Journal articles: 'Waveguide'

1

Kanaya, Yusho, Masashi Nakatsugawa, Tamami Maruyama, Manabu Omiya, and Yasuhiro Tamayama. "FDTD Analysis on WPT Efficiency Between Circuit-Shape Leaky Waveguide and 𝝀/2 Dipole Antenna for Snow Melting Application." ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering 21, no. 2 (August 25, 2022): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v21n2.409.

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The wireless transfer characteristics between a circuit-shape leaky waveguide and a /2 dipole antenna were analyzed with scattering parameters obtained with the FDTD method. The circuit-shaped leaky waveguide was composed of two pairs of straight slotted waveguides and two semicircular waveguides. The circuit-shape leaky waveguide was designed to achieve uniform electromagnetic field distribution with a source for snow melting with microwave radiations by microwave heating. The electromagnetic field of the circuit-shape leaky waveguide was firstly simulated with the FDTD method. Although the electromagnetic distribution exhibited the point symmetry with an off-set feeding point and a slot spacing 𝝀𝒈, it was nearly uniform. The wireless transfer efficiency and the maximum transfer efficiency for four locations at 2.45 GHz revealed that the farthest location from the feeding point had the largest WPT efficiency among four locations. This ensures the circuit-shape leaky waveguide’s uniqueness. The circuit-shape leaky waveguide has favorable characteristics to provide WPT energy at any location above it.

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Poenar, Daniel Puiu, Jack Sheng Kee, Pavel Neuzil, and Levent Yobas. "The Design and Fabrication of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Single Mode Rib Waveguides for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications." Advanced Materials Research 74 (June 2009): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.74.51.

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This paper reports on the design and fabrication of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) single mode rib waveguide. PDMS was chosen as the base material for both the core and cladding of the waveguide. Such a PDMS waveguide allows an easy integration with microoptical components for lab-on-a-chip systems fabricated by soft lithography fabrication methods. The modification of the PDMS refractive index was achieved by diluting the base material with hexane. The fabricated PDMS rib waveguides were characterized for mode profile characteristics and the results confirmed the excitation of the waveguide's fundamental mode. The propagation loss was characterized at a wavelength of 635 nm and found to be 0.48 dB/cm. Such a low loss waveguide is useful as basic building block for complex microphonotnics device.

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Runze, Wang, Jian Yabin, Yin Xiaofang, Hou YaQin, and Su XinMing. "Computer-aided Design for the Route of the Test Waveguides." MATEC Web of Conferences 179 (2018): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817901022.

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With the rapid development of China's space industry, digitization and intelligent is the tendency of the future. The applications of the waveguide are gradually widespread. During the thermal test phase, the routes of the test waveguides are similar for each spacecraft. Although the waveguides are highly standardized, so far it needs engineers to design the particular route of the test waveguidess, then map the engineering drawing for every test. In order to efficiently design the route of waveguide, it needs to design an application to help the engineers. With the help of the MFC(Microsoft Foundation Classes) and the pro/toolkit, it is easily to do the modeling and simulation. After automatic design the particular the route of the waveguide, the API of AutoCAD type library is used to help to modify the engineer drawing. Engineers can supervise every step of this application, and easily to modify the key parameters.

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Yu, Bo, Jie Yang, Yexi Song, Zhigang Wang, Tiedi Zhang, Bo Yan, and Ruimin Xu. "Terahertz Metamaterial Waveguide with I-Shaped Resonators for Phase and Absorption Modulation." Photonics 10, no. 7 (July 13, 2023): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10070816.

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In terahertz communication systems, amplifiers and other components can induce non-linear distortion in terms of amplitude and phase, resulting in system performance degradation. This paper presents a terahertz metamaterial waveguide to mitigate amplitude and phase distortions in some terahertz systems. A simple method based on free-space analysis is proposed for designing metamaterial waveguides in an enclosed space. The quasi-periodic metamaterial structures, which feature I-shaped resonant patterns, are integrated onto the inner walls of rectangular waveguides. The phase and amplitude of electromagnetic waves within the waveguide can be modulated by varying the dimensions and number of these resonators. Utilizing the effective medium theory and the equivalent circuits, the metamaterial waveguide’s phase and absorption modulation mechanisms are analyzed. Based on the proposed structure, a metamaterial waveguide with I-shaped resonators is designed and fabricated, and its abilities to modulate the phase and absorption of terahertz waves around 0.2 THz are demonstrated.

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Ishibashi, Akira, Tsuyoshi Kasai, and Nobuo Sawamura. "Redirection Waveguide having Discrete Translational Symmetry for Photovoltaic Systems with Solar-Cell Units Placed at the Periphery." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2018): 3498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123498.

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We have investigated a new type of redirection waveguides for concentration solar-cell systems. The solar cell units are to be placed in the peripheral region of the waveguide. The redirection waveguide converts three-dimensionally propagating (3D) photons into 2D photons that propagate in a planar waveguide which serves as the mainstream of the redirection waveguide. In this new type, the cladding layer on one side of the planar waveguide, not being spatially continuous, tangentially touches the core of the planar waveguide which, having an open geometry, is connected, through tributary waveguides, to the bottom plane where the 3D-photons come in vertically. Based on simulations, we have shown not only that good mainstream-to-mainstream propagation of light-wave can be obtained but also that the light propagation from the tributary waveguides to the mainstream is well done. We also have confirmed that light-waves from the tributary waveguides are well merged with those from the mainstream waveguide at the junction of the cores of the mainstream and the tributary waveguides. Light-waves injected from tributary waveguides propagates well in the core of the mainstream waveguide passing those junctions. The light-wave merging can be fulfilled in the waveguide with the discrete translational symmetry. Photons are shown to be well conveyed in the new waveguide losslessly for a distance of ~1 mm. The redirection waveguide is promising for the concentration photovoltaic systems with solar-cell units placed at its periphery.

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Наливайко, В. И., and М. А. Пономарева. "Оптические решеточно-волноводные сенсоры на основе халькогенидных стекол." Журнал технической физики 126, no. 4 (2019): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2019.04.47523.182-18.

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AbstractThe operating principle of the optical grating waveguide sensors is considered. The waveguide sensitivity and detection limit of sensors with waveguides of oxide and chalcogenide glasses are compared. The advantages of the grating waveguide sensors with waveguides with a high contrast of refraction indices are shown. The conditions of obtaining a maximum waveguide sensitivity of the grating waveguide sensors are formulated.

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Feng, Song, and Bin Xue. "Research into Two Photonic-Integrated Waveguides Based on SiGe Material." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 1877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081877.

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SiGe (Silicon Germanium) is a common semiconductor material with many excellent properties, and many photonic-integrated devices are designed and fabricated with SiGe material. In this paper, two photonic-integrated SiGe waveguides are researched, namely the SiGe-SOI (Silicon Germanium-Silicon-On-Insulator) waveguide and the SiGe-OI (Silicon Germanium-On-Insulator) waveguide. In order to verify which structure has the better waveguide performance, two waveguide structures are built, and the effective refractive indexes and the loss characteristics of the two waveguides are analyzed and compared. By simulation, the SiGe-OI optical waveguide has better losses characteristics at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. Finally, SiGe-OI and SiGe-SOI waveguides are fabricated and tested to verify the correctness of theoretical analysis, and the experimental results show that the transmission losses of the SiGe-OI waveguide are respectively decreased by 36.6% and 28.3% at 400 nm and 600 nm waveguide width in comparison with the SiGe-SOI waveguide. The results also show that the SiGe-OI waveguide has better loss characteristics than those of the SiGe-SOI waveguide at the low Ge content.

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8

Maruyama, Tamami, Koki Shibata, Masashi Nakatsugawa1, Yasuhiro Tamayama, Manabu Omiya, Tsunayuki Yamamoto, Takahiko Nakamura, et al. "Wireless Power Transmission Efficiency of Dipole Array Antenna using a Left-Handed Waveguide Slot Antenna as a Feeder." ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering 21, no. 2 (August 25, 2022): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v21n2.410.

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This paper proposes to transform microwaves for snow melting, which slightly leaking from the slotted waveguide, into electric power using a wireless power transmission technique for effective use. A combination of left-handed and right-handed waveguides is a method to melt snow evenly over a large area using microwaves. The left-handed waveguide, however, has large loss because of stubs. In order to evaluate the effect of the left-handed waveguide’s loss, this paper analyzed the wireless power transmission efficiency when the left-handed waveguide with a slot was set as the power transmission part, and a dipole array was placed above the left-handed waveguide as a power reception unit. The wireless power transfer efficiency was calculated using kQ product from S-parameters that were obtained by using the method of moments. The results clarified that the sum of the maximum efficiencies of the arrayed dipoles could be made larger than the maximum efficiency of one dipole.

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Deng, Jian Qin, Wan Shun Jiang, and Yue Min Ning. "Analysis and Design of a Novel High-Power W-Band Spatial Multilayer Doubler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.529.

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A novel spatial multilayer doubler is proposed in the paper. It is designed by tray approach in rectangular waveguide. The doubler consists of multilayer multiplier circuits, which are parallel each other. Comparing with traditional single layer doubler, the spatial multilayer doubler has higher 1dB compression point, so the output power can be increased when input power is increased. Both the input port and the output port of the doubler are rectangular waveguides. In order to achieve the transition from rectangular waveguide to planar circuit, the finline and ridge are used. Multilayer finlines act as divider, which couple power from input rectangular waveguide. Otherwise, multilayer ridges act as combiner, which combine the harmonic power to output rectangular waveguider. The passive circuits of the spatial multilayer doubler are modeled and analyzed with FDTD method. From the results, we can see that the passive circuits designed in the paper have very low insertion loss.

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10

Liang, Zhi-Xun, Yun-Ying Shi, Qi-Ming Wu, Yun-Fei Yi, and Peng Tang. "Ultracompact Waveguide for an Optical Network-on-Chip with a Vacuum Gap Based on Surface Plasmon Polaritons." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 18, no. 5 (May 1, 2023): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2023.3421.

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In an optical network-on-chip, optical waveguides play a crucial role in transmitting optical signals. Therefore, it is essential for optical waveguides to have a compact size and low insertion loss. This paper proposes a new type of optical waveguide with a vacuum gap based on surface plasmon polaritons. By utilizing surface plasmon polariton technology, the proposed waveguide reduces scattering attenuation caused by hybrid surface plasmon polaritons, saves space in the network-on-chip, and enables the integration of more devices on the chip while maintaining an ultracompact size requirement. Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulations and comparisons are performed between a conventional Si waveguide and two types of surface plasmon polariton waveguides. The results demonstrate that the designed waveguide exhibits excellent confinement capabilities even when the waveguide width is only 100 nm, with an insertion loss of 0.32 dB/μm. The relevant waveguide parameters are studied and optimized, providing a theoretical basis for the development of ultracompact gap surface plasmon polariton waveguides.

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Berdnik, Sergey L., Victor A. Katrich, Mikhail V. Nesterenko, and Yuriy M. Penkin. "Waveguide T-junctions with resonant coupling between sections of different dimensions." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 5 (November 23, 2016): 1059–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175907871600129x.

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Electromagnetic characteristics of the E-plane T-junction for two rectangular waveguides using resonant coupling between the waveguide sections were studied by mathematical modeling. The problem of coupling between infinite and semi-infinite rectangular waveguides through a resonant slot in the end-wall of the semi-infinite waveguide in the presence of resonant monopole is solved in a strict electrodynamic formulation. The monopole with variable surface impedance is placed parallel to the narrow walls at an arbitrary position inside the infinite waveguide. The problem is solved analytically by the generalized method of induced electro-magneto-motive forces. Impedance vibrator inclusions with variable electro-physical parameters have been analyzed as control elements for waveguide junctions. To this purpose energy characteristics of the junction in the single-mode regime of the both waveguides, and also in multi-mode regime of the semi-infinite waveguide is investigated. The results may be useful for development of variety antennas and waveguide devices, which involves waveguide junctions.

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Gut, Kazimierz. "Study of a Broadband Difference Interferometer Based on Low-Cost Polymer Slab Waveguides." Nanomaterials 9, no. 5 (May 11, 2019): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9050729.

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A model and the waveguide parameters of a broadband, polymer-based slab waveguide difference interferometer is presented in this paper. The parameters were determined based on knowledge of the dispersion in the structure materials used to fabricate the waveguide. The impact of the waveguide layer thickness, propagation path length, and change in the waveguide cover refractive index on the output signal from the system was determined. It has been shown that the direction of the maximum shifting is determined by the thickness of the waveguide layer. A relationship describing the shift in the signal extrema for a change in the waveguide cover refractive index was derived. The results show that the use of a propagation constant simplifies the description of the interferometer. Polymer waveguides, although they have a small contrast in refractive indices, allow for large shifts in the maxima of the signal. The determined shifts in the output signal extrema for polymer waveguides are comparable, and these shifts are larger for some waveguide thicknesses compared to waveguides based on Si3N4.

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Krutskikh, V. V., A. Yu Sizyakova, M. S. Minkara, A. R. Ibrahim, A. E. Mirzoyan, and A. N. Ushkov. "Broadband Metal-Dielectric Waveguide Path with Low Losses in the EHF Range." Rocket-space device engineering and information systems 8, no. 3 (2021): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30894/issn2409-0239.2021.8.3.89.98.

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. The present paper is devoted to the design of a new shielded metal-dielectric waveguide with low losses (less than 0.5 dB/m) and wide bandwidth for the 90–100 GHz frequency range. Various types of waveguide structures were analyzed, such as metal waveguides, oversized metal waveguides, dielectric waveguides, dielectric waveguides with a metal shield and various designs of the dielectric filling element. Estimates of loss per unit length in them are obtained. The design of a waveguide containing an oversized round metal screen and a dielectric element consisting of a plate and a rod, located in the center of symmetry of the device, is proposed. The task of creating a transition from the investigated waveguide to a standard rectangular metal waveguide is considered. It is a horn transition from a circular cross-section to a rectangular one with a length of more than 25 wavelengths with a dielectric structure continuing the dielectric element of the waveguide path. As a result of the work, the ratios of the dimensions of the structural elements of the waveguide path and the materials used were obtained that satisfy the required losses.

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Bai, Jing, Jin Wang, Ji Li, Xue-Wen Long, Chun-Xiao Liu, Peng Xie, and Wei-Qiang Wang. "Strip waveguides in Yb³⁺-doped silicate glass formed by combination of He⁺ ion implantation and precise ultrashort pulse laser ablation." Open Physics 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2022-0220.

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Abstract Strip optical waveguides were realized in Yb3+-doped silicate glass with ultrashort pulse laser ablation assisted He+ ion implantation. Planar waveguides were first prepared near the glass surface by He+ ion implantation (450 keV + 500 keV + 550 keV), followed by annealing at 260℃. After that, under the processing parameters of 3 μJ energy and 50 μm/s ablation velocity, two parallel tracks with separation of 15, 20, and 25 μm were, respectively, inscribed on the sample, which confine the light in lateral direction to form a strip waveguide. The near-field intensity measurement indicates that the strip waveguides maintain the single-mode propagation characteristics with 976 nm laser injection, and present the multi-mode characteristics with 632.8 nm laser injection, showing that the guided modes are well supported in the strip waveguides. The minimum propagation loss of strip waveguide is 1.35 dB/cm. Fluorescence emission spectra indicate that the gain properties of waveguide core were maintained well after waveguide preparation, revealing that the strip waveguide device in Yb3+-doped silicate glass has the potential to become an active device as waveguide laser or waveguide amplifier.

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KOUZAEV, GUENNADI A. "CONTROLLED LOCALIZED EIGENMODES IN PSEUDO-RANDOM MULTILAYER ELECTRON WAVEGUIDES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 28, no. 01 (December 11, 2013): 1350192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979213501920.

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In this paper, the localization of eigenmodes in quasi-1-D pseudo-random potential lattice electron waveguides is studied using the equivalent circuit method applied to the Schrödinger equation. It is found that the mixed deterministic and random discrete potential and limited waveguide width allow only intermediate localization of modes, and their two main types are discovered: the gap-localized and random-lattice localized modes which are stable toward variation of the waveguide's geometry. These modes can be transformed to each other by proper choosing the waveguide parameters. The discovered and studied effects and created models are interesting in the developments of spatial nano-switches of electron waves.

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Koala, Ratmalgre, Ryoma Maru, Kei Iyoda, Li Yi, Masayuki Fujita, and Tadao Nagatsuma. "Ultra-Low-Loss and Broadband All-Silicon Dielectric Waveguides for WR-1 Band (0.75–1.1 THz) Modules." Photonics 9, no. 8 (July 24, 2022): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9080515.

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This study presents ultra-low-loss and broadband all-silicon dielectric waveguides for the WR-1 band (0.75–1.1 THz). The waveguides are built in high-resistivity silicon (10 kΩ-cm) and integrated with supportive frames fabricated from the same silicon wafer in a single etch process to achieve a compact design. We pursued low-loss, broadband, substrateless, unclad and effective medium waveguides. Smaller propagation losses of 0.3 dB/cm and 0.1 dB/cm were achieved for the unclad and effective medium waveguides, respectively. The 3 dB bandwidth was not encountered in the frequency range of interest and was as broad as 350 GHz. An unclad waveguide was employed to devise a Y-junction to demonstrate its practical applications in terahertz imaging. An integrated circuit card was successfully scanned. In addition, we developed unclad waveguide, effective medium waveguide, and Y-junction modules. The modules incorporated an input/output interface compatible with a standard WR-1 flange (254 μm × 127 μm). Unlike the conventional hollow waveguide modules, the unclad waveguide and effective medium waveguide modules reported total loss improvements of 6 dB and 8 dB, respectively, across the operation band. Our results provided a systematic way of achieving low-loss, compact, and versatile modules in the WR-1 band based on all-dielectric-waveguide platforms.

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En, De, Jie Yu Feng, Ning Bo Zhang, Ning Ning Wang, and Xiao Bin Wang. "Research on Transmission Loss of Optical Waveguide in Three-Component Acceleration Seismic Geophone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 143-144 (December 2011): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.143-144.644.

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The optical waveguides are produced in LiNbO3 substrate of three-component acceleration seismic geophone by lithography. Three-component acceleration seismic geophone detects changes in the external acceleration by detecting phase changes in the optical waveguides. The performance of optical waveguide directly affects the performance of three-component acceleration seismic geophone. Therefore, it is critical to measure and reduce the transmission loss of waveguides. The advantages and disadvantages of LiNbO3 crystal are introduced. The production process of Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguide and its performance are presented. Some information about the types of transmission loss of optical waveguide and the measurement methods of optical waveguide loss are provided.

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Tyszkiewicz, Cuma, and Paweł Kielan. "Evanescent Wave Sensitivity of Silica-Titania Rib Waveguides in the Single-Mode Propagation Regime." Photonics 10, no. 9 (September 21, 2023): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10091065.

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The analysis reported in this paper shows that the homogeneous sensitivity of both fundamental rib waveguide modes, HE00 and EH00, can slightly exceed the sensitivity of the optimized parent slab waveguide. The most crucial difference in the behavior of these two polarizations is that the sensitivity of the HE00 mode is the maximum for strip waveguides. In contrast, the sensitivity of the EH00 mode can either decrease monotonically or not-monotonically with increasing rib height or behave like a homogeneous sensitivity characteristic of the slab waveguide’s EH0 mode. The second important conclusion comes from comparing the sensitivity characteristics with the distributions of the fundamental mode’s optical power. Namely, the homogeneous sensitivity of the rib waveguide is at the maximum if, due to a slight variance in the cover refractive index, a variation in the weighted optical power carried by the mode is the maximum.

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Hubert, Florian, Tobias Bader, Larissa Wahl, Andreas Hofmann, Konstantin Lomakin, Mark Sippel, Nahum Travitzky, and Gerald Gold. "Additive Manufactured Waveguide for E-Band Using Ceramic Materials." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2021): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010212.

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Ceramic materials are chemical- and temperature-resistant and, therefore, enable novel application fields ranging from automotive to aerospace. With this in mind, this contribution focuses on developing an additive manufacturing approach for 3D-printed waveguides made of ceramic materials. In particular, a special design approach for ceramic waveguides, which introduces non-radiating slots into the waveguides sidewalls, and a customized metallization process, are presented. The developed process allows for using conventional stereolithographic desktop-grade 3D-printers. The proposed approach has, therefore, benefits such as low-cost fabrication, moderate handling effort and independence of the concrete waveguide geometry. The performance of a manufactured ceramic WR12 waveguide is compared to a commercial waveguide and a conventionally printed counterpart. For that reason, relevant properties, such as surface roughness and waveguide geometry, are characterized. Parsing the electrical measurements, the ceramic waveguide specimen features an attenuation coefficient of 30–60 dB/m within the E-Band. The measured attenuation coefficient is 200% and 300% higher compared to the epoxy resin and the commercial waveguide and is attributed to the increased surface roughness of the ceramic substrate.

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YOON, KEUN BYOUNG, BYEONG-SOO BAE, and MICHAEL POPALL. "FABRICATION OF LOW-LOSS WAVEGUIDES USING ORGANIC-INORGANIC HYBRID MATERIALS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 14, no. 03 (September 2005): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863505002852.

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The fabrication of single and multimode waveguides and optical characteristics were investigated. The singlemode waveguide was fabricated by a laser direct writing technique and a multimode waveguide was produced by means of a direct UV patterning technique using organic-inorganic hybrid materials. The fabrication of waveguide channels with these techniques are of interest for simple processes. The resulting single and multimode waveguides exhibited a near rectangular shape and low optical loss. The average propagation losses of these waveguides were 0.07 dB/cm (at 850 nm) and 0.3 dB/cm (at 1310 nm), respectively.

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Chandra, Veer, and Rakesh Ranjan. "Design and Analysis of Micro-Opto-Mechanical System Cantilever Integrated with Photonics Waveguide for Pressure Sensing Applications." Sensor Letters 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2020.4178.

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In this work, the pressure sensing approach based on the Micro-Opto-Mechanical System (MOMS) cantilever integrated with waveguide structure has been explored. The MOMS based photonic sensors are drawing attention because of their high sensing capabilities. In the design of MOMS based cantilever pressure sensor, mainly two different waveguide structures, Rib and Slot waveguides have been considered. The deviation in light intensity at the output of the waveguide structure is mainly used to analyze the amount of exerted pressure at the free-end of cantilever. Using the different waveguide parameters such as, effective mode area, light intensity variations, etc., the performance comparison between Rib and Slot waveguides have been done. The relationship between the normalized light intensity at the waveguide output corresponding to the applied pressure has been established from the relationship between the deflection versus pressure and normalized intensity versus deflection. It has been anticipated that the performance of pressure sensor using Slot waveguide is significantly better than the Rib waveguide for some application.

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Milosevic, Milan, Petar Matavulj, and Goran Mashanovich. "Single mode and polarization independence in the strained silicon-on-insulator rib waveguides." Chemical Industry 62, no. 3 (2008): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0803119m.

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In this paper we investigate the most popular silicon waveguide structures in the form of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) rib waveguide. Single mode and birefringence free conditions in these relatively small waveguides are discussed and the influence of the top oxide cladding stress is analyzed. Field profiles for a wide range of waveguide cross section shapes and dimensions are systematically considered. Design guidelines for this type of SOI waveguides are presented.

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Schädle, Thomas, and Boris Mizaikoff. "Mid-Infrared Waveguides: A Perspective." Applied Spectroscopy 70, no. 10 (October 2016): 1625–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702816659668.

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Significant advancements in waveguide technology in the mid-infrared (MIR) regime during recent decades have assisted in establishing MIR spectroscopic and sensing technologies as a routine tool among nondestructive analytical methods. In this review, the evolution of MIR waveguides along with state-of-the-art technologies facilitating next-generation MIR chem/bio sensors will be discussed introducing a classification scheme defining three “generations” of MIR waveguides: (1) conventional internal reflection elements as “first generation” waveguides; (2) MIR-transparent optical fibers as “second generation” waveguides; and most recently introduced(3) thin-film structures as “third generation” waveguides. Selected application examples for these each waveguide category along with future trends will highlight utility and perspectives for waveguide-based MIR spectroscopy and sensing systems.

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Yu, Zejie, He Gao, Yi Wang, Yue Yu, Hon Ki Tsang, Xiankai Sun, and Daoxin Dai. "Fundamentals and applications of photonic waveguides with bound states in the continuum." Journal of Semiconductors 44, no. 10 (October 1, 2023): 101301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/44/10/101301.

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Abstract Photonic waveguides are the most fundamental element for photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Waveguide properties, such as propagation loss, modal areas, nonlinear coefficients, etc., directly determine the functionalities and performance of PICs. Recently, the emerging waveguides with bound states in the continuum (BICs) have opened new opportunities for PICs because of their special properties in resonance and radiation. Here, we review the recent progress of PICs composed of waveguides with BICs. First, fundamentals including background physics and design rules of a BIC-based waveguide will be introduced. Next, two types of BIC-based waveguide structures, including shallowly etched dielectric and hybrid waveguides, will be presented. Lastly, the challenges and opportunities of PICs with BICs will be discussed.

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Čehovski, Marko, Jing Becker, Ouacef Charfi, Hans-Hermann Johannes, Claas Müller, and Wolfgang Kowalsky. "Single-Mode Polymer Ridge Waveguide Integration of Organic Thin-Film Laser." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 18, 2020): 2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082805.

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Organic thin-film lasers (OLAS) are promising optical sources when it comes to flexibility and small-scale manufacturing. These properties are required especially for integrating organic thin-film lasers into single-mode waveguides. Optical sensors based on single-mode ridge waveguide systems, especially for Lab-on-a-chip (LoC) applications, usually need external laser sources, free-space optics, and coupling structures, which suffer from coupling losses and mechanical stabilization problems. In this paper, we report on the first successful integration of organic thin-film lasers directly into polymeric single-mode ridge waveguides forming a monolithic laser device for LoC applications. The integrated waveguide laser is achieved by three production steps: nanoimprint of Bragg gratings onto the waveguide cladding material EpoClad, UV-Lithography of the waveguide core material EpoCore, and thermal evaporation of the OLAS material Alq3:DCM2 on top of the single-mode waveguides and the Bragg grating area. Here, the laser light is analyzed out of the waveguide facet with optical spectroscopy presenting single-mode characteristics even with high pump energy densities. This kind of integrated waveguide laser is very suitable for photonic LoC applications based on intensity and interferometric sensors where single-mode operation is required.

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Weeber, Jean-Claude, Gérard Colas-des-Francs, Alexandre Bouhelier, Aymeric Leray, Kirill Vasilev, Xiao Yu, Kamal Hammani, et al. "Colloidal quantum dots decorated micro-ring resonators for efficient integrated waveguides excitation." Nanophotonics 9, no. 6 (April 24, 2020): 1411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0516.

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AbstractMicro-ring resonators made of titanium dioxide were decorated with local light sources comprising CdSe/CdS colloidal quantum dot aggregates. The active micro-resonators are operated to achieve efficient evanescent excitation of nearby co-planar integrated waveguides. Coupled-mode analysis and numerical simulations are used to capture the dynamic of the optical interaction between locally activated resonators and integrated waveguides. In this context, we exemplify the key role of resonator intrinsic loss. Next, we show that locally activated or bus-waveguide excited resonators are in optimum waveguide interaction for the same so-called critical coupling condition, although the physical origin of this property is different for each configuration. More importantly, we found that a locally activated resonator is a fabrication imperfection tolerant configuration for the coupling light of local sources into waveguides. This remarkable property originates from the opposite change of the power cycling into the resonator and the waveguide coupling efficiency as a function of the resonator-waveguide separation gap. By operating an 8-μm-radius ring resonator with loaded quality factors around Q = 2100, we experimentally demonstrate a 5.5-dB enhancement of the power coupled into the output waveguide compared to a direct local source waveguide excitation.

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Baiocco, Davide, Ignacio Lopez-Quintas, Javier R. Vázquez de Aldana, Mauro Tonelli, and Alessandro Tredicucci. "Comparative Performance Analysis of Femtosecond-Laser-Written Diode-Pumped Pr:LiLuF4 Visible Waveguide Lasers." Photonics 10, no. 4 (March 29, 2023): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040377.

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In this work, we present the operation of a femtosecond-laser-written diode-pumped visible waveguide laser based on praseodymium-doped lithium lutetium fluoride. The refractive index modification induced by the femtosecond laser in the crystal exhibits an anisotropic behavior, thus enabling the fabrication of different types of waveguides from single-track structures to stress-induced waveguides and depressed cladding structures. All the waveguides were characterized by realizing transmission measurements and the waveguide design was optimized to obtain extremely low propagation losses, equal to 0.12 dB/cm. Lasing has been achieved at 604 nm and 721 nm from different waveguides. In addition, stable continuous-wave lasing at 698 nm has been obtained in a depressed cladding waveguide. This wavelength corresponds to the one needed for the transition of the atomic clock based on the neutral strontium atom. In the end, we report the observation of laser emission at 645 nm from a depressed cladding waveguide.

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Renno, Jamil, Niels Søndergaard, Sadok Sassi, and Mohammad R. Paurobally. "Wave Scattering and Power Flow in Straight-Helical-Straight Waveguide Structure." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 11, no. 08 (September 2019): 1950075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825119500753.

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The knowledge of wave scattering and power flow in waveguide structures is important for many engineering applications. In this paper, power flow and scattering in a straight-helical-straight waveguide structure are investigated using the wave and finite element (WFE) method. For simple (straight or helical) waveguides, wave scattering (and subsequently the power flow and scattering) can be resolved analytically. This is not the case for complex waveguides such as laminated or sandwiched waveguides or waveguides with noncanonical cross-sections. In such cases, the WFE method is used to model the wave behavior in each waveguide in the structure. The power flow is then studied by considering how waves reflect and transmit at the boundaries that join the straight waveguides with the helical waveguide. We present three numerical examples but analytical solutions can be obtained for the first example only; for the second and third examples, the WFE is used in earnest since the wave behavior and subsequently the power flow would at best be extremely difficult to formulate analytically.

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Wang, Way-Seen, Yu-Pin Liao, and Chih-Hua Yang. "Nickel-Indiffusion Waveguide for TE-TM Mode Splitter in Lithium Niobate." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 08, no. 04 (December 1997): 621–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012915649700024x.

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Optical waveguides fabricated by nickel indiffusion on lithium niobate are reviewed. In particular, the fabrication process, index change versus concentration, wavelength dispersion, process-dependent polarization, propagation loss, and electro-optic modulation of the nickel indiffusion waveguide are discussed. To improve the confinement of single-ordinary polarization waveguide fabricated by nickel indiffusion, a novel waveguide made by zinc and nickel indiffusion is presented for the first time. Though the measured propagation loss of the waveguide is larger, the measured output power contours are found more symmetric. Moreover, several TE-TM mode splitters using one or more nickel indiffusion waveguides for the complete mode sorting effect are discussed.

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Helke, Christian, Markus Reinhardt, Markus Arnold, Falk Schwenzer, Micha Haase, Matthias Wachs, Christian Goßler, et al. "On the Fabrication and Characterization of Polymer-Based Waveguide Probes for Use in Future Optical Cochlear Implants." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010106.

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Improved hearing restoration by cochlear implants (CI) is expected by optical cochlear implants (oCI) exciting optogenetically modified spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) via an optical pulse generated outside the cochlea. The pulse is guided to the SGNs inside the cochlea via flexible polymer-based waveguide probes. The fabrication of these waveguide probes is realized by using 6” wafer-level micromachining processes, including lithography processes such as spin-coating cladding layers and a waveguide layer in between and etch processes for structuring the waveguide layer. Further adhesion layers and metal layers for laser diode (LD) bonding and light-outcoupling structures are also integrated in this waveguide process flow. Optical microscope and SEM images revealed that the majority of the waveguides are sufficiently smooth to guide light with low intensity loss. By coupling light into the waveguides and detecting the outcoupled light from the waveguide, we distinguished intensity losses caused by bending the waveguide and outcoupling. The probes were used in first modules called single-beam guides (SBGs) based on a waveguide probe, a ball lens and an LD. Finally, these SBGs were tested in animal models for proof-of-concept implantation experiments.

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Davidovich M. V. "Volumetric integro-differential equations in diffraction and eigenvalue problems (r e v i e w)." Optics and Spectroscopy 130, no. 10 (2022): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/eos.2022.10.54863.3231-22.

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Volumetric integral and integro-differential equations are considered that describe problems of diffraction by three-dimensional bodies with given macroscopic permittivity and magnetic permeability, as well as problems on free vibrations of such bodies. Similar equations are obtained for waveguide structures: hollow shielded waveguides with dielectric filling, dielectric waveguides (optical beamguides), photonic-crystal waveguides. Dominantly stationary linear electromagnetic problems are considered. Non-stationary and nonlinear problems are mentioned casually. Numerical results are given for oscillations H01delta and H011 of a cylindrical dielectric resonator, for waves of a rectangular dielectric waveguide and a plasmonic waveguide, dispersion in a photonic crystal, and diffraction by a rectangular dielectric cylinder. Keywords: ...

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Vostrikov, Gavril N., Nikolay V. Muravyev, Aleksandr E. Angervaks, Roman A. Okun, Anastasia S. Perevoznikova, Jaeyeol Ryu, and Andrei N. Putilin. "Method for Compensating Aberrations of a Virtual Image Formed by an Augmented Reality Display Based on a Cylindrical Diffractive Waveguide." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 13, 2023): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042400.

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To date, planar waveguides are under development for augmented reality systems with waveguide combiners. The next step of their development is the transition to curved waveguides, which could make the combiners more ergonomic. In the present work, a method has been developed that makes it possible to minimize aberrations of a virtual image during its in-coupling to and out-coupling from a cylindrical waveguide. The method is based on the use of in-coupling and out-coupling diffractive optical elements (DOE) with a variable grating period, which provide virtual image pre-aberration when radiation is in-coupled into the waveguide and compensation of the waveguide curvature at the out-coupling. Analytical laws are derived for the period variation of the in-coupling and out-coupling DOEs for an arbitrary curvature of a cylindrical waveguide. These dependences were optimized to minimize virtual image aberrations when using a radiation source with finite dimensions. Samples of cylindrical concentric PMMA waveguides with a curvature radius of 150 mm and in-coupling/out-coupling holographic optical elements (HOEs) have been created. The transmission of test monochrome virtual images through these waveguides without doubling and breaks in the field of view has been experimentally demonstrated.

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De Boeij, Wim P., Hans S. Kanger, Gerald W. Lucassen, Cees Otto, and Jan Greve. "Waveguide CARS Spectroscopy: A New Method for Background Suppression, Using Dielectric Layers as a Model." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 6 (June 1993): 723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934066938.

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Waveguide Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) can be used to measure Raman-active vibrations in thin-layer dielectric waveguides. In waveguide CARS experiments, background-free spectra can be obtained when asymmetric mode combinations are applied. The degree of suppression depends on the waveguide parameters and the wavelengths used. A new method using scanning pump and Stokes beams in waveguide CARS experiments is presented, which allows the possibility of maintaining full background suppression conditions over large spectral intervals. A small controlled change in the tuning conditions results in a heterodyning of the signal with a small amount of background, thereby enhancing the small resonant signals. Several simulations for dielectric waveguides are given.

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Cammarata, Simone, Andrea Fontana, Ali Emre Kaplan, Samuele Cornia, Thu Ha Dao, Cosimo Lacava, Valeria Demontis, et al. "Polarization Control in Integrated Graphene-Silicon Quantum Photonics Waveguides." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 8739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248739.

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We numerically investigated the use of graphene nanoribbons placed on top of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) strip waveguides for light polarization control in silicon photonic-integrated waveguides. We found that two factors mainly affected the polarization control: the graphene chemical potential and the geometrical parameters of the waveguide, such as the waveguide and nanoribbon widths and distance. We show that the graphene chemical potential influences both TE and TM polarizations almost in the same way, while the waveguide width tapering enables both TE-pass and TM-pass polarizing functionalities. Overall, by increasing the oxide spacer thickness between the silicon waveguide and the top graphene layer, the device insertion losses can be reduced, while preserving a high polarization extinction ratio.

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Boudjemline, Attia, David T. Clarke, Neville J. Freeman, James M. Nicholson, and Gareth R. Jones. "Early stages of protein crystallization as revealed by emerging optical waveguide technology." Journal of Applied Crystallography 41, no. 3 (April 8, 2008): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889808005098.

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A highly sensitive method for studying the onset of protein crystallization in real time using an optical-waveguide-based technique is reported. Dual polarization interferometry uses light from sensing and reference waveguides to produce an interference pattern, which when the sensing waveguide is immersed in a protein solution supplies information on the thickness and density of any protein adlayer on the sensing waveguide's surface. This technique provides evidence that crystallization proceedsvialarge protein aggregates but, more strikingly, shows dramatic light loss from the sensing waveguide at a very early stage during crystallization. The technique proves relatively insensitive to the crystallization of small molecules or poorly formed protein crystals and affords a method of distinguishing crystal formation from the formation of other protein aggregates or salt crystals. The experimental setup currently necessitates crystallization using the batch method, and precipitant mixing at high supersaturation is known to introduce a greater variability compared with methods such as vapour diffusion or dialysis, but first results promise to bridge the paucity of real-time methods available to distinguish the onset of protein crystallization from other forms of aggregation.

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Egorov, E. V., and V. K. Egorov. "Optical fluxes propagation in the planar transport layer of multilayer coatings." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2144, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2144/1/012013.

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Abstract The article is concerned with peculiarities study of the quasimonochromatic optical fluxes propagation through thin planar transparent layer of multilayer coating. There is shown that these fluxes can be transported by the layer in process of its multiple consequtive total internal reflection or by the waveguide-resonance propagation manner depending on correlation between the layer width and the radiation coherence length half of transported fluxes. Efficiency comparison of these radiation transportation mechanisms showed that the waveguide-resonance propagation approach is more adequate for results description of the optical waveguides functioning. It allowed to conclude that optical waveguides (fibers) function in frame of the waveguide-resonance paradigm and the waveguide-resonance mechanism is responsible for the light fluxes transportation on great distances.

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Bessonov, V. O., A. D. Rozanov, and A. A. Fedyanin. "Optical Trapping and Moving of Microparticles by the Near Field of Bloch Surface Waves in Polymer Waveguides." JETP Letters 119, no. 4 (February 2024): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0021364024600010.

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Trapping and movement of microparticles using the near field of waveguide modes enables the realization of stable and compact integrated optical platforms for manipulating, sorting, and studying single microobjects. In this work, the possibility of optical manipulation via Bloch surface waves propagating in polymer waveguides on the surface of a one-dimensional photonic crystal and localizing light at the waveguide surface is studied. Numerical simulation of optical forces acting on a spherical particle from the fundamental waveguide mode of the Bloch surface wave is performed. Using two-photon laser lithography, SU-8 polymer waveguides are fabricated on the surface of a one-dimensional photonic crystal. The movement of a polystyrene microparticle along the waveguide when the Bloch surface wave is excited in it is experimentally demonstrated.

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Ali, Md Shuzon, Yusuke Hata, Motoki Kataoka, Masaaki Misawa, and Kenji Tsuruta. "Robust and Reconfigurable Waveguide Design in Valley-Topological Phononic Crystals." Materials Science Forum 1107 (December 6, 2023): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-jt9zkn.

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As an analogy of topological insulators and superconductors, “topological phononics”, which applies the concept of band topology to acoustic dispersion, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. We present design of topological acoustic/elastic waveguides in phononic crystals. Topological waveguides are designed from the phonon dispersion analyses by finding edge modes appearing at interfaces between phononic crystals with different band topologies. As a prototype model, we first designed the topological waveguides in kHz regimes. Experimental validation of the designed waveguide has been performed in the frequency region via laser-doppler measurements. The robustness of the waveguide propagation against defects, corners, and structural inaccuracy in the waveguide has been quantitatively evaluated. We also introduced a structural transition of local symmetry inversion in the phononic crystal to implement a reconfigurability into the waveguide .Further development toward GHz regime will pave the way to the development of next-generation information devices using the proposed structures as an alternative or complimentary approach.

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Kanjwal, Muzafar A., and Amal Al Ghaferi. "Advanced Waveguide Based LOC Biosensors: A Minireview." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 5443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145443.

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This mini review features contemporary advances in mid-infrared (MIR) thin-film waveguide technology and on-chip photonics, promoting high-performance biosensing platforms. Supported by recent developments in MIR thin-film waveguides, it is expected that label-free assimilated MIR sensing platforms will soon supplement the current sensing technologies for biomedical diagnostics. The state-of-the-art shows that various types of waveguide material can be utilized for waveguide spectroscopic measurements in MIR. However, there are challenges to integrating these waveguide platforms with microfluidic/Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) devices, due to poor light–material interactions. Graphene and its analogs have found many applications in microfluidic-based LOC devices, to address to this issue. Graphene-based materials possess a high conductivity, a large surface-to-volume ratio, a smaller and tunable bandgap, and allow easier sample loading; which is essential for acquiring precise electrochemical information. This work discusses advanced waveguide materials, their advantages, and disease diagnostics with MIR thin-film based waveguides. The incorporation of graphene into waveguides improves the light–graphene interaction, and photonic devices greatly benefit from graphene’s strong field-controlled optical response.

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Aziz, Asad. "Novel ELC-like and Z-shaped plasmonic waveguides to reach ultra-strong field confinements." Laser Physics 32, no. 4 (March 8, 2022): 046204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ac5817.

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Abstract In this paper, two novel waveguides with ELC like-shaped and Z-shaped grooves have been proposed to achieve highly efficient and strongly confined spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) propagation. Low-dispersion bands can be realized by such structures with tight field confinement of SSPPs, resulting in size miniaturization of the proposed waveguides. Specifically, our method yields deep physical insight into the effect that the geometrically induced modifications of the supporting structure has on the dispersion properties and field confinement capabilities of SSPPs. In comparison, SSPP waveguide results presented in Aziz (2021 Results Opt. 5 100116) are given which is regarded to have stronger SSPPs field confinement as compared to previously reported different grooves shapes based SSPP waveguides. It is found that the dispersion and waveguide propagation characteristics can be directly manipulated by varying the geometrical parameters of the horizontal and slanted slits of Z-shaped and ELC-like shaped plasmonic waveguides without increasing the lateral dimension of the waveguides. Based on this waveguiding scheme, the proposed waveguides exhibit much lower asymptotic frequency of the dispersion relation and even tighter SSPPs field confinement than I-shaped plasmonic waveguide. Then, broadband transitions with a tapered metallic strip and an array of graded height ELC-like and Z-shaped units with good impedance matching and high mode conversion efficiency are designed. Fully controlled field enhancement functionality has been performed, by using such metamaterial particles in the form of grooves, decorated in SSPP waveguide. Simulated results have demonstrated that the proposed SSPP waveguides have much stronger field confinement than the highly efficient I-shaped grooves based SSPP waveguide. The proposed waveguides can be a significant contribution towards the advancement of plasmonic functional devices and integrated circuits in microwave frequencies.

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Shi, Jia, Yiyun Ding, Longhuang Tang, Xiuyan Li, Hua Bai, Xianguo Li, Wei Fan, et al. "Low-Frequency Terahertz Photonic Crystal Waveguide with a Lilac-Shaped Defect Based on Stereolithography 3D Printing." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 20, 2022): 8333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168333.

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Terahertz (THz) photonic crystal (PC) waveguides show promise as an efficient and versatile waveguiding platform for communication, sensing, and imaging. However, low-frequency THz PC waveguides with a low-cost and easy fabrication remain challenging. To address this issue, a THz PC waveguide with a lilac-shaped defect has been designed and fabricated by 3D printing based on stereolithography (SLA). The reflection and transmission characteristics of the proposed waveguide have been analyzed using the finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) method. The waveguide spectral response is further optimized by changing the distance of the lilac-shaped resonant cavities. Consistent with the results of numerical modeling, the measured results show that the waveguide performs a resonant reflection in the region of 0.2 to 0.3 THz and low-pass transmission in the 6G mobile communication window. Furthermore, in order to characterize the performance of the proposed waveguide, parameters have been analyzed, including the Q factor, resonant frequency, and bandwidth. This work supplies a novel pathway for the design and fabrication of a low-frequency THz PC waveguide with potential applications in communication, sensing, and imaging.

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Savotchenko, S. E. "Models of waveguides combining gradient and nonlinear optical layers." Russian Technological Journal 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2023): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2023-11-4-84-93.

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Objectives. Theoretical studies of the waveguide properties of interfaces between nonlinear optical and graded-index media are important for application in optoelectronics. Waveguides combining layers with different optical properties seem to be the most promising, since they can be matched to optimal characteristics using a wide range of control parameters. The paper aims to develop a theory of composite optically nonlinear gradedindex waveguides with an arbitrary profile, within which it is possible to obtain exact analytical expressions for surface waves and waveguide modes in an explicit form. The main feature of the theory proposed in this paper is its applicability for describing surface waves and waveguide modes, in which the field is concentrated inside the gradient layer and does not exceed its boundary, avoiding contact with the nonlinear layer.Methods. Analytical methods of the theory of optical waveguides and nonlinear optics are used.Results. A theoretical description of the waveguide properties of the interface between two media having significantly different optical characteristics is carried out. The formulated model of a plane waveguide is applicable to media having an arbitrary spatial permittivity profile. An analytical expression describing a surface wave propagating along the interface between a medium having stepwise nonlinearity and a gradient layer with an arbitrary permittivity profile is obtained. Additionally, analytical expressions for surface waves propagating along the interface between a medium with Kerr nonlinearity (both self-focusing and defocusing), as well as graded-index media characterized by exponential and linear permittivity profiles, are obtained.Conclusions. The proposed theory supports a visual description in an explicit analytical form of a narrowly localized light beam within such waveguides. It is shown that by combining different semiconductor crystals in a composite waveguide, it is possible to obtain a nonlinear optical layer on one side of the waveguide interface and a layer with a graded-index dielectric permittivity profile on the other.

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Zeng, Desheng, Qiang Liu, Chenyang Mei, Hongwei Li, Qingzhong Huang, and Xinliang Zhang. "Demonstration of Ultra-High-Q Silicon Microring Resonators for Nonlinear Integrated Photonics." Micromachines 13, no. 7 (July 21, 2022): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13071155.

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A reflowing photoresist and oxidation smoothing process is used to fabricate ultra-high-Q silicon microring resonators based on multimode rib waveguides. Over a wide range of wavelengths near 1550 nm, the average Q-factor of a ring with 1.2-μm-wide waveguides reaches up to 1.17 × 106, with a waveguide loss of approximately 0.28 dB/cm. For a resonator with 1.5-μm-wide waveguides, the average Q-factor reaches 1.20 × 106, and the waveguide loss is 0.27 dB/cm. Moreover, we theoretically and experimentally show that a reduction in the waveguide loss significantly improves the conversion efficiency of four-wave mixing. A high four-wave mixing conversion efficiency of −17.0 dB is achieved at a pump power of 6.50 dBm.

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Su, Xiao-Xing, Zi-Long Dou, and Heow Pueh Lee. "Stimulated Brillouin scattering in a sub-wavelength anisotropic waveguide with slightly-misaligned material and structural axes: misalignment-sensitive behaviors and underlying physics." Journal of Optics 24, no. 4 (March 7, 2022): 045002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ac432b.

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Abstract The stimulated Brillouin scatterings (SBSs) in sub-wavelength rutile waveguides with slightly misaligned material and structural axes are numerically studied. The misalignment is introduced between the extraordinary material axis and longitudinal axis of the waveguide only. Four nanowire waveguides with different cross-sectional geometries are considered. They consist of a circular waveguide, two elliptical waveguides with different cross-sectional orientation angles, and a trapezoidal waveguide with a completely unsymmetrical cross-sectional shape. As previously reported, the resonant peaks emerge rapidly in response to the introduced small misalignment angle and can also be observed in the calculated Brillouin gain spectra of the considered waveguides. But these misalignment-sensitive resonant peaks further exhibit some extraordinary behaviors, which may not be intuitively understandable. For instance, despite a plausible absence of symmetry breaking, many misalignment-sensitive resonant peaks can still be observed in the forward SBS gain spectrum of the trapezoidal waveguide. Based on the symmetry properties of the considered waveguides, the physics underlying the observed extraordinary phenomena are revealed. The obtained results highlight the effectiveness of introducing symmetry breakings for activating/harnessing opto-mechanical couplings in photonic-phononic micro structures, which would enable us to gain some deeper insights into the sub-wavelength opto-mechanics in anisotropic media.

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Lin, Kai-Ju, and Lon A. Wang. "Investigation of an In-Line Slot Waveguide Sensor Built in a Tapered D-Shaped Silicon-Cored Fiber." Sensors 21, no. 23 (November 25, 2021): 7832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237832.

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An in-line slot waveguide sensor built in a polished flat platform of a D-shaped silicon cored fiber with a taper coupled region is proposed and investigated thoroughly. Simulation results show that the single-mode light field sustained in the silicon cored fiber can be efficiently transferred to the slot waveguides through the tapered region. The geometry parameters of the slot waveguide sensors are optimized to have the corresponding highest power confinement factors and the resultant sensor sensitivities. The three-slot waveguide sensor is found to have the best performance among one-, two- and three-slot waveguides at the mid-IR wavelength.

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Matsuda, Nobuyuki, and Hiroki Takesue. "Generation and manipulation of entangled photons on silicon chips." Nanophotonics 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 440–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2015-0148.

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AbstractIntegrated quantum photonics is now seen as one of the promising approaches to realize scalable quantum information systems. With optical waveguides based on silicon photonics technologies, we can realize quantum optical circuits with a higher degree of integration than with silica waveguides. In addition, thanks to the large nonlinearity observed in silicon nanophotonic waveguides, we can implement active components such as entangled photon sources on a chip. In this paper, we report recent progress in integrated quantum photonic circuits based on silicon photonics. We review our work on correlated and entangled photon-pair sources on silicon chips, using nanoscale silicon waveguides and silicon photonic crystal waveguides. We also describe an on-chip quantum buffer realized using the slow-light effect in a silicon photonic crystal waveguide. As an approach to combine the merits of different waveguide platforms, a hybrid quantum circuit that integrates a silicon-based photon-pair source and a silica-based arrayed waveguide grating is also presented.

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Huong, Nguyen Thanh, Nguyen Van Chinh, and Chu Manh Hoang. "Wedge Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguides Based on Wet-Bulk Micromachining." Photonics 6, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6010021.

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In this paper, we propose and investigate the modal characteristics of wedge surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waveguides for guiding surface plasmon waves. The wedge SPP waveguides are composed of a silver layer deposited onto the surface of a wedge-shaped silicon dielectric waveguide. The wedge-shaped silicon dielectric waveguides are explored from the anisotropic wet etching property of single crystal silicon. The wedge SPP waveguides are embedded in a dielectric medium to form the metal–dielectric interface for guiding the surface plasmon waves. The propagation characteristics of the wedge SPP waveguides at the optical telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 μm are evaluated by a numerical simulation. The influence of the physical parameters such as the dimensions of the wedge SPP waveguide and the refractive index of the dielectric medium on the propagation of the surface plasmon wave is investigated. In addition, by comparing the propagation characteristics, we derive the wedge SPP waveguide with the optimal performance.

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Samanta, Swagata, Pallab Banerji, and Pranabendu Ganguly. "Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of SU-8 Waveguide Structures on Oxidized Silicon." MRS Advances 2, no. 18 (2017): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.89.

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ABSTRACTThis work deals with SU-8 waveguides and waveguide structures fabricated on an oxidized silicon substrate using ‘Focused ion beam (FIB) lithography’. From our experimentation it seems that FIB method is practically not suitable for fabricating long SU-8 waveguide structures, rather it is more suitable for nanoscale modification of already fabricated waveguides, such as, to fabricate photonic crystal structures.

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Salleh, Saafie, M. N. Dalimin, and Harvey N. Rutt. "The Propagation Losses of Cold Deposited Zinc Sulfide Waveguides." Advanced Materials Research 216 (March 2011): 332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.216.332.

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Zinc sulfide (ZnS) waveguides with the thickness of 0.5 μm have been deposited onto oxidized silicon wafer substrates at cold temperature (Tcold = –50°C) and ambient temperature (Tambient = 25°C) by thermal evaporation technique. The propagation losses of ZnS waveguides were determined by a scattering detection method. The propagation losses of cold deposited ZnS waveguide were 20.41, 11.35, 3.51 and 2.30 dB/cm measured the wavelengths of 633, 986, 1305 and 1540 nm, respectively. Where as, the propagation losses of ambient deposited ZnS waveguide were 131.50, 47.99, 4.43 and 2.74 dB/cm measured the wavelengths of 633, 986, 1305 and 1540 nm, respectively. The propagation loss of the cold deposited ZnS waveguide was dominated by surface scattering whereas the propagation loss of the ambient deposited ZnS waveguide was dominated by bulk scattering.

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Reichert, W. M., J. T. Ives, P. A. Suci, and V. Hlady. "Excitation of Fluorescent Emission from Solutions at the Surface of Polymer Thin-Film Waveguides: An Integrated Optics Technique for the Sensing of Fluorescence at the Polymer/Solution Interface." Applied Spectroscopy 41, no. 4 (May 1987): 636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702874448724.

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In this paper we report a technique for the excitation and collection of fluorescence in a flow cell coupled to the surface of an integrated optical waveguide. The waveguides were 1–2–µm-thick poly(styrene) films spuncast onto acid-cleaned Pyrex® microscope slides. The flow cell was used to introduce fluorescent solutions to the light energy at the polymer waveguide surface. The flow cell volume consisted of a 0.051-cm-thick silastic gasket sandwiched between a glass collection window and the polymer waveguide surface. Fluorescence data from the waveguide surface excitation of fluorescein solutions are presented. Evanescent- and scatter-excited emissions are separated with the use of light attenuation theory. The application of polymer thin-film waveguides to the study of protein adsorption at the polymer/solution interface is discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Waveguide'

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