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Journal articles on the topic 'Waveguide Inscription'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Romero, Carolina, Javier García Ajates, Feng Chen, and Javier R. Vázquez de Aldana. "Fabrication of Tapered Circular Depressed-Cladding Waveguides in Nd:YAG Crystal by Femtosecond-Laser Direct Inscription." Micromachines 11, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11010010.

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Crystalline materials are excellent substrates for the integration of compact photonic devices benefiting from the unique optical properties of these materials. The technique of direct inscription with femtosecond lasers, as an advantage over other techniques, has opened the door to the fabrication of true three-dimensional (3D) photonic devices in almost any transparent substrate. Depressed-cladding waveguides have been demonstrated to be an excellent and versatile platform for the integration of 3D photonic circuits in crystals. Here, we present the technique that we have developed to inscribe tapered depressed-cladding waveguides with a circular section for the control of the modal behavior. As a proof of concept, we have applied the technique to fabricate structures in Nd:YAG crystal that efficiently change the modal behavior from highly multimodal to monomodal, in the visible and near infrared, with reduction factors in the waveguide radius of up to 4:1. Our results are interesting for different devices such as waveguide lasers, frequency converters or connectors between external devices with different core sizes.

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2

Lijing, Zhong, Roman A. Zakoldaev, Maksim M. Sergeev, Andrey B. Petrov, Vadim P. Veiko, and Alexander P. Alodjants. "Optical Sensitivity of Waveguides Inscribed in Nanoporous Silicate Framework." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010123.

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Laser direct writing technique in glass is a powerful tool for various waveguides’ fabrication that highly develop the element base for designing photonic devices. We apply this technique to fabricate waveguides in porous glass (PG). Nanoporous optical materials for the inscription can elevate the sensing ability of such waveguides to higher standards. The waveguides were fabricated by a single-scan approach with femtosecond laser pulses in the densification mode, which resulted in the formation of a core and cladding. Experimental studies revealed three types of waveguides and quantified the refractive index contrast (up to Δn = 1.2·10−2) accompanied with ~1.2 dB/cm insertion losses. The waveguides demonstrated the sensitivity to small objects captured by the nanoporous framework. We noticed that the deposited ethanol molecules (3 µL) on the PG surface influence the waveguide optical properties indicating the penetration of the molecule to its cladding. Continuous monitoring of the output near field intensity distribution allowed us to determine the response time (6 s) of the waveguide buried at 400 µm below the glass surface. We found that the minimum distinguishable change of the refractive index contrast is 2 × 10−4. The results obtained pave the way to consider the waveguides inscribed into PG as primary transducers for sensor applications.

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3

Lijing, Zhong, Roman A. Zakoldaev, Maksim M. Sergeev, Andrey B. Petrov, Vadim P. Veiko, and Alexander P. Alodjants. "Optical Sensitivity of Waveguides Inscribed in Nanoporous Silicate Framework." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010123.

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Laser direct writing technique in glass is a powerful tool for various waveguides’ fabrication that highly develop the element base for designing photonic devices. We apply this technique to fabricate waveguides in porous glass (PG). Nanoporous optical materials for the inscription can elevate the sensing ability of such waveguides to higher standards. The waveguides were fabricated by a single-scan approach with femtosecond laser pulses in the densification mode, which resulted in the formation of a core and cladding. Experimental studies revealed three types of waveguides and quantified the refractive index contrast (up to Δn = 1.2·10−2) accompanied with ~1.2 dB/cm insertion losses. The waveguides demonstrated the sensitivity to small objects captured by the nanoporous framework. We noticed that the deposited ethanol molecules (3 µL) on the PG surface influence the waveguide optical properties indicating the penetration of the molecule to its cladding. Continuous monitoring of the output near field intensity distribution allowed us to determine the response time (6 s) of the waveguide buried at 400 µm below the glass surface. We found that the minimum distinguishable change of the refractive index contrast is 2 × 10−4. The results obtained pave the way to consider the waveguides inscribed into PG as primary transducers for sensor applications.

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4

Zha, Hao, Yicun Yao, Minghong Wang, Nan-Kuang Chen, Liqiang Zhang, Chenglin Bai, Tao Liu, Yingying Ren, and Yuechen Jia. "Bending 90° Waveguides in Nd:YAG Crystal Fabricated by a Combination of Femtosecond Laser Inscription and Precise Diamond Blade Dicing." Crystals 13, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020188.

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In this paper, a low-loss 90°-bending design in femtosecond laser-induced double-line waveguides is theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The bending is realized based on the total internal reflection of a corner mirror (made by precise diamond blade dicing) located at the intersection of a pair of waveguides perpendicular to each other. The waveguide bending performance was birefringence free, with the insertion loss of each bending below 0.8 dB. This method provides great flexibility and has great potential for the design of integrated photonics based on femtosecond laser-inscribed crystalline materials.

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5

Idrisov, Ravil, Adrian Lorenz, Manfred Rothhardt, and Hartmut Bartelt. "Composed Multicore Fiber Structure for Extended Sensor Multiplexing with Fiber Bragg Gratings." Sensors 22, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 3837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103837.

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A novel multicore optical waveguide component based on a fiber design optimized towards selective grating inscription for multiplexed sensing applications is presented. Such a fiber design enables the increase in the optical sensor capacity as well as extending the sensing length with a single optical fiber while preserving the spatial sensing resolution. The method uses a multicore fiber with differently doped fiber cores and, therefore, enables a selective grating inscription. The concept can be applied in a draw tower inscription process for an efficient production of sensing networks. Along with the general concept, the paper discusses the specific preparation of the fiber-based sensing component and provides experimental results showing the feasibility of such a sensing system.

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6

Calmano, Thomas, Anna-Greta Paschke, Sebastian Müller, Christian Kränkel, and Günter Huber. "Curved Yb:YAG waveguide lasers, fabricated by femtosecond laser inscription." Optics Express 21, no. 21 (October 17, 2013): 25501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.025501.

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7

Hessler, Steffen, Marieke Rüth, Horst-Dieter Lemke, Bernhard Schmauss, and Ralf Hellmann. "Deep UV Formation of Long-Term Stable Optical Bragg Gratings in Epoxy Waveguides and Their Biomedical Sensing Potentials." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113868.

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In this article, we summarize our investigations on optimized 248 nm deep ultraviolet (UV) fabrication of highly stable epoxy polymer Bragg grating sensors and their application for biomedical purposes. Employing m-line spectroscopy, deep UV photosensitivity of cross-linked EpoCore thin films in terms of responding refractive index change is determined to a maximum of Δn = + (1.8 ± 0.2) × 10−3. All-polymer waveguide Bragg gratings are fabricated by direct laser irradiation of lithographic EpoCore strip waveguides on compatible Topas 6017 substrates through standard +1/-1-order phase masks. According near-field simulations of realistic non-ideal phase masks provide insight into UV dose-dependent characteristics of the Bragg grating formation. By means of online monitoring, arising Bragg reflections during grating inscription via beforehand fiber-coupled waveguide samples, an optimum laser parameter set for well-detectable sensor reflection peaks in respect of peak strength, full width at half maximum and grating attenuation are derived. Promising blood analysis applications of optimized epoxy-based Bragg grating sensors are demonstrated in terms of bulk refractive index sensing of whole blood and selective surface refractive index sensing of human serum albumin.

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8

Thomson, R. R., H. T. Bookey, N. Psaila, S. Campbell, D. T. Reid, Shaoxiong Shen, A. Jha, and A. K. Kar. "Internal gain from an erbium-doped oxyfluoride-silicate glass waveguide fabricated using femtosecond waveguide inscription." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 18, no. 14 (July 2006): 1515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2006.877591.

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9

Duan, Yuwen, Peter Dekker, Esa Jaatinen, Scott Foster, Martin Ams, M. J. Steel, and Michael J. Withford. "Narrow Linewidth DFB Waveguide Laser Fabricated via Ultrafast Laser Inscription." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 26, no. 24 (December 15, 2014): 2499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2014.2359467.

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10

Gross, S., and M. J. Withford. "Ultrafast-laser-inscribed 3D integrated photonics: challenges and emerging applications." Nanophotonics 4, no. 3 (November 6, 2015): 332–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2015-0020.

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AbstractSince the discovery that tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses can induce a highly localised and permanent refractive index modification in a large number of transparent dielectrics, the technique of ultrafast laser inscription has received great attention from a wide range of applications. In particular, the capability to create three-dimensional optical waveguide circuits has opened up new opportunities for integrated photonics that would not have been possible with traditional planar fabrication techniques because it enables full access to the many degrees of freedom in a photon. This paper reviews the basic techniques and technological challenges of 3D integrated photonics fabricated using ultrafast laser inscription as well as reviews the most recent progress in the fields of astrophotonics, optical communication, quantum photonics, emulation of quantum systems, optofluidics and sensing.

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11

Zhang, Chao, Ningning Dong, Jin Yang, Feng Chen, Javier R. Vázquez de Aldana, and Qingming Lu. "Channel waveguide lasers in Nd:GGG crystals fabricated by femtosecond laser inscription." Optics Express 19, no. 13 (June 13, 2011): 12503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.19.012503.

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12

Ren, Yingying, Limu Zhang, Hongguang Xing, Carolina Romero, Javier R. Vázquez de Aldana, and Feng Chen. "Cladding waveguide splitters fabricated by femtosecond laser inscription in Ti:Sapphire crystal." Optics & Laser Technology 103 (July 2018): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.01.021.

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13

Michele, Vincenzo De, Maxime Royon, Emmanuel Marin, Antonino Alessi, Adriana Morana, Aziz Boukenter, Marco Cannas, Sylvain Girard, and Youcef Ouerdane. "Near-IR- and UV-femtosecond laser waveguide inscription in silica glasses." Optical Materials Express 9, no. 12 (November 12, 2019): 4624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.9.004624.

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14

Thomson, R. R., R. J. Harris, T. A. Birks, G. Brown, J. Allington-Smith, and J. Bland-Hawthorn. "Ultrafast laser inscription of a 121-waveguide fan-out for astrophotonics." Optics Letters 37, no. 12 (June 8, 2012): 2331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.37.002331.

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15

Meyer, Jan, Antonio Nedjalkov, Christian Kelb, Gion Joel Strobel, Leonhard Ganzer, and Wolfgang Schade. "Manufacturing and Characterization of Femtosecond Laser-Inscribed Bragg Grating in Polymer Waveguide Operation in an IR-A Wavelength Range." Sensors 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010249.

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Optical sensors, such as fiber Bragg gratings, offer advantages compared to other sensors in many technological fields due to their outstanding characteristics. This sensor technology is currently transferred to polymer waveguides that provide the potential for cost-effective, easy, and flexible manufacturing of planar structures. While sensor production itself, in the majority of cases, is performed by means of phase mask technique, which is limited in terms of its degrees of freedom, other inscription techniques enable the manufacture of more adaptable sensor elements for a wider range of applications. In this article, we demonstrate the point-by-point femtosecond laser direct inscription method for the processing of polymer Bragg gratings into waveguides of the epoxy-based negative photoresist material EpoCore for a wavelength range around 850 nm. By characterizing the obtained grating back-reflection of the produced sensing element, we determined the sensitivity for the state variables temperature, humidity, and strain to be 45 pm/K, 19 pm/%, and 0.26 pm/µε, respectively. Individual and more complex grating structures can be developed from this information, thus opening new fields of utilization.

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16

Morris, J., N. K. Stevenson, H. T. Bookey, A. K. Kar, C. T. A. Brown, J. M. Hopkins, M. D. Dawson, and A. A. Lagatsky. "19 µm waveguide laser fabricated by ultrafast laser inscription in Tm:Lu_2O_3 ceramic." Optics Express 25, no. 13 (June 20, 2017): 14910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.014910.

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17

Psaila, N. D., R. R. Thomson, H. T. Bookey, A. K. Kar, N. Chiodo, R. Osellame, G. Cerullo, A. Jha, and S. Shen. "Er:Yb-doped oxyfluoride silicate glass waveguide amplifier fabricated using femtosecond laser inscription." Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 13 (March 26, 2007): 131102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2716866.

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18

Pallarés-Aldeiturriaga, David, Pablo Roldán-Varona, Luis Rodríguez-Cobo, and José Miguel López-Higuera. "Optical Fiber Sensors by Direct Laser Processing: A Review." Sensors 20, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 6971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236971.

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The consolidation of laser micro/nano processing technologies has led to a continuous increase in the complexity of optical fiber sensors. This new avenue offers novel possibilities for advanced sensing in a wide set of application sectors and, especially in the industrial and medical fields. In this review, the most important transducing structures carried out by laser processing in optical fiber are shown. The work covers different types of fiber Bragg gratings with an emphasis in the direct-write technique and their most interesting inscription configurations. Along with gratings, cladding waveguide structures in optical fibers have reached notable importance in the development of new optical fiber transducers. That is why a detailed study is made of the different laser inscription configurations that can be adopted, as well as their current applications. Microcavities manufactured in optical fibers can be used as both optical transducer and hybrid structure to reach advanced soft-matter optical sensing approaches based on optofluidic concepts. These in-fiber cavities manufactured by femtosecond laser irradiation followed by chemical etching are promising tools for biophotonic devices. Finally, the enhanced Rayleigh backscattering fibers by femtosecond laser dots inscription are also discussed, as a consequence of the new sensing possibilities they enable.

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19

Psaila, N. D., R. R. Thomson, H. T. Bookey, N. Chiodo, S. Shen, R. Osellame, G. Cerullo, A. Jha, and A. K. Kar. "Er : Yb-Doped Oxyfluoride Silicate Glass Waveguide Laser Fabricated Using Ultrafast Laser Inscription." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 20, no. 2 (January 2008): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2007.912538.

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20

Thomson, Robert R., Nicholas D. Psaila, Stephen J. Beecher, and Ajoy K. Kar. "Ultrafast laser inscription of a high-gain Er-doped bismuthate glass waveguide amplifier." Optics Express 18, no. 12 (June 4, 2010): 13212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.013212.

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21

Miese, Christopher, Simon Gross, Michael J. Withford, and Alexander Fuerbach. "Waveguide inscription in Bismuth Germanate crystals using high repetition rate femtosecond lasers pulses." Optical Materials Express 5, no. 2 (January 12, 2015): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.5.000323.

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22

Beecher, Stephen J., Robert R. Thomson, Bishnu P. Pal, and Ajoy K. Kar. "Single Stage Ultrafast Laser Inscription of a Side-Polished Fiber-Like Waveguide Sensor." IEEE Sensors Journal 12, no. 5 (May 2012): 1263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2011.2168951.

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23

Wu, Pengfei, Shan He, and Hongliang Liu. "Annular waveguide lasers at 1064 nm in Nd:YAG crystal produced by femtosecond laser inscription." Applied Optics 57, no. 19 (June 28, 2018): 5420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.005420.

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24

Ren, Yingying, Limu Zhang, Jinman Lv, Yuefeng Zhao, Carolina Romero, Javier R. Vázquez de Aldana, and Feng Chen. "Optical-lattice-like waveguide structures in Ti:Sapphire by femtosecond laser inscription for beam splitting." Optical Materials Express 7, no. 6 (May 17, 2017): 1942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.7.001942.

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25

Irannejad, M., M. Pasha, G. Jose, P. Steenson, T. T. Fernandez, A. Jha, Q. Jiang, et al. "Active glass waveguide amplifier on GaAs by UV-pulsed laser deposition and femtosecond laser inscription." Laser Physics Letters 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2012): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7452/lapl.201110101.

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26

Okhrimchuk, A. G., A. D. Pryamikov, V. V. Likhov, D. S. Dobrovolskii, A. V. Shestakov, G. Yu Orlova, A. S. Lipatiev, A. A. Zhiltsova, and A. N. Romanov. "Inscription of a waveguide in YAG:Nd crystal with a cladding composed by crystalline hollow channels." Optical Materials Express 12, no. 4 (March 23, 2022): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.447622.

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27

Osellame, R., N. Chiodo, G. Della Valle, G. Cerullo, R. Ramponi, P. Laporta, A. Killi, U. Morgner, and O. Svelto. "Waveguide lasers in the C-band fabricated by laser inscription with a compact femtosecond oscillator." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 12, no. 2 (March 2006): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2006.872731.

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28

Tang, Wenlong, Wenfu Zhang, Xin Liu, Shuang Liu, Razvan Stoian, and Guanghua Cheng. "Tubular depressed cladding waveguide laser realized in Yb: YAG by direct inscription of femtosecond laser." Journal of Optics 17, no. 10 (September 4, 2015): 105803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/17/10/105803.

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29

Yuan, Wei-Hao, Jin-Man Lv, Xiao-Tao Hao, and Feng Chen. "Optimization of waveguide structures for beam splitters fabricated in fused silica by direct femtosecond-laser inscription." Optics & Laser Technology 74 (November 2015): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.05.016.

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30

Wang, Xiangxian, Ru Wang, Hua Yang, and Yunping Qi. "Inscription of sub-wavelength gratings with different periods based on asymmetric metal-cladding dielectric waveguide structure." Optik 140 (July 2017): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.04.051.

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31

Benoît, Aurélien, Fraser A. Pike, Tarun K. Sharma, David G. MacLachlan, Aline N. Dinkelaker, Abani S. Nayak, Kalaga Madhav, et al. "Ultrafast laser inscription of asymmetric integrated waveguide 3 dB couplers for astronomical K-band interferometry at the CHARA array." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 38, no. 9 (August 4, 2021): 2455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.423727.

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32

Ren, Yingying, Zemeng Cui, Lifei Sun, Chao Wang, Hongliang Liu, and Yangjian Cai. "Laser emission from low-loss cladding waveguides in Pr:YLF by femtosecond laser helical inscription." Chinese Optics Letters 20, no. 12 (2022): 122201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202220.122201.

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33

Li, Shi-Ling, Feng-Min Deng, and Ze-Ping Huang. "Femtosecond laser inscription waveguides in Nd:GdVO4crystal." Optical Engineering 55, no. 10 (October 14, 2016): 107104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.55.10.107104.

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34

Gebremichael, Wendwesen, Lionel Canioni, Yannick Petit, and Inka Manek-Hönninger. "Double-Track Waveguides inside Calcium Fluoride Crystals." Crystals 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10020109.

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Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) was selected owing to its cubic symmetry and excellent luminescence properties as a crystal of interest, and ultrafast laser inscription of in-bulk double-track waveguides was realized. The guiding properties of these waveguides in relation to the writing energy of the femtosecond pulse are presented. The modified double-track waveguides have been studied by systematic developments of beam propagation experiments and numerical simulations. Furthermore, an adapted model and concepts were engaged for the quantitative and qualitative characterization of the waveguides, particularly for the transmission loss measurements and the three-dimensional refractive index mappings of the modified zones. Additionally, polarization-dependent guiding was investigated.

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35

Matthäus, G., H. Kämmer, K. A. Lammers, C. Vetter, W. Watanabe, and S. Nolte. "Inscription of silicon waveguides using picosecond pulses." Optics Express 26, no. 18 (August 31, 2018): 24089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.024089.

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36

Mihailov, Stephen J., Dan Grobnic, Christopher W. Smelser, Ping Lu, Robert B. Walker, and Huimin Ding. "Induced Bragg Gratings in Optical Fibers and Waveguides Using an Ultrafast Infrared Laser and a Phase Mask." Laser Chemistry 2008 (September 21, 2008): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/416251.

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Since its development in 2003, the technique of Bragg grating inscription in optical fibers and waveguides with ultrafast infrared radiation and a phase mask has proven to be as simple as the standard UV-laser grating writing techniques but far more versatile. The ultrafast IR laser-based process allows for the creation of grating structures in glassy and crystalline materials that are not typically UV photosensitive. In this article, we will review the studies that have been performed at the Communications Research Centre Canada on the grating formation processes as well as applications of the ultrafast laser technique to fabricate gratings in various optical fibers and waveguides.

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37

Ferriere, Richard, Badr-Eddine Benkelfat, John M. Dudley, and Kamal Ghoumid. "Bragg mirror inscription on LiNbO_3 waveguides by index microstructuration." Applied Optics 45, no. 15 (May 20, 2006): 3553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.45.003553.

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38

Long Xuewen, 龙学文, 白晶 Bai Jing, 刘欣 Liu Xin, 赵卫 Zhao Wei, and 程光华 Cheng Guanghua. "Inscription of Waveguides in Terbium Gallium Garnet Using Femtosecond Laser." Acta Optica Sinica 34, no. 4 (2014): 0432002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201434.0432002.

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39

Vitkovskiy, V. E., and M. P. Fedoruk. "Mathematical simulation of the femtosecond-laser inscription of optical waveguides." Laser Physics 18, no. 11 (November 2008): 1268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1054660x0811011x.

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40

Macdonald, J. R., R. R. Thomson, S. J. Beecher, N. D. Psaila, H. T. Bookey, and A. K. Kar. "Ultrafast laser inscription of near-infrared waveguides in polycrystalline ZnSe." Optics Letters 35, no. 23 (November 24, 2010): 4036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.35.004036.

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41

Bharadwaj, V., A. Courvoisier, T. T. Fernandez, R. Ramponi, G. Galzerano, J. Nunn, M. J. Booth, R. Osellame, S. M. Eaton, and P. S. Salter. "Femtosecond laser inscription of Bragg grating waveguides in bulk diamond." Optics Letters 42, no. 17 (August 29, 2017): 3451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.42.003451.

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42

Courvoisier, Arnaud, Martin J. Booth, and Patrick S. Salter. "Inscription of 3D waveguides in diamond using an ultrafast laser." Applied Physics Letters 109, no. 3 (July 18, 2016): 031109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4959267.

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43

Psaila, N. D., R. R. Thomson, H. T. Bookey, A. K. Kar, N. Chiodo, R. Osellame, G. Cerullo, G. Brown, A. Jha, and S. Shen. "Femtosecond laser inscription of optical waveguides in Bismuth ion doped glass." Optics Express 14, no. 22 (2006): 10452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.14.010452.

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44

Bérubé, Jean-Philippe, and Réal Vallée. "Femtosecond laser direct inscription of surface skimming waveguides in bulk glass." Optics Letters 41, no. 13 (June 28, 2016): 3074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.41.003074.

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45

Chen, Feng. "Optical Cladding Waveguides in Dielectric Crystals Produced by Femtosecond Laser Inscription." MATEC Web of Conferences 8 (2013): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20130806005.

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46

Brown, Graeme, Robert R. Thomson, Ajoy K. Kar, Nicholas D. Psaila, and Henry T. Bookey. "Ultrafast laser inscription of Bragg-grating waveguides using the multiscan technique." Optics Letters 37, no. 4 (February 6, 2012): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.37.000491.

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47

Osuch, T., P. Gąsior, K. Markowski, and K. Jędrzejewski. "Development of fiber Bragg gratings technology and their complex structures for sensing, telecommunications and microwave photonics applications." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2014-0068.

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Abstract In this paper research on the development of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology which has been conducted at the Institute of Electronic Systems (IES), Warsaw University of Technology (WUT) since 2004 is presented. In particular the directions in the development of advanced set-ups employing the phase mask inscription scheme are discussed and supported with the descriptions of structures designed and fabricated with the use of the laboratory stages constructed at the IES. The novelty of the presented solutions is based on the combination of numerous techniques of the external modification of the interferometric patterns (projected onto cores of photosensitive fibers to modulate their refractive index) as well as application of the modification of the internal properties of the waveguides themselves by the means of introducing strain or tapering. The development of these sophisticated set-ups resulted in the inscription of FBGs with precisely designed spectral characteristics which found application in telecommunications and sensor technology are also illustrated here. The paper is summarized with the specification of the most important achievements attained at the lab and drafting of the possible directions of further research.

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48

Roldan-Varona, Pablo, Luis Rodriguez-Cobo, and Jose Miguel Lopez-Higuera. "Slit Beam Shaping Technique for Femtosecond Laser Inscription of Symmetric Cladding Waveguides." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 27, no. 6 (November 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2021.3092438.

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49

Masselin, Pascal, Eugene Bychkov, and David Le Coq. "Ultrafast Laser Inscription of High-Performance Mid-Infrared Waveguides in Chalcogenide Glass." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 30, no. 24 (December 15, 2018): 2123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2018.2878288.

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50

Bérubé, Jean-Philippe, Arthur Le Camus, Sandra Helena Messaddeq, Yannick Petit, Younès Messaddeq, Lionel Canioni, and Réal Vallée. "Femtosecond laser direct inscription of mid-IR transmitting waveguides in BGG glasses." Optical Materials Express 7, no. 9 (August 7, 2017): 3124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.7.003124.

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