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Dondi, Francesco, Kateryna Vasylyeva, Federica Serafini, Marta Gruarin, Roberta Troìa, Massimo Giunti, and Chiara Agnoli. "Heinz body–related interference with leukocyte and erythrocyte variables obtained by an automated hematology analyzer in cats." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 31, no. 5 (July 10, 2019): 704–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638719863088.
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Heinz bodies (HBs) are known to interfere with automated hematology in cats, particularly with the white blood cell (WBC) count. We evaluated the influence of feline HBs on the complete blood count (CBC) results obtained using a flow cytometry–based analyzer. We retrospectively selected cats with circulating HBs and reviewed the results of their CBCs, including red blood cell (RBC) indices, basophil/lobularity (Baso) WBC count (WBCB), peroxidase (Perox) WBC count (WBCP), and cytograms. Based on the presence or absence of HB-related artifacts in their Baso cytogram, cats were grouped into Baso-HBs and HBs groups, respectively, for comparison. The WBCB and WBCP were compared to manual counts of WBCs carried out on blood smears at 400× (MC-WBC). We included 32 cats in our study: 9 of 32 were in the Baso-HBs group, and 23 of 32 were in the HBs group. Baso-HBs cats had a significantly increased HB percentage ( p < 0.001), WBCB ( p < 0.001), difference between WBCB and WBCP ( p < 0.001), lymphocyte count ( p < 0.001), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration ( p < 0.001), and difference between calculated and measured erythrocyte hemoglobin concentrations ( p < 0.001) compared to HBs cats. In Baso-HBs cats, the WBCB was significantly higher than the WBCP ( p = 0.02); no significant difference was detected between the WBCP and the MC-WBC ( p = 0.88). Evaluation of automated CBC results raised the suspicion of HB-related interference when using a hematology analyzer in cats; hence, blood smear examination remains essential in routine practice.
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Adu-Gyasi, Dennis, Kwaku Poku Asante, Sam Newton, Sabastina Amoako, David Dosoo, Love Ankrah, George Adjei, Seeba Amenga-Etego, and Seth Owusu-Agyei. "Malaria Parasite Density Estimated with White Blood Cells Count Reference Value Agrees with Density Estimated with Absolute in Children Less Than 5 Years in Central Ghana." Malaria Research and Treatment 2015 (April 7, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/923674.
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Introduction. The estimation of malaria parasite density using a microscope heavily relies on White Blood Cells (WBCs) counts. An assumed WBCs count of 8000/µL has been accepted as reasonably accurate in estimating malaria parasite densities due to the challenge to accurately determine WBCs count. Method. The study used 4944 pieces of laboratory data of consented participants of age group less than 5 years. The study compared parasite densities of absolute WBCs, assumed WBCs, and the WBCs reference values in Central Ghana. Ethical approvals were given by three ethics committees. Results. The mean (±SD) WBCs and geometric mean parasite density (GMPD) were 10500/µL (±4.1) and 10644/µL (95% CI 9986/µL to 11346/µL), respectively. The difference in the GMPD compared using absolute WBCs and densities of assumed WBCs was significantly lower. The difference in GMPD obtained with an assumed WBCs count and that of the WBCs reference values for the study area, 10400/µL and 9200/µL for children in different age groups, were not significant. Discussion. Significant errors could result when assumed WBCs count is used to estimate malaria parasite density in children. GMPD generated with WBCs reference values statistically agreed with density from the absolute WBCs. When obtaining absolute WBC is not possible, the reference value can be used to estimate parasite density.
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Herron, Connie. "Know your WBCs." Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! 10, no. 1 (2012): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nme.0000408238.43869.e2.
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Auletta, S., D. Riolo, M. Varani, C. Lauri, F. Galli, and A. Signore. "Labelling and Clinical Performance of Human Leukocytes Labelled with 99mTc-HMPAO Using Leukokit® with Gelofusine versus Leukokit® with HES as Sedimentation Agent." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2019 (March 25, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4368342.
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The scintigraphy with radiolabelled autologous leukocytes (WBCs) is considered the gold-standard technique for imaging infections. Leukokit® is a commercially available, disposable, sterile kit for labelling WBCs ex vivo. In this kit, WBCs isolation from red blood cells (RBCs) was performed using poly(O-2-hydroxyethyl)starch (HES) as the RBCs sedimentation agent. Due to its poor availability, HES has been recently replaced by Gelofusine as the RBC sedimentation agent. The aim of this study was to compare the labelling efficiency and the diagnostic accuracy of WBCs labelled with Leukokit® with HES vs Leukokit® with Gelofusine. WBCs were isolated using HES or Gelofusine for 45 minutes and then purified from platelets (PLTs) and labelled with 1.1 ± 0.3 GBq of freshly prepared 99mTc-HMPAO. The following parameters were evaluated: the number and type of recovered WBCs, RBCs contamination, PLTs contamination, vitality of neutrophils, and chemotactic properties of neutrophils. Clinical comparison was performed between 80 patients (33 males; age 67.5 ± 14.2) injected with 99mTc-HMPAO-WBCs, using HES as the sedimentation agent, and 92 patients (38 males; age 68.2 ± 12.8) injected with 99mTc-HMPAO-WBCs using Gelofusine as the sedimentation agent. Patients were affected by prosthetic joint infections, peripheral bone osteomyelitis, or vascular graft infection. We compared radiolabelling efficiency (LE), final recovery yield (RY), and diagnostic outcome based on microbiology or 2-year follow-up. Results showed that HES provides the lowest RBCs and PLTs contamination, but Gelofusine provides the highest WBC recovery. Both agents did not influence the chemotactic properties of WBCs, and no differences were found in terms of LE and RY. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were also not significantly different for WBCs labelled with both agents (diagnostic accuracy 90.9%, CI = 74.9–96.1 vs 98.3%, CI = 90.8–100, for HES and Gelofusine, respectively). In conclusion, Gelofusine can be considered a suitable alternative of HES for WBCs separation and labelling.
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Ghannadiasl, Fatemeh. "Associations between white blood cells count and obesity in apparently healthy young adults." Nutrition & Food Science 50, no. 6 (January 4, 2020): 1013–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-08-2019-0270.
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Purpose The elevated white blood cells (WBCs) count has been reported to be a predictor of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome. This study aims to determine the associations between WBCs count and obesity in apparently healthy young adults. Design/methodology/approach In this cross-sectional study, the authors evaluated the body mass index (BMI) in 392 apparently healthy young adults of both sexes. The WBCs count was measured using standard counter techniques. The inclusion criteria were the agreement to participate in the study, between 18 and 25 years of age, lack of self-reported diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, kidney and infectious diseases. Findings According to the BMI classification, underweight and overweight or obesity were observed in 14.58 and 11.48 per cent of young adults, respectively. The mean WBC was 6.5 ± 1.5 (×10³ cells/µL). Higher values of WBCs were found in women than in men (p = 0.02). The young adults with higher BMI had a higher WBCs count. There was a positive correlation between WBCs count and weight and BMI (r = 0.19 and r = 0.22, p < 0.001, respectively). Research limitations/implications This research was a cross-sectional study. Future studies are suggested using longitudinal studies to examine more relationships between obesity and WBCs count in apparently healthy young adults. Practical implications The results of this study provide evidence for weight management in this age group to reduce diseases associated with increased WBCs count. Originality/value The WBCs count was related to increasing levels of BMI per cent 2 C even in the normal range.
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Shezadi, Anjam, Muhammad Shahbaz, Irfan Baboo, Faiza Shakir, and Misbah Shoukat. "Traffic Related Air Pollution Exposure Effect on Circulating White Blood Cell Counts in Healthy Individuals." Journal of Bioresource Management 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35691/jbm.1202.0170.
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During this short term study a total of 110 samples were collected from the selected individuals of study area. This study was aimed to count the White blood cells in the blood samples of individuals, who were mostly exposed to exhaust fumes (air pollution), like traffic constables, cooks and shopkeepers. For this purpose blood samples were taken into an evacuee container having anticoagulant Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) so to prevent coagulation of blood, for the count of WBCs, heamocyto-meter was used. During the study the body mass index and blood pressure was also measured by digital blood pressure measuring apparatus. Samples were observed under the microscope. It was found that 15% (13,133±2544.081) sampled individuals had increased WBCs and 85% (7821±1482.76) normal WBCs. In female samples 50% (11900±2151.27) were observed with above range of WBCs and other 50% (8540±844.39) with normal range of WBCs count, non-had WBCs count lower than the normal WBCs. Mostly had normal and few had above the range. One way ANOVA has been used to analyze connection of exposure to air pollution with counts of circulating white blood cells.
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Lazarchick, J. "Fungal Inclusions in WBCs." ASH Image Bank 2002, no. 1015 (October 15, 2002): 100502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/ashimagebank-2002-100502.
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Lam, Xin-Hui, Kok-Why Ng, Yih-Jian Yoong, and Seng-Beng Ng. "WBC-based segmentation and classification on microscopic images: a minor improvement." F1000Research 10 (November 17, 2021): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73315.1.
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Introduction White blood cells (WBCs) are immunity cells which fight against viruses and bacteria in the human body. Microscope images of captured WBCs for processing and analysis are important to interpret the body condition. At present, there is no robust automated method to segment and classify WBCs images with high accuracy. This paper aims to improve on WBCs image segmentation and classification method. Methods A triple thresholding method was proposed to segment the WBCs; meanwhile, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based binary classification model that adopts transfer learning technique was proposed to detect and classify WBCs as a healthy or a malignant. The input dataset of this research work is the Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Image Database (ALL-IDB). The process first converts the captured microscope images into HSV format for obtaining the H component. Otsu thresholding is applied to segment the WBC area. A 13 × 13 kernel with two iterations was used to apply morphological opening on image to ameliorate output results. Collected cell masks were used to detect the contour of each cell on the original image. To classify WBCs into a healthy or a malignant category, characteristics and conditions of WBCs are to be examined. A transfer learning technique and pre-trained InceptionV3 model were employed to extract the features from the images for classification. Results The proposed WBCs segmentation method yields 90.45% accuracy, 83.81% of the structural similarity index, 76.25% of the dice similarity coefficient, and is computationally efficient. The accuracy of fine-tuned classifier model for training, validation and test sets are 93.27%, 92.31% and 96.15% respectively. The obtained results are high in accuracy and precision are over 96% and with lower loss value. Discussion Triple thresholding outperforms K-means clustering in segmenting smaller dataset. Pre-trained InceptionV3 model and transfer learning improve the flexibility and ability of classifier.
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Mohd Safuan, Syadia Nabilah, Mohd Razali Md Tomari, and Wan Nurshazwani Wan Zakaria. "Cross Validation Analysis of Convolutional Neural Network Variants with Various White Blood Cells Datasets for the Classification Task." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 18, no. 02 (February 16, 2022): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v18i02.27321.
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White Blood Cells (WBCs) analysis is an important procedure to detect diseases is that closely related to human immunity system. Manual WBCs analysis is laborious and hence computer aided system (CAD) is a better option to alleviate the shortcoming. Since conventional segmentation-classification approach is tedious to configure, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) become recent trend for WBCs classification. Previously, there are many works proposed for WBCs identification. However, the models that can be generalised to works well among various datasets is remain vague. In this paper, an analysis of various CNN models which are simple Alexnet, embedded friendly Mobilenet, inception based Googlenet, systematic architecture VGG-16 and skip connection based model (Resnet & Densenet), are tested with three major WBCs datasets (Kaggle, LISC and IDB-2). From the rigorous experiments, it can be concluded that simple CNN model of Alexnet performs well across all three datasets with 98.08% accuracy on Kaggle, 96.34% accuracy on IDB-2 and 84.52% on LISC. This outcome can be utilise as a basis to improve the CNN classification model that can be generalize to works under various WBCs datasets.
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Kim, Eun-Mi, Hwan-Jeong Jeong, Seok-Tae Lim, and Myung-Hee Sohn. "Analysis of Cell Fraction of 99mTc-HMPAO Radiolabeled Leukocytes." Current Radiopharmaceuticals 13, no. 2 (August 3, 2020): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874471013666200510015742.
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Purpose: 99mTc-HMPAO radiolabeled autologous leukocyte scintigraphy is routinely used clinically for infection imaging. Leukocytes are mostly separated via sedimentation. It is unknown whether leukocytes are clearly separated by sedimentation or selectively labeled. Therefore, in this study, the blood cell numbers were investigated after leukocyte radiolabeling to identify the cells strongly radiolabeled by 99mTc-HMPAO. Methods: This study was performed with leftover blood samples of the patients who underwent 99mTc-HMPAO scintigraphy at Chonbuk National University Hospital (2018-2019). The blood of 22 patients was drawn for 99mTc-HMPAO scintigraphy. WBCs were separated via conventional sedimentation at our clinic and radiolabeled. The concentration of cell components was determined using an automatic hematology analyzer. The cells in the final sample injectate sample were separated using Histopaque and counted with a dose calibrator. Results: The average numbers of RBCs, WBCs, and PLTs in the final injection sample were 79 ± 33, 23.26 ± 11.95, and 229.5 ± 206.57 x 103/μL, respectively. The PLT number was almost 10-fold the number of WBCs. The number of RBCs was nearly 3-fold higher than WBCs [RBC/WBC ratio = 4.67 ± 3.58, and PLT/WBC ratio = 10.65 ± 12.46]. Following Histopaque separation, the activity of each layer showed 99mTc-HMPAO labeling of WBC > RBC > PLT in order. The total activity/cell numbers of WBCs, RBCs and PLTs were 0.016 ± 0.010, 0.005 ± 0.005 and 0.003 ± 0.002, respectively (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Although the numbers of RBCs and PLTs were highly increased after sedimentation, their individual cellular activity was lower than that of WBCs. 99mTc-HMPAO was more selective to WBCs than RBCs or PLTs. In conclusion, a higher number of WBCs were radiolabeled compared with RBCs and PLTs.
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Stroncek, David F., Lu Xing, Quyen Chau, Nausheen Zia, Alyce McKelvy, Leigh Pracht, Marianna Sabatino, and Ping Jin. "Stability of cryopreserved white blood cells (WBCs) prepared for donor WBC infusions." Transfusion 51, no. 12 (June 9, 2011): 2647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03210.x.
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Dzik, WH, and P. Szuflad. "Method for counting white cells (WBCs) in WBC-reduced red cell concentrates." Transfusion 33, no. 3 (March 1993): 272–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1537-2995.1993.33393174458.x.
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King, William, Krista Toler, and Jennifer Woodell-May. "Role of White Blood Cells in Blood- and Bone Marrow-Based Autologous Therapies." BioMed Research International 2018 (July 10, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6510842.
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There has been significant debate over the role of white blood cells (WBCs) in autologous therapies, with several groups suggesting that WBCs are purely inflammatory. Misconceptions in the practice of biologic orthopedics result in the simplified principle that platelets deliver growth factors, WBCs cause inflammation, and the singular value of bone marrow is the stem cells. The aim of this review is to address these common misconceptions which will enable better development of future orthopedic medical devices. WBC behavior is adaptive in nature and, depending on their environment, WBCs can hinder or induce healing. Successful tissue repair occurs when platelets arrive at a wound site, degranulate, and release growth factors and cytokines which, in turn, recruit WBCs to the damaged tissue. Therefore, a key role of even pure platelet-rich plasma is to recruit WBCs to a wound. Bone marrow contains a complex mixture of vascular cells, white blood cells present at much greater concentrations than in blood, and a small number of progenitor cells and stem cells. The negative results observed for WBC-containing autologous therapies in vitro have not translated to human clinical studies. With an enhanced understanding of the complex WBC biology, the next generation of biologics will be more specific, likely resulting in improved effectiveness.
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Taha, Elmutaz H., Mohammed Elshiekh, Abdelrahim Alborai, Elnagi Y. Hajo, Abdelmohisen Hussein, Kamal M. Awad, Ibrahim A. Ali, and Omer A. Musa. "Normal range of white blood cells and differential count of Sudanese in Khartoum state." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 5, no. 4 (July 23, 2018): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20183116.
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Background: The normal physiological range for white blood cells and differential count are essential for diagnosis, treatment, follow up and screening. This study aimed at establishing the reference ranges of WBCs and differential count in Sudanese people.Methods: The present study included 444 healthy adult Sudanese from both sexes with age range of 20 – 60 years. Blood samples were obtained from brachial veins and drawn in EDTA tubes. WBCs and differential count were analyzed using Sysmex KX-21 automated hematology analyzer. Full clinical examination was performed, weight and height were measured, and BMI was calculated.Results: The mean WBC count was 5.1±1.5×103/ µl with a range of 3.6 ×103/µl to 6.6 ×103/µl. The mean WBCs count for males and females were 4.969×103/µl and 5.138×103/µl respectively. Neutrophils count was 2.430×103/µl (47%) and mean for lymphocyte count was 2.116×103/µl (41.1%).Conclusions: WBCs count was directly proportional to BMI. The WBCs count of Sudanese people was lower than that of Caucasians and similar to reports from other African countries.
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Pandi, Dinagarapandi, Saravanan Kothandaraman, and Mohan Kuppusamy. "Simulation of Water Balance Components Using SWAT Model at Sub Catchment Level." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 1438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021438.
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Simulation of Water Balance Components (WBCs) is import for sustainable water resources development and management. The Soil Water and Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a semi-distributed hydrological model to estimate the WBCs by forcing the hydrological response unit (HRU) and meteorological variables. The developed model simulates five WBCs viz. surface runoff, lateral flow, percolation, actual evapotranspiration and soil water at sub catchment level. To demonstrate the model compatibility a case study taken over Chittar catchment, Tamilnadu, India. The catchment was divided in to 11 sub catchments. The ten year interval LULC (i.e., 2001 and 2011), twenty year daily meteorological data (i.e., 2001–2020) and time invariant soil and slope data were used in developing the water balance model. Developed model was calibrated and evaluated with river gauge monthly discharging using SUFI-2 algorithm in SWAT-CUP. The model calibration performed in two stage i.e., pre-calibration (2001–2003) and post-calibration (2004–2010). The model performance was evaluated with unseen river gauge discharging data (i.e., 2011–2015). Then, results of statistical outputs for the model were coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.75 in pre-calibration, 0.94 in post-calibration and 0.81 in validation. Further strengthen the model confidential level the sub catchments level monthly actual evapotranspiration were compared with gridded global data GLEAM v3.6a. Finally, the developed model was simulate the five WBCs whereas, surface runoff, lateral flow, percolation, actual evapotranspiration and soil water at sub catchment level during 2001–2020. The sub catchment level WBCs trend helps to make fast and accurate decision. At all 11 sub catchments a long drought was observed during 2016–2018 due to failure of northeast monsoon. The WBCs were directly reinforced by their north east monsoon which gives the major portion of rainfall i.e., September to December. Hence all the WBCs were directly correlated with rainfall with or without time lag. By understanding the sub catchment level of monthly WBCs over the Chittar catchment is useful for land and water resource management.
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Mustafa, Bestoon Taha, Sardar P. Yaba, and Asaad Hamid Ismail. "Experimental Evaluation of the Static Magnetic Field Effect on White Blood Cells: In Vivo Study." Materials Science Forum 1002 (July 2020): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1002.412.
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In this study, we investigated the effect of the static magnetic field (SMF) on white blood cells (WBCs) for female albino rats using a fabricated exposure system of SMFs. Five main groups of animals exposed to 2.4±0.2 milli-Tesla (mT) for four weeks continuously. Five main groups (each group = 4 subgroups) have exposed to a different time of exposure; 1hr, 2hrs, 4hrs, 6hrs and 8hrs/day, respectively. Collected blood samples examined and compared with control values. The results proved that the time of exposure influences the WBCs significantly. One hour of exposure has increased the WBCs counts tremendously (from 50%-79%) in all weeks. However, the 8hrs of exposure reduced WBCs counts highly (from 71%-51%). The 3 weeks exposure trend was an increase, except the 8hrs/day exposure.
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Abdelazeem, Rania M., and Dahi Ghareab Abdelsalam Ibrahim. "Discrimination between normal and cancer white blood cells using holographic projection technique." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): e0276239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276239.
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White blood cells (WBCs) play a vital role in the diagnosis of many blood diseases. Such diagnosis is based on the morphological analysis of blood microscopic images which is performed manually by skilled hematologist. However, this method has many drawbacks, such as the dependence on the hematologist’s skill, slow performance, and varying accuracy. Therefore, in the current study, a new optical method for discrimination between normal and cancer WBCs of peripheral blood film (PBF) images is presented. This method is based on holographic projection technique which is able to provide an accurate and fast optical reconstruction method of WBCs floating in the air. Besides, it can provide a 3D visualization map of one WBC with its characterization parameters from only a single 2D hologram. To achieve that, at first, WBCs are accurately segmented from the microscopic PBF images using a developed in-house MATLAB code. Then, their associated phase computer-generated holograms (CGHs) are calculated using the well-known iterative Fourier transform algorithm (IFTA). Within the utilized algorithm, a speckle noise reduction technique, based on temporal multiplexing of spatial frequencies, is applied to minimize the speckle noise across the reconstruction plane. Additionally, a special hologram modulation is added to the calculated holograms to provide a 3D visualization map of one WBC, and discriminate normal and cancer WBCs. Finally, the calculated phase-holograms are uploaded on a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) for optical reconstruction. The optical reconstruction of such phase-holograms yields precise representation of normal and cancer WBCs. Moreover, a 3D visualization map of one WBC with its characterization parameters is provided. Therefore, the proposed technique can be used as a valuable tool for interpretation and analysis of WBCs, this in turn could provide an improvement in diagnosis and prognosis of blood diseases.
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Härtl, Roger, Ludwig Schürer, Geert W. Schmid-Schönbein, and Gregory J. del Zoppo. "Experimental Antileukocyte Interventions in Cerebral Ischemia." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 16, no. 6 (November 1996): 1108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199611000-00004.
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White blood cells (WBCs) play vital roles in host defense. Recently, increasing interest has been directed toward the question of whether WBCs, particularly polymorphonuclear leukocytes, could also act as mediators of secondary brain damage in the setting of focal and global cerebral ischemia with and without reperfusion. Considerable insight into the importance of WBC-mediated tissue injury has been gained from studies employing antileukocyte interventions in experimental cerebral ischemia. The purpose of this article is to survey the different approaches taken to interfere with WBC inflammatory function. Emphasis is laid on a discussion of the efficacy of these interventions, their effects and side effects on cerebral and systemic parameters, and the power of evidence they provide for identification of WBCs as important factors in cerebral ischemia. The role of WBCs has been investigated in a great variety of global and focal cerebral ischemia models with and without reperfusion, leading to spmetimes contradictory results. In the light of currently available data, it seems likely that WBCs contribute to secondary brain damage in the scenario of experimental transient focal cerebral ischemia, if the insult is not too severe.
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Salih, Thair Ali, and Ibrahim Mohammed Younus. "WBCs Segmentation and Identification System using PCA and PNN." Circulation in Computer Science 2, no. 9 (October 20, 2017): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22632/ccs-2017-252-52.
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Numerous diseases can be diagnosed based on the number of cells for each class of White Blood cells (WBCs) in the blood, therefore extracting information about that is considered very important for hematologists. the types of WBCs are Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocyte and Lymphocyte; Each one of these classes is different from the other in the size and the shape of nucleus. This paper aimed to present automatic medical diagnostic system has the ability to segment the WBC from other components in microscopic blood images (95.65% accuracy rate of segmentation process) and then identify each type of WBCs using Principle Component Analyses (PCA) which is used for feature extraction operation then these extracted features are applied to the Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) to classify the extracted features to the five classes of WBCs (94% accuracy rate of identification process). This system is implemented under the MATLAB® (version R2012b) platform.
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Thatte, Shreya, Rimpi Rana, and Neeraj Gaur. "Appraisal of Bleb Using Trio of Intraocular Pressure, Morphology on Slit Lamp, and Gonioscopy." Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases 8 (January 2016): OED.S40388. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/oed.s40388.
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Purpose The aim of this study was to assess bleb function using Wuerzburg bleb classification score (WBCS) for bleb morphology on slit lamp, intraocular pressure (IOP), and gonioscopy. Methods A total of randomly selected 30 eyes posttrabeculectomy were assessed for bleb function with the trio of bleb morphology, IOP, and gonioscopy. Bleb was assessed using the WBCS of 0–12 on slit lamp, IOP was assessed using applanation tonometry, and visualization of inner ostium and iridectomy were assessed using gonioscopy. Postoperative patients of less than six weeks were excluded from the study. Results The correlation between WBCS and the duration of trabeculectomy was found to be highly significant ( P value = 0.029). The correlation of IOP with WBCS was also found to be strongly positive ( P = 0.000). IOP was found to be highly associated with peripheral iridectomy ( P = 0.000), internal window ( P = 0.001), and bleb characteristics.
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Firrell, J. C., and H. H. Lipowsky. "Leukocyte margination and deformation in mesenteric venules of rat." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 256, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): H1667—H1674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1989.256.6.h1667.
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White blood cell (WBC) margination and rolling were studied in venules (20-60 microns in diameter) in rat mesentery to examine the relationship between WBC rolling velocity (Vwbc), flux (Fwbc, cells/min), and deformation; and red blood cell (RBC) velocity (Vrbc), wall shear rate (gamma), and microvessel hematocrit (Hmicro). For a range of 1.0 less than or equal to Vrbc less than or equal to 5.0 mm/s, Vwbc remained constant (congruent to 50 microns/s). The volume flux of WBCs rolling along the venular wall (normalized to systemic WBC concentration) decreased nonlinearly from 30 to 5% of total luminal flux as gamma ranged from 50 to 800 s-1 and was more strongly correlated with gamma compared with Fwbc vs. gamma. As indicated by the rolling volumetric flux, margination was weakly affected by Hmicro, except for Hmicro greater than 50% where margination increased. Deformation of WBCs was quantitated during their rolling contact with the endothelium (EC) in terms of their length and height. As gamma increased from 50 to 800 s-1, WBCs elongated to 140% of their estimated undeformed diameter, and the contact area between WBC and EC increased 3.6-fold. These data suggest that with increased gamma rolling of WBCs along the EC decreases, since only the most deformable WBCs of the circulating population persist in maintaining contact with the endothelium. It is concluded that Vwbc is invariant with elevations in gamma, since the greater deformations of rolling WBCs at high shear result in greater adhesive forces attendant to increased WBC-EC contact area, which attenuate increases in Vwbc.
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Ahmed, Wafa Mubarak M., Abdurrahman Khalid, and O. A. Musa. "Effect of pregnancy on packed cell volume and total white blood cells count among Sudanese pregnant women attending antenatal care at Ribat University Hospital (Khartoum state)." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 2 (January 23, 2018): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20180150.
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Background: During pregnancy the women undergo several structural and physiological changes almost in all body systems including the hematological profile. The main reported hematological change is the plasma expansion and haemodilution which affect the red blood cells(RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) count in addition to other hematological indices including packed cell volume (PCV). The objective of this study was to assess the effect of pregnancy on packed cell volume and white blood cells among Sudanese pregnant women and derive a formula for the normal values in pregnant women in relation to the packed cell volume.Methods: An analytical case control study was conducted in Khartoum state, Sudan 2017. The study included20 Sudanese pregnant women in the second and third trimesters attending the antenatal care at The National Ribat university hospital and 20 Sudanese non-pregnant women in the same age group as control. A questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and clinical data.5ml of venous blood was collected in a container containing EDTA. Complete blood count (CBC) was measured by using automated cell counter Sysmex.Results: There was statistically significant decrease in PCV value during 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy compared to the non-pregnant control group with p values (0.00 and 0.04 respectively), and statistically significant increase in WBCs count during 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy compared to the non-pregnant control group with p values (0.04 and 0.00 respectively). Also, a progressive increase in WBCs count with gestational age was demonstrated (second trimester 6.65×103/uL, third trimester 7.43×103/uL). The results showed mean WBCs of 7.79×103/uL, when compared to the estimated values the results showed no significant difference with the mean WBCs in 2ndand 3rdtrimesters (p value 0.06 and 0.39 respectively).Conclusions: During pregnancy there was statistically significant decrease in PCV values, statistically significant increase in WBCs count and by considering the haemodilution factor there was a higher increase in WBCs count.
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Fay, Meredith E., David R. Myers, Amit Kumar, Rebecca Byler, Todd A. Sulchek, Michael D. Graham, and Wilbur A. Lam. "White Blood Cell Mechanics Mediate Glucocorticoid- and Catecholamine-Induced Demargination." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 3459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.3459.3459.
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Abstract After treatment with glucocorticoids (e.g. dexamethasone) or catecholamines (e.g. epinephrine), the white blood cell (WBC) count substantially increases. This is primarily due to WBCs shifting from the marginated to circulating pools (Nakagawa et al., Circulation, 2008) and is traditionally attributed to down-regulation of adhesion molecule expression (Weber et al., J Leukoc Biol, 2004).Recent research has described how mechanical properties determine the radial position of blood cells within the intravascular space (Reasor et. al, Ann Biomed Eng., 2013). In addition, because WBC demargination occurs rapidly (e.g.,<15 min after IV epinephrine infusion (Dimitrov et al., J Immunol. 2010)) on a timescale that may be shorter than that expected for alterations in gene expression, we hypothesized that alterations in WBC mechanical properties upon exposure to glucocorticoids or catecholamines mediate demargination. To that end, we developed an in vitro microfluidic system as a simplified microvasculature model (Fig 1A), which our laboratory has expertise in (Tsai et al., J Clin Invest., 2008 and Rosenbluth et al., Biophys J. , 2006). In the absence of confounding factors such as WBC release from bone marrow or endothelial interactions, this type of assay is ideally suited to determine the role of glucocorticoid and catecholamine treatment on the demargination of WBCs. By flowing whole blood into similar non-functionalized microfluidic devices, other groups have demonstrated that non-activated WBCs marginate to the microfluidic channel wall, which is likely due to their mechanical properties (Jain et al., PLoS One, 2009). Human whole blood was incubated at 37° C with acridine orange (WBC stain) and either dexamethasone or epinephrine at physiologically relevant concentrations. The blood was then flowed through our microfluidics at physiologic shear rates while confocal videomicroscopy was used to image the center plane of the channel. We developed custom analysis software that extracts the position of individual WBCs from a series of confocal images and plots histograms of their locations, tracking over 10,000 WBCs per experiment (Fig 1B). Overall, we found that both dexamethasone and epinephrine (to a slightly lesser extent) cause WBCs to demarginate from the walls of the vessel compared to control conditions (Fig 1C). This glucocorticoid and catecholamine-induced movement of WBCs toward the microchannel center mimics in vivo demargination and our reductionist microfluidic approach strongly suggests that alterations in WBC mechanics play a key role in this process. Indeed, using computational modeling, we confirmed that a reduction in the mechanical stiffness of WBCs is sufficient by itself to explain the observed demargination (Fig 2A) (Kumar et al., Phys Rev Lett., 2012). Using a range of WBC stiffnesses, our simulations revealed that decreases in WBC stiffness correlated with the degree of demargination. To corroborate our microfluidic data, we also directly measured WBC stiffness using atomic force microscopy. WBCs treated with dexamethasone were significantly softer (p< 0.0002) than control WBCs (Fig 2B), supporting our hypothesis that the demargination phenomenon is related to the biophysical changes in WBCs. Experiments measuring the stiffness of epinephrine-treated cells as well as experiments evaluating how these drugs affect the actin cytoskeleton are currently underway. Overall, our data suggest that WBC mechanics play a major role in glucocorticoid- and catecholamine-induced demargination and that the underlying mechanisms may, at least in part, be biophysical in nature. This novel finding may have important implications in other hematologic processes such as WBC margination and recruitment during inflammatory responses or hematopoietic stem cell mobilization and homing. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Ware, Kenric. "How Similar are Pharmacy Students and White Blood Cells? Curricular Content Reinforced Through Personification." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 10, no. 3 (September 17, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v10i3.2000.
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Description: This initiative sought to evaluate the use of personification to reinforce immunology concepts among pharmacy students. A two-part question posed to first year pharmacy students asked if they could physically become two white blood cells (WBCs), which would they choose and why. Students received instruction in immunology prior to providing their feedback. Demographics included campus of enrollment and gender designation. Student ratings 1 to 5 reflected approval levels toward this activity’s usefulness (1: least; 5 most).
Key Findings: One hundred and ten of 117 students selected two WBCs they would physically become if possible (94%). Less than two-thirds of students were female (63%) and the Columbia campus featured approximately a quarter of the students (24%). The most and least common WBCs chosen, as first selections by campus and gender, were statistically significant being neutrophils and basophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils, respectively. The median approval values of the WBC personification activity by campus and gender were similar and did not reach statistical significance, 4.5 and 5, respectively.
Conclusion: Pharmacy students commended the personification activity for helping them learn the roles and responsibilities of WBCs. Unique and insightful rationales for the choices made for WBCs persisted among the students. In light of these favorable reviews, this type of activity can be adapted to other areas of pharmacy education.
Article Type: Note
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Suzuki, Kazuyuki, Makoto Ishizaki, Osamu Hotta, Ikuo Horigome, Katsuhiko Sudo, Kousei Kurosawa, and Yoshio Taguma. "Usefulness of Dialysate Fibrin Degradation Products and Lactic Dehydrogenase Isoenzyme Patterns in Assessing the Clinical Course of Peritonitis." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 14, no. 3 (July 1994): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686089401400306.
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Objective To establish the usefulness of fibrin degradation products (FDP) and lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns (LDH isoenzyme) in assessing the clinical course of peritonitis. Design A retrospective study of patients with peritonitis who were divided into three groups according to their clinical course. Setting Single dialysis unit of a general hospital. Interventions Patients were treated by intraperitoneal and oral antibiotics. Patients Twenty-six patients with 34 episodes of peritonitis were studied. Group 1 consisted of 21 patients with 26 recoveries from peritonitis; Group 2 consisted of 5 patients with 5 relapsing episodes of peritonitis, and Group 3 consisted of 3 patients with 3 persistent episodes of peritonitis. Main Outcome Measures Concentrations of WBCs, FDP, LDH isoenzyme and microbiological culture of the dialysate were determined. Results In most of Group 1, WBCs, FDP, and LDH isoenzyme returned to normal within 2 weeks. In 4 patients of Group 1, who had complications (diverticulitis, cholecystitis, cystitis, and tunnel infection), WBCs, FDP, and LDH isoenzyme returned to normal gradually within 3 weeks. In Group 2, WBCs returned to normal, but FDP remained relatively high and LDH isoenzyme did not normalize. In Group 3, WBCs, FDP and LDH isoenzyme did not normalize. Conclusions Failure of normalization of FDP and LDH isoenzyme suggests an incomplete recovery from peritonitis. FDP and LDH isoenzyme are useful in assessing the course of peritonitis.
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Adams, PT, RD Davenport, DA Reardon, and MS Roth. "Detection of circulating donor white blood cells in patients receiving multiple transfusions." Blood 80, no. 2 (July 15, 1992): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v80.2.551.551.
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Abstract Significant morbidities are associated with the routine administration of blood products. Although the exact etiology of these complications may be unknown, many are thought to arise from the incidental cotransfusion of “donor” lymphocytes. We have developed an assay to detect small numbers of male white blood cells (WBCs) circulating in female patients who have received multiple blood transfusions using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twenty female patients undergoing major surgical procedures were studied and received an average of 9.3 U of packed red blood cells (4.8 U from male donors) and 11.7 U of platelets (6.1 U from male donors). DNA was extracted from whole blood or peripheral blood buffy coats posttransfusion and PCR performed using oligonucleotides designed to amplify a segment within the repetitive Y- chromosome DYZ1 locus. Posttransfusion, 15 of 20 women showed evidence of circulating male WBCs for an average of 2.0 days (range, 1 to 6). We conclude that (1) DYZ1 PCR analysis is a useful approach for the detection of small numbers of circulating transfused male WBCs in female patients; and (2) circulating donor WBCs persist for a mean of 2.0 days in the majority of women receiving multiple transfusions. Future application of this technique may detect persisting or proliferating WBCs and lead to an improved understanding of common transfusion-related morbidities.
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Adams, PT, RD Davenport, DA Reardon, and MS Roth. "Detection of circulating donor white blood cells in patients receiving multiple transfusions." Blood 80, no. 2 (July 15, 1992): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v80.2.551.bloodjournal802551.
Full textAbstract:
Significant morbidities are associated with the routine administration of blood products. Although the exact etiology of these complications may be unknown, many are thought to arise from the incidental cotransfusion of “donor” lymphocytes. We have developed an assay to detect small numbers of male white blood cells (WBCs) circulating in female patients who have received multiple blood transfusions using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twenty female patients undergoing major surgical procedures were studied and received an average of 9.3 U of packed red blood cells (4.8 U from male donors) and 11.7 U of platelets (6.1 U from male donors). DNA was extracted from whole blood or peripheral blood buffy coats posttransfusion and PCR performed using oligonucleotides designed to amplify a segment within the repetitive Y- chromosome DYZ1 locus. Posttransfusion, 15 of 20 women showed evidence of circulating male WBCs for an average of 2.0 days (range, 1 to 6). We conclude that (1) DYZ1 PCR analysis is a useful approach for the detection of small numbers of circulating transfused male WBCs in female patients; and (2) circulating donor WBCs persist for a mean of 2.0 days in the majority of women receiving multiple transfusions. Future application of this technique may detect persisting or proliferating WBCs and lead to an improved understanding of common transfusion-related morbidities.
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Wang, Zheng, and Dongliang Yuan. "Nonlinear Dynamics of Two Western Boundary Currents Colliding at a Gap." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): 2030–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-05.1.
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Abstract The nonlinear collision of two western boundary currents (WBCs) of equal transport at a gap of the western boundary is studied using a 1.5-layer reduced-gravity quasigeostrophic ocean model. It is found that, when the gap (of width 2a) is narrow, a ≤ 7.3LM (LM the Munk thickness), neither of the WBCs can penetrate into the western basin because of the restriction of the viscous force. When 7.3LM < a < 9.0LM, both WBCs penetrate into the western basin for small transport and choke for large transport. When 9.0LM ≤ a ≤ 9.6LM, the two WBCs penetrate for small transport, choke for intermediate transport, and shed eddies periodically for large transport. When a > 9.6LM, no steady choking state is found. Instead, the WBCs have only two equilibrium states: the penetrating and the periodic eddy shedding states. A Hopf bifurcation is found for a > 9.0LM. The Reynolds number (Re) of the Hopf bifurcation is sensitive to the magnitude of γ(a/LM) and the baroclinic deformation radius, being small for larger γ or deformation radius. In addition, a reverse Hopf bifurcations is identified in the decreased Re experiments, occurring at a smaller Re than that of the Hopf bifurcation. The Re of the reverse Hopf bifurcation is not sensitive to the magnitude of the baroclinic deformation radius. Hysteresis behavior of the WBCs is found for a > 9.0LM, because of the existence of the Hopf and reverse Hopf bifurcations. In between them, steady penetrating or choking states coexist with eddy-shedding states. The steady states are found to be sensitive to perturbations of relative vorticity and can transit to periodic eddy-shedding states at the forcing of a mesoscale eddy.
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Kim, Byeonghwi, Yuli-Sun Hariyani, Young-Ho Cho, and Cheolsoo Park. "Automated White Blood Cell Counting in Nailfold Capillary Using Deep Learning Segmentation and Video Stabilization." Sensors 20, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 7101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247101.
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White blood cells (WBCs) are essential components of the immune system in the human body. Various invasive and noninvasive methods to monitor the condition of the WBCs have been developed. Among them, a noninvasive method exploits an optical characteristic of WBCs in a nailfold capillary image, as they appear as visual gaps. This method is inexpensive and could possibly be implemented on a portable device. However, recent studies on this method use a manual or semimanual image segmentation, which depends on recognizable features and the intervention of experts, hindering its scalability and applicability. We address and solve this problem with proposing an automated method for detecting and counting WBCs that appear as visual gaps on nailfold capillary images. The proposed method consists of an automatic capillary segmentation method using deep learning, video stabilization, and WBC event detection algorithms. Performances of the three segmentation algorithms (manual, conventional, and deep learning) with/without video stabilization were benchmarks. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method improves the performance of the WBC event counting and outperforms conventional approaches.
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He, Ling, Shumei Meng, Emily L. Germain-Lee, Sally Radovick, and Fredric E. Wondisford. "Potential biomarker of metformin action." Journal of Endocrinology 221, no. 3 (March 17, 2014): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-14-0084.
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Metformin is a first-line, anti-diabetic agent prescribed to over 150 million people worldwide. The main effect of metformin is to suppress glucose production in the liver; however, there is no reliable biomarker to assess the effectiveness of metformin administration. Our previous studies have shown that phosphorylation of CBP at S436 is important for the regulation of hepatic glucose production by metformin. In current study, we found that CBP could be phosphorylated in white blood cells (WBCs), and CBP phosphorylation in the liver and in WBCs of mice had a similar pattern of change during a fasting time course experiment. These data suggests that CBP phosphorylation in WBCs may be used as a biomarker of metformin action in the liver.
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Zhao, Weifeng. "A phase-field-based lattice Boltzmann method for moving contact line problems on curved stationary boundaries in two dimensions." International Journal of Modern Physics C 30, no. 06 (June 2019): 1950044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012918311950044x.
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In this work, we propose a phase-field-based lattice Boltzmann method to simulate moving contact line (MCL) problems on curved boundaries. The key point of this method is to implement the boundary conditions on curved solid boundaries. Specifically, we use our recently proposed single-node scheme for the no-slip boundary condition and a new scheme is constructed to deal with the wetting boundary conditions (WBCs). In particular, three kinds of WBCs are implemented: two wetting conditions derived from the wall free energy and a characteristic MCL model based on geometry considerations. The method is validated with several MCL problems and numerical results show that the proposed method has utility for all the three WBCs on both straight and curved boundaries.
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Laxmi, Vijai, Suhas S. Joshi, and Amit Agrawal. "Extracting white blood cells from blood on microfluidics platform: a review of isolation techniques and working mechanisms." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 32, no. 5 (March 15, 2022): 053001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ac586e.
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Abstract Selective isolation of human blood cells has numerous applications in disease diagnostic, prognostics, drug discovery, and drug delivery. In particular, isolation of white blood cells (WBCs) is required for the detection of various diseases such as leukemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and cancers. Although the conventional methods of centrifugation and flow cytometry are broadly employed to isolate WBCs in clinical practice, they experience several limitations such as the requirement of the large volume of samples and reagents, trained personnel, large setup, and have an adverse effect on the quality of cells. In contrast, microfluidics-based methods have appeared as a superior approach of cells isolation with advantages such as low cost, ease to operate, compact in size, and requiring a lower sample volume. This review focuses on various microfluidics techniques for isolating WBCs from blood. Here, we have discussed the working mechanism of different microfluidics techniques, microdevice designs, and their performance parameters to isolate WBCs. In addition, a brief description of the numerous advantages and limitations of the existing microdevices and their future prospects aiming to develop an affordable, user-friendly point-of-care solution is provided.
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Alomari, Yazan M., Siti Norul Huda Sheikh Abdullah, Raja Zaharatul Azma, and Khairuddin Omar. "Automatic Detection and Quantification of WBCs and RBCs Using Iterative Structured Circle Detection Algorithm." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/979302.
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Segmentation and counting of blood cells are considered as an important step that helps to extract features to diagnose some specific diseases like malaria or leukemia. The manual counting of white blood cells (WBCs) and red blood cells (RBCs) in microscopic images is an extremely tedious, time consuming, and inaccurate process. Automatic analysis will allow hematologist experts to perform faster and more accurately. The proposed method uses an iterative structured circle detection algorithm for the segmentation and counting of WBCs and RBCs. The separation of WBCs from RBCs was achieved by thresholding, and specific preprocessing steps were developed for each cell type. Counting was performed for each image using the proposed method based on modified circle detection, which automatically counted the cells. Several modifications were made to the basic (RCD) algorithm to solve the initialization problem, detecting irregular circles (cells), selecting the optimal circle from the candidate circles, determining the number of iterations in a fully dynamic way to enhance algorithm detection, and running time. The validation method used to determine segmentation accuracy was a quantitative analysis that included Precision, Recall, andF-measurement tests. The average accuracy of the proposed method was 95.3% for RBCs and 98.4% for WBCs.
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Wang, Zhenlong, Peng Zhang, Yue Chong, Yuquan Xue, Xiaojie Yang, Hecheng Li, Li Wang, et al. "Perioperative Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs), MCTCs, and CTC-White Blood Cells Detected by a Size-Based Platform Predict Prognosis in Renal Cell Carcinoma." Disease Markers 2021 (October 25, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9956142.
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To explore the clinical significance of the perioperative counts of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), mesenchymal CTCs (MCTCs), and CTC- white blood cells (WBCs) in renal cell carcinoma patients. A total of 131 patients with renal cancer who underwent operation excision from our hospital were enrolled. In addition, 20 patients with benign renal diseases were recruited as a control. Blood samples were collected from the 131 patients, before operation and 3 months after surgery. Samples were also obtained simultaneously from the control group. CanPatrol CTC detection technique was used to enrich and identify CTCs, MCTCs, and CTC-WBCs. All enrolled patients were T1-3N0M0. From these, 52 patients with renal cancer underwent radical resection, while other 79 patients underwent nephron-sparing surgery. The positive rate of CTC, MCTC, and CTC-WBC before surgery were 95.4% (125/131), 61.1% (80/131), and 11.5% (15/131), respectively. Preoperative total CTCs, MCTCs, or CTC-WBCs were poorly correlated with patients’ parameters. Preoperative CTC, MCTC, or CTC-WBC showed no association with progression-free survival (PFS). In contrast, postoperative total CTCs (≥6), positive MCTCs, and positive CTC-WBCs significantly correlated with recurrence and metastasis. These results remained independent indicators for worse PFS. In addition, the increased CTC and MCTC count after surgery also correlated with unfavorable PFS. The detection of six or more total CTCs, MCTC, or CTC-WBCs in peripheral blood after surgery might help to identify a subset of patients that have higher recurrent risk than the overall population of patients with at different stages of renal cancer.
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Lederer, James A., Bernard H. Brownstein, M. Cecilia Lopez, Sandra MacMillan, Adam J. Delisle, Malcolm P. MacConmara, Mashkoor A. Choudhry, et al. "Comparison of longitudinal leukocyte gene expression after burn injury or trauma-hemorrhage in mice." Physiological Genomics 32, no. 3 (February 2008): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00086.2007.
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A primary objective of the large collaborative project entitled “Inflammation and the Host Response to Injury” was to identify leukocyte genes that are differentially expressed after two different types of injury in mouse models and to test the hypothesis that both forms of injury would induce similar changes in gene expression. We report here the genes that are expressed in white blood cells (WBCs) and in splenocytes at 2 h, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days after burn and sham injury or trauma-hemorrhage (T-H) and sham T-H. Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0 GeneChips were used to profile gene expression, and the results were analyzed by dCHIP, BRB Array Tools, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software. We found that the highest number of genes differentially expressed following burn injury were at day 1 for both WBCs (4,989) and for splenocytes (4,715) and at day 1 for WBCs (1,167) and at day 3 for splenocytes (1,117) following T-H. The maximum overlap of genes that were expressed after both forms of injury were at day 1 in WBCs (136 genes) and at day 7 in splenocytes (433 genes). IPA revealed that the cell-to-cell signaling, cell death, immune response, antiapoptosis, and cell cycle control pathways were affected most significantly. In summary, this report provides a database of genes that are modulated in WBCs and splenocytes at sequential time points after burn or T-H in mice and reveals that relatively few leukocyte genes are expressed in common after these two forms of injury.
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Elhassan, Tusneem A., Mohd Shafry Mohd Rahim, Mohd Hashim Siti Zaiton, Tan Tian Swee, Taqwa Ahmed Alhaj, Abdulalem Ali, and Mahmoud Aljurf. "Classification of Atypical White Blood Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using a Two-Stage Hybrid Model Based on Deep Convolutional Autoencoder and Deep Convolutional Neural Network." Diagnostics 13, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13020196.
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Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to numerous medical discoveries. The field of computer vision (CV) for medical diagnosis has received particular attention. Using images of peripheral blood (PB) smears, CV has been utilized in hematology to detect acute leukemia (AL). Significant research has been undertaken in the area of AL diagnosis automation in order to deliver an accurate diagnosis. This study addresses the morphological classification of atypical white blood cells (WBCs), including immature WBCs and atypical lymphocytes, in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), as observed in peripheral blood (PB) smear images. The purpose of this work is to build a classification model for atypical AML WBCs based on their distinctive features. Using a hybrid model based on geometric transformation (GT) and a deep convolutional autoencoder (DCAE), this work provides a novel technique in the field of AI for resolving the issue of imbalanced distribution of WBCs in blood samples, nicknamed the “GT-DCAE WBC augmentation model”. In addition, to extract context-free atypical WBC features, this study develops a stable learning paradigm by incorporating WBC segmentation into deep learning. In order to classify atypical WBCs into eight distinct subgroups, a hybrid multiclassification model termed the “two-stage DCAE-CNN atypical WBC classification model” (DCAE-CNN) was developed. The model achieved an average accuracy of 97%, a sensitivity of 97%, and a precision of 98%. Overall and by class, the model’s discriminating abilities were exceptional, with an AUC of 99.7% and a class-wise range of 80% to 100%.
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Sasse, Romi, Gerd Schädler, and Christoph Kottmeier. "The Regional Atmospheric Water Budget over Southwestern Germany under Different Synoptic Conditions." Journal of Hydrometeorology 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-0110.1.
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Abstract This study addresses the question of how complex topography in a low-mountain region affects the partitioning and the variability of the atmospheric water budget components (WBCs) as a function of synoptic-scale flow conditions. The WBCs are calculated for regions of different size and location in southwestern Germany and the summer months from 2005 to 2009 using the high-resolution regional climate model COSMO-CLM driven by Global Model (GME) analyses. Comparisons with observations from the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS) performed in summer 2007 show that the model is capable of simulating the atmospheric water budget reasonably (absolute mean error between 0.1 and 0.7 kg m−2 day−1). To investigate the influence of synoptic weather conditions, the daily WBCs are classified based on the inflow direction of the air masses and the cyclonality at 500 hPa. Using statistical tests, four groups out of the six synoptic conditions have significantly different distributions of the WBCs. This can be explained by differences in the air mass features and the influence of high/low pressure systems. The sensitivity of the modeled WBCs to topography and land cover is investigated by comparing a region in the flat upper Rhine Valley with one in the mountainous Black Forest/Swabian Jura. Compared to the Rhine Valley, increases of evapotranspiration (+5% to +16%), precipitation (+26% to +57%), and moisture convergence (+24% to +93%) are noticeable in the low-mountain region. Local modifications of the synoptic-scale flow, thermally induced winds, and land use cause this intensification of the atmospheric water budget, especially on the windward slopes of the mountains.
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Karthikeyan, M. P., R. Venkatesan, V. Vijayakumar, Logesh Ravi, and V. Subramaniyaswamy. "White blood cell detection and classification using Euler’s Jenks optimized multinomial logistic neural networks." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 39, no. 6 (December 4, 2020): 8333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-189152.
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Due to the wide acceptance of White Blood Cells (WBCs) in disease diagnosis, detection and classification of WBC are hot topic. Existing methodologies have some drawbacks such as significant degree of error, higher accuracy, time bound and higher misclassification rate. A WBCs detection and classification called, Jenks Optimized Logistic Convolutional Neural Network (JO-LCNN) method has proposed. Initally, Eulers Principal Axis is used as a convolution model to obtain a rotation invariant form of image by differentiating the background and RBCs, then eliminating them which leaves only the WBCs. By eliminating the wanton features, inherent features are detected contributing to minimum misclassification rate. According to above, Jenks Optimization function is used as a pooling model to obtain feature map for lower resolution. Therefore JO-LCNN is used for removing tiny objects in image and complete nuclei. Finally, Multinomial Logistic classifier is used to classify five types of classes by means of loss function and updating weight according to the loss function, therefore classifying with higher accuracy rate. Using LISC database for WBCs with different parameters as classification accuracy, false positive rate and time complexity are performed. Result shows that JO-LCNN, efficiently improves accuracy with less time, misclassification rate than the state-of-art methods.
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Roper, Stephen. "Moving on: From Enterprise policy to Innovation Policy in the Western Balkans." Southeastern Europe 34, no. 2 (2010): 170–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633310x507484.
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AbstractSignificant progress has been made in recent years in the development of enterprise policy in the Western Balkans. Issues remain, however, in the support provided for innovative enterprises. In this paper we use data from the 2005 Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey to identify the determinants of innovation in locally-owned firms in the Western Balkans and compare these to the other CEEE countries and the CIS. Based on an econometric examination of the innovation production function in each area we observe marked differences in the determinants of innovation. First, in the Western Balkan countries (WBCs) R&D and higher-level skills have little impact on firms' innovation outputs, a result which contrasts strongly with results for the CEEE, CIS and other more developed economies. Second, we find no evidence of innovation benefits from urban locations in innovation in the WBCs or that public support is having any positive effect on innovation outcomes. Again, this experience is at odds with evidence from other regions. Third, innovation outputs in the WBCs are being negatively influenced by aspects of the business environment. These results suggest a need for an active and rather interventionist innovation policy in the WBCs to address these system failures. A range of policy options are developed.
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Slichter, Sherrill J., Kraig Abrams, Lakshmi Gaur, Karen Nelson, Esther Pellham, and Todd Christoffel. "Leukoreduction to Prevent Alloimmune Platelet (Plt) Refractoriness in a Dog Transfusion Model: Types of Residual White Blood Cells (WBCs) Directly Affect Transfusion Outcomes." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.835.835.
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Abstract Introduction: Current practice assumes that just a quantitative reduction in the number of transfused wbcs to <1 to 5 x 106/transfusion is sufficient to prevent plt alloimmunization. However, our studies indicate that different leukoreduction strategies vary in their ability to remove immunizing wbcs, and this correlates with rates of alloimmune plt refractoriness in immunocompetent recipients. Experimental Design And Methods: Pairs of donor-recipient dogs were selected either at random, as having a shared DLA DR-B epitope, or as being specifically mismatched for this DLA locus. Non-leukoreduced or leukoreduced radiochromium-labeled donor plts were transfused weekly for up to 8 weeks or until the onset of plt refractoriness defined as <5% of the donor dog’s plts circulating in the recipient at 24 hours post-transfusion. Three methods of leukoreduction were evaluated: centrifugation leukoreduction (C-LR); filtration leukoreduction (F-LR) with different types of filters; or combined F-LR/C-LR. Flow cytometry was used to identify the types of residual wbcs following leukoreduction. Table 1 gives the number of residual wbcs and the transfusion outcomes based on the leukoreduction strategy used, while Table 2 gives the relative proportion of the types of residual wbcs after leukoreduction compared to the overall results for the leukoreduction method used. Results: Table 1 Method Of Leukoreduction Filter (Manufacturer) Average Residual WBCs Donor-Recipient DR-B Relationship Non-Refractory Recipients / Recipients Transfused ND-Not done. *Platelets were filtered sequentially using two PLF-1 filters. **Lower limit of detection of the assay. None --- 6.7 x 106 Random 1/3 (33%) Shared Epitope 0/4 (0%) C-LR --- 4.7 x 104 Random 3/21 (14%) F-LR: PL1-B (Pall) 5.0 x 104 ND ND PLF-1 (Pall) 7.9 x 104 Random 3/8 (38%) PLF-1 x2* (Pall) <3 x 103** Random 1/5 (20%) PLS-5A (Fenwal) 3.2 x 104 Mismatched 4/6 (66%) F-LR/C-LR: PL1-B (Pall) <3 x 103** Mismatched 1/9 (11%) <3 x 103** Shared Epitope 5/7 (71%) PLF-1 (Pall) <3 x 103** Random 15/16 (94%) <3 x 103** Mismatched 3/3 (100%) PLS-5A (Fenwal) <3 x 103** Mismatched 9/9 (100%) Table 2 RESIDUAL WBCs Lymphocytes Method of Leukoreduction T CD4 dim T CD4 bright B Monocytes Total Non-Refractory Recipients (%) ND-Not done. *Non-shared DR-B donor-recipient pairs/shared DR-B donor-recipient pairs (p=0.03). None ++ ++ +++ 14% C-LR + ++ + ++ 14% F-LR: PL1-B ++ ++ +++ +++ ND PLF-1 + +++ + 38% PLS-5A ++ + ++ 66% F-LR/C-LR: PL1-B ++ +++ + 11%/71%* PLF-1 ++ +++ 95% PLS-5A ++ + 100% Conclusions: 1) a quantitative reduction in wbcs does not prevent plt refractoriness; 2) the types of residual wbcs correlate directly with transfusion outcomes; 3) even after residual monocytes are removed by F-LR using PLF-1 and PLS-5A filters, residual CD4 bright T lymphocytes are associated with a high percentage of refractory recipients; 4) following F-LR/C-LR with PLF-1 and PLS-5A filters leaving B lymphocytes and CD4 dim T lymphocytes (NKT cells?), refractoriness is prevented even to DR-B mismatched donors; and 5) DLA DR-B matching significantly improves transfusion outcomes when residual monocytes remain following F-LR/C-LR using a PL1-B filter.
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Rahman, A. T. M. Sakiur, M. Shakil Ahmed, Hasnat Mohammad Adnan, Mohammad Kamruzzaman, M. Abdul Khalek, Quamrul Hasan Mazumder, and Chowdhury Sarwar Jahan. "Modeling the changes in water balance components of the highly irrigated western part of Bangladesh." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 4213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4213-2018.
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Abstract. The objectives of the present study were to explore the changes in the water balance components (WBCs) by co-utilizing the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and different forms of the Mann–Kendall (MK) test and develop a wavelet denoise autoregressive integrated moving average (WD-ARIMA) model for forecasting the WBCs. The results revealed that most of the potential evapotranspiration (PET) trends (approximately 73 %) had a decreasing tendency from 1981–1982 to 2012–2013 in the western part of Bangladesh. However, most of the trends (approximately 82 %) were not statistically significant at a 5 % significance level. The actual evapotranspiration (AET), annual deficit, and annual surplus also exhibited a similar tendency. The rainfall and temperature exhibited increasing trends. However, the WBCs exhibited an inverse trend, which suggested that the PET changes associated with temperature changes could not explain the change in the WBCs. Moreover, the 8-year (D3) and 16-year (D4) periodic components were generally responsible for the trends found in the original WBC data for the study area. The actual data was affected by noise, which resulted in the ARIMA model exhibiting an unsatisfactory performance. Therefore, wavelet denoising of the WBC time series was conducted to improve the performance of the ARIMA model. The quality of the denoising time series data was ensured using relevant statistical analysis. The performance of the WD-ARIMA model was assessed using the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) coefficient and coefficient of determination (R2). The WD-ARIMA model exhibited very good performance, which clearly demonstrated the advantages of denoising the time series data for forecasting the WBCs. The validation results of the model revealed that the forecasted values were very close to actual values, with an acceptable mean percentage error. The residuals also followed a normal distribution. The performance and validation results indicated that models can be used for the short-term forecasting of WBCs. Further studies on different combinations of wavelet analysis are required to develop a superior model for the hydrological forecasting in the context of climate change. The findings of this study can be used to improve water resource management in the highly irrigated western part of Bangladesh.
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Ali, Chinar J., and Maha A. Ahmed. "Evaluation of Hematocrit Level, Red Blood Cells and White Blood Cells Counts in Blood from Patients with Different Severities of Periodontal Diseases." Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry 30, no. 3 (September 15, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26477/jbcd.v30i3.2523.
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Background: Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) occurs in the presence of chronic infection, inflammatory conditions or neoplastic conditions despite of adequate iron and vitamins storage. Gingivitis is the inflammation of the gingiva, periodontitis is the inflammation in the periodontium that extend deeper with loss of connective tissue attachment and supporting bone. The main pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and ACD is immune activation. Aims of study: Determine and compare the clinical periodontal parameters (plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL)). Evaluate the hematocrit (Hct) level, red blood cells (RBCs) count and white blood cells (WBCs) count. Assess the correlations between the clinical periodontal parameters and hematological parameters at patients had gingivitis, chronic periodontitis (CP) with different severities (mild, moderate and severe) with healthy periodontium subjects. Materials and Methods: 35-50 years old, 150 male subjects were included in this study. They were divided into three study groups: group of 30 patients with gingivitis, group of 90 patients with CP which subdivided into (Mild CP=30 patients, Moderate CP =30 patients, Severe CP =30 patients) and control group 30 subjects with clinically healthy periodontium. Blood samples were collected then by automated blood analyzer the Hct, RBCs and WBCs were evaluated. Results: Comparisons among groups and subgroups revealed significant differences in Hct and WBCs, while RBCs was non-significant. Means values of RBCs count showed reduction in mild and severe CP subgroups. while, the Hct and WBCs mean values increased in patients with periodontal disease. The correlations between the clinical periodontal parameters with WBCs and RBCs were almost non-significant but, with Hct was mostly significant negative correlations. Conclusion: Inflammatory and immune responses in periodontal diseases caused change in different hematologic parameters which could contribute to the development of anemia of chronic disease.
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Mabić, Mirela, and Dražena Gašpar. "Open Government, Social Media and Western Balkan Countries." Central European Public Administration Review 16, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17573/cepar.2018.2.02.
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This article analyses the presence and activity on the field of social media in the countries that belonged to the same state in the past: Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH), Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia – these named as Western Balkan Countries (WBCs) – and, Slovenia and Croatia as EU member states. The authors have analysed the official profiles of the respective countries on social media and calculated the Facebook Assessment Index (FAI) for WBCs, and Croatia and Slovenia as a benchmark. The results show that Twitter and Facebook are the most used social media. In WBCs group, the FAI index could not be calculated for BIH and Serbia, while the other two countries had high index values. Benchmark countries have lower values but they are significantly highlighted by individual sub-indices. The governments of the researched countries mostly publish promotional information about their work. Consequently, they have a relatively small number of friends/followers/subscribers and comments/shares/likes on social media. Therefore, these countries fail to use the full potential of social media to increase visibility and transparency of their work and to ensure communication channel for idea and information exchange between government and citizens, making the public policies design more inclusive and increasing trust between government and citizens. The findings provide an insight into the nature of activity on social media in WBCs. While FAI scores show that WBCs do not lag far behind established benchmarks, the research proves that some of the weights proposed in the literature and used in the calculation of FAI index are too simplified to adequately evaluate posts on the Facebook pages. Hence, this article contributes above all to the awareness regarding further potentials and the interdisciplinary aspects of stately social media usage, in theory and practice alike.
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Lim, Hyunjung, Seung Min Back, Min Ho Hwang, Dae-Hee Lee, Hyuk Choi, and Jeonghun Nam. "Sheathless High-Throughput Circulating Tumor Cell Separation Using Viscoelastic non-Newtonian Fluid." Micromachines 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2019): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10070462.
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Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have attracted increasing attention as important biomarkers for clinical and biological applications. Several microfluidic approaches have been demonstrated to separate CTCs using immunoaffinity or size difference from other blood cells. This study demonstrates a sheathless, high-throughput separation of CTCs from white blood cells (WBCs) using a viscoelastic fluid. To determine the fluid viscoelasticity and the flow rate for CTC separation, and to validate the device performance, flow characteristics of 6, 13, and 27 μm particles in viscoelastic fluids with various concentrations were estimated at different flow rates. Using 0.2% hyaluronic acid (HA) solution, MCF-7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7) cells mimicking CTCs in this study were successfully separated from WBCs at 500 μL/min with a separation efficiency of 94.8%. Small amounts of MCF-7 cells (~5.2%) were found at the center outlet due to the size overlap with WBCs.
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V, Sivakumar, Surendran A, and Thatheyus A.J. "Effect of Hexavalent Chromium on the WBCs of the Fresh Water Fish, Labeo rohita." Journal of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology 1, no. 3 (May 16, 2020): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2641-7669.ject-20-3313.
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Industrial effluents containing heavy metals may reach aquatic systems either through direct discharge or surface runoff and cause damage to aquatic organisms affecting their immune system and health. Hence the present study has been undertaken to observe the effects of hexavalent chromium on the WBCs of the fresh water fish, Labeorohita. WBCs play a major role in the immune response of the fish. For acute toxicity determination, healthy fish were subjected to static bioassays. The 24, 48, 72, and 96hr LC50 values were 50.88, 42.03, 28.09 and 10.87 ppm respectively. The fish were exposed to 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 ppm for 20 days. Differential count of WBCs and total WBC count were determined after every five days for twenty days. Lymphocytes exhibited a decline while the other cells and total WBC count exhibited an increase due to hexavalent chromium exposure. The results were subjected to two way analysis of variance.
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Reigosa, Miguel A., Sonia Soloneski, Carlos F. Garcia, and Marcelo L. Larramendy. "Erythrocytes modulate cell cycle progression but not the baseline frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in pig lymphocytes." Brazilian Journal of Genetics 20, no. 3 (September 1997): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-84551997000300007.
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The effect of co-culturing varying concentrations of pig and human red blood cells (RBCs) on the baseline frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and cell-cycle progression in pig plasma (PLCs) and whole blood leukocyte cultures (WBCs) was studied. No variation in SCE frequency was observed between pig control WBC and PLC. Addition of pig and human RBCs to pig PLCs did not modify the baseline frequency of SCEs. On the other hand, cell proliferation was slower in PLCs than in WBCs. The addition of pig or human RBCs to PLCs accelerated the cell-cycle progression of pig lymphocytes. When RBCs were added to PLCs the concentration and time sequence of RBC incorporation affected the cell-cycle progression of swine lymphocytes. When doses of pig or human RBCs equivalent to those present in WBCs were added immediately after PLC stimulation, the cell-cycle kinetics were similar to those of WBCs. Shorter co-incubation periods or a reduction in the dose of RBCs made cell-cycle progression intermediate between PLC and WBC values. Thus, pig and human RBCs modulated the in vitro cell-cycle progression of pig lymphocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and the low baseline frequency of SCEs of pig lymphocytes is independent of the presence or absence of erythrocytes in culture
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Wang, Zheng, and Dongliang Yuan. "Multiple Equilibria and Hysteresis of Two Unequal-Transport Western Boundary Currents Colliding at a Gap." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 1873–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-0234.1.
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Abstract The nonlinear collision of two western boundary currents (WBCs) of Munk thickness LM colliding near a gap of width 2a is studied using a 1.5-layer, reduced-gravity, quasigeostrophic ocean model. The work is a continuation of our recent study on nonlinear collision of two equal-strength WBCs at a wide gap. It is found that, for narrow gaps, a < 5.7LM, and both of the WBCs fail to penetrate into the western basin due to the restriction of friction; for intermediate size gaps, 5.7LM ≤ a < 9.6LM, and multiple equilibrium states exist for the colliding WBCs: the penetrating state, the choking state, and the eddy-shedding state. The current system transits between them through a hysteresis procedure, with transitions at different Reynolds numbers from those in the equal-transport case. The stronger WBC tends to intrude more deeply into the western basin than the weaker WBC; for wide gaps, a > 9.6LM, and only penetrating and eddy-shedding states exist. No choking state is identified for either WBC. It is found that the critical gap width for the disappearance of the choking state decreases with the asymmetry of the WBC system. The theory is used to explain some of the circulation features at the entrance of the Indonesian Throughflow in the western Pacific Ocean recently observed with satellite-tracked surface drifters.
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Paina, Flávia Aparecida, Julise Cunha Miranda, Cristiane Fernandes de Freitas Tavares, Regina Helena da Costa Queiroz, and Ana Maria de Souza. "WBC count and functional changes induced by co-administration of clofazimine and clarithromycin, in single and multiple doses, in Wistar rats." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 48, no. 3 (September 2012): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502012000300008.
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Clofazimine and clarithromycin are used to treat leprosy and infections caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. Little data on the toxicity of co-administration of these two drugs are available. Here we evaluated the potential adverse effects of polytherapy with these two drugs in male Wistar rats by determining WBCs counts and other blood cell counts, neutrophilic phagocytosis, and burst oxidative, by flow cytometry. We observed an increase in WBCs, in multiple-dose regimens, and in polymorphonuclear cells, in both single- clarithromycin only and multiple dose regimens. We also observed a reduction in mononuclear cell counts in single and multiple doses. The drugs seem to reverse the mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cell ratio. An increase in oxidative burst was observed in animals treated with the drugs administered either individually or combined. In conclusion, clofazimine and clarithromycin change WBCs counts. Our results may contribute for a better understanding of the mechanisms related to the effects of co-administrating the two drugs.
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El Kazafy, Salma A., Yasser M. Fouad, Azza F. Said, Hebatallah H. Assal, Amr E. Ahmed, Ahmad El Askary, Tarek M. Ali, and Osama M. Ahmed. "Relation between Cytokine Levels and Pulmonary Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients: A Case-Control Study." Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13010034.
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Aim: The study aimed to assess the relationships between serum cytokine levels and pulmonary dysfunctions in individuals with COVID-19. These correlations may help to suggest strategies for prevention and therapies of coronavirus disease. Patients and methods: Fifty healthy participants and one hundred COVID-19 patients participated in this study. COVID-19 participants were subdivided into moderate and severe groups based on the severity of their symptoms. In both patients and healthy controls, white blood cells (WBCs) and lymphocytes counts and serum C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-18, and IL-35 levels were estimated. All the patients were examined by chest computed tomography (CT) and the COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) score was assessed. Results: All COVID-19 patients had increased WBCs count and CRP, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-18, and IL-35 serum levels than healthy controls. Whereas WBCs, CRP, and cytokines like IL-6 showed significantly higher levels in the severe group as compared to moderate patients, IL-4, IL-35, and IL-18 showed comparable levels in both disease groups. Lymphocytes count in all patient groups exhibited a significant decrease as compared to the heathy controls and it was significantly lower in severe COVID-19 than moderate. Furthermore, CO-RADS score was positively connected with WBCs count as well as CRP and cytokine (IL-35, IL-18, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-1β) levels in both groups. CO-RADS score, also demonstrated a positive correlation with lymphocytes count in the moderate COVID-19 patients, whereas it demonstrated a negative correlation in the severe patients. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that IL-1β, IL-4, IL-18, and IL-35 were fair (acceptable) predictors for COVID-19 in moderate cases. Whereas IL-6 was good predictor of COVID-19 in severe cases (AUC > 0.800), IL-18 and IL-35 were fair. Conclusion: Severe COVID-19 patients, compared to individuals with moderate illness and healthy controls, had lower lymphocyte counts and increased CRP with greater WBCs counts. In contrast to moderate COVID-19 patients, severe COVID-19 patients had higher levels of IL-6, but IL-4, IL-18, and IL-35 between both illness categories were at close levels. IL-6 level was the most potent predictor of COVID-19 progress and severity. CO-RADS 5 was the most frequent category in both moderate and severe cases. Patients with a typical CO-RADS involvement had a higher CRP and cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4, IL-18, and IL-35) levels and WBCs count with a lower lymphocyte number than the others. Cytokine and CRP levels as well as WBCs and lymphocyte counts were considered surrogate markers of severe lung affection and pneumonia in COVID 19 patients.
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Mehran, Amirhossein, Peyman Rostami, Mohammad Said Saidi, Bahar Firoozabadi, and Navid Kashaninejad. "High-Throughput, Label-Free Isolation of White Blood Cells from Whole Blood Using Parallel Spiral Microchannels with U-Shaped Cross-Section." Biosensors 11, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11110406.
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Rapid isolation of white blood cells (WBCs) from whole blood is an essential part of any WBC examination platform. However, most conventional cell separation techniques are labor-intensive and low throughput, require large volumes of samples, need extensive cell manipulation, and have low purity. To address these challenges, we report the design and fabrication of a passive, label-free microfluidic device with a unique U-shaped cross-section to separate WBCs from whole blood using hydrodynamic forces that exist in a microchannel with curvilinear geometry. It is shown that the spiral microchannel with a U-shaped cross-section concentrates larger blood cells (e.g., WBCs) in the inner cross-section of the microchannel by moving smaller blood cells (e.g., RBCs and platelets) to the outer microchannel section and preventing them from returning to the inner microchannel section. Therefore, it overcomes the major limitation of a rectangular cross-section where secondary Dean vortices constantly enforce particles throughout the entire cross-section and decrease its isolation efficiency. Under optimal settings, we managed to isolate more than 95% of WBCs from whole blood under high-throughput (6 mL/min), high-purity (88%), and high-capacity (360 mL of sample in 1 h) conditions. High efficiency, fast processing time, and non-invasive WBC isolation from large blood samples without centrifugation, RBC lysis, cell biomarkers, and chemical pre-treatments make this method an ideal choice for downstream cell study platforms.