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.22.2.517-524.2002.

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ABSTRACT In the frq-wc-based circadian feedback loops of Neurospora, two PAS domain-containing transcription factors, WHITE COLLAR-1 (WC-1) and WC-2, form heterodimeric complexes that activate the transcription of frequency (frq). FRQ serves two roles in these feedback loops: repressing its own transcription by interacting with the WC complex and positively upregulating the levels of WC-1 and WC-2 proteins. We report here that the steady-state level of WC-1 protein is independently regulated by both FRQ and WC-2 through different posttranscriptional mechanisms. The WC-1 level is extremely low in wc-2 knockout strains, and this low level of expression is independent of wc-1 transcription and FRQ protein expression. In addition, our data show that the PAS domain of WC-2 mediates the interactions of this protein with both WC-1 and FRQ in vivo. Such interactions are essential for maintaining the steady-state level of WC-1 and the proper function of WC-1 and WC-2 in circadian clock and light responses.
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12

Liu, Chao, Yang Liu, Yunzhu Ma, Wensheng Liu, and Yuehui He. "Influence of μ-size WC on the Corrosion Behavior of Ultrafine WC/WC-Co Cemented Carbides." Journal of Superhard Materials 41, no. 5 (September 2019): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1063457619050058.

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13

Loprinzi, Paul D., and Ovuokerie Addoh. "Physical Activity–Related Obesity Risk Classification Model and All-Cause Mortality." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, no. 11 (November 2016): 1255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0091.

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Background:This study evaluated a physical activity–related obesity model on mortality.Methods:Data from the 1999–2006 NHANES were used (N = 16,077), with follow-up through 2011. Physical activity (PA) was subjectively assessed, with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) objectively measured. From these, 12 mutually exclusive groups (G) were evaluated, including: G1: Normal BMI, Normal WC and Active; G2: Normal BMI, Normal WC and Inactive; G3: Normal BMI, High WC and Active; G4: Normal BMI, High WC and Inactive; G5: Overweight BMI, Normal WC and Active; G6: Overweight BMI, Normal WC and Inactive; G7: Overweight BMI, High WC and Active; G8: Overweight BMI, High WC and Inactive; G9: Obese BMI, Normal WC and Active; G10: Obese BMI, Normal WC and Inactive; G11: Obese BMI, High WC and Active; and G12: Obese BMI, High WC and Inactive.Results:Compared with G2, the following had a reduced mortality risk: G1, G3, G5, G6, G7, G8, G9, and G11. Compared with G12, the following had a reduced mortality risk: G1, G3, G5, G7, G9, and G11. In each respective group for BMI and WC, the active group had a reduced mortality risk.Conclusions:Across all BMI and WC combinations, PA improved mortality risk identification.
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14

Jáuregui-Ulloa, Edtna, Alejandro Gaytán-González, Mayra Elizalde-Villarreal, Esmeralda González-Navarro, Alberto Ocampo-Chavarría, and Juan López-Taylor. "Waist Circumference Is Not Associated with Impaired Fasting Blood Glucose in a Sample of Mexican Children and Teenagers: Results from a State Screening Program." Children 8, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8030172.

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A high waist circumference (WC) is used as a risk factor for impaired fasting blood glucose (IFG) in adults. This association is less studied in children and teenagers. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between having a high WC and IFG by sex and age in a sample of Mexican children and teenagers. We analyzed the data of 12979 participants aged 5 to 17 years to calculate percentile references for uncorrected WC, corrected for height (WC/HT) and by height squared (WC/HT2) with quantile regression. A subsample of 2309 participants with fasting blood glucose samples (FBG), WC, WC/HT and WC/HT2 values was analyzed with logistic regression. A high WC, WC/HT, and WC/HT2 were considered at the sex- and age-specific 90th percentile from the subsample. The IFG was considered as FBG ≥100 mg/dL. Having a high WC, WC/HT, nor WC/HT2 was not significantly associated with IFG for either sex and age group (all p > 0.05). A high WC, either on its uncorrected or corrected for height values, was not an important assessment for predicting IFG in a sample of Mexican children and teenagers. This study provides percentile reference values specific for sex and age.
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15

Yao, Sun Hui. "Effect of Binder on Wear Behavior of HVOF WC-Based Coatings." Advanced Materials Research 904 (March 2014): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.904.155.

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This study aimed to understand the effect of a binder on the wear performance of HVOF WC-based coatings. Three kinds of commercial feedstock powders were studied, i.e. WC-12Co, WC-10Co4Cr and WC-10Ni. Characterization was conducted using SEM, micro Vickers hardness test and XRD. It was found the WC-10Co4Cr coating showed the highest hardness, while the WC-10Ni coating the lowest. The WC-10Co4Cr coating showed very good wear resistance as compared with the widely used WC-12Co coating.
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16

Giordano, Cristina, Wen Yang, Andre Lindemann, Rene Crombez, and John Texter. "Waterborne WC nanodispersions." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 374, no. 1-3 (January 2011): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.11.014.

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17

Lin, Chen Guang, and Guan Sen Yuan. "Measurement of WC Grain Size in Nanocrystalline WC-10Co Hardmetal." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 1205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.1205.

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Nano-grained WC-10Co hardmetal can be made by doping a new invented VC-based multi-grain-growth-inhibitor and suitable technical processing. The specifications for quantitative measurement of the grain size of WC in the alloy were investigated. It is very important to obtain the SE images of the alloy with good contrast and clear profile of WC grains by FESEM; then the linear intercept (LI) method was used to quantitatively measure the intercepts of WC grains. When the surveyed intercept numbers of WC grain exceeded 200, the statistic data for the mean grain size of WC were reproduced. The discriminative minimal grain size of used LI method was 12 nm; the maximum intercept of WC grain was 109 nm; the average intercept of WC grains was 45 nm and the corresponding 3D mean grain size of WC was 70 nm which is agreeable with the XRD outcome.
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18

Kim, Dae Geun, and Jae Ho Lee. "Fabrication of WC and WC(Co) Codeposited Nickel Composite Coating by Electroplating Method for the Replacement of Chromium Coating." Materials Science Forum 569 (January 2008): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.569.225.

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The codeposition of fine WC and Co coated WC particles from nickel Watt’s bath has been investigated. Electroplating of Ni/WC and Ni/WC(Co) composites coating were carried out at different current density with variation of particle size. The effect of hydrodynamic conditions of the codeposition of Ni/WC bath has been investigated. The Guglielmi adsorption mechanism is applied to the electroplating of the fine WC and WC(Co) in Ni matrix. The adsorption rate of determination step is controlled by the transferal process of loose adsorption to strong adsorption. The embedded WC concentration can be increased both by increasing electrical current density and additional WC concentration in the bath.
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19

Terada, Osamu, Minoru Saito, Nobujiro Tsuchiya, and Hisashi Suzuki. "WC-.BETA.t-Co Cemented Carbide Containing Sheet-Like WC Phases." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 40, no. 7 (1993): 736–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.40.736.

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20

Straumal, B. B., I. Konyashin, B. Ries, A. B. Straumal, A. A. Mazilkin, K. I. Kolesnikova, A. M. Gusak, and B. Baretzky. "Pseudopartial wetting of WC/WC grain boundaries in cemented carbides." Materials Letters 147 (May 2015): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.02.029.

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21

Yamamoto, Takahisa, Yuko Yamanaka, Toshiyuki Taniuchi, Fumikazu Shirase, and Teruyoshi Tanase. "WC/Co Interface Structure in VC-doped WC-Co Alloy." Materia Japan 45, no. 12 (2006): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.45.880.

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22

Amado, J. M., J. Montero, M. J. Tobar, and A. Yáñez. "Laser Cladding of Ni-WC Layers with Graded WC Content." Physics Procedia 56 (2014): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2014.08.171.

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23

Shibuki, K., K. Sasaki, M. Yagi, T. Suzuki, and Y. Ikuhara. "Diamond coating on WC-Co and WC for cutting tools." Surface and Coatings Technology 68-69 (December 1994): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(94)90187-2.

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24

Csanádi, Tamás, Michal Novák, Annamária Naughton-Duszová, and Ján Dusza. "Anisotropic nanoscratch resistance of WC grains in WC–Co composite." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 51 (July 2015): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2015.03.005.

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25

Nino, Akihiro, Kaori Morimura, Shigeaki Sugiyama, and Hitoshi Taimatsu. "Effects of C and NbC Additions on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Binderless WC Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 749 (August 2017): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.749.205.

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Powder mixtures of WC–(0–2 mol%) NbC and WC–1.5 mol% NbC–(0–5 mol%) C were sintered at 1800°C using a resistance-heated hot-pressing machine; dense WC–NbC and WC–1.5 mol% NbC–C ceramics were obtained. The relative X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak intensity of W2Css decreased with increasing C amount and disappeared at 5 mol% C. Small amounts of C remained after sintering at 5 mol% C. The WC–1.5 mol% NbC ceramics with 0–3 mol% of added C were composed of equiaxed small granular grains. Large WC grains formed in WC–1.5 mol% NbC ceramics above 4 mol% C. The hardness of WC–NbC ceramics decreased from 25.7 GPa for WC to 23.6 GPa for 2 mol% NbC obtained by NbC addition. The hardness change for WC–1.5 mol% NbC ceramics with up to 3 mol% of added C was small, around 24 GPa. The Vickers hardness of WC–1.5 mol% NbC ceramics above 4 mol% C decreased markedly from 23 to 13 GPa with increasing added C, due to extensive WC grain growth.
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Hosokawa, Hiroyuki, Koji Shimojima, Masaru Kawakami, Shoken Sano, Osamu Terada, and Mamoru Mabuchi. "Superplastic Behavior and Cavitation for WC-Co Cemented Carbides." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 2991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.2991.

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Superplastic behavior and cavitation were investigated for WC-15 mass % Co cemented carbides with the WC grain sizes of 0.7 µm (A) and 5.2 µm (B), WC-10 mass % Co cemented carbide with the WC grain size of 1.5 µm (C) and WC-5 mass % Co cemented carbides with the WC grain sizes of 0.5 µm (D) and 2.5 µm (E) by tensile tests at 1473 K. WC contiguity were 0.51, 0.31, 0.27, 0.56 and 0.49, respectively. The large elongations about 200 % were obtained for the B and the C having smaller values of WC contiguity compared to the other cemented carbides. The values of cavity volume fraction for them were less for the other cemented carbides, furthermore, cavities formed at WC/WC interfaces. Therefore, it is noted that the distribution of the Co phase is important for superplasticity of the cemented carbides.
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Yang, Zheng Zheng, Jian Zhang, and Xin Hai Yu. "Preparation of WC/Ni Flexible Cloth Coating by Vacuum Brazing." Key Engineering Materials 871 (January 2021): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.871.112.

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In this study, one novel WC/Ni flexible cloth coatings were prepared to enhance the abrasion and erosion resistances and meanwhile to accommodate the complicated component surfaces. Neither precipitation of WC particle nor pores or cracks were detected in the coating. The scarification extent of WC particle decreased with the increase in the WC content. With the abrasion mechanism of three body abrasive wear, the WC/Ni coating with 59.8 wt.% WC (WC/Ni-59.8 wt.%) showed the best abrasion resistance with the wear rate of 0.3% of 304 stainless steel. At 30° of impact angle, the WC/Ni-59.8 wt. % exhibited a superior erosion resistance to that of WC coating developed by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF). The application potential of WC/Ni flexible cloth coating for the commercial components was testified by developing the coating on a ball valve disc.
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28

Zheng, Shenglin, Qun Le, and XinQi Dong. "Anthropometric Measures of Obesity and Food Consumption Among U.S. Chinese Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.768.

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Abstract Most research uses body mass index (BMI) alone to measure obesity. Combined with waist circumference (WC), BMI may better identify obesity-related health risk. And diet is a key component of obesity management. To better understand the relationship between obesity and diet, this study aims to examine two anthropometric measures of obesity and the food consumption among U.S. Chinese older adults. Data were drawn from the PINE study wave III (2015-2017), a prospective cohort study of community-dwelling Chinese older adults (N=3053). We categorized participants into 6 groups: normal BMI (18.5-24.9) with normal WC (women ≤ 88cm and men ≤102cm), normal BMI with high WC (women WC >88cm and men WC >102cm), overweight (BMI=25.0-29.9) with normal WC, overweight with high WC, obese (BMI >30) with normal WC, and obese with high WC. A forty-eight-item food frequency questionnaire was used to measure frequencies of vegetables, fruits, grains, protein foods, dairy, sweets, and alcohol intake. Almost 12% participants had normal BMI but high WC and 10% were overweight with high WC. Participants who were overweight with high WC reported the highest intake of vegetables among groups. Participants with higher WC had significantly higher fruit consumption, compared to those with normal WC, regardless of their BMI. Spearman correlation analysis showed that being overweight with a high WC was correlated with higher frequencies of vegetables and fruits intake and having normal BMI with normal WC was correlated with higher alcohol intake. The findings provide new insights for future research and interventions on obesity/chronic disease management.
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29

Bui, Gabrielle, Yubo Gao, Natalie Glass, Christopher Cychosz, John Lawrence Marsh, and Phinit Phisitkul. "Subsequent Pain or Injury After Foot and Ankle Surgery in Patients Receiving Workers’ Compensation." Foot & Ankle International 41, no. 1 (October 25, 2019): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100719879648.

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Background: Workers’ compensation (WC) has been associated with poor outcomes following a variety of injuries and surgeries, but rates of subsequent pain or injury (SPI) following surgery have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the rates, locations, and risk factors of SPI in WC patients and non-WC patients who underwent the same surgeries. Methods: With institutional review board approval, records from foot or ankle surgery performed by author P.P. from 2009 to 2015 were obtained. A retrospective chart review was performed on all WC and non-WC patients with at least 1 Current Procedural Terminology code of interest. SPI was defined as a new injury at a different anatomical location occurring 2 months to 2 years after the index surgery. Chi-square and 2-tailed t tests were used to compare risk factors and rates of SPI in both groups. Results: The WC population had higher rates of SPI than the non-WC population. Specifically, 13 of 56 WC patients (23.2%) vs 12 of 165 non-WC patients (7.3%) reported SPI ( P = .001). The hip, knee, and contralateral foot and ankle were common areas of SPI in both groups. Legal representation and increased age were risk factors for SPI in the WC population. Specifically, 10 of 13 WC patients with SPI had legal representation vs 16 of 43 WC patients without SPI ( P = .02). Female sex was a risk factor for SPI in the non-WC population. Conclusions: WC patients had higher rates of subsequent pain or injury than non-WC patients. Legal representation was a risk factor for SPI in the WC population. Level of Evidence: Level III, comparative series.
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30

Christiansen, Meredith B., Louise M. Thoma, Hiral Master, Dana Voinier, and Daniel K. White. "The Association of an Increasing Waist Circumference and Risk of Incident Low Physical Function in Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis." Journal of Rheumatology 47, no. 10 (March 15, 2020): 1550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.190876.

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Objective.To investigate an 8-year change in waist circumference (WC) with the risk of incident low physical function over 1 year in adults with, or at risk of, knee osteoarthritis (OA).Methods.Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative were used. Change in WC was measured from study enrollment (0 month) to the 96-month visit and classified as Increase (≥ 5cm gain) or Maintain (< 5cm gain). We identified World Health Organization (WHO) risk category based on WC at study enrollment as Large WC (males ≥ 102 cm, females ≥ 88 cm) or Small WC (males < 102 cm, females < 88 cm). The outcome was incident low physical function (≥ 28 Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index physical function subscale) at the 108-month visit. To investigate the association of the 8-year change in WC with the risk of low physical function, we calculated risk ratios (95% CI) and adjusted for potential confounders. We repeated the analyses stratified by the WHO disease risk category.Results.The Increase WC group had 1.43 (95% CI 1.04–1.96) times the risk of incident low physical function compared to adults in the Maintain WC group. Adults with a Large WC at baseline who increased WC had 1.55 (95% CI 1.00–2.37) times the risk of incident low physical function compared to those who maintained WC. Adults with a Small WC at baseline who increased WC had 1.97 (95% CI 0.84–4.63) times the risk compared to those who maintained WC.Conclusion.Increasing WC increases the risk of incident low physical function in the following year. Maintaining WC may mitigate developing low physical function.
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31

Li, Chong Jian, and Wen Peng. "Effect of Collocation Ratio of Coarse and Fine WC on Dual Grain Structure Cemented Carbide." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 1040–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.1040.

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This paper adopts area conversion method to measure the WC grain size manually, sets up a Fibonacci Sequence plane segmentation model based on the statistical data obtained, and studies the effect of the ratio of coarse WC grains to fine WC grains on dual grain structure cemented carbide. It is believed that when SWC (fine) / SWC (coarse) ratio is 0.382, theoretically speaking, the arrangement between WC grains is the tightest. Through investigating the effect of WC grain boundary fusion on its stacking density and contiguity, and the effect of the dissolution and precipitation of WC grains on SWC(fine) / SWC(coarse) ratio, and combining Li Guangyu’s random stacking structure of the cemented carbide theory, it expounds the formation mechanism of the dual grain structure cemented carbide—making a proper amount of fine WC grains fill in the gaps between coarse WC grains so as to increase the stacking density and contiguity of WC grains to the maximum degree, and to separate the accumulated Co-phase layer between coarse WC grains, so that the Co layer more evenly distributes among the fine WC grains.
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32

Li, Zhong Wu, Cheng Guang Lin, Xing Cheng Xie, Rui Jun Cao, and Zhong Kun Lin. "Selective Electrolytic Corrosion Behaviours of WC in WC-Co Cemented Carbide." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 1478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.1478.

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In this work, WC grains in WC-Co cemented carbide were selectively electrolytic corroded and the effects of corrosion time, WC mean grain size and Co content on corrosion rate were systematically investigated. The results showed that corrosion rate decreased with the prolonging of electrolytic corrosion time. The WC-9Co cemented carbides had grain size of 2.9 μm The intensity of Co diffraction peaks was found to exceed the WC diffraction peaks when corroded for 4 hours, and the WC diffraction peaks disappeared when corroded for 8 hours. The corrosion rate increased with the decrease of WC mean grain size and the Co content. As the WC content increased in cemented carbide, it was necessary to increase corrosion time when analyzed Co phase in the cemented carbide by X-ray diffraction.
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33

Khuengpukheiw, Ronnarit, Charnnarong Saikaew, and Anurat Wisitsoraat. "Wear resistance of HVOF sprayed NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co/NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co, and WC-Cr3C2-Ni rice harvesting blades." Materials Testing 63, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0009.

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Abstract In this work, NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co/NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co, and WC-Cr3C2-Ni coatings were sprayed on rice harvesting blade surfaces using a high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) process. Each of the rice harvesting blades was sprayed with one of four coating materials using different spraying durations. The effects of coating materials and spraying durations on the average values of coated blade volume loss, hardness and surface roughness (Ra) were studied through real rice-harvesting field tests. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a multiple comparison approach with Tukey’s test were used in order to conduct a comparative performance analysis of the coating materials of rice harvesting blades. The experimental results indicated that the NiSiCrFeB coating exhibited the highest volume loss compared with all others. In addition, the WC-Co-coated blade had significantly greater hardness than those coated with NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co/NiSiCrFeB, or WC-Cr3C2-Ni. The rice harvesting blade coated with either WC-Co/NiSiCrFeB, WC-Co, or WC-Cr3C2-Ni using the shortest spraying duration was recommended for installation in rice harvesting machines.
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34

Dunn, John C., Nicholas A. Kusnezov, Logan R. Koehler, Dennis Vanden Berge, Ben Genco, Justin Mitchell, Justin D. Orr, and Mark Pallis. "Outcomes Following Carpal Tunnel Release in Patients Receiving Workers’ Compensation: A Systematic Review." HAND 13, no. 2 (April 7, 2017): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944717701240.

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Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common occupational pathology, representing a high percentage of workers’ compensation (WC) claims. Methods: The literature was reviewed for all studies evaluating CTS outcomes including WC patients between 1993 and 2016. A total of 348 articles were identified; 25 of which met inclusion and exclusion criteria. A systematic review was generated; patient demographics, outcomes, and complications were recorded. Weighted averages were calculated for the demographic and outcome data. Categorical data such as complications were pooled from the studies and used to determine the overall complication rate. Statistical significance was determined between WC and non-WC cohorts when applicable with the chi-square statistic. Results: The WC cohort included 1586 wrists, and the non-WC cohort included 2781 wrists. The WC cohort was younger and more often involved the dominant extremity. The WC cohort was less likely to have appropriate physical exam findings confirming diagnosis and electrodiagnostic studies. WC patients took almost 5 weeks longer to return to work, were 16% less likely to return to preinjury vocation, and had lower Standard Form (SF)-36 scores. Finally, WC patients had nearly 3 times the number of complications and nearly twice the rate of persistent pain. Conclusions: WC patients undergoing carpal tunnel release (CTR) fare poorly as compared with non-WC patients in nearly every metric. Higher rates of postoperative pain with delayed return to work can be anticipated in a WC cohort. In addition, WC patients receive suboptimal preoperative workup, and it is possible that unnecessary surgery is being completed in these cases. These findings are important to consider when treating the WC patient with CTS.
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35

Bavandpori, Fatemeh, Jafar Ahmadi, and Sayyed Hossaini. "Stability analysis of bread wheat landraces and lines using biometrical genetic models." Genetika 50, no. 2 (2018): 449–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1802449b.

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In order to evaluate yield stability of twenty genotypes of bread wheat, an experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under irrigated and rainfed conditions in Razi University of Kermanshah for three years (2011-2013). Combined analysis of variance showed highly significant differences for the GEI. Stability determined by AMMI analysis indicated that the first two AMMI model (AMMI1-AMMI2) were highly significant (P<0.01). The GEI was three times higher than that of the genotype effect. The results of Biplot AMMI2 showed that, genotypes WC-47359, WC-47472, WC-4611, WC-47388 and WC-47403 had general adaptability. Based on the ASV and GSI, the genotypes number WC-47403 and WC-47472 revealed the highest stability. GGE biplot analysis of yield displaying main effect G and GEI justified 57.5 percent of the total variation. The first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) were used to create a 2-dimensional GGE biplot and explained 34.3, 23.2 of GGE sum of squares (SS), respectively. Genotypes WC-47403, PISHGAM2 exhibited the highest mean yield and stability. Based on the results obtained the best genotypes were WC-47403, PISHGAM2, WC-4968, WC-47472 and WC-47528 for breeding programs.
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36

Cao, Guo Jian, Er Jun Guo, Yi Cheng Feng, and Li Ping Wang. "Abrasion Behavior of WC Reinforced Cast Iron Surface Composite Fabricated by Cast-Infiltration Method." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.555.

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In this paper, WC particles and NH4HCO3 powders were mixed evenly, and then pressed under 150MPa. The WC porous preforms were obtained after the compacts being heat treated to eliminate NH4HCO3. The volume ratios of WC in the preforms were 30%, 40% and 50% respectively. WC/Fe composites were fabricated by infiltrating liquid cast iron into the WC porous preforms. Optic microscope and scanning electron microscope were employed to observe the microstructure of the matrix alloy and the composites. The results showed that matrix alloy without WC addition had pores in the surface. The microstructure of the composites with WC volume fractions of 30%, and 40% were denser than that of 50%. Hardness and wet sliding wear behaviors of the composites were investigated at room temperature. The addition of WC particles could effectively improve the hardness and the wear resistance of the composites. The influence of volume fractions on hardness of the composites was similar to that on wear resistance. The hardness and the wear resistance of the 40vol.%WC/Fe composite was better than those of the 30vol.%WC/Fe composite. And the properties of the 50vol.%WC/Fe composite were the worst.
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37

Hashemi, Seyed, Mohammed Ardestani, and Ali Nemati. "Cold compaction behavior and pressureless sinterability of ball milled WC and WC/Cu powders." Science of Sintering 48, no. 1 (2016): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1601071h.

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In this research, cold compaction behavior and pressureless sinterability of WC, WC-10%wtCu and WC-30%wtCu powders were investigated. WC and WC/Cu powders were milled in a planetary ball mill for 20h. The milled powders were cold compacted at 100, 200, 300 and 400 MPa pressures. The compressibility behavior of the powders was evaluated using the Heckel, Panelli-Ambrosio and Ge models. The results showed that the Panelli-Ambrosio was the preferred equation for description the cold compaction behavior of the milled WC and WC-30%wtCu powders. Also, the most accurate model for describing the compressibility of WC-10%wtCu powders was the Heckel equation. The cold compacts were sintered at 1400?C. It was found that by increasing the cold compaction pressure of powder compacts before sintering, the sinterability of WC-30%wtCu powder compacts was enhanced. However, the cold compaction magnitude was not affected significantly on the sinterability of WC and WC-10%wtCu powders. The microstructural investigations of the sintered samples by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the presence of porosities at the interface of copper-tungsten carbide phases.
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38

Zhang, Wei Bing, Wen Peng, Jian Zhan Long, and Xiu Yu Wei. "Growth Behavior of WC Grains in Ni3Al Matrix during Liquid Phase Sintering." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.297.

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Growth behavior of WC grains with two different sizes of 10 μm and 4 μm in the same liquid matrix has been studied in the WC–40vol.%Ni3Al system. The samples were sintered under a carbon saturated condition. Surfaces of the coarse WC grains are strongly micro-faceted and stepped. With the increase of sintering time, the average size of the fine WC grain increases continuously and very large plate-like triangular prismatic WC grains appear. The present investigation thus shows that the growth behavior of fine WC grain is affected by lower solubility of W in Ni3Al matrix and the abnormal growth of WC grains is suppressed. However, the growth behavior of coarse WC grain is governed only by the difference in energy between the facets.
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39

Ortiz, A., A. García, M. Cadenas, M. R. Fernández, and J. M. Cuetos. "WC particles distribution model in the cross-section of laser cladded NiCrBSi + WC coatings, for different wt% WC." Surface and Coatings Technology 324 (September 2017): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.086.

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40

Petisme, M. V. G., M. A. Gren, and G. Wahnström. "Molecular dynamics simulation of WC/WC grain boundary sliding resistance in WC–Co cemented carbides at high temperature." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 49 (March 2015): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2014.07.037.

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41

Elizalde, M. R., I. Ocaña, J. Alkorta, and J. M. Sánchez-Moreno. "Mechanical strength assessment of single WC-WC interfaces present in WC-Co hardmetals through micro-beam bending experiments." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 72 (April 2018): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2017.12.009.

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42

Yang, Lian Wei, Jin Hui Li, Yun Dong, and Xiao Ping Lin. "Wear Performance of the Plasma Sprayed Fine WC-Co Composite Powders Coatings." Advanced Materials Research 454 (January 2012): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.454.144.

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WC/Co; Composite coating; Plasma spraying; Friction and wear Abstract: WC- Co composite powders were synthesized by direct mechanical grinding in a rotary-vibration mill under 8h, and then analyzed by SEM and XRD. WC and WC/Co composite coatings were prepared by supersonic plasma spraying fine WC-Co composite powders. The wear and friction properties of both coatings were evaluated. The results showed that the wear resistance of the WC/Co composite coating was superior to that of the WC coating. The improvement in wear resistance of the WC/Co composite coating was attributed to its higher fracture toughness and adhesion strength as well as better thermal diffusivity. As for the WC/Co composite coating, the mechanism was mainly adhesion with micro-abrasion and fatigued-induced brittle fracture within splats, and the delamination along splat boundaries only occurred at high load. However, the failure of the WC coating was predominantly detachment of transferred film and brittle fracture within the splats and delamination along splat boundaries, which were enhanced with the increasing load.
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43

Im, Hoo Soon, Jah Mahn Hur, and Wan Jae Lee. "Effects of Inhibitors on the Synthesization of WC/Co Composite Powders by Mechanochemical Method." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 1177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.1177.

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Nano-sized WC particles in WC/Co composite powders were synthesized by mechanochemical method. The raw powders(WO3, Co3O4, VC, Cr3C2 and graphite) were mixed by planetary milling with ethyl alcohol for 30 hours. The compositions were WC-10 and -20 wt% Co after reduction and carburization. The powders of VC and Cr3C2 were added as the inhibitors to inhibit the formation of nano-sized WC particles. The direct reduction and carburization of the oxides with carbon were carried at 900°C for 1 to 3 hours under flowing Ar gas. The resultant powders were compacted and sintered at 1300~1360°C for 0.5 hour. The degree of the direct reduction and carburization of the mixed powders increased with the reaction time. The mean size of WC particles in WC/Co composite powders was about 16 nm, and the mean size of WC/Co composite powders was about 240 nm. In WC-10 and -20 wt% Co, the sintered compacts shrank by 16% and 24%, respectively. The mean sizes of WC in WC/Co composite powders were about 50 and 30 nm.
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44

Wang, Y. Y., Y. F. Gong, T. F. Sun, P. F. Ni, Z. Liu, G. H. Gao, and C. J. Li. "Effect of Powder Size and Volume Fraction of WC on the Microstructure of Laser Cladding WC-NiCrBSi Composite Coatings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.105.

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WC-NiCrBSi composite coatings on 0.45 % carbon steel were fabricated by laser cladding. The volume fraction (33, 43 and 60 vol. %) of WC particles with the powder size of 2 μm, 5 μm and 50 μm were added respectively into NiCrBSi powders to deposit composite coatings. The microstructure of the powders and the coatings were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results show that the compactness and uniformity of the coatings are good when WC particles size was 2 μm and 5 μm. However nonuniform distribution and deposit of WC particles on the bottom of the coating will occur when the powder size of WC particles was 50 μm and the volume fraction of WC was 33 %. When the volume of WC addition was higher than 60 %, the volume fraction of the retained WC particles in the coatings is obviously decreased. The dissolving and decomposing of WC increase with decreasing the powder size and increasing the volume of WC addition and the laser power.
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45

Lyu, Xingxing, Xiaosong Jiang, Hongliang Sun, and Zhenyi Shao. "Microstructure and mechanical properties of WC–Ni multiphase ceramic materials with NiCl2·6H2O as a binder." Nanotechnology Reviews 9, no. 1 (June 13, 2020): 543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0044.

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AbstractHigh-density WC–Ni composite ceramics were prepared by cold isostatic pressing–vacuum pressureless sintering–hot isostatic pressing with tungsten carbide (WC) powder and NiCl2·6H2O as a binder. Results show that with an increase in the contents of Ni in the metal binder phase, the relative density of WC–Ni composite ceramics is improved, and the formation of the carbon-deficient W2C phase is reduced. There is no W2C generated in the WC–1 wt% Ni material. At high temperatures, the Ni phase changes into the liquid phase and enters between the WC particles, thereby promoting the close alignment of the WC particles. Moreover, the WC particles will be more closely aligned under their own surface tension and capillary action, thereby promoting the densification of WC–Ni composite ceramics. The WC–0.5 wt% Ni composite ceramics are fully dense and show the best comprehensive performance with a microhardness of 23.0 GPa, a fracture toughness of 5.28 MPa m1/2, and a flexural strength of 1,396.58 MPa. WC–Ni composite ceramics are mainly composed of elongated triangular prism WC particles and Ni phase. Transgranular fracture was the main fracture mode of WC–Ni multiphase ceramic materials with a small amount of intergranular fracture due to the existence of the Ni phase. Such a fracture mode can increase the flexural strength of the composite material.
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46

Joo, Ijin, Min-Sun Kwak, Dae Hyun Park, and Soon Ho Yoon. "Fully automated waist circumference measurement on abdominal CT: Comparison with manual measurements and potential value for identifying overweight and obesity as an adjunct output of CT scan." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): e0254704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254704.

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Objective Waist circumference (WC) is a widely accepted anthropometric parameter of central obesity. We investigated a fully automated body segmentation algorithm for measuring WC on abdominal computed tomography (CT) in comparison to manual WC measurements (WC-manual) and evaluated the performance of CT-measured WC for identifying overweight/obesity. Materials and methods This retrospective study included consecutive adults who underwent both abdominal CT scans and manual WC measurements at a health check-up between January 2013 and November 2019. Mid-waist WCs were automatically measured on noncontrast axial CT images using a deep learning-based body segmentation algorithm. The associations between CT-measured WC and WC-manual was assessed by Pearson correlation analysis and their agreement was assessed through Bland-Altman analysis. The performance of these WC measurements for identifying overweight/obesity (i.e., body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2) was evaluated using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. Results Among 763 subjects whose abdominal CT scans were analyzed using a fully automated body segmentation algorithm, CT-measured WCs were successfully obtained in 757 adults (326 women; mean age, 54.3 years; 64 women and 182 men with overweight/obesity). CT-measured WC was strongly correlated with WC-manual (r = 0.919, p < 0.001), and showed a mean difference of 6.1 cm with limits of agreement between -1.8 cm and 14.0 cm in comparison to WC-manual. For identifying overweight/obesity, CT-measured WC showed excellent performance, with areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of 0.960 (95% CI, 0.933–0.979) in women and 0.909 (95% CI, 0.878–0.935) in men, which were comparable to WC-manual (AUCs of 0.965 [95% CI, 0.938–0.982] and 0.916 [95% CI, 0.886–0.941]; p = 0.735 and 0.437, respectively). Conclusion CT-measured WC using a fully automated body segmentation algorithm was closely correlated with manually-measured WC. While radiation issue may limit its general use, it can serve as an adjunctive output of abdominal CT scans to identify overweight/obesity.
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Wang, Kui, Yi Deng, and Xia Hua Jiang. "Decoupling Economic Development and Water Consumption: An Empirical Analysis in China between 1997 and 2008." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 2979–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2979.

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In order to explore the relationship between water consumption (WC) and economic growth (EG) in China, this paper introduced the concepts related with decoupling in the fields of resources and environmental research to define the decoupling EG from WC. Furthermore, the assessing approach was built up and a coefficient was proposed to estimate the decoupling degree. Afterwards, the relations between WC and EG from 1997 to 2008 were investigated. The results show strong decoupling of agricultural WC from GDP of primary industry and weak decoupling of WC from EG. It can be concluded that agricultural WC plays an important role to improve the decoupling degree between WC and EG.
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48

Xu, Rui Dong, Jun Li Wang, and Zhong Cheng Guo. "Oxygen Evolution Kinetic Parameters of Electrodeposited Composite Inert Electrodes." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 1385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.1385.

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Pb/WC-ZrO2, Pb/Ag-WC-ZrO2, Pb/WC-ZrO2-CeO2 composite inert electrodes were prepared on aluminum alloy substrate by electrodeposition method from fluorboric bath containing suspension of WC, ZrO2, CeO2 and Ag particles. The stable state polarization curves of oxygen evolution and liner regression curves were obtained. Compared with Pb-1%Ag alloy, the oxygen evolution overpotential of Pb/10.02%WC-3.58%ZrO2, Pb/0.84%Ag-10.01%WC-3.64%ZrO2 and Pb/5.84%WC-2.29%ZrO2-1.32%CeO2 inert electrodes is lower in the range of 12-27mV, the exchange current density is higher two magnitudes above, showing that their catalytic activity of oxygen evolution is better.
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49

Ma, Ning, Keke Zhang, Danqing Yin, Di Zhao, Zhiwei Zhu, and Fuxing Ye. "Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured WC-Co/Al Powder Prepared by Mechanical Alloying." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9080684.

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Nanostructured WC-Co/Al powder was synthesized from WC-12Co powder and pure Al powder by mechanical alloying (MA). The morphology and microstructural evolution of WC-Co/Al powder were investigated by a series of characterization methods. The results showed that theβ-Co phase in the initial WC-12Co powder was replaced by the AlxCo phases (such as Al9Co2and Al13Co4). As the ball milling time increased, the average grain size of WC in the WC-Co/Al powder decreased firstly and then remained at a constant value of around 40 nm. The deposition behavior of powders sprayed by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying was investigated. During spraying, the WC-Co/Al powder had a better flattening than the WC-12Co powder without ball milling, which is beneficial to fabricate compact coatings with lower porosity.
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50

Kim, Daeup, Young Choi, Yongil Kim, and Seungboo Jung. "Characteristics of Nanophase WC and WC-3 wt% (Ni, Co, and Fe) Alloys Using a Rapid Sintering Process for the Application of Friction Stir Processing Tools." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/343619.

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Microstructures and mechanical characteristics of tungsten carbide- (WC-) based alloys, that is, WC, WC-3 wt% Ni, WC-3 wt% Co, and WC-3 wt% Fe, fabricated using a spark plasma sintering (SPS) method for the application of friction stir processing tools were evaluated. The sintered bodies with a diameter of 66 mm showed relative densities of up to 99% with an average particle size of 0.26~0.41 μm under a pressure condition of 60 MPa with an electric current for 35 min without noticeable grain growth during sintering. Even though no phase changes were observed after the ball milling process the phases of W2C andWC1-xappeared in all sintered samples after sintering. The Vickers hardness and fracture toughness of the WC, WC-3 wt% Ni, WC-3 wt% Co, and WC-3 wt% Fe samples ranged from 2,240 kg mm2to 2,730 kg mm2and from 6.3 MPa·m1/2to 9.1 MPa·m1/2, respectively.
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