Journal articles on the topic 'Wave Analysis Language systems'

The use of a millimeter-wave band defined as a 30–300 GHz range is significant element for improving performance of 5th generation (5G) mobile communication systems. However, since the millimeter-wave signal has peculiar propagation characteristics especially toward non-line-of-sight regions, the system architecture and antenna structure for 5G mobile communications should be designed to overcome these propagation limitations. For realization of the 5G mobile communications, electronics and telecommunications research institute (ETRI) is developing central network applying various massive antenna structures with beamforming. In this paper, we have introduced the central network and evaluated the system coverage and capacity through C++ language-based simulations with real geospatial information.

The trends of development of native language education of Ukrainians living in Ukraine,the USA and Canada have been analyzed. They are stipulated by globalization as well asintegration processes on a global scale in the end of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21stcenturies. Their dependence on state language and language education policies in Ukraine havebeen grounded together with national consciousness of the Ukrainians whereas the westerndiaspora dependence on external (language policy in the country of residence, assimilation,assistance from Ukrainian part) and internal factors (national consciousness of Ukrainians in thediaspora, their integration into different society, functioning of native language education, publicorganizations) have also been reasoned.The functioning of institutions in the USA and Canada have been studied (parents/family –kindergartens – Ukrainian Studies Schools and Courses at Universities). Where the subjects inUkrainian Language and Systems of State Educational Institutions for young generations of theAmerican and Canadian Ukrainians are being taught.The following key trends of native language education have been distinguished: bilingualism(Russian-Ukrainian languages in Ukraine which, in general, has a negative impact on the status ofnational language. English-Ukrainian languages in the USA and Canada which is an essential partof the integration of national minorities representatives into the societies of these countries);reduction of Ukrainian language speakers in the USA and Canada as well as in Ukraine; stateassistance in language teaching for ethnic communities/minorities in Ukraine and separateCanadian provinces; seeking for efficient means and methods of teaching native language inpolytechnic / multilingual environments such as mountainous regions of the USA, Canada andUkraine.The conclusion is that despite of assimilation and migration processes in the diaspora andUkraine, the need of Ukrainian language learning is growing. This is particularly connected withthe fourth emigration wave of Ukrainians who are willing to study their own language and obtainappropriate education.

Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) has very complex forces and states when sailing at sea. While the optimization of USV via regression equations usually has a lower precision. Rapidity and seakeeping tests have been conducted based on a USV model of JUST. The rapidity test is mainly ship model resistance test and the seakeeping tests include wave added resistance test, hydrostatic pitching test, pitching and heaving test under the wave. Response surfaces fitting vectors of rough water resistance, pitching significant value, heaving significant value is established while using VC++ language to write second-order response surface fitting programs after dimensionless conversion of test data. Mathematical model of USV navigation performance synthetical optimization is proposed, including systems of rapidity, maneuverability and seakeeping. A layered parallel genetic algorithm (L-P-GA) optimization program is written in VC++ language, which can optimize a variety of conditions with different design speed and displacements. The results indicate that the optimization method has a higher precision and it can provide an opportunity to optimize the navigation performance of USV effectively.

Timed-Arcs Petri nets (TaPN-nets) are a time extension of Petri nets that allows assigning clocks to tokens. System of dynamic points on a metric graph (DP-systems) is another dynamical model that is studied in discrete geometry dynamics and motivated by study of localized Gaussian wave packets scattering on thin structures; as well, DP-systems could be utilized to overapproximate the dynamics of messages scattering in distributed systems. In the latter case, time-temporal properties of DP-systems become a matter of interest. However, there are no tools that enable us to analyse them. In this work, we provide a new approach to automated analysis of DP-systems using the translation of a DP-system into a TaPN-net which is implemented as a TAPAAL plugin. The translation let us use the comprehensive tool support for TaPN-nets (TAPAAL/UPPAAL) to analyze DP-systems dynamical characteristics expressed in TCTL language. We demonstrated how to express some of them and verify time-temporal properties of a DP-system using the suggested approach, and performed experiments to obtain empirical estimates of the tool performance.

The historically high inequities in the education systems of Central and East-European countries have been further exacerbated in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using critical frame analysis, we compared the education policy debates in Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Republic of Moldova during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic with a particular focus on inequities. We discuss the policy frames proposed and utilized by governmental and non-governmental actors to understand their roles played in articulating policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis, and highlight the specificities and commonalities of the political language within and across the national borders of the four countries. We conclude with our findings on the dynamics and structure of the policy debate between state and non-state actors in times of crisis with a particular focus on policy spaces and policy temporalities. Two ways of constructing spatio-temporalities co-exist: one is national, state and public health centric and focuses on governing ‘through’ the crisis; and the other is focused on long term planning while constructing the crisis as an opportunity for decisive intervention towards more equitable education.

The Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English (WAVE), edited by Bernd Kortmann and Kerstin Lunkenheimer, is an impressive and significant achievement. Consisting of almost 1,000 pages of detailed accounts of morphosyntactic patterns in 55 varieties of English from around the world (with some analysis of a further 19) by an international range of experts (many of whom are native speakers of the varieties they describe), WAVE represents a major step forward in our understanding of dialect variation in English and illustrates in fine detail a vast array of linguistic systems that fall under the umbrella ‘English’ across the world today. Using a list of 235 morphosyntactic features, WAVE explores diatopic variation in L1, L2 and pidgin/creole varieties across the globe, illustrating the results in 96 full-colour maps, and investigates the deeper relationships between the varieties in 23 colour-coded phenetic networks. It is a veritable feast for the eyes, but there is so much detail in it that it is much more than that; it is, in fact, a huge database echoing in many ways The World Atlas of Language Structures (Haspelmath et al. 2005) in its depth and breadth.

The uniform scattered fields of the cylindrical wave from a parabolic surface are obtained with the theory of the boundary diffraction wave (TBDW). The non-uniform diffracted field is calculated with the regenerated vector potential and rearranged by considering the Fresnel function to obtain the uniform solution. The uniform scattered fields are calculated as the sum of the diffracted and the geometrical optic fields. The numerical analyses of the diffracted and scattered fields in both uniform and non-uniform solutions are in harmony with the literature. Full Text: PDF ReferencesBaker, B. B., Copson, E. T., The mathematical theory of the Huygens' principles, 2nd Edition, Oxford Press, (1950). DirectLink Lit, J. W. Y. "Boundary Diffraction Waves due to a General Point Source and Their Applications to Aperture Systems" J. Modern Opt., 19, 1007 (1972). CrossRef Otis, G., "Application of the Boundary Diffraction Wave Theory to Gaussian Beams", J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 1545 (1974). CrossRef Ganci, S., "Boundary Diffraction Wave Theory for Rectilinear Apertures", Eur. J. Phys., 18, 229 (1997). CrossRef Longhurst, R. S., Geometrical and Physical Optics, 2nd Edition, Longmans [London], (1968). DirectLink Maggi, G. A., "Sulla Propagazione Libra e Perturbata delle Onde Luminose in un Mezzo Izotropo", Ann. di Mat. IIa, 16, 21 (1888).Rubinowicz, A., "Die Beugungswelle in der Kirchoffschen Theorie der Beugungsercheinungen", Ann. Physik, 4, 257 (1917). CrossRef Miyamoto, K. and Wolf, E., "Generalization of the Maggi-Rubinowicz Theory of the Boundary Diffraction Wave Part I", J. Opt. Soc. Am., 52, 615 (1962). CrossRef Miyamoto, K., Wolf, E., "Generalization of the Maggi-Rubinowicz Theory of the Boundary Diffraction Wave Part II", J. Opt. Soc. Am., 52, 626 (1962). CrossRef Born, M. and Wolf, E. Principles of Optics Seventh edition, Cambridge Univ. Press, (1999). CrossRef Alt?ngöz, C., Yalç?n, U. "Calculation of the Diffracted Waves from the Edge of an Opaque Cut Cylinder by the Boundary Diffraction Wave Theory", Journal of the Faculty of Eng. and Arch. of Gazi University, 28, 85, (2013). CrossRef Yalç?n, U. "Yutucu Yar?m Düzlemin Kenar?ndan K?r?nan Üniform Alanlar?n S?n?r K?r?n?m Dalgas? Teorisi ile Hesab?", Çankaya Üniversitesi 2.Müh. ve Tek. Sempozyumu, (2009). (In national language) CrossRef Lee, S. W. and G. A. Deschamps, \A uniform asymptotic theory CrossRef Lee, S. W., "Comparison of uniform asymptotic theory and Ufimtsev's theory of electromagnetic edge diffraction," IEEE Trans. Antennas & Propagat., Vol. 25, 162-170, 1977. CrossRef Yalç?n, U., "Uniform Scattered Fields of the Extended Theory of Boundary Diffraction Wave for PEC Surfaces", PIER M, 7, 29, (2009) DirectLink Yalç?n, U., "Analysis of Diffracted Fields with the Extended Theory of the Boundary Diffraction Wave for Impedance Surfaces", Appl. Opt., 50, 296 (2011). CrossRef Sarn?k, M., Yalç?n, U., "Uniform scattered fields from a perfectly conducting parabolic reflector with modified theory of physical optics", Optik-International J. for Light and Electron Opt., 135, 320 (2017). CrossRef Sarn?k, M., Yalç?n, U., "Modified theory of physical optics and solution for scattering fields from a perfectly conducting parabolic reflector", 16th Int. Conference on Math. Met. in Electromagnetic T. (MMET), July 5-7, Ukraine, 349 (2016). CrossRef Umul, Y. Z., Yalç?n, U. "Asymptotic Evaluation of The Edge Diffraction In Cylindric Paraboloidal Surface Antennas", Mathematical & Computational App., 8, 143 (2003). CrossRef Yalç?n, U., "Scattering from a cylindrical reflector: modified theory of physical optics solution", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 24, 502 (2007). CrossRef

Abstract We exploit estimates of P-wave reflectivity from autocorrelation of transmitted teleseismic P arrivals and their coda in a common reflection point (CRP) migration technique. The approach employs the same portion of the vertical-component seismogram, as in standard Ps receiver function analysis. This CRP prestack depth migration approach has the potential to image lithospheric structures on scales as fine as 4 km or less. The P-wave autocorrelation process and migration are implemented in open-source software—the autocorrelogram calculation (ACC) package, which builds on the widely used the seismological Obspy toolbox. The ACC package is written in the open-source and free Python programming language (3.0 or newer) and has been extensively tested in an Anaconda Python environment. The package is simple and friendly to use and runs on all major operating systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, and Linux). We utilize Python multiprocessing parallelism to speed up the ACC on a personal computer system, or servers, with multiple cores and threads. The application of the ACC package is illustrated with application to the closely spaced Warramunga array in northern Australia. The results show how fine-scale structures in the lithospheric can be effectively imaged at relatively high frequencies. The Moho ties well with conventional H−κ receiver analysis and deeper structure inferred from stacked autocorrelograms for continuous data. CRP prestack depth migration provides an important complement to common conversion point receiver function stacks, since it is less affected by surface multiples at lithospheric depths.

Background: Retirement is recognized as a factor influencing the ageing process. Today, virtual health coaching systems can play a pivotal role in supporting older adults’ active and healthy ageing. This study wants to answer two research questions: (1) What are the user requirements of a virtual coach (VC) based on an Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA) for motivating older adults in transition to retirement to adopt a healthy lifestyle? (2) How could a VC address the active and healthy ageing dimensions, even during COVID-19 times? Methods: Two-wave focus-groups with 60 end-users aged 55 and over and 27 follow-up telephone interviews were carried out in Austria, Italy and the Netherlands in 2019–2020. Qualitative data were analysed by way of framework analysis. Results: End-users suggest the VC should motivate older workers and retirees to practice physical activity, maintain social contacts and emotional well-being. The ECA should be reactive, customizable, expressive, sympathetic, not directive nor patronizing, with a pleasant and motivating language. The COVID-19 outbreak increased the users’ need for functions boosting community relationships and promoting emotional well-being. Conclusions: the VC can address the active and healthy ageing paradigm by increasing the chances of doing low-cost healthy activities at any time and in any place.

Abstract As a language-intensive profession, translation is of frontline interest in the era of language automation. In particular, the development of neural machine translation systems since 2016 has brought with it fears that soon there will be no more human translators. When considered in terms of the history of automation, however, any such direct effect is far from obvious: the translation industry is still growing and machine translation is only one instance of automation. At the same time, data on remuneration indicate structural wage dispersion in professional translation services, with some signs that this dispersion may increase in certain market segments as automated workflows and translation technologies are adopted more by large language-service providers more than by smaller companies and individual freelancers. An analysis of recent changes in discourses on and in the translation profession further indicates conceptual adjustments in the profession that may be attributed to growing automation, particularly with respect to expanding skills set associated with translation, the tendency to combine translation with other forms of communication, and the use of interactive communication skills to authorize and humanize the results of automation.

This paper discusses the implementation details of a child friendly, good quality, English text-to-speech (TTS) system that is phoneme-based, concatenative, easy to set up and use with little memory. Direct waveform concatenation and linear prediction coding (LPC) are used. Most existing TTS systems are unit-selection based, which use standard speech databases available in neutral adult voices. Here reduced memory is achieved by the concatenation of phonemes and by replacing phonetic wave files with their LPC coefficients. Linguistic analysis was used to reduce the algorithmic complexity instead of signal processing techniques. Sufficient degree of customization and generalization catering to the needs of the child user had been included through the provision for vocabulary and voice selection to suit the requisites of the child. Prosody had also been incorporated. This inexpensive TTS system was implemented in MATLAB, with the synthesis presented by means of a graphical user interface (GUI), thus making it child friendly. This can be used not only as an interesting language learning aid for the normal child but it also serves as a speech aid to the vocally disabled child. The quality of the synthesized speech was evaluated using the mean opinion score (MOS).

Various research convincingly demonstrated positive influence of certain sports and physical exercises on brain and brain functions in general, and on cognitive functions in particular. As it has been demonstrated, efficient and well-developed cognitive functions enhance all human activities and are of crucial importance for learning. In particular, this paper focuses on the positive correlation between certain sports and language learning and its relevance to the Second Language Acquisition studies (SLA). In SLA, students' ability to process input strongly depends on their cognitive abilities, namely, their abilities to process audio and visual input. As various researchers demonstrated, some sports enhance sportsmen's abilities of audio and visual perception; these developed cognitive abilities may, in turn, enhance SLA process. The paper analyses some data collected during the experiments with three groups of students, age 20-23: basketball players, judo wrestlers and control group whose members practiced sports only 2h/week. Three groups were exposed to three types of stimuli: (reverse chess pattern, tone click, flash of light); their brain activity was monitored by EEG. The obtained results demonstrated that basketball players manifested better-developed cognitive abilities responsible for the perception of audio and video stimuli. They were also faster in making decisions on the basis of the video/audio stimuli perceived. Similar results were obtained by American psychologists (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign). Their study involved 87 Brazilian volleyball players and 67 persons who don't practice sports. The results were published in Frontiers in Psychology. Experiments have shown that athletes are usually better in controlling their reactions and are able to slow down their reactions, if necessary. According to the professor of Psychology Arthur Kramer, one of the authors of the research, "Athletes can perceive information faster and switch quicker between different tasks than those who don't practice sports." During the experiment, all the participants were asked to perform tasks to test their cognitive abilities (information perception, memory, reactions). The most interesting discovery was that the athletes had significant cognitive advantages over women and men who had not practiced sports. Volleyball players were faster in reactions, in noticing differences in the pictures, in identifying the missing details in puzzles. The process of auditory and visual perception and processing involves many neural structures: from primary units of signal processing sensors to higher levels of processing, responsible for stimuli recognition and decision-making. As it is known, individual waves of cognitive evoked potentials reflect the involvement of certain neural mechanisms of visual and auditory systems in processing and recognition of stimuli of corresponding modality. Wave characteristics can indirectly indicate working speed of specific units of the neural circuit and the number of neurons involved; it may allow measuring the influence of various sports training loads on the development of neural chains involved in audio/video stimuli perception, processing and decision-making. These aspects are also considered important for input processing in SLA. The paper analyses positive contribution of certain sports to learning in general, and Second Language Acquisition in particular, using neuroscience, psychological and socio-cultural approaches.

As an off-line simulation tool, the modular modelling method of Matlab/Simulik has the features of high efficiency and visualization. In order to realize the fast design and the simulation of prototype systems, the new method of SignalWAVe/Simulink mix modelling is presented, and the Reed-Solomon codec encoder-decoder model is built. Reed-Solomon codec encoder-decoder model is simulated by Simulink. Farther, the C language program and model the .out executable file are created by SignalWAVe RTW Options module, which completes the hard ware co-simulation. The simulation result conforms to the theoretical analysis, thus it has proven the validity and the feasibility of this method.

The study aims to identify biculturalism in the symphonic style of a representative of a younger generation of composers, a student of G. Zhubanova B. Daldenbay. As an example, we took the most performed of his symphonic compositions – the Symphony “Zheltoqsan tolquy” (“The December Wave”). Based on the musical-style analysis, the author reveals the features of compositional thinking that semiotically unite different cultural elements into a single sign-system. The issue of the applicability of the concepts «synthesis,» «dialogue,» and «clash of cultures» concerning the work under study was brought up for discussion. B. Daldenbai thinks simultaneously in two systems (traditional Kazakh and Western), freely operating with the methods of both the European and the ethnic Kazakh traditions. This manifests in structural, thematic, and genre aspects. The duality is justified both by the composer’s creative biography, who received a European education, and the subject of his reflections – the Kazakh people’s fate in the 20th century. Having almost lost the fundamentals of native culture – traditions and language – the people, who adopted the achievements of European civilization, retained their Eurasian outlook and, through it, the spiritual roots of the ethnos. Biculturalism is explained by unique aesthetic attitudes towards Eurasian thinking and cultural openness inherent in Kazakh art.

Abstract We developed a Python package—easyQuake—that consists of a flexible set of tools for detecting and locating earthquakes from International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks-collected or field-collected seismograms. The package leverages a machine-learning driven phase picker, coupled with an associator, to produce a Quake Markup Language (QuakeML) style catalog complete with magnitudes and P-wave polarity determinations. We describe how nightly computations on day-long seismograms identify lower-magnitude candidate events that were otherwise missed due to cultural noise and how those events are incorporated into the Oklahoma Geological Survey statewide network upon analyst manual review. We discuss applications for the package, including earthquake detection for regional networks and microseismicity studies in arbitrary user-defined regions. Because the fundamentals of the package are scale invariant, it has wide application to seismological earthquake analysis from regional to local arrays and has great potential for identifying early aftershocks that are otherwise missed. The package is fast and reliable; the computations are relatively efficient across a range of hardware, and we have encountered very few (∼1%) false positive event detections for the Oklahoma case study. The utility and novelty of the package is the turnkey earthquake analysis with QuakeML file output, which can be dropped directly into existing real-time earthquake analysis systems. We have designed the functions to be quite modular so that a user could replace the provided picker or associator with one of their choosing. The Python package is open source and development continues.

Abstract Introduction Memory for novel words benefits from sleep, particularly non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and its features, such as sleep spindles and slow oscillations. This is consistent with systems consolidation models, in which sleep supports transfer from hippocampal to neocortical memory networks. Larger amounts of slow wave sleep in children has been proposed to account for enhanced consolidation effects, but such studies have typically focused on nocturnal sleep. We examined whether daytime naps benefit word retention in adults and children aged 10–12 years, and whether this relationship in children is affected by differences in white matter pathway microstructure. We hypothesized that the link between memory consolidation and structural brain connectivity will be mediated by the degree of sleep spindles during the nap. Methods Adults (N = 31; mean age = 20.91, SD = 1.55) and children (N = 38; mean age = 11.95, SD = 0.88) learned spoken novel words, followed by a 90-minute nap opportunity monitored with polysomnography. Memory for the words was tested pre- and post-nap. Children’s structural brain connectivity was measured using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Results Word memory was preserved following sleep in adults, while an adult wake control condition showed deterioration. Similarly, in children memory performance was stable over the nap, with wake control data currently being collected. Analyses relating behavioral changes over the nap to NREM sleep features and structural brain connectivity will be presented. Conclusion In line with sleep-dependent memory consolidation models, daytime naps protect novel words from forgetting in adults and children. Examining potential relationships between nap-based consolidation and structural integrity has important theoretical implications, given the increase in brain connectivity in language areas during childhood, as well as white matter alterations in developmental populations. Support This research was supported by the UK Economic and Social Research Council, grant no. ES/N009924/1.

AbstractDespite a growing body of research on task-based language learning (TBLT) (Samuda & Bygate, 2008; Ellis, 2003), there is still little information available regarding the pedagogical design behind tasks and how they are implemented (Samuda & Bygate, 2008). Scholars in computer-mediated second language (L2) learning have called for research to fill in this gap by reflecting critically on task design and the subsequent implementation process (Fuchs, Hauck & Müller-Hartmann, 2012; Hampel, 2010; Hampel & Hauck, 2006; Hampel & Plaines, 2013; Hauck, 2010), instead of considering a task an “unproblematic fait accompli” (O’Dowd & Ware, 2009: 174). In response to this charge, the present case study provides a critical analysis of tasks carried out in a first-year German language course built around the weekly TV-series,Rosenheim-Cops(ZDF). These tasks drew from research on multimodality (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2001; Norris & Maier, 2014) providing a framework for understanding how multiple semiotic systems work together to create meaning. The insights provided by this study have relevance for research on multimodal task design (Hampel & Hauck, 2006) through examining the possibilities and limitations of beginner second language (L2) learners’ effective use of authentic resources. The results suggest that the tasks encouraged semiotic awareness, helped activate referential knowledge useful for accessing multimodal resources, and elicited a positive response to authentic L2 use in context. The challenges of implementing these tasks included variation in learners’ engagement with authentic multimedia resources, either due to L2 skills levels or the level of interest in the particular resource used.

In a series of studies, in which 19 apparently healthy male volunteers participated, on the basis of a comparative analysis of the bioelectric brain activity and work performance, it is shown that two strategies of adaptation to the factors of monotony are possible. One of them is based on the maintenance of a high quality of activity even at the price of a considerable reduction in the functional state of the brain; the second is based on the maintenance of the functional status of the brain even at the expense of the short-term loss of control over realizable performance. The factor conditioning the long term inability to support continual high quality of performance under the conditions of monotony is a high lability in nervous processes. The resistance to the effects of the factors of monotony is connected, on the other hand, with the low lability of nervous processes with a certain predominance of excitatory processes over inhibiting processes. The electrographic correlates of the development of the state of monotony represent an increase in the EEG of an alert person of the slow spectra (theta and alpha), and also beta-2 waves, as well as a reduction in the intrahemispheric coherence of alpha-waves. These results can be used for the development of control systems for the state of the operators who work in conditions of monotony (pilots, the operators of electric trains, the operators of power plants, including atomic power plants, and others), as well as in the occupational selection of individuals for jobs involving work under such conditions.

Статья представлена в русле социолингвистических исследований. Актуальность научной темы связана с выявлением роли английского языка в нигерийском социуме. Основная цель работы — установить корреляцию фонетических характеристик родного языка (йоруба) и британского английского, что позволит определить специфику произношения и формирования системы консонантизма нигерийского варианта английского языка. Статус ряда элементов системы согласных языка йоруба вызывает споры среди исследователей. Источники указывают на варьирование количества согласных фонем. Если сравнивать нигерийский вариант английского языка с системой консонантизма британского английского, можно отметить, что первый содержит 22 согласные фонемы, аналогичные фонемам британского английского, за исключением двух. Сопоставляя системы консонантизма языка йоруба и британского английского, констатируем, что в обоих языках присутствует ряд похожих фонем, при этом имеются такие фонемы, которые характерны лишь для одного из языков. Можно предположить, что носители языка йоруба как родного испытывают сложности в освоении нехарактерных для этого языка фонем британского английского в ходе его усвоения и использования в процессе общения. Следует также подчеркнуть, что при анализе речи информантов из Федеративной Республики Нигерия, записанной на аудионосители, обнаружены явления фонетической интерференции в ходе реализации согласных фонологических переменных английского языка. The article is presented in the wake of sociolinguistic research. The topicality of the issue is connected with defining the role of the English language (further — EL) in the Nigerian society. The main purpose of the work is to reveal the correlation of the phonetic characteristics of the mother tongue (Yoruba) and British English (further — BrE), what will allow to define the specifics of pronunciation and formation of the consonant system of Nigerian English (further — NigE). The observations brought us to the following conclusions. The consonant system of the Yoruba language (further — YL) provokes dispute among the researchers. According to the sources, the number of the consonant vowels in YL varies from seventeen to nineteen. If we compare NigE with the consonant system of BrE, then it is possible to say that the former contains twenty two consonant phonemes which coincide with the phonemes of British English except two cases. Collating the consonant systems of the YL and BrE, it can be noted that both languages have similar phonemes. There are also such phonemes which are typical of only one language from the pair. It is possible to suppose that the YL native speakers have difficulties studying BrE phonemes which are not typical of the YL during learning and using the EL in communication. Also it should be said that the analysis of the speech of informants from the Federative Republic of Nigeria recorded on the audio media showed the presence of the phonetic interference in the production of the EL consonant phonological variables.

Interest in research involving health-medical information analysis based on artificial intelligence, especially for deep learning techniques, has recently been increasing. Most of the research in this field has been focused on searching for new knowledge for predicting and diagnosing disease by revealing the relation between disease and various information features of data. These features are extracted by analyzing various clinical pathology data, such as EHR (electronic health records), and academic literature using the techniques of data analysis, natural language processing, etc. However, still needed are more research and interest in applying the latest advanced artificial intelligence-based data analysis technique to bio-signal data, which are continuous physiological records, such as EEG (electroencephalography) and ECG (electrocardiogram). Unlike the other types of data, applying deep learning to bio-signal data, which is in the form of time series of real numbers, has many issues that need to be resolved in preprocessing, learning, and analysis. Such issues include leaving feature selection, learning parts that are black boxes, difficulties in recognizing and identifying effective features, high computational complexities, etc. In this paper, to solve these issues, we provide an encoding-based Wave2vec time series classifier model, which combines signal-processing and deep learning-based natural language processing techniques. To demonstrate its advantages, we provide the results of three experiments conducted with EEG data of the University of California Irvine, which are a real-world benchmark bio-signal dataset. After converting the bio-signals (in the form of waves), which are a real number time series, into a sequence of symbols or a sequence of wavelet patterns that are converted into symbols, through encoding, the proposed model vectorizes the symbols by learning the sequence using deep learning-based natural language processing. The models of each class can be constructed through learning from the vectorized wavelet patterns and training data. The implemented models can be used for prediction and diagnosis of diseases by classifying the new data. The proposed method enhanced data readability and intuition of feature selection and learning processes by converting the time series of real number data into sequences of symbols. In addition, it facilitates intuitive and easy recognition, and identification of influential patterns. Furthermore, real-time large-capacity data analysis is facilitated, which is essential in the development of real-time analysis diagnosis systems, by drastically reducing the complexity of calculation without deterioration of analysis performance by data simplification through the encoding process.

This paper presents the results of a study of the phenomenon of female migration from abroad to the IS and their return. This phenomenon emerges because the organization and female recruits had to satisfy each other’s needs. A theoretical model that allows to track the formation of values ​​and needs of female IS recruits has been developed. This model reflects the connections between various factors and their cumulative influence on the formation of values ​​and needs of female recruits. The feasibility of using value-oriented and systems approaches in the study is determined by the specifics of Islamic radical groups, including the IS, as self-regulating systems with significant potential for mobilization and mobility, as well as the division and restoration of functional structures. Also, the characteristic features of female migration to the IS were identified in conjunction with a system of binary oppositions that form the habitus of radical monotheism. The article contains the results of comprehensive content analysis of 189 texts presented on Russian-language online resources and devoted to the propaganda, recruitment and migration of female IS recruits. The geography of the study includes 25 states from 5 regions (Central Asia, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Europe and separately the Western Balkans). We have analyzed 167 articles related to the IS and similar groups (2013-2020), and 22 articles connected to terrorist groups (2003-2012). Out of these, 56 articles contain interview excerpts and complete interviews with IS volunteer recruits, both male and female, as well as with their family members and officials. The results of the study allowed to determine the relationship between the values ​​and needs of female recruits and the organization itself, as well as between military and political processes and the formation of images of a passionary and victimized woman in the IS. The periods of distribution of these images coincide with two differently directed waves of migration of female recruits: to the ranks of the organization (2013-2016) and back (2016-the present time). The first wave of migration satisfied the organization’s need to increase the number of highly motivated members, and the second one meets the need to preserve and relocate the IS contingent to other regions. This work highlights the previously unexplored aspects of the migration of female IS recruits. The results of the study can be applied in planning and improving the activities of state and civil structures aimed at re-ideologizing and rehabilitating the returning female IS recruits.

Thanks to Bruno Galantucci, “experimental semiotics” is usually nowadays taken to mean the study of “novel forms of communication which people develop when they cannot use pre-established communication systems”. In spite of Galantucci’s claim to have picked the label because it was free, it has actually been used in different ways at least twice before: by Colin Ware, who takes it to be involved with “the elucidation of symbols that gain their meaning by being structured to take advantage of the human sensory apparatus”, as opposed to conventional meaning-making, and by Kashima and Haslam, who apply it to complex social situations. The label could also conveniently be used to describe the kind of experiment that we have realized at Centre for Cognitive Semiotics, which are classical psychological experiments which have been enriched with a focus on the particular semiotic resources involved, while also applying phenomenological analysis to both the experimental situation and its outcome. These are all reductive uses of the terms “experimental” and “semiotics”. In fact, although Galantucci himself refers to Psammetichus’s famous experiment as being roughly analogous to his understanding of experimental semiotics, there are important differences, the Psammetichus experiment, in spite of its intentions, being more unbiased, if it could really be accomplished. Pursuing the principle that I have called the dialects of phenomenology and experiment, and what Jordan Zlatev has termed the conceptual-empirical loop, I will suggest, in the present paper, that these different experimental approaches can be related to different varieties of semiosis, thus helping us to spell out the full task of the discipline termed cognitive semiotics. This, in turn, will help us determine the full scope of cognitive semiotics, while also highlighting the importance of the semiotic part, that is, the attention to meaning, revealed by phenomenology.

Abstract In this article, we utilized large-scale statistical analysis and data visualization techniques of the greatest collection in the world of Hebrew manuscript metadata records to develop a new methodology for quantitative investigation of the palaeographic, geographic, and temporal characteristics of historical manuscripts. The study aims to explore whether and to what extent the script type of the manuscript and its changes over time can be used to automatically predict and complete missing geospatial data of the manuscripts. To this end, various ontological entities were used as features to train supervised machine-learning algorithms to predict the places of writing of manuscripts which were often absent in the catalogue records. The obtained results show that while the script type as an only feature might not be sufficient for prediction of the location of the manuscript’s writing, its combination with temporal data of the manuscript yielded about 80% accuracy. Eventually, our system was able to complete the missing places of writing for over 60% of the manuscripts in the corpus. Moreover, we found that through typical and marginal script types in different regions and their changes over time, it is possible to draw the migration map of the Jewish communities over the centuries. This reinforces the findings of historical research on Jewish migration patterns and communal formation. For example, the waves of immigration from Western Europe can be seen clearly from the second half of the 13th century, which continued until the 17th century and greatly increased the Eastern European Jewish community.

Purpose Students have learning difficulties, mainly in processes that involve attention and interpretation of written or spoken language. Technological tools allow to create computational platforms with adaptation aspects depending on the student’s characteristics. It is also important to highlight the progress of the measurement of cognitive processes such as attention through NeuroSky’s MindWave EEG sensors. This paper aims to present the results of analyzing attention levels of children with learning difficulties, based on the acquired brain waves. As a final result, an adaptive computational system that displays educational activities regarding educational profiles of children is obtained. Design/methodology/approach The Kamachiy–Idukay platform was chosen to make the validation. The platform generates the educational activities according to the students’ profile. The validation phases were identification of the test environment, the first environment required a scenario that involved students with learning difficulties, to verify the functionality of the system, when analyzing cases of the students with learning difficulties; identification of two validation criteria, type of educational activity and attention difficulties of the students; and analysis of the brain signal when children interact with the educational content. Findings The adaptation of contents that include music and animations generate higher levels of attention in students with difficulty. The analysis of signals from the NeuroSky sensor to determine the attentional levels in children allowed a generation of content adapted to the characteristics of the difficulty in each child. Research limitations/implications For the validation, it was necessary at the beginning of the activity to determine the stability of the signal emitted by the NeuroSky sensor. Two cases were studied in children with difficulty and their measure of attention versus adaptive contents. Practical implications A k-means algorithm was used to establish the attention levels of the children. Social implications Children with learning difficulties have different learning styles, which implies an adaptation of content that generates an attentional process according to their characteristics. Originality/value Evaluation content adaptation taking into account the signal brain sensor NeuroSky for learning process. The signal brain of the student when interacting with the activities is include in the student profile.

Urgency of the research. The expansion of smart home systems is slower than was expected. One of the biggest obstacles to the mass expansion of smart homes is the high price of devices commonly available on the market. Home automation is not sufficiently widespread among people, not only for the high price, but also because the available systems do not meet users' perceptions of how they should work and also due to users' fear of security risks. For these reasons, when designing a new smart home system, it is a good idea to perform the initial testing on the model. Target setting. Our goal was to design a model of the original low-cost smart home system, which would allow testing, tuning, and refinement of the home automation system before it is put into use. Such a model could also be used in the learning process, while students can test the proposed smart home systems on the model. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. When designing the model and preparing this paper, we took into ac-count both current sources – publications and papers dealing with the current state of smart home systems as well as existing smart home solutions, which are widely available on the market. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The implementation of the proposed model into real-life operation was not realized during the research for this paper. The research objective. The goal of the research was to model a low-cost, reliable, smart home system. The statement of basic materials. For effective research and solution of the task of smart home system is important to create adequate model, which copies a real smart home. For our solution we used a tiny and affordable computer Raspberry Pi3, which was connected through GPIO to external sensors for light, temperature etc., operation was performed in the Python programming language and for the creation of user interface was used Cayenne platform for Android-operated smartphones. Conclusions. Our solution implemented the Raspberry Pi microcomputer, which was connected with the external hard-ware. The outputs also included the creation of a physical model of the smart home system. Designed model can meet the savings, comfort and safety requirements of every household. The stability and functionality of the system designed for the model has been verified in a long-term testing. No errors in stability have been demonstrated.

We consider linear hyperbolic systems with a stable rank 1 relaxation term and establish that the characteristic polynomial for the individual Fourier components of the solution can be written as a convex combination of the characteristic polynomials for the formal stiff and non-stiff limits. This allows us to provide a direct and elementary proof of the equivalence between linear stability and the subcharacteristic condition. In a similar vein, a maximum principle follows: The velocity of each individual Fourier component is bounded by the minimum and maximum eigenvalues of the non-stiff limit system.

Axially elastic rods are basic machine elements in hydraulic hammers, pilers, and percussive drills. The problem to analyse the motion history of such mechanisms is a very complex one, because the rods are simultaneously in large-amplitude axial motion superimposed with a small-amplitude elastic wave motion. The wave motion experiences division to reflected and transmitted components at each rod-rod interface depending on the current boundary stiffness. The wave motion in each rod can be computed by finite elements or, alternatively, in space of semidefinite eigenfunctions. The feasibility of these methods in solving wave propagation problems in multi-rod systems with non-linearly behaving rod-rod interfaces has been investigated and evaluated. The object of the experimental case study is a classical Hopkinson split bar apparatus used in experimental analysis of material response to shock pulses. Another example representing a pile hammering system evaluates the computational performance of the proposed approaches in long-termsimulation of a complete work process.

In wave energy conversion one of the most important steps is building scenarios about long term efficiency, taking into account that several factors are involved. Based on the assumption that actually the weather conditions show important modifications year by year, analyses of wave power evolution during the exploitation time range must rely on both prediction models and on several options for the conversion device. From this point of view, the wave energy conversion process can be considered a dynamic system. The dynamic system theory based methodology approach systems behaviour through relationships between systems components. Comparing to usual scientific approaches, which try to decompose the analyzed system, this methodology offers a view of entire system behaviour The paper presents a method for building scenarios of wave energy conversion, in the nearshore of the Black Sea, based on a model which includes also forecasts of the weather influence.

These books are about time: Maya cosmological time, measured by a multiplicity of eternal cyclical calendars, and our time, measured in mips (millions of computer instructions per second). One springs from an often-ending but eternal narrative; the other is expressed in differential equations and the language of systems analysis. One signals the complete rupture of an intellectual frontier and the birth of research tradition; the other seems the ultimate expression of a mature analytical tradition that is temporarily on the wane. One is anchored in Maya historical consciousness, the other in contemporary ecological anthropology. As such, one focuses on sequences of events judged important by the Maya themselves, the other on the cumulative implications of events that went unperceived by the Maya, even after their world was destroyed. Both demolish the ‘myth’ of the Maya as docile theocrats who spent their time cultivating their swiddens and their rituals. Both are contributions to our history of the Maya. In the final words of Schele and Miller: Maya ‘material culture was encoded with information about the nature of the world and the history of man. Although these messages were never intended for us, they speak across the centuries; once again we can utter the names of their kings and remember their actions. We do not share their beliefs, but we can perceive what they believed’ (p. 305). One can hope that we get it more or less right this time.

The rational design of synthetic cell populations with prescribed behaviours is a long-standing goal of synthetic biology, with the potential to greatly accelerate the development of biotechnological applications in areas ranging from medical research to energy production. Achieving this goal requires well-characterized components, modular implementation strategies, simulation across temporal and spatial scales and automatic compilation of high-level designs to low-level genetic parts that function reliably inside cells. Many of these steps are incomplete or only partially understood, and methods for integrating them within a common design framework have yet to be developed. Here, we address these challenges by developing a prototype framework for designing synthetic cells with prescribed population dynamics. We extend the genetic engineering of cells (GEC) language, originally developed for programming intracellular dynamics, with cell population factors such as cell growth, division and dormancy, together with spatio-temporal simulation methods. As a case study, we use our framework to design synthetic cells with predator–prey interactions that, when simulated, produce complex spatio-temporal behaviours such as travelling waves and spatio-temporal chaos. An analysis of our design reveals that environmental factors such as density-dependent dormancy and reduced extracellular space destabilize the population dynamics and increase the range of genetic variants for which complex spatio-temporal behaviours are possible. Our findings highlight the importance of considering such factors during the design process. We then use our analysis of population dynamics to inform the selection of genetic parts, which could be used to obtain the desired spatio-temporal behaviours. By identifying, integrating and automating key stages of the design process, we provide a computational framework for designing synthetic systems, which could be tested in future laboratory studies.

The establishment of quantitative relationships between recorded wave-system characteristics and other phenomena requires numerical description of the wave record. Current concepts applied to time histories of wave activity at a point are discussed. Characteristic statistical regularities found in wave measurements are described. Examples given show the application of statistical techniques' to the description of wave systems in terms of the distribution of spectral energy as well as the distributions of "individual" wave heights and periods. Results from the prediction, from one point to another, of surface time histories illustrate the application of approximate spectral information.

Language Models constitute an effective framework for text retrieval tasks. Recently, it has been extended to various collaborative filtering tasks. In particular, relevance-based language models can be used for generating highly accurate recommendations using a memory-based approach. On the other hand, the query likelihood model has proven to be a successful strategy for neighbourhood computation. Since relevance-based language models rely on user neighbourhoods for producing recommendations, we propose to use the query likelihood model for computing those neighbourhoods instead of cosine similarity. The combination of both techniques results in a formal probabilistic recommender system which has not been used before in collaborative filtering. A thorough evaluation on three datasets shows that the query likelihood model provides better results than cosine similarity. To understand this improvement, we devise two properties that a good neighbourhood algorithm should satisfy. Our axiomatic analysis shows that the query likelihood model always enforces those constraints while cosine similarity does not.

Internet of Things (IoT) is regarded as a next-generation wave of Information Technology (IT) after the widespread emergence of the Internet and mobile communication technologies. IoT supports information exchange and networked interaction of appliances, vehicles and other objects, making sensing and actuation possible in a low-cost and smart manner. On the other hand, cyber-physical systems (CPS) are described as the engineered systems which are built upon the tight integration of the cyber entities (e.g., computation, communication, and control) and the physical things (natural and man-made systems governed by the laws of physics). The IoT and CPS are not isolated technologies. Rather it can be said that IoT is the base or enabling technology for CPS and CPS is considered as the grownup development of IoT, completing the IoT notion and vision. Both are merged into closed-loop, providing mechanisms for conceptualizing, and realizing all aspects of the networked composed systems that are monitored and controlled by computing algorithms and are tightly coupled among users and the Internet. That is, the hardware and the software entities are intertwined, and they typically function on different time and location-based scales. In fact, the linking between the cyber and the physical world is enabled by IoT (through sensors and actuators). CPS that includes traditional embedded and control systems are supposed to be transformed by the evolving and innovative methodologies and engineering of IoT. Several applications areas of IoT and CPS are smart building, smart transport, automated vehicles, smart cities, smart grid, smart manufacturing, smart agriculture, smart healthcare, smart supply chain and logistics, etc. Though CPS and IoT have significant overlaps, they differ in terms of engineering aspects. Engineering IoT systems revolves around the uniquely identifiable and internet-connected devices and embedded systems; whereas engineering CPS requires a strong emphasis on the relationship between computation aspects (complex software) and the physical entities (hardware). Engineering CPS is challenging because there is no defined and fixed boundary and relationship between the cyber and physical worlds. In CPS, diverse constituent parts are composed and collaborated together to create unified systems with global behaviour. These systems need to be ensured in terms of dependability, safety, security, efficiency, and adherence to real‐time constraints. Hence, designing CPS requires knowledge of multidisciplinary areas such as sensing technologies, distributed systems, pervasive and ubiquitous computing, real-time computing, computer networking, control theory, signal processing, embedded systems, etc. CPS, along with the continuous evolving IoT, has posed several challenges. For example, the enormous amount of data collected from the physical things makes it difficult for Big Data management and analytics that includes data normalization, data aggregation, data mining, pattern extraction and information visualization. Similarly, the future IoT and CPS need standardized abstraction and architecture that will allow modular designing and engineering of IoT and CPS in global and synergetic applications. Another challenging concern of IoT and CPS is the security and reliability of the components and systems. Although IoT and CPS have attracted the attention of the research communities and several ideas and solutions are proposed, there are still huge possibilities for innovative propositions to make IoT and CPS vision successful. The major challenges and research scopes include system design and implementation, computing and communication, system architecture and integration, application-based implementations, fault tolerance, designing efficient algorithms and protocols, availability and reliability, security and privacy, energy-efficiency and sustainability, etc. It is our great privilege to present Volume 21, Issue 3 of Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience. We had received 30 research papers and out of which 14 papers are selected for publication. The objective of this special issue is to explore and report recent advances and disseminate state-of-the-art research related to IoT, CPS and the enabling and associated technologies. The special issue will present new dimensions of research to researchers and industry professionals with regard to IoT and CPS. Vivek Kumar Prasad and Madhuri D Bhavsar in the paper titled "Monitoring and Prediction of SLA for IoT based Cloud described the mechanisms for monitoring by using the concept of reinforcement learning and prediction of the cloud resources, which forms the critical parts of cloud expertise in support of controlling and evolution of the IT resources and has been implemented using LSTM. The proper utilization of the resources will generate revenues to the provider and also increases the trust factor of the provider of cloud services. For experimental analysis, four parameters have been used i.e. CPU utilization, disk read/write throughput and memory utilization. Kasture et al. in the paper titled "Comparative Study of Speaker Recognition Techniques in IoT Devices for Text Independent Negative Recognition" compared the performance of features which are used in state of art speaker recognition models and analyse variants of Mel frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC) predominantly used in feature extraction which can be further incorporated and used in various smart devices. Mahesh Kumar Singh and Om Prakash Rishi in the paper titled "Event Driven Recommendation System for E-Commerce using Knowledge based Collaborative Filtering Technique" proposed a novel system that uses a knowledge base generated from knowledge graph to identify the domain knowledge of users, items, and relationships among these, knowledge graph is a labelled multidimensional directed graph that represents the relationship among the users and the items. The proposed approach uses about 100 percent of users' participation in the form of activities during navigation of the web site. Thus, the system expects under the users' interest that is beneficial for both seller and buyer. The proposed system is compared with baseline methods in area of recommendation system using three parameters: precision, recall and NDGA through online and offline evaluation studies with user data and it is observed that proposed system is better as compared to other baseline systems. Benbrahim et al. in the paper titled "Deep Convolutional Neural Network with TensorFlow and Keras to Classify Skin Cancer" proposed a novel classification model to classify skin tumours in images using Deep Learning methodology and the proposed system was tested on HAM10000 dataset comprising of 10,015 dermatoscopic images and the results observed that the proposed system is accurate in order of 94.06\% in validation set and 93.93\% in the test set. Devi B et al. in the paper titled "Deadlock Free Resource Management Technique for IoT-Based Post Disaster Recovery Systems" proposed a new class of techniques that do not perform stringent testing before allocating the resources but still ensure that the system is deadlock-free and the overhead is also minimal. The proposed technique suggests reserving a portion of the resources to ensure no deadlock would occur. The correctness of the technique is proved in the form of theorems. The average turnaround time is approximately 18\% lower for the proposed technique over Banker's algorithm and also an optimal overhead of O(m). Deep et al. in the paper titled "Access Management of User and Cyber-Physical Device in DBAAS According to Indian IT Laws Using Blockchain" proposed a novel blockchain solution to track the activities of employees managing cloud. Employee authentication and authorization are managed through the blockchain server. User authentication related data is stored in blockchain. The proposed work assists cloud companies to have better control over their employee's activities, thus help in preventing insider attack on User and Cyber-Physical Devices. Sumit Kumar and Jaspreet Singh in paper titled "Internet of Vehicles (IoV) over VANETS: Smart and Secure Communication using IoT" highlighted a detailed description of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) with current applications, architectures, communication technologies, routing protocols and different issues. The researchers also elaborated research challenges and trade-off between security and privacy in area of IoV. Deore et al. in the paper titled "A New Approach for Navigation and Traffic Signs Indication Using Map Integrated Augmented Reality for Self-Driving Cars" proposed a new approach to supplement the technology used in self-driving cards for perception. The proposed approach uses Augmented Reality to create and augment artificial objects of navigational signs and traffic signals based on vehicles location to reality. This approach help navigate the vehicle even if the road infrastructure does not have very good sign indications and marking. The approach was tested locally by creating a local navigational system and a smartphone based augmented reality app. The approach performed better than the conventional method as the objects were clearer in the frame which made it each for the object detection to detect them. Bhardwaj et al. in the paper titled "A Framework to Systematically Analyse the Trustworthiness of Nodes for Securing IoV Interactions" performed literature on IoV and Trust and proposed a Hybrid Trust model that seperates the malicious and trusted nodes to secure the interaction of vehicle in IoV. To test the model, simulation was conducted on varied threshold values. And results observed that PDR of trusted node is 0.63 which is higher as compared to PDR of malicious node which is 0.15. And on the basis of PDR, number of available hops and Trust Dynamics the malicious nodes are identified and discarded. Saniya Zahoor and Roohie Naaz Mir in the paper titled "A Parallelization Based Data Management Framework for Pervasive IoT Applications" highlighted the recent studies and related information in data management for pervasive IoT applications having limited resources. The paper also proposes a parallelization-based data management framework for resource-constrained pervasive applications of IoT. The comparison of the proposed framework is done with the sequential approach through simulations and empirical data analysis. The results show an improvement in energy, processing, and storage requirements for the processing of data on the IoT device in the proposed framework as compared to the sequential approach. Patel et al. in the paper titled "Performance Analysis of Video ON-Demand and Live Video Streaming Using Cloud Based Services" presented a review of video analysis over the LVS \& VoDS video application. The researchers compared different messaging brokers which helps to deliver each frame in a distributed pipeline to analyze the impact on two message brokers for video analysis to achieve LVS & VoS using AWS elemental services. In addition, the researchers also analysed the Kafka configuration parameter for reliability on full-service-mode. Saniya Zahoor and Roohie Naaz Mir in the paper titled "Design and Modeling of Resource-Constrained IoT Based Body Area Networks" presented the design and modeling of a resource-constrained BAN System and also discussed the various scenarios of BAN in context of resource constraints. The Researchers also proposed an Advanced Edge Clustering (AEC) approach to manage the resources such as energy, storage, and processing of BAN devices while performing real-time data capture of critical health parameters and detection of abnormal patterns. The comparison of the AEC approach is done with the Stable Election Protocol (SEP) through simulations and empirical data analysis. The results show an improvement in energy, processing time and storage requirements for the processing of data on BAN devices in AEC as compared to SEP. Neelam Saleem Khan and Mohammad Ahsan Chishti in the paper titled "Security Challenges in Fog and IoT, Blockchain Technology and Cell Tree Solutions: A Review" outlined major authentication issues in IoT, map their existing solutions and further tabulate Fog and IoT security loopholes. Furthermore, this paper presents Blockchain, a decentralized distributed technology as one of the solutions for authentication issues in IoT. In addition, the researchers discussed the strength of Blockchain technology, work done in this field, its adoption in COVID-19 fight and tabulate various challenges in Blockchain technology. The researchers also proposed Cell Tree architecture as another solution to address some of the security issues in IoT, outlined its advantages over Blockchain technology and tabulated some future course to stir some attempts in this area. Bhadwal et al. in the paper titled "A Machine Translation System from Hindi to Sanskrit Language Using Rule Based Approach" proposed a rule-based machine translation system to bridge the language barrier between Hindi and Sanskrit Language by converting any test in Hindi to Sanskrit. The results are produced in the form of two confusion matrices wherein a total of 50 random sentences and 100 tokens (Hindi words or phrases) were taken for system evaluation. The semantic evaluation of 100 tokens produce an accuracy of 94\% while the pragmatic analysis of 50 sentences produce an accuracy of around 86\%. Hence, the proposed system can be used to understand the whole translation process and can further be employed as a tool for learning as well as teaching. Further, this application can be embedded in local communication based assisting Internet of Things (IoT) devices like Alexa or Google Assistant. Anshu Kumar Dwivedi and A.K. Sharma in the paper titled "NEEF: A Novel Energy Efficient Fuzzy Logic Based Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network" proposed a a deterministic novel energy efficient fuzzy logic-based clustering protocol (NEEF) which considers primary and secondary factors in fuzzy logic system while selecting cluster heads. After selection of cluster heads, non-cluster head nodes use fuzzy logic for prudent selection of their cluster head for cluster formation. NEEF is simulated and compared with two recent state of the art protocols, namely SCHFTL and DFCR under two scenarios. Simulation results unveil better performance by balancing the load and improvement in terms of stability period, packets forwarded to the base station, improved average energy and extended lifetime.