Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ways of existing'

L’objet de cette recherche-création doctorale en arts est d’apporter un éclairage spécifique sur lespratiques artistiques urbaines, commissionnées ou non, et de développer un champ deconnaissances sur la manière dont elles instruisent un mode d’interaction — entre usage,appropriation et partage — avec les espaces publics et leurs usagers. En partant de mon parcours, ils’agit de proposer une analyse des pratiques artistiques d’intervention artistique, afin d’en dégagerles perspectives, en conversation et en collaboration avec cette communauté d’artistes et d’acteursen miroir de l’émergence de l’art urbain comme champ de recherche académique. À partir del’analyse de cinq récits d’expériences artistiques, cette recherche ouvrirait et participerait à uneredéfinition du rôle de l’artiste urbain, en pointant sa qualité d’agent intermédiaire — à la foiscréateur, intervenant et chercheur — susceptible d’accompagner des transformationsurbanistiques et sociales
The purpose of this doctoral research-creation in arts is to highlight urban artistic practices in aparticular way, whether commissioned or not, and to develop a field of knowledge on the way inwhich they instruct a mode of interaction —between use, appropriation and sharing—with publicspaces and their users. Starting from my artistic journey, I will propose an analysis of artisticpractices of urban intervetion, in order to identify their perspectives, in conversation andcollaboration with this community of artists and actors, mirroring the emergence of street art as anacademic research field. From the analysis of five narratives of artistic experiences, this researchleads to and participates in a redefinition of the role of the street artist, pointing out their quality ofintermediary agent—at the same time creator, interventionist and researcher— likely toaccompany urbanistic and social transformations

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura com a especialização em Arquitetura
insuficiência na capacidade de alojamento em Portugal. Estudos recentes apontam não só aumento de novos portugueses, pelo saldo migratório, como das solicitações de acolhimento que, em 2019 contabilizam, pelo menos, 15 mil camas, sendo 10 mil situadas em Lisboa. Por ser a região com maior notoriedade nas pesquisas, este trabalho procurou compreender a realidade especificamente em Lisboa. Através das investigações sobre o publico alvo dos pedidos, nota-se que grande parte e¨ composta por estudantes e jovens adultos. Outro aspeto observado foi a tendência na escolha das periferias de Lisboa como destino para moradia. A principal razão para esse movimento advém do alto custo de vida atual na Grande Lisboa. Essa, que além de acomodar o aumento do turismo e a abertura do mercado de arrendamento, comporta diversas faculdades e empresas. Sendo assim, o trabalho associa a necessidade de alojamento à procura da habitação comunitária e resulta na implementação de um complexo de habitação Co-living em Odivelas. Os modos de intervenção e as diretrizes projetuais perpassam conceitos como flexibilidade, versatilidade e coexistência.
ABSTRACT:The constant growth in the number of immigrants highlights and warns of a condition of insufficient accommodation capacity in Portugal. Recent studies point not only to the increase in new Portuguese, due to the migratory balance, but also to requests for reception, which in 2019 account for at least 15 thousand beds, of which 10,000 are located in Lisbon. As this is the region with the most notoriety in research, this work tried to understand the reality specifically in Lisbon. Through investigations into the target audience of requests, it is noted that a large part is composed by students and young adults. Another aspect observed was the trend in choosing the peripheries of Lisbon as a destination for housing. The main reason for this movement comes from the current high costs of living in the center of Lisbon. This, which in addition to accommodating the increase in tourism and the opening of the rental market, includes several universities and companies. Thus, the work associates the need for accommodation with the demand for community housing and results in the implementation of a Co-living housing complex in Odivelas. Intervention modes and design guidelines permeate concepts such as flexibility, versatility and co-existence
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This thesis is investigating in how current buying and purchasing decisions within retail interior are made and how they possibly could be changed or affected with sensory engagement, to promote social sustainability by promoting individual knowledge and sense making in B2B (business to business) context.  The background for this thesis sprung from many sources but is mainly based on the last couple of decades’ societal changes in both digital developments, contributing to more separated consumer behaviour but also in the economical shift from a production area to a consumption age. Which both have fostered a, social and common confidence in the visual sense.  Purchasers are today in 2017, are despite last year’s recent sustainability focus within, b2b, still controlled by business factors such as generating profit and increase market share. For this reason and due to a supportive technical development urging on screen information, much of previous instinctive material and production knowledge have gone missing since the faith in the mere visual still dominate the human perception and information intake.  Business reliance on economical components has proven to not support the individual knowledge generation nor engage with entailing learning. In a series of interviews and LAB experiments this thesis explored the concept of lost material knowledge and developed a conceptual design tool for conversation and learning. Reaching out to rookies as well as advanced constructors of retail interior creating a bridge of tactile experiences to discuss and explore in B2B.  By creating a common tool, effacing the focus on the visual, this thesis argues for the importance of bringing back the information and richness of tactile engagement in order to support and foster the individual learning process and break the chain of lost knowledge.  A hypothesis that this essay is arguing for is that a reintroduction of importance at the individual level can make employees, within B2B, feel more involved and important in its development. In the long run, a continuation and development of this type of methods could change and question existing business strategies and promote the possibilities for social soft values to enter the B2B world.

Prior research (Shuttleworth-Edwards et al., 2004) presented preliminary normative data for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – III (WAIS-III) for Southern Africa, stratified according to gender (female vs. male), language (black African vs. white English), level of education (matric/12+ years of education vs. Graduate/15+ years of education) and quality of education (disadvantaged – Department of Education and Training vs. advantaged - Private/Model C). IQ scores for black African language and white English Southern Africans were comparable with the United States of America (USA) standardization when level and quality of education were equitable. (‘White English’ is the term used to denote those of European descent whose first language is English). A limitation of the research was the lack of control for language for most of the black groups and particularly in the Private/Model C Graduate group, where sixty percent of the participants originated from Zimbabwe. These represented a particularly elite group whose education was equitable to that of the white participants throughout their education (i.e. at primary, secondary and tertiary level). In order to rectify the lack of homogeneity of language, all non- Xhosa first language participants were excluded from the black sample and sixteen additional Xhosa first language participants were tested on the WAIS-III. Data analyses found no significant differences between the original and new groups, except in the comparison between Mixed African language Private/Model C Graduates and the Xhosa first language Private/Model C Graduate/15+ years of education, where there was a lowering of WAIS-III subtest, index and IQ scores in the newly constituted group. This lowering in test performance is explained in that the new Xhosa first language 15+ years of education group was a less advantaged group than the original Mixed African Language Private/Model C Graduate group, as the new group generally had less advantaged primary school education and had generally studied less at a tertiary level. Overall, these results demonstrate an incremental increase in WAIS-III test performance for sample groups on a continuum of quality of education from least to most advantaged education. This was true for both verbal and non-verbal subtests.

Previous research has indicated addiction beliefs differ in staff working in Mental Health and Substance Misuse Services, but limited attention has been paid to this in the UK. Given the reported prevalence of clients who present to both types of service with co-existing mental health and substance misuse problems, and recent government guidance on the management of these clients within existing NHS services, the current study was developed. The aim was to explore whether any differences in beliefs about addiction existed between staff working in NHS Mental Health and Substance Misuse services in the UK, and identify any barriers/levers to joint-working between services to support these clients. Staff working in Mental Health, Substance Misuse and Dual Diagnosis services across five NHS Trusts were recruited to participate in a survey study. Participants completed questionnaires designed to identify their beliefs about addiction to three substances (alcohol, cannabis and heroin) and were also asked to report their opinions about current/potential barriers/levers to these services working jointly to support clients with co-existing mental health and substance use problems. A significant difference between Mental Health and Substance Misuse staff ratings on the ‘Addiction Belief Inventory’ was observed; staff in each type of service held different views about addiction on the following subscales: ‘chronic disease’, ‘responsibility for actions’, ‘responsibility for recovery’ and ‘genetic basis’. Interaction effects between service type and demographic information were also explored. The hypothesis that staff would report significantly different beliefs about different substances was also supported. Staff comments about barriers and levers to joint-work were analysed thematically. Given that the current study suggested that addiction beliefs differ on a number of elements across services, and substances; the implications for intervention and joint-working are discussed in light of previous research and suggestions by clinicians. A full critical appraisal of the study was included.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att göra en jämförande studie mellan faktorerna som enligt en teoretisk ram påverkar en miljöinvestering och faktorerna som ingår i ett företags bedömnings-modell. Respondentbolaget begärde i ett tidigt skede att få vara anonymt och benämns därför som Företaget. Det är en multinationell koncern med verksamhet i många skilda branscher, men med fokus på norden och produkter som kan kopplas till lantbruk. Den teoretiska referensramen har sin utgångspunkt i begreppen värde och investering samt hur deras koppling till miljö och miljöinvesteringar för att identifiera de faktorer som påverkar en miljöinvestering. Faktorerna som ingår i den teoretiska referensramen och som jämförs mot respondentbolagets faktorer är:  Investeringens värdetillförsel  Investeringens miljöpåverkan  Hur investeringen påverkar produktionsförutsättningarna  Krav från samhället  Kundkrav Kopplingen däremellan bedöms enligt en femgradig skala. Informationen från Företaget inhäm-tades genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer med representanter från Företaget. Slutsatsen för detta arbete är att Företaget har identifierat samma faktorer som den teoretiska referensramen. De använder dock mätetal som inte fullt ut reflekterar faktorerna. Den största avvikelsen är bedömningen av en investerings värdetillförsel, då Företaget fullt ut införlivar det producerade värdet samt det faktum att en miljöinvestering skall ses som irreversibel. Enkelhet premieras hos Företaget och det är för att prioritera modellens användbarhet, som Företaget väl-jer att acceptera brister i bedömningsmodellen. För att förbättra bedömningsmodellen bör Företaget därför införliva nya mätetal som till större del reflekterar faktorerna som påverkar en miljöinvestering
The purpose of this master thesis is to present a comparison between the factors that affects an environmental investment. This is done through applying a theoretical framework on the factors affecting a company’s existing appraisal model for environmental investments. The company that was a part of this thesis asked at an initial stage for confidentiality, therefore it is called the Company in this thesis. The Company that contributes with the appraisal model is a multination-al group with operations in many different industries, but with a focus on the Nordic countries and products that may be linked to the agricultural sector. The theoretical framework has its base in the concepts of value and investments and their connection to the environment and the envi-ronmental investment. The identified factors in the theoretical framework are:  The investment’s addition to the value creation to the company  The investment’s environmental impact  How the investment affects the production  Demands from society  Customer demands From these, the factors affecting a company’s existing appraisal model were compared and their connection to theoretical framework was judged according to a 5-grade scale. Information from the Company was acquired through semi-structured interviews with representatives from the Company. The largest deviation is how the company considers an investment’s contribution to the produced value. Because of this imperfection does the company's model not fully incorporate the produced value and that an environmental investment is irreversible. The overall conclusion is that the Company has identified the same factors as the theoretical framework. The Company has though chosen to use their existing methods and performance indicators that don’t fully incorporate the factors in the theoretical framework. The largest devia-tions are how the company considers an investment’s contribution to the produced value and that it should be considered as irreversible. The Company must therefore in order to enhance their appraisal model develop new performance measures for the factors.

La present tesi doctoral s’ha centrat en el repte d’aconseguir, mitjançant Fabricació Additiva (FA), models per a assaig quirúrgic, sota la premissa que els equips per fer-los haurien de ser accessibles a l’àmbit hospitalari. L’objectiu és facilitar l’extensió de l’ús dels prototips com a eina de preparació d’operacions quirúrgiques, transformant la pràctica mèdica actual de la mateixa manera que en el seu moment ho van fer tecnologies com les que van facilitar l’ús de radiografies. El motiu d’utilitzar FA, en lloc de tecnologies més tradicionals, és la seva capacitat de materialitzar de forma directa les dades digitals obtingudes de l’anatomia del pacient mitjançant sistemes d’escanejat tridimensional, fent possible l’obtenció de models personalitzats. Els resultats es centren en la generació de nou coneixement sobre com aconseguir equipaments d’impressió 3D multimaterials accessibles que permetin l’obtenció de models mimètics respecte als teixits vius. Per facilitar aquesta buscada extensió de la tecnologia, s’ha focalitzat en les tecnologies de codi obert com la Fabricació per Filament Fos (FFF) i similars basades en líquids catalitzables. La recerca s’alinea dins l’activitat de desenvolupament de la FA al CIM UPC, i en aquest àmbit concret amb la col·laboració amb l’Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (HSJD). El primer bloc de la tesi inclou la descripció de l’estat de l’art, detallant les tecnologies existents i la seva aplicació a l’entorn mèdic. S’han establert per primer cop unes bases de caracterització dels teixits vius -sobretot tous- per donar suport a la selecció de materials que els puguin mimetitzar en un procés de FA, a efectes de millorar l’experiència d’assaig dels cirurgians. El caràcter rígid dels materials majoritàriament usats en impressió 3D els fa poc útils per simular tumors i altres referències anatòmiques. De forma successiva, es tracten paràmetres com la densitat, la viscoelasticitat, la caracterització dels materials tous a la indústria, l’estudi del mòdul elàstic de teixits tous i vasos, la duresa d’aquests, i requeriments com l’esterilització dels models. El segon bloc comença explorant la impressió 3D mitjançant FFF. Es classifiquen les variants del procés des del punt de vista de la multimaterialitat, essencial per fer models d’assaig quirúrgic, diferenciant entre solucions multibroquet i de barreja al capçal. S’ha inclòs l’estudi de materials (filaments i líquids) que serien més útils per mimetitzar teixits tous. Es constata com en els líquids, en comparació amb els filaments, la complexitat del treball en processos de FA és més elevada, i es determinen formes d’imprimir materials molt tous. Per acabar, s’exposen sis casos reals de col·laboració amb l’HJSD, una selecció d’aquells en els que el doctorand ha intervingut en els darrers anys. L’origen es troba en la dificultat de l’abordatge d’operacions de resecció de tumors infantils com el neuroblastoma, i a la iniciativa del Dr. Lucas Krauel. Finalment, el Bloc 3 té per objecte explorar nombrosos conceptes (fins a 8), activitat completada al llarg dels darrers cinc anys amb el suport dels mitjans del CIM UPC i de l’activitat associada a treballs finals d’estudis d’estudiants de la UPC, arribant-se a materialitzar equipaments experimentals per validar-los. La recerca ampla i sistemàtica al respecte fa que s’estigui més a prop de disposar d’una solució d’impressió 3D multimaterial de sobretaula. Es determina que la millor via de progrés és la de disposar d’una pluralitat de capçals independents a fi de capacitar la impressora 3D per integrar diversos conceptes estudiats, materialitzant-se una possible solució. Cloent la tesi, es planteja com seria un equipament d’impressió 3D per a models d’assaig quirúrgic, a fi de servir de base per a futurs desenvolupaments.
La presente tesis doctoral se ha centrado en el reto de conseguir, mediante Fabricación Aditiva (FA), modelos para ensayo quirúrgico, bajo la premisa que los equipos para obtenerlos tendrían que ser accesibles al ámbito hospitalario. El objetivo es facilitar la extensión del uso de modelos como herramienta de preparación de operaciones quirúrgicas, transformando la práctica médica actual de la misma manera que, en su momento, lo hicieron tecnologías como las que facilitaron el uso de radiografías. El motivo de utilizar FA, en lugar de tecnologías más tradicionales, es su capacidad de materializar de forma directa los datos digitales obtenidos de la anatomía del paciente mediante sistemas de escaneado tridimensional, haciendo posible la obtención de modelos personalizados. Los resultados se centran en la generación de nuevo conocimiento para conseguir equipamientos de impresión 3D multimateriales accesibles que permitan la obtención de modelos miméticos respecto a los tejidos vivos. Para facilitar la buscada extensión de la tecnología, se ha focalizado en las tecnologías de código abierto como la Fabricación por Hilo Fundido (FFF) y similares basadas en líquidos catalizables. Esta investigación se alinea dentro de la actividad de desarrollo de la FA en el CIM UPC, y en este ámbito concreto con la colaboración con el Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (HSJD). El primer bloque de la tesis incluye la descripción del estado del arte, detallando las tecnologías existentes y su aplicación al entorno médico. Se han establecido por primera vez unas bases de caracterización de los tejidos vivos – principalmente blandos – para dar apoyo a la selección de materiales que los puedan mimetizar en un proceso de FA, a efectos de mejorar la experiencia de ensayo de los cirujanos. El carácter rígido de los materiales mayoritariamente usados en impresión 3D los hace poco útiles para simular tumores y otras referencias anatómicas. De forma sucesiva, se tratan parámetros como la densidad, la viscoelasticidad, la caracterización de materiales blandos en la industria, el estudio del módulo elástico de tejidos blandos y vasos, la dureza de los mismos, y requerimientos como la esterilización de los modelos. El segundo bloque empieza explorando la impresión 3D mediante FFF. Se clasifican las variantes del proceso desde el punto de vista de la multimaterialidad, esencial para hacer modelos de ensayo quirúrgico, diferenciando entre soluciones multiboquilla y de mezcla en el cabezal. Se ha incluido el estudio de materiales (filamentos y líquidos) que serían más útiles para mimetizar tejidos blandos. Se constata como en los líquidos, en comparación con los filamentos, la complejidad del trabajo en procesos de FA es más elevada, y se determinan formas de imprimir materiales muy blandos. Para acabar, se exponen seis casos reales de colaboración con el HJSD, una selección de aquellos en los que el doctorando ha intervenido en los últimos años. El origen se encuentra en la dificultad del abordaje de operaciones de resección de tumores infantiles como el neuroblastoma, y en la iniciativa del Dr. Lucas Krauel. Finalmente, el Bloque 3 desarrolla numerosos conceptos (hasta 8), actividad completada a lo largo de los últimos cinco años con el apoyo de los medios del CIM UPC y de la actividad asociada a trabajos finales de estudios de estudiantes de la UPC, llegándose a materializar equipamientos experimentales para validarlos. La investigación amplia y sistemática al respecto hace que se esté más cerca de disponer de una solución de impresión 3D multimaterial de sobremesa. Se determina que la mejor vía de progreso es la de disponer de una pluralidad de cabezales independientes, a fin de capacitar la impresora 3D para integrar diversos conceptos estudiados, materializándose una posible solución. Para cerrar la tesis, se plantea cómo sería un equipamiento de impresión 3D para modelos de ensayo quirúrgico, a fin de servir de base para futuros desarrollos.

S tím, jak se neustále vyvíjejí nové technologie pro energeticky náročná průmyslová odvětví, stávající zařízení postupně zaostávají v efektivitě a produktivitě. Tvrdá konkurence na trhu a legislativa v oblasti životního prostředí nutí tato tradiční zařízení k ukončení provozu a k odstavení. Zlepšování procesu a projekty modernizace jsou zásadní v udržování provozních výkonů těchto zařízení. Současné přístupy pro zlepšování procesů jsou hlavně: integrace procesů, optimalizace procesů a intenzifikace procesů. Obecně se v těchto oblastech využívá matematické optimalizace, zkušeností řešitele a provozní heuristiky. Tyto přístupy slouží jako základ pro zlepšování procesů. Avšak, jejich výkon lze dále zlepšit pomocí moderní výpočtové inteligence. Účelem této práce je tudíž aplikace pokročilých technik umělé inteligence a strojového učení za účelem zlepšování procesů v energeticky náročných průmyslových procesech. V této práci je využit přístup, který řeší tento problém simulací průmyslových systémů a přispívá následujícím: (i)Aplikace techniky strojového učení, která zahrnuje jednorázové učení a neuro-evoluci pro modelování a optimalizaci jednotlivých jednotek na základě dat. (ii) Aplikace redukce dimenze (např. Analýza hlavních komponent, autoendkodér) pro vícekriteriální optimalizaci procesu s více jednotkami. (iii) Návrh nového nástroje pro analýzu problematických částí systému za účelem jejich odstranění (bottleneck tree analysis – BOTA). Bylo také navrženo rozšíření nástroje, které umožňuje řešit vícerozměrné problémy pomocí přístupu založeného na datech. (iv) Prokázání účinnosti simulací Monte-Carlo, neuronové sítě a rozhodovacích stromů pro rozhodování při integraci nové technologie procesu do stávajících procesů. (v) Porovnání techniky HTM (Hierarchical Temporal Memory) a duální optimalizace s několika prediktivními nástroji pro podporu managementu provozu v reálném čase. (vi) Implementace umělé neuronové sítě v rámci rozhraní pro konvenční procesní graf (P-graf). (vii) Zdůraznění budoucnosti umělé inteligence a procesního inženýrství v biosystémech prostřednictvím komerčně založeného paradigmatu multi-omics.

碩士
淡江大學
建築(工程)學系
82
In urban planning area of Taiwan,embroilments concerning existing lane-side buildings have been repeatedly taking place between the owners, lane-side building site constructor ,passengers and the competent authority and had become a source of many civil and administrative proceedings. In view of working out a solution to such a problem that had troubled the competent authority for years,the study makes a complete examination of the laws and regulations relative to a Chapter Ⅰ Establish the purpose , scope, method and process of the study and refer to literature about similar topics for information in methodology , purpose and limitaion, which will be used to improve the study. Chapter Ⅱ Examine the basic patterns and causes of the embroilments and the ways to settle them so as to understand the status of the problem. Chapter Ⅲ Scan private right about existing lanes , such as right of way , right of access to neighboring lot and contract relation set fort in Civil Code and compare them to the status quo of the lanes to see if there is any differencein law enforcing. Chapter Ⅳ Inspect public rights about existing lanes ,inclu- -ding theories about public property ,public right of way and administrative disposal prescribed in Administrative Law Study ,to precisely understand the status of existing lanes in public laws. ChapterⅤ Cite two representing examples about embroilments concerning lane-side buildings happening in rece- -nt years to understand the position of all part- -ies involved from the process of the embroilmen- -nts and the proceedings and probe into the nucl- -eus of the problem through field survey at the s -ite. ChapterⅥ Work out a concrete solution to existing embroil- -ments of lane-side buildings, which includes pr- -ocess of public disposal , prescribed conditions for buildings and required certificates and solu- -tion to follow up problems. ChapterⅦ Draw a conclusion and make recommendations for f- -uture students of the subject.

碩士
國立中央大學
土木工程研究所
94
In order to reduce the environmental impacts in crowded cities, new shield tunneling nearby an existing tunnel is very common recently. The change of ground stress due to tunneling processes would cause the displacement of soil around the tunnel, and that would also damage the surface structures and the nearby existing underground structures. There are key issues to strengthen the safety of the existing tunnel and to manage the processes of the new tunneling. There are two phases in this study. Firstly, a series of single tunnel models with different cover-to-diameter ratios (C/D) in an acceleration of tests 100 g were performed to investigate the bending moments on the tunnel lining during the tail voids closure. Secondly, a new tunnel was drilled nearby the existing tunnel with various distance-to-diameter ratios (d/D), and the jacking force was applied on the tunnel face. The models were conducted to figure out the changes of bending moment on the existing tunnel lining caused by the jacking force, tail voids closure and the back grouting pressure on the new tunnel. The test results show that the tunnel with smaller values of C/D and of d/D will suffer the larger bending moment on the existing tunnel lining caused by jacking force. A large amount of bending moment on the existing tunnel lining was induced by the tail void closure during tunneling nearby. Thus decreasing the ground loss as small as possible and performing back grouting as early as possible are of essence to prevent the existing tunnel lining from damages.

The implementation of high-speed passenger trains (HST) within existing highway right-of-way (ROW) offers a solution for regions with a demand for the capacity and service offered by HST but lacking the support for sharing freight rail ROW or acquiring new ROW corridors. The states of Florida, Colorado, California and Nevada propose to use highway ROW for their HST projects to increase the capacity of the corridor, prevent or minimize impacts and prevent disruption of freight rail operations. Despite the constraints of using existing highway ROW, such as speed-limiting degrees of curvature and safety concerns, solutions and mitigation measures exist. The purpose of this thesis is to present the HST projects in the United States proposing use of highway ROW, the potential benefits and engineering issues to consider and the feasibility of using the existing I-35 ROW in Texas for HST.
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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
99
The main reason for multi-family housing is urbanization. Due to the fast economic growth, the dwelling houses are becoming assembling, high density, and complexity in the devices. Most of the fire preventing equipments and the constructions for the multi-family housing are not fully compliant with the legal regulation. When the disaster happens, it will not be able to have the function in early detection and on time reaction. Therefore, due to the reason that fire intensity has very important affect to the people to escape from the buildings and rescue when the fire accident happens, it is necessary to have deep research and analysis for fire prevention. For reducing the possibility to have fire accident in multi-family housing and protecting human lives security, it is necessary to improve the preservation and management for the public security in multi-family housing with the economical condition. This research is for generalizing and analysing the main factors of fire accident in multi-family housing. The research result is for relevant departments to improve the conciousness in fire preventing and reactivity for the people by seminars to reduce the possibility for the disaster. On the other hand, this research is for the relevant department and people to notice the factors for fire accident, and to avoid the tragedies by reducing the cases of fire accident for the buildings and avoid the loss of lives and property.

Os Corpos de Bombeiros (CB) contam com uma rede de quartéis implantada em todo o território nacional, atualmente organizada por um modelo baseado nos limites territoriais das NUTS (Nomenclatura das Unidades Territoriais para Fins Estatísticos). Será, portanto, possível rentabilizar a rede de CB no patamar sub-regional, através da implementação de critérios de desempenho dos CB, entre eles, a população abrangida dentro dos tempos de resposta convencionados. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma reorganização operacional da rede de quartéis já implantada nas Sub-Regiões da Lezíria do Tejo e Médio Tejo, tendo como base um modelo da Rede Principal dos Serviços Operacionais dos Corpos de Bombeiros em Portugal Continental. Para tal, definiram-se critérios com vista à constituição de Agrupamentos de CB, que partilhando entre si áreas de atuação, permite priorizar o despacho de meios baseado no tempo de resposta dentro dos limites dos Agrupamentos. A aplicação dos critérios contemplando a rede viária existente e a distribuição da população residente, permitiu, recorrendo ao software QGIS®, aferir as zonas com necessidade de reforço da rede de quartéis. Aplicado o modelo à área de estudo, verificou-se um aumento de 18,4% (1.401 km2) de área e de 6,1% da população (30.524 habitantes) abrangidas dentro dos tempos de referência (10 e 20 minutos). Para garantir a atividade operacional nos 24 municípios abrangidos, a rede de CB contaria 24 quartéis sede e 22 postos avançados (reforço da atual rede com 8), guarnecidos no mínimo por um efetivo total de 1.897 bombeiros profissionais. O facto da rede de quartéis já se encontrar implantada no território alvo de estudo e apenas necessitar de reforços pontuais, deveria ser atualmente um fator desencadeador de interesse na sua rentabilização por parte das várias entidades envolvidas.
Fire Departments (CB) have a network of barracks deployed throughout the national territory, currently organized by a model based on the territorial limits of the NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistical Purposes). Therefore, it will be possible to improve the fire department network at the sub-regional level, through the implementation of fire departments performance criteria, including the population coverage within the settled response times. The objective of this work is to propose an operational reorganization of the barracks network already implemented in the Sub-Regions of Lezíria do Tejo and Médio Tejo, based on a model of the Main Network of Operational Services for Fire Brigades in Mainland Portugal. To this end, criteria were defined with a view to the constitution of CB Groups, which sharing areas of activity among themselves, allows prioritizing the dispatch of means based on the response time within the limits of the Groups. The application of the criteria covering the existing road network and the distribution of the resident population, allowed, using the QGIS® software, to assess the areas in need of reinforcement of the barracks network. Applying the model to the Lezíria do Tejo and Médio Tejo sub-regions, there was an increase of 18,4% (1.401 km2) in area and 6,1% of the population (30.524 inhabitants) covered within the reference times (10 and 20 minutes). In order to guarantee operational activity in the 24 municipalities covered, the fire departments network would consist of a total of 24 headquarters and 22 outposts with a minimum of 1.897 professional firefighters. The fact that the barracks network is already implanted in the study target territory and only needs occasional reinforcements, should be a triggering factor of interest in its profitability by the various entities involved.