Journal articles on the topic 'Watershed'
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1
Wahyuni, Andang Suryana Soma, Usman Arsyad, Riska Sariyani, and Baharuddin Mappangaja. "Prediction of erosion and sedimentation rates using SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) method in the Jenelata Sub Watershed." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 886, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/886/1/012097.
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Abstract Erosion and sedimentation are problems that often occur in watershed ecosystems. The SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) can be used to determine the output of a watershed’s performance. Jenelata sub-watershed area is one of the largest sub-watersheds of the Jeneberang watershed with 22.800 ha. This study aims to determine the spatial distribution of the hydrologic response unit (HRU) and analyze the rate of erosion and sedimentation in the Jenelata sub-watershed. The results showed that most HRUs are in secondary dryland forests with 447 HRU (19.09%). The level of erosion in the very light category, namely 5.74 ton/ha/year (37.53%) and light 34.71 ton/ha/year (27.76%), was in the villages of Moncongloe, Tana Karaeng, Sicini, Paladindang, Towata, Parang Lampoa, Manuju, and Buakkang. Meanwhile, moderate erosion was 104.07 ton/ha/year (23.92%), high 289.65 ton/ha/year (9.59%), and very high 553.74 ton/ha/year (1.20%) located in the villages of Pattallikang, Mangempang, Bontomanai, Bissoloro, Rannaloe, Jenebatu, and Sapaya. The largest sedimentation is 133.18 ton/ha/year in sub-watershed17, located in Bissoloro and Rannaloe villages.
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Saxe, Samuel, Terri S. Hogue, and Lauren Hay. "Characterization and evaluation of controls on post-fire streamflow response across western US watersheds." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 2 (February 13, 2018): 1221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1221-2018.
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Abstract. This research investigates the impact of wildfires on watershed flow regimes, specifically focusing on evaluation of fire events within specified hydroclimatic regions in the western United States, and evaluating the impact of climate and geophysical variables on response. Eighty-two watersheds were identified with at least 10 years of continuous pre-fire daily streamflow records and 5 years of continuous post-fire daily flow records. Percent change in annual runoff ratio, low flows, high flows, peak flows, number of zero flow days, baseflow index, and Richards–Baker flashiness index were calculated for each watershed using pre- and post-fire periods. Independent variables were identified for each watershed and fire event, including topographic, vegetation, climate, burn severity, percent area burned, and soils data. Results show that low flows, high flows, and peak flows increase in the first 2 years following a wildfire and decrease over time. Relative response was used to scale response variables with the respective percent area of watershed burned in order to compare regional differences in watershed response. To account for variability in precipitation events, runoff ratio was used to compare runoff directly to PRISM precipitation estimates. To account for regional differences in climate patterns, watersheds were divided into nine regions, or clusters, through k-means clustering using climate data, and regression models were produced for watersheds grouped by total area burned. Watersheds in Cluster 9 (eastern California, western Nevada, Oregon) demonstrate a small negative response to observed flow regimes after fire. Cluster 8 watersheds (coastal California) display the greatest flow responses, typically within the first year following wildfire. Most other watersheds show a positive mean relative response. In addition, simple regression models show low correlation between percent watershed burned and streamflow response, implying that other watershed factors strongly influence response. Spearman correlation identified NDVI, aridity index, percent of a watershed's precipitation that falls as rain, and slope as being positively correlated with post-fire streamflow response. This metric also suggested a negative correlation between response and the soil erodibility factor, watershed area, and percent low burn severity. Regression models identified only moderate burn severity and watershed area as being consistently positively/negatively correlated, respectively, with response. The random forest model identified only slope and percent area burned as significant watershed parameters controlling response. Results will help inform post-fire runoff management decisions by helping to identify expected changes to flow regimes, as well as facilitate parameterization for model application in burned watersheds.
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Joshi, Mallika, Pankaj Kumar, and Purabi Sarkar. "Morphometric parameters based prioritization of a Mid-Himalayan watershed using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 10004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128010004.
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Watershed prioritization has become increasingly crucial for managing natural resources, especially the watersheds. A useful decision support tool to provide appropriate weights to different morphological attributes with lineage with soil erosion is required to identify environmentally stressed areas for the watershed resources. This study examines the Western Nayar watershed delineation and further examination of the watershed’s morphometric parameters. The morphometric parameters were quantified under the linear, areal, and relief heads for the watershed. The prioritization of sub-watersheds was done by the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP). The study included nine morphometric parameters for forming a pairwise comparison matrix. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process was employed for assigning the suitable weights to morphometric parameters, and further, these weights are normalized to assign the final ranks to the sub-watershed. In Western Nayar, SW9 got the highest priority, and SW1 was categorized as the least priority. The results were validated by the consistency ratio index, which depends on the matrix consistency index’s size that should be less than 10%. The consistency index of the present study was found to be 2%.
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Munoth, Priyamitra, Lalit Kumar Gehlot, P. L. Patel, Sumit Khandelwal, P. V. Timbadiya, and Rohit Goyal. "Integrated hydrological modelling of two contrasting watersheds with a terminal reservoir in the Upper Tapi River basin, India." Water Supply 23, no. 12 (November 30, 2023): 4891–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.314.
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Abstract The present study developed an integrated hydrologic model for sustainable utilisation and water management in two complex watersheds with varying physioclimatic features and reservoirs. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) is used for predicting integrated inflows into the Hatnur reservoir from the Burhanpur and Purna watersheds of the Upper Tapi River basin, while outflows are simulated using a rule curve. The influence of watershed complexities on hydrological model parameters and the watershed processes are investigated using extensive multisite and multivariable calibration (1998–2007) and validation (2008–2013) approaches, including sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. The sensitive parameters are related to curve number (CN), groundwater, slope, and main channel characteristics. The annual streamflow (m3/km2/mm of rainfall) in the Burhanpur watershed is 568.7, which is 4.2 times higher than the Purna watershed's streamflow of 136.2. The hypsometric analysis, areal rainfall, and flow duration curves revealed a substantially different streamflow pattern and a larger coefficient of variation in the spatial distribution of water balance components over sub-watersheds in the Burhanpur watershed compared to the Purna watershed due to diverse topographic features. The developed model would be useful for planning controlled releases from the terminal reservoir to mitigate hazards in the downstream reaches of the Tapi River basin.
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Sapan, E. G. A., S. A. R. Riandasenya, Yulianingsani, Anisah, M. K. Ilmi, and M. I. Habibie. "Health assessment of The Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1109, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1109/1/012082.
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Abstract Citarum watershed is one of the national priority watersheds. Watershed health assessment activities are used as a reference in efforts to restore watershed conditions and improve watershed management planning. The watershed health was assessed for the Upper Citarum watershed in West Java, Indonesia. Three indicators, including hydrology and land cover were used to assess the watershed health. Hydrology indicators include the Annual Flow Coefficient (KAT) and River Regime Coefficient (KRA). Watershed health level assessment was conducted using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) scoring method. Watershed health levels such as very unhealthy, unhealthy, moderately unhealthy, healthy, and very healthy were obtained by calculating each indicator total number of scores. From the health assessment result of The Upper Citarum watershed, the Annual Flow Coefficient indicator shows an unhealthy level, and River Regime Coefficient indicator shows very unhealthy level. In addition, the land cover indicator shows unhealthy level. Thus, because of a decreased vegetation cover over ten years. Based on the AHP weighting, it was found that The Upper Citarum watershed is at a very unhealthy level. Therefore, according to government regulations about proper watershed management, land cover vegetation must be managed to increase conservation and water quantity to maintain the Citarum watershed’s sustainability.
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Ahn, So Ra, and Seong Joon Kim. "Assessment of integrated watershed health based on the natural environment, hydrology, water quality, and aquatic ecology." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 11 (November 14, 2017): 5583–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5583-2017.
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Abstract. Watershed health, including the natural environment, hydrology, water quality, and aquatic ecology, is assessed for the Han River basin (34 148 km2) in South Korea by using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The evaluation procedures follow those of the Healthy Watersheds Assessment by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Six components of the watershed landscape are examined to evaluate the watershed health (basin natural capacity): stream geomorphology, hydrology, water quality, aquatic habitat condition, and biological condition. In particular, the SWAT is applied to the study basin for the hydrology and water-quality components, including 237 sub-watersheds (within a standard watershed on the Korea Hydrologic Unit Map) along with three multipurpose dams, one hydroelectric dam, and three multifunction weirs. The SWAT is calibrated (2005–2009) and validated (2010–2014) by using each dam and weir operation, the flux-tower evapotranspiration, the time-domain reflectometry (TDR) soil moisture, and groundwater-level data for the hydrology assessment, and by using sediment, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen data for the water-quality assessment. The water balance, which considers the surface–groundwater interactions and variations in the stream-water quality, is quantified according to the sub-watershed-scale relationship between the watershed hydrologic cycle and stream-water quality. We assess the integrated watershed health according to the U.S. EPA evaluation process based on the vulnerability levels of the natural environment, water resources, water quality, and ecosystem components. The results indicate that the watershed's health declined during the most recent 10-year period of 2005–2014, as indicated by the worse results for the surface process metric and soil water dynamics compared to those of the 1995–2004 period. The integrated watershed health tended to decrease farther downstream within the watershed.
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Maman Noprayamin, Anis Saggaff, Arie Setiadi Moerwanto, and Kiagus Muhammad Aminuddin. "Identification of Watershed Conditions and Formulation of Watershed Management Strategies." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BUILDING AND TRANSPORTATION 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jcebt.v7i1.9185.
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In Indonesia, 39 watersheds were deemed essential in 1994, and the importance of watersheds grew in 2000. The existence of a watershed has the role of being able to sustain water availability, maintain the balance of the ecosystem and as a container for flowing water. The Musi-Sugihan-Banyuasin-Lemau River Area (WS MSBL), which has an area of 86680 km2 and is made up of 23 primary watersheds, is one of the largest watersheds in the Sumatra region. Research was done to determine the state of the watershed so that a strategy for watershed conservation could be chosen. In-depth interviews with stakeholders in the form of focus group discussions (FGD) were utilized as the study method to collect both secondary and primary data about the circumstances of the watershed as well as to gain in-depth management outcomes. The study's findings demonstrate that managing the WS MSBL watershed involves more than only technical issues; it also necessitates involving associated institutions and stakeholders, necessitating the creation of operational watershed management strategies.
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Kumar, Shailesh, Sarita Meshram, Rupesh Patil, and Sanjay Tignath. "Hypsometric Analysis Using Geographical Information System of Gour River Watershed, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India." Current World Environment 11, no. 1 (April 25, 2016): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.1.07.
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Hypsometric analysis of drainage basins reveals the geological stage of watershed and is a measure of its maturity, indicating the susceptibility of the watershed to erosion. In the present study sub watersheds of Khurji Nala and Dala Nala watersheds which are tributaries of GourRiver located in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh was considered as the case study area. The watersheds were delineated into sub watersheds and hypsometric analysis was carried out for all of them using the digital contour map, which was generated using Arc GIS. The hypsometric integral values of Khurji Nala and Dala Nala sub watersheds reveals that sub watershed 2 of Khurji Nala and sub watershed 7 of Dala Nala watershed should be given top priority for soil and water conservation.
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Zhang, Ri Jun. "Construction of Digital Aojiang Watershed." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 2157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.2157.
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Based on Digital Elevation Model and watershed hydrology software WMS, Digital Aojiang Watershed was established.it Used the grid DEM and Position of watershed outlet and Computed according to Topographic Parameterization Program (TOPAZ), this paper delineated watershed boundary and structure of River, built the Topological relationships of River networks and defined Seven sub-watersheds. Then Parameters for sub-watersheds were computed, such as sub-watershed area, perimeter, shape factor and slope.
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Rudianto, Rudianto, Syarifuddin Kadir, Kissinger Kissinger, and Mahrus Aryadi. "DINAMIKA PERUBAHAN PETA BATAS DAS MALUKA PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN." Jurnal Hutan Tropis 8, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v8i3.9740.
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A study on the dynamics of the Change Dynamics of the Maluka Watershed Boundary Map in South Kalimantan Province, which aims to analyze the Maluka Watershed Boundary is a large-scale approach, analyzing the dynamics of changes in some watershed characteristics (morphological and morphometric aspects) and conducting a policy direction towards the Compilation of the Maluka Watershed Boundary Watershed. The results of the Maluka watershed boundary scale of 1:50.000 there are changes and improvements in watershed boundaries in the downstream watershed due to river drainage, dredging, river displacement caused by human activities, new watersheds formed and SRTM level 30 x 30 m resolution, line repair and correction coastal and river networks and optical remote sensing. Morphometric and morphologic characteristics of Watersheds Significant changes in watershed area and administration area (reduced by 4.678 Ha or 5,3%). Other properties did not change significantly (Hydrologic DAS: 2 sub-watersheds, namely the Bati-Bati sub-watershed and Banyuhirang sub-watersheds), (Watershed shape: elongated (Rc <0,5)), (Slope class: flat 90,24%, steep and rather steep 2,14%), (Altitude/Elevation) Watershed: 2 masl to 50 masl 81,71%, above 300 masl 4,37%), (Watershed orientation: heading east to west in a straight direction, middle watershed symmetrical ballooning), (flow density, index value: 1,09 medium category) and (DAS flow pattern: Dendritic). Policy recommendations are suggested to synchronize the implementation of UU No. 23 Tahun 2014 and UU No. 37 Tahun 2014 in terms of carrying out the mandate of PP. 37 Tahun 2012, namely the implementation of the management of watershed management in the context of conservation of land, water in the ecosystem/watershed unit by giving the mandate to assist the task of sub-affairs management of watershed management from the provincial government to the district / city government.
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Ayuba, Sri Rahayu, Wilan Mooduto, Risman Jaya, Tisen Tisen, Ahmad Syamsurijal, and Munajat Nursaputra. "Drought Index Determination Using the Batulayar Watershed Hydrology Model." Journal La Lifesci 3, no. 2 (March 30, 2022): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallalifesci.v3i2.595.
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The Batulayar sub-watershed, also known as the Bongomeme sub-watershed, is one of the most important sub-watersheds in the Limboto watershed. Because there are oil palm and other plants in the Batulayar Sub-upstream watershed's area that cause drought and natural harm. The goal of this study was to assess the severity of the drought and develop a hydrological model for calculating the drought index in the Batulayar sub-upstream watershed's area. The mix approach was utilized, which combines Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) modeling with field survey methodologies. The study's findings suggest that land conversion in the Batulayar Sub-upstream watershed's area may have an impact on the watershed's function. The Batulayar Sub-SMDI watershed's value in the SWAT Model results shows that it ranges from -0.50 to -2.99 in March, April, May, November, and December over a 10-year period, and is classified as "Slightly Dry" and "Slightly Dry." The Hydrological Model's role in determining the drought index can be seen in the results of calibration and validation using the NSE Model (Nash Sutcliffe Coeficient of Efficiency). An NSE value of 0.9 is obtained in calibration and validation, implying that the NSE value obtained belongs to the "good" class or that the discharge model and research observation discharge are similar.
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Ramirez, Pulhin, Garcia, Tapia, Pulhin, Cruz, De Luna, and Inoue. "Landscape Fragmentation, Ecosystem Services and Local Knowledge in the Baroro River Watershed, Northern Philippines." Resources 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8040164.
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Landscape fragmentation, the breaking up of land use type into smaller parcels, isdamaging watersheds worldwide. Without addressing its causes, landscape fragmentation canpermanently destroy habitats and compromise ecosystem services (ES) that a watershed provides.This paper aims to establish associations between watershed landscape fragmentation and ES byintegrating science (satellite imageries and fragmentation analyses) and local geographicknowledge (key informant interviews and focus group discussions) at different time periods. Usingthe case of the Baroro River Watershed in Northern Philippines, this paper posits that localknowledge, when integrated with scientific knowledge, becomes a significant medium throughwhich watershed landscape fragmentation and declining quality of ES can be better understood andaddressed. Results also indicate that people’s experiences and knowledge on ES coincide withwatershed landscape fragmentation as evidenced by satellite images and fragmentation analysesdone at different time periods. This implies that people’s knowledge is well grounded on facts andcomplements scientific knowledge necessary in crafting more effective landscape policies that cantackle watershed fragmentation. Study results are also crucial in providing information to serve asinputs in the development of a more robust watershed management plan; particularly inimplementing sustainable land uses without sacrificing the watershed’s overall integrity.
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Noor, Hamzeh, Mehdi Vafakhah, and Majid Mohammady. "Comparison of different targeting methods for watershed management practices implementation in Taleghan dam watershed, Iran." Water Supply 16, no. 6 (April 29, 2016): 1484–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.048.
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Soil erosion and sediment control is important in watersheds with planned dam construction. For an efficient implementation of watershed management practices, identification of critical areas is vital. Many studies have made an effort to identify and prioritize critical sub-watersheds. But very limited studies have been conducted to rank sub-watersheds in terms of their sediment yield contribution at the watershed outlet. Therefore, the goal of this study is spatial priority of critical sources areas in Taleghan dam watershed based on three methods: (1) SSY-S: specific sediment yield at sub-watershed outlet (sediment yield/area), (2) SY-W: sub-watershed contribution to the sediment yield of the main watershed outlet/reservoir, and (3) SSY-W: specific sediment yield contribution of sub-watershed to the main watershed outlet/reservoir. The results of sub-watershed and prioritization showed that sub-watershed 22 has the highest sediment yield at its own sub-watershed outlet and main outlet of watershed. Also, implementing conservation practices in a high priority area shows a decrease in sediment yield at watershed outlet. However, sediment yield at outlet of watershed decreased about 11%, 15% and 17% from baseline scenario in methods 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The results show that the SSY-W method was more effective at reducing sediments entering the reservoir of Taleghan dam.
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Lee, Jong-Won, Se-Rin Park, and Sang-Woo Lee. "Effect of Land Use on Stream Water Quality and Biological Conditions in Multi-Scale Watersheds." Water 15, no. 24 (December 6, 2023): 4210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15244210.
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Understanding the relation between watershed land use and stream conditions is critical for watershed planning and management. This study investigated the effects of land use on stream water quality and biological conditions in sub-watersheds and micro-watersheds across the Han River watershed in South Korea. We developed random forest models for each water quality and biological indicator using the proportions of urban, agricultural, and forested areas. Our results indicate that water quality and biological indicators were significantly affected by forest area at both scales, and the sub-watershed models performed better than the micro-watershed models. Accumulated local effects were used to interpret the effect of each explanatory variable on the response variable. The plots for water quality and biological indicators with proportions of watershed land use demonstrated similar patterns at both scales, although the relation between land use and stream conditions was slightly more sensitive in micro-watersheds than in sub-watersheds. Urban and agricultural areas showed a lower proportion of water quality and biological condition variability in the micro-watersheds than in the sub-watersheds, while forests showed the opposite results. The findings of this study suggest that different spatial scales should be considered when developing effective watershed management strategies to maintain stream ecosystems.
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Muzdalifah, Safa Muzdalifah. "Local Government Subwatershed Management." International Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (IJSAS) 1, no. 2 (September 12, 2023): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/ijsas.v1i2.12.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the management of local government in the management of sub-watersheds affected by floods in Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan. The background of the research is the occurrence of floods in the sub-watershed in Banjar Regency. The provincial government has the authority to manage watersheds within the province, on the authority of the government, so an in-depth analysis is needed regarding the management of local governments in the management of sub watersheds in Banjar Regency. So, to answer the research problem, the research used descriptive qualitative method. The location of this research is in Banjar Regency. The key informants of the research are the South Kalimantan provincial government, especially those authorized in the Martapura Sub-watershed management, namely the Kayu Tangi Forest Management Unit Organization, and the Head of the South Kalimantan Province Environmental Service. The results of this study indicate that local governments in managing flood-affected sub-watersheds in Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan Province are formulated through basic watershed management steps. Watershed management steps taken include identification of watershed characteristics, analysis of problems, determination of technical alternatives for watershed management, preparation of watershed management plans, implementation of watershed management, and monitoring and evaluation of watershed management.
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Lo, WeiCheng, Chang-Mien Wang, Chih-Tsung Huang, and Meng-Hsuan Wu. "Impact of Human Development on the Phenomenon of Surface Runoff Crossing Adjacent Watershed Boundaries." Water 16, no. 13 (June 27, 2024): 1831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16131831.
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The concept of watersheds, also called catchments, is fundamental to both flood mitigation and water resource management, as it greatly aids in the calculation of overland flow attributes. Watershed boundaries are typically determined by elevation, as water adheres to the geological characteristics of watersheds under natural circumstances and does not cross watershed boundaries. However, advances in human development have caused elevation and land usage changes, and boundaries between adjacent watersheds in downstream areas with flat terrain have become unclear and unstable. This study chose the Kaoping River watershed and Donggang River watershed as the study area, to investigate the cross-watershed runoff phenomenon under different return period rainfall. Based on land use surveys of the study area, the area in proximity to the boundary between the two watersheds was highly developed, with land primarily used for agriculture, buildings, and transportation. As the study area was highly developed, cross-watershed runoff was observed, even in the 2-year return period rainfall simulation case. The size and depth of the areas where cross-watershed runoff occurred became stable in the simulation cases, with return periods of 25 years or greater due to the surrounding high-elevation terrain obstructing further surface runoff development. Thus, when planning for flood mitigation, cross-watershed runoff from adjacent watersheds must also be considered, in addition to normal surface runoff.
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Hermawan, Erwin, Santun R. P. Sitorus, Marimin Marimin, and Suria Darma Tarigan. "Evaluasi Status Keberlanjutan Penggunaan Lahan di Das Ciliwung Bagian Hulu." TATALOKA 22, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.22.4.515-527.
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The Upper Ciliwung watershed is classified into 15 watersheds that must be restored. This study aims to evaluate the existing conditions of the sustainability status of land use based on environmental, economic and social aspects in the Upper Ciliwung Watershed Region. The Multidimensional Scaling technique through the development of the Rap-Watershed application was used to evaluate the Status of Sustainability of land use in the upstream Ciliwung watershed. The results of the study show that in general the identification of sustainable land use in each sub-watershed in the Upper Ciliwung watershed is categorized as moderately sustainable. The condition of the sub-watersheds in the Ciliwung Hulu watershed which is quite good in conditions that are sufficiently environmentally, economically and socially sustainable are the Upper Ciliwung watershed and the Cisarua watershed. The Cibalok sub-watershed and the Ciesek sub-watershed need to be considered specifically for the status of sustainability in the environmental and economic dimensions.
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Elvir, Jose Alexander, Lindsey Rustad, G. Bruce Wiersma, Ivan Fernandez, Alan S. White, and Gregory J. White. "Eleven-year response of foliar chemistry to chronic nitrogen and sulfur additions at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-072.
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The foliar chemistry of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) was studied from 1993 to 2003 at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM). The BBWM is a paired-watershed forest ecosystem study, with one watershed treated bimonthly since 1989 with ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) at a rate of 25.2 kg N·ha1·year1. Foliar N concentrations were higher in all tree species within the treated watershed compared with trees within the reference watershed. Foliar Ca and Mg concentrations were lower in American beech and red spruce within the treated watershed. There were no significant differences in foliar K concentrations between watersheds. Foliar P and Mn concentration differences between watersheds were inconsistent among years. Differences in foliar N concentrations between watersheds declined over time in sugar maple but not in red spruce or American beech. Differences in foliar Ca and Mg concentrations between the treated and reference watersheds increased over time for American beech and red spruce, primarily because of a consistent decline in concentrations of these nutrients in trees within the treated watershed. No temporal trends in foliar Ca and Mg concentration differences between watersheds were observed for sugar maple.
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Zardari, Noorul Hassan, Irena Binti Naubi, Nur Asikin Binti Roslan, and Sharif Moniruzzaman Shirazi. "Multicriteria approach for selecting the most vulnerable watershed for developing a management plan/ Użycie wielu kryteriów do wyboru najbardziej wrażliwej zlewni w projektowaniu planu zarządzania." Journal of Water and Land Development 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2014-0030.
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Abstract Listing of watershed management goals/targets is one of the integral parts of the management plan for a watershed. In this paper, we have listed 18 watershed management targets for which the Malaysian watersheds could possibly be managed in future. Based on the listed watershed management targets, the priority ranking of 18 targets is developed from the relative importance weights obtained from a survey conducted from 29 stakeholders. Three weighting methods (SWING, SMART, and SMARTER) were applied to elicit weights. We found that the SMART (Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique) weighting method was a favorable method for eliciting stable sets of weights for the watershed management targets. The SWING weighting method produces better weights than the SMARTER method. The listed watershed management targets will assist watershed managers and decision makers in decision making to use available resources (e.g. water quality, land-use, groundwater, and many other resources) in a more efficient and sustainable manner. The efficient utilization of all resources within a watershed will ultimately save watersheds (more specifically the urbanized watersheds) from further deterioration caused by unchecked infrastructure development activities
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Cassell, E. A., D. W. Meals, S. G. Aschmann, D. P. Anderson, B. H. Rosen, R. L. Kort, and J. M. Dorioz. "Use of simulation mass balance modeling to estimate phosphorus and bacteria dynamics in watersheds." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 9 (May 1, 2002): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0229.
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Dynamic simulation technology is integrated with mass balance concepts and compartment-flux diagramming to create computer models that estimate contaminant export from watersheds over long and short-term futures under alternative simulated policies of watershed management. The Watershed Ecosystem Nutrient Dynamics (WEND) model, applied to developed watersheds with a mix of urban, agricultural, and forest land-uses, predicted phosphorus (P) export from three watersheds; a 275,000 ha dairy/urban watershed, a 77,000 ha poultry/urban watershed, and a 23,000 ha swine dominated watershed. Urban, agricultural, and forestry activities contribute to P export in different proportions. In all cases the P imports to the watershed exceed total export and P accumulates in watershed soils. Long-term future P export patterns are compared for several watershed management strategies that range from encouragement of rapid urban growth to aggressive environmental protection. The specific response of each watershed to imposed management is unique, but management strategies designed to reduce export of P over the long-term need to consider options that promote P input/output balance. Using this same approach, the Watershed Ecosystem Bacterial Dynamics (WEBD) model assesses the dynamics of bacterial populations in a small case-study watershed over an annual cycle as influenced by dairy farm management actions. WEND and WEBD models integrate the diversity of activities and stakeholders interested in the watershed and promote development of a more holistic understanding of watershed function. Model outputs are designed to assist watershed policy-makers, managers, and planners to explore potential future impacts of management/policy decisions.
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Assani, Ali A., Raphaëlle Landry, Christophe Kinnard, Ouassila Azouaoui, Christine Demers, and Karine Lacasse. "Comparison of the Spatiotemporal Variability of Temperature, Precipitation, and Maximum Daily Spring Flows in Two Watersheds in Quebec Characterized by Different Land Use." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3746460.
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We compared the spatiotemporal variability of temperatures and precipitation with that of the magnitude and timing of maximum daily spring flows in the geographically adjacent L’Assomption River (agricultural) and Matawin River (forested) watersheds during the period from 1932 to 2013. With regard to spatial variability, fall, winter, and spring temperatures as well as total precipitation are higher in the agricultural watershed than in the forested one. The magnitude of maximum daily spring flows is also higher in the first watershed as compared with the second, owing to substantial runoff, given that the amount of snow that gives rise to these flows is not significantly different in the two watersheds. These flows occur early in the season in the agricultural watershed because of the relatively high temperatures. With regard to temporal variability, minimum temperatures increased over time in both watersheds. Maximum temperatures in the fall only increased in the agricultural watershed. The amount of spring rain increased over time in both watersheds, whereas total precipitation increased significantly in the agricultural watershed only. However, the amount of snow decreased in the forested watershed. The magnitude of maximum daily spring flows increased over time in the forested watershed.
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Gadakh, S., SS Wandre, MA Patil, A. Jadhav, V. Shinde, J. Ghatge, and K. Prathapan. "Quantitative analysis of morphometric parameters for prioritization of Warana river basin using remote sensing and GIS." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology 18 (May 30, 2024): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.58628/jae-2418-105.
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An attempt has been made in this paper to study the morphometric characteristics and prioritization of watersheds of the Warana river basin, which falls in the districts of Ratnagiri, Kolhapur, and Sangli and is a major one among five river basins of Maharashtra state, India. As a result, the entire research area has been subdivided into 15 sub-watersheds for prioritization based on morphometric analysis utilizing GIS and remote sensing techniques. The compound parameters were calculated by averaging the priority based on the severity ranking of each watershed. The watersheds were given ultimate priority based on the values of compound parameters. The compound parameter ranged from 6.5 to 9.83 for all 15 watersheds. The watershed 8th (compound parameter value 6.5) obtains the greatest priority value and hence becomes a prospective and prioritized candidate for adopting soil conservation measures, whilst the other watersheds with lesser priorities experience less erosion. Such watershed prioritization is beneficial to overall watershed management planning. The morphometric parameters established for this basin as a whole and each watershed will be important for sound water harvesting and groundwater recharge project design on a watershed basis.
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Risal, Avay, and Prem B. Parajuli. "Evaluation of the Impact of Best Management Practices on Streamflow, Sediment and Nutrient Yield at Field and Watershed Scales." Water Resources Management 36, no. 3 (February 2022): 1093–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03075-7.
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AbstractEvaluating Best Management Practices (BMPs) in watersheds using hydrologic and water quality models can help to establish an effective watershed water management. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied to Big Sunflower River Watershed (BSRW) and the Stovall Sherard Watershed (SSW) to evaluate BMP’s impact at watershed and field scale watersheds respectively. SWAT was calibrated and validated for streamflow, sediment yield, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorous (TP) at outlets of three sub-basins of the BSRW, and within the SSW. BMP scenarios of check-dam, tail water pond, vegetative filter strips (VFS), nutrient management, and tillage management were evaluated for their efficacy in reducing streamflow, sediment yield, and nutrient loads at field and watershed scales. The VFS was determined as the most effective BMP in decreasing sediment yield, TN, and TP at both field and watershed scales. At field scale, reduction of sediment yield, TN, and TP by VFS ranged from 8 to 12%, 71% to 98%, and 72% to 99% respectively and at watershed scale, reduction of sediment yield, TN, and TP by VFS ranged from 12 to 38%, 29% to 87%, and 42% to 99% respectively. The application of conservation and zero tillage operation showed reduction in sediment yield by 1% to 2% respectively but increased TN and TP by 2% to 25% at field and watershed scale watersheds. This study will help in managing water at field and watershed scale watersheds regarding BMPs selection and implementation. Graphical Abstract
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Puspitasari, Titik, Chay Asdak, and Martha Fani Cahyandito. "Factors affecting payments for environmental services (PES) implementation in the Garang watershed management." E3S Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124901006.
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Watersheds has essential functions in human life and other living things that include hydrological and ecological functions. However, the number of critical watershed conditions are increasing and resulting in the degradation of the watershed function. The number of critical watersheds according to the 2009 forestry ministerial decree is 108 watersheds including Garang watershed. The landscape degradation of the upper areas will significantly affect hydrological conditions in downstream areas. Payment for environmental services (PES) is one of the alternatives of watershed management that combines interests in the upstream - downstream watersheds, especially in the form of water distribution. This study aims to identify important factors or criteria needed, especially related to the water environment services as a part of the integrated watershed management. The qualitative and quantitative method was used in this study with descriptive and CVM analysis used through the review literature, interview and survey. The analysis identifies important factors for PES in a sustainable watershed management which include its context, actors, financing systems, operations, and monitoring evaluation. The study also shows that some factors need improvement such as context (local regulation), actors (public understanding of the PES mechanism), operation (planning design), and low willingness to pay for PES implementation in Garang watershed. By properly defining the criteria of PES, watershed management can be managed in a way that the upper and downstream areas can be linked in an integrated way.
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Goyo, Shiella Lynn, and George Puno. "Usage of Land Use/Land Cover and Anthropogenic Parameters in Prioritizing Conservation in Sub Watersheds of Upper Pulangi River." East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 2, no. 5 (May 30, 2023): 2081–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v2i5.4012.
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Most part of the Philippines are located within watersheds. The best unit for managing natural resources like land and water is a watershed. This study aimed to prioritize the nine sub watersheds of Upper Pulangi River for conservation and rehabilitation using land use and land cover and anthropogenic parameters. Land cover and land use was analysed using remote sensing and GIS techniques to identify and delineate its categories. In terms of anthropogenic parameters, watersheds with the most extensive and highest human alterations, such as surface mining/quarries, illegal logging, land conversion to agriculture, kaingin, built-up areas, and upland settlers, were assigned the top priority for conservation. Watershed prioritization is the process of ranking different sub-watersheds in the order in which they must be addressed for soil conservation measures. Out of the nine sub watersheds being studied, the results showed that Sawaga sub watershed has the high priority for conservation followed by Maapag, Upper Pulangi, Taganibong, and Malingun sub watersheds with medium priority. Panlibatuhan, Tigwa and Taganibong sub watersheds fall under low priority while Manupali sub watersheds has the lowest priority due to its favourable vegetation cover and existing conservation and rehabilitation projects. It is recommended to watershed managers of Upper Pulangi river to prioritize and consider for funding the rehabilitation and soil conservation measures for Sawaga sub watershed. The methods used in this study can be applied to other watershed management under limited resources.
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Rana, Shubham, Prateek Thakran, and Bhagya Jayant. "A Case Study Watershed of Siraspur Delhi." Journal of Engineering Research and Application 02 (2023): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55953/jera.2023.2105.
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In many nations, watershed development is a critical component of rural development and natural resource management initiatives. A watershed is a kind of common pool resource that consists of a geohydrological unit that drains to a common location through a series of drains. All regions on the planet are part of one or more watersheds, and even small land fragments act as watersheds (for this purpose a case study on VILLAGE SIRASPUR, DELHI is also a part of MICROWATERSHEDS IN DELHI). Watershed management is problematic because watershed systems include a variety of competing uses, thus any gain or cost will be distributed unevenly across users. Theories based on common research suggest that managing complex watersheds would be challenging, and that success will be restricted to isolated, actively aided micro watershed programmes with a social organisation emphasis. The simplest way to encourage community action is at the micro watershed level, yet good hydrological management necessitates effort at the macro watershed level. It also helps in recharging groundwater which is depleting in Delhi at alarming rate.
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Çtgez, Tark, Refik Karagül, and Mehmet Özcan. "Evaluation of the effects of some watershed characteristics on water and suspended sediment yield in agricultural and forest dominated watersheds." Šumarski list 145, no. 5-6 (June 24, 2021): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31298/sl.145.5-6.4.
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Topography, geological structure and land use play a determinative role in the streamflow and total suspended sediment yield of watersheds having similar climate, soil and vegetation characteristics. In order to facilitate sustainable water resource management and effective land use planning, there is an increasing need for research investigating the effects of these factors. This study was carried out in forested and agricultural dominated subwatersheds of the Big Melen watershed in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. Hazelnut plantations are grown on most of the agricultural areas in both watersheds. The forested watershed has a steep topography and its geological structure consists of sandstone-mudstone and sedimentary rock. The agricultural watershed area is larger and unlike the forested watershed, there is argillaceous limestone in its geological structure. The precipitation, streamflow and total suspended sediment yield in the watersheds were measured for two years. The total precipitation of the study area over the two years was 2217.3 mm. The water yield of the forested watershed was 867.6 mm, while that of the agricultural watershed was 654.9 mm. In the two years, the total suspended sediment transported from the forested watershed was 19.51 t ha<sup>-1</sup> and from the agricultural watershed 7.70 t ha<sup>-1</sup>. However, except for the high values measured after an extreme rainfall event, the unit surface suspended sediment yield of the agricultural watershed was found to be higher than that of the forested watershed. These findings showed that watershed characteristics such as slope, geological structure and rainfall intensity may be more effective on the streamflow and total suspended sediment yield of the watersheds than land use.
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Shin, Hyungjin, Hyeokjin Lim, Jaenam Lee, Seulgi Lee, Youngkyu Jin, Heesung Lim, Chul-sung Lee, Gyumin Lee, Sehoon Kim, and Changi Park. "Hydrological Analysis of Agricultural Reservoir Watersheds Based on Water Utilization System Using the Catchment Hydrology Cycle Analysis Tool Model." Sustainability 16, no. 10 (May 7, 2024): 3887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16103887.
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In this study, the catchment hydrology cycle analysis tool (CAT) model was used to conduct a comprehensive hydrological analysis of the water balance of agricultural reservoirs. Data from 2010 to 2017, including precipitation, water level data in the reservoir, groundwater usage, and wastewater discharge, were collected and compiled for the upper reaches of the Hantan River Dam. The current conditions and content curves of the 11 reservoirs within the watershed were investigated and recorded. The results were analyzed by simulating three scenarios: treating the entire watershed as 1 unit, dividing the watershed into 5 sub-watersheds according to the standard watershed criteria, and further subdividing it into 27 watersheds, taking into account the presence of agricultural reservoirs. In cases where watershed information is lacking, it is deemed that subdividing the watershed can enhance efficiency. The highest model efficiency was observed in the 27 sub-basins, particularly when accounting for agricultural reservoirs. This study proposed an efficient method for hydrological analysis of watersheds including ungauged areas.
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NOBLE, BRAM F., POORNIMA SHEELANERE, and ROBERT PATRICK. "ADVANCING WATERSHED CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT: LESSONS FROM THE SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN RIVER WATERSHED, CANADA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 13, no. 04 (December 2011): 567–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333211004012.
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Watersheds are under increasing pressures from the cumulative environmental effects of human actions. Reviews of recent practice suggest that cumulative effects assessment and management (CEAM) has failed to capture the full range of stressors to Canada's watersheds. Indeed, the limitations to CEAM have been well documented; yet, there has been limited constructive evaluation to help explain why CEAM has failed to advance. In this paper we examine the underlying challenges to the assessment and management of cumulative effects in a watershed context. Based on lessons emerging from the South Saskatchewan watershed, Canada, challenges to CEAM in watersheds include stakeholder understanding and interpretation of cumulative effects; limitations in the scale of current EA practices in watersheds; data challenges; the lack of established thresholds for watershed effects; and lack of clarity regarding watershed science and regulatory capacity. The merits of a watershed-based approach to CEAM to help address these challenges to practice are explored.
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Keshri, Ravish, M. P. Tripathi, Dhiraj Khalkho, and Benukantha Das. "Prioritization of Milli Watershed of Kodar River Catchment Based on Integrated Approach of Morphometric and Land Use Land Cover Analysis." Asian Journal of Current Research 9, no. 1 (February 7, 2024): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/ajocr/2024/v9i18532.
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Watershed prioritisation is now important for effective natural resource planning and management in sustainable development, however, their implementation necessitates a careful examination of the morphometric and hydrological characteristics existing in the watershed. In the present study an attempts has been made to prioritize the Kantori nala milli watersheds of the Kodar river catchment using integrated approach of morphometric features and land use/landcover. Study area watershed was automatically delineated and divided into eleven micro watersheds Micro Watershed-1 to Micro Watershed-11 (MWS-1 to MWS-11) on the basis of topography from the Depression less DEM) prepared by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation technique. Morphometric analysis was done using DEM and each parameter has been assigned their ranks according to their value. Thereafter, an average value of the rank score for each of the micro watershed is calculated. The micro watershed with the lowest compound factor (Cp) was given the highest prioritized rank out of the group of micro watersheds, and vice versa. Land Use Land Cover (LULC) analysis was also done using sentinel 2 satellite data. The result from the priority ranking of morphometric analysis shows that MWS 7 is having high priority ranking while MWS 8 is having low priority ranking, while the results of the LULC analysis-based prioritizing showed that the micro watersheds MWS 10 and MWS 5 micro watersheds are of are of highest and lowest priority respectively. It is observed that upon integration of morphometric and land use/ land cover compound factor values information, MWS 3 and MWS 10 found to receive common priority falls under the highest priority, though MWS 6 and MWS 8 falls under the lowest priority ranking. The results of the study can be employed for identifying the sub-watersheds that require immediate restoration and ultimately help in managing watershed resources for sustainable development.
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Jin, Youngkyu, Sangho Lee, Taeuk Kang, Yeulwoo Kim, and Namjoo Lee. "Framework for Healthiness Assessment of Water Cycle to Decide the Priority of Enhancement and Restoration Plans." Water 15, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010006.
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The water cycle in watersheds is vulnerable due to climate change; hence, the need for sustainable watershed management is increasing. This paper suggests a framework for a healthiness assessment of the water cycle to provide a guideline for systematic watershed management considering the previous and current states. The suggested framework aims to prioritize restoration and enhancement plans based on the graded healthiness of the water cycle elements by the watersheds. The framework is composed of two assessment procedures: a problem-focused assessment to identify problems such as flood, drought, and river depletion in the watershed and the highest priority assessment to select the watershed for enhancement and restoration plans. The healthiness assessment method for each metric is suggested based on the Korean Framework Act on Water Management. The framework was applied to four different watersheds in South Korea. The framework is proven to be an effective method to identify practical emerging problems for the water cycle in each watershed. The framework can contribute to providing technical information to detect the water problem of the watershed by objectively diagnosing the watersheds with various potential water problems via the healthiness assessment.
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Triany, Novi, Muhammad Burhannudinnur, Aisha Averrelita Fauzia Jannah, Khoirul Arifin Syaifullah, Triatmojo Ajiwijaya, Himmes Fitra Yuda, Suherman Dwi Nuryana, and Benyamin. "Morphometric Analysis for Sustainable River Management: A Case Study of Ciujung Watershed, Banten, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 500 (2024): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450002021.
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Ciujung watershed is located in Banten province, Indonesia. The Ciujung watershed is one of the watersheds that have a significant area coverage, such as Serang, Lebak, and the eastern part of Pandeglang. These areas are developing both in terms of population growth and infrastructure. Therefore, a more in-depth study of the Ciujung watershed, namely morphometric studies, is needed to optimize the utilization of the river's renewable natural resources and mitigate potential flood hazards in the watershed area. The method used is remote sensing based on DEMNAS satellite data using QGis software. The parameters analyzed were watershed shape, watershed area, river branch ratio, and river density. The results show that the Ciujung watershed is divided into 14 sub-watersheds. In general, the sub-watersheds have a bird feather shape, and some are radial and parallel, which causes some research areas to be very at risk of flooding. From the condition of river branching, most areas are unaffected by deformation. A small part of the deformed area occurs in the middle area of the Ciujung watershed. This is interpreted to be related to tectonic activity. The drainage density shows that the Ciujung watershed is based on resistant rocks and materials, so it is easily eroded and causes siltation of the river in the downstream area, which can trigger flooding.
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Thomas, Kent, Walter Chen, Bor-Shiun Lin, and Uma Seeboonruang. "Evaluation of the SEdiment Delivery Distributed (SEDD) Model in the Shihmen Reservoir Watershed." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (August 2, 2020): 6221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156221.
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The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) connects the weight of sediments eroded and transported from slopes of a watershed to the weight that eventually enters streams and rivers ending at the watershed outlet. For watershed management agencies, the estimation of annual sediment yield (SY) and the sediment delivery has been a top priority due to the influence that sedimentation has on the holding capacity of reservoirs and the annual economic cost of sediment-related disasters. This study establishes the SEdiment Delivery Distributed (SEDD) model for the Shihmen Reservoir watershed using watershed-wide SDRw and determines the geospatial distribution of individual SDRi and SY in its sub-watersheds. Furthermore, this research considers the statistical and geospatial distribution of SDRi across the two discretizations of sub-watersheds in the study area. It shows the probability density function (PDF) of the SDRi. The watershed-specific coefficient (β) of SDRi is 0.00515 for the Shihmen Reservoir watershed using the recursive method. The SY mean of the entire watershed was determined to be 42.08 t/ha/year. Moreover, maps of the mean SY by 25 and 93 sub-watersheds were proposed for watershed prioritization for future research and remedial works. The outcomes of this study can ameliorate future watershed remediation planning and sediment control by the implementation of geospatial SDRw/SDRi and the inclusion of the sub-watershed prioritization in decision-making. Finally, it is essential to note that the sediment yield modeling can be improved by increased on-site validation and the use of aerial photogrammetry to deliver more updated data to better understand the field situations.
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Leta, Olkeba, Aly El-Kadi, Henrietta Dulai, and Kariem Ghazal. "Assessment of SWAT Model Performance in Simulating Daily Streamflow under Rainfall Data Scarcity in Pacific Island Watersheds." Water 10, no. 11 (October 27, 2018): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111533.
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Evaluating the performance of watershed models is essential for a reliable assessment of water resources, particularly in Pacific island watersheds, where modeling efforts are challenging due to their unique features. Such watersheds are characterized by low water residence time, highly permeable volcanic rock outcrops, high topographic and rainfall spatial variability, and lack of hydrological data. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used for hydrological modeling of the Nuuanu area watershed (NAW) and Heeia watershed on the Island of Oahu (Hawaii). The NAW, which had well-distributed rainfall gauging stations within the watershed, was used for comparison with the Heeia watershed that lacked recoded rainfall data within the watershed. For the latter watershed, daily rain gauge data from the neighboring watersheds and spatially interpolated 250 m resolution rainfall data were used. The objectives were to critically evaluate the performance of SWAT under rain gauge data scarce conditions for small-scale watersheds that experience high rainfall spatial variability over short distances and to determine if spatially interpolated gridded rainfall data can be used as a remedy in such conditions. The model performance was evaluated by using the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), the percent bias (PBIAS), and the coefficient of determination (R2), including model prediction uncertainty at 95% confidence interval (95PCI). Overall, the daily observed streamflow hydrographs were well-represented by SWAT when well-distributed rain gauge data were used for NAW, yielding NSE and R2 values of > 0.5 and bracketing > 70% of observed streamflows at 95PCI. However, the model showed an overall low performance (NSE and R2 ≤ 0.5) for the Heeia watershed compared to the NAW’s results. Although the model showed low performance for Heeia, the gridded rainfall data generally outperformed the rain gauge data that were used from outside of the watershed. Thus, it was concluded that finer resolution gridded rainfall data can be used as a surrogate for watersheds that lack recorded rainfall data in small-scale Pacific island watersheds.
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Faski, G. I. S. L., Ig L. S. Purnama, and S. Suprayogi. "Application of hydrometeorological data to analyze water balance conditions in Bengkulu watershed." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 893, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/893/1/012078.
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Abstrak Water balance serves to determine hydrological conditions in a watershed, one of which is by analyzing the surplus (excess water) and deficit (water shortage) that occurs. Extreme surpluses or deficits can cause hydrometeorological disasters, such as floods or droughts. This study aims to calculate the monthly water balance using the Thornthwaite-Mather method to determine variations in the incidence of surplus and deficit months in all three sub-watersheds in Bengkulu Watershed, namely Rindu Hati, Susup, and Bengkulu Hilir sub-watershed. The data used are monthly hydrometeorological data for 2009-2018 (10 years) were divided into two periods of water balance based on land use data. Water balance period 1 (2009-2013) uses 2009 land use data, while period 2 (2014-2018) uses 2014 land use data. The results show that the surplus, deficit, runoff, and discharge in the three sub-watersheds in the Bengkulu watershed are affected by rainfall. In general, the deficit incidents in all three sub-watersheds occur almost every three years. The Rindu Hati and Susup sub-watersheds have the same variations of surplus and deficit month incidents, while the Bengkulu Hilir sub-watershed is different, both in periods 1 and 2. It is not only the rainfall that affects the variation in the events of surplus and deficit in all three sub-watersheds of the Bengkulu watershed, but also the amount of water holding capacity (WHC). Therefore, the application of hydrometeorological data to analyze the water balance conditions in the Bengkulu watershed provides information on climate impact on water resources and environmental impact on flows in the watershed.
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Bertossi, Ana Paula Almeida, Paulo Roberto da Rocha Júnior, Paulo Henrique Ribeiro, João Paulo Cunha de Menezes, Roberto Avelino Cecílio, and Felipe Vaz Andrade. "SOIL COVER AND CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES IN OXISOL IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST BIOME." Revista Árvore 40, no. 2 (April 2016): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622016000200004.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical and physical attributes of different soil cover in a Oxisol with a strong wavy relief in the Atlantic Forest Biome, in which were selected three watersheds, employed with grazing (watershed P), forest (watershed M) and coffee (watershed C). Deformed and not deformed samples were collected in three depths for physical and chemical characterization. The chemical characteristics of soil in different watershed studies presented low levels of fertility. It was observed an elevation of pH in the soil and contents of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the watersheds P and C in relation to the watershed M. Due to deforestation and the establishment of agriculture and livestock, there was a decrease in the contents of soil organic matter in the watershed P and C, not altering the physical characteristics of the soil in the watershed P. The implementation of coffee plantation is causing a reduction in the soil quality of watershed C in comparison to the watershed P and M, therefore indicating a need to adequate soil management in this area.
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Raharjo, Puguh Dwi, Eko Puswanto, Sueno Winduhutomo, Mohammad Al'Afif, Dimas Aryo Wibowo, and Angga Yudaputra. "Effect of Soil Physical Properties on Surface Runoff in Lukulo Upstream Watershed." Jurnal Geografi Gea 22, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/gea.v22i1.39470.
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Lukulo upstream watershed is one of the watersheds in Central Java Province, which passes through 3 districts; Kebumen, Wonosobo, and Banjarnegara. Lukulo upstream watershed has eight sub-watersheds located in areas with diverse topography and lithology. The diversity of topography and lithology affects the characteristics of the area, as does the physical condition of the soil. The physical condition of this soil affects the runoff. Soil’s physical properties control rainwater to run off and have important effects on runoff behavior in watersheds. This study aims to determine the physical properties of the soil against runoff in each sub-watershed and each part of the watershed. The method used uses a laboratory, studio, and field approach. The results obtained show that the physical properties of the soil in the Lukulo upstream watershed affect the amount of runoff resistance in the upstream area; in the downstream area the runoff is relatively good. The study also shows two different results. In the Loning watershed, the velocity of downstream runoff is higher than the upstream, while in the Lokidang and Medana watershed, level of surface water flow is lower in the downstream area.
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Liu, Wenfei, Xiaohua Wei, Qiang Li, Houbao Fan, Honglang Duan, Jianping Wu, Krysta Giles-Hansen, and Hao Zhang. "Hydrological recovery in two large forested watersheds of southeastern China: the importance of watershed properties in determining hydrological responses to reforestation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 4747–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4747-2016.
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Abstract. Understanding hydrological responses to reforestation is an important subject in watershed management, particularly in large forested watersheds ( > 1000 km2). In this study, we selected two large forested watersheds (Pingjiang and Xiangshui) located in the upper reach of the Poyang Lake watershed, southeastern China (with an area of 3261.4 and 1458 km2, respectively), along with long-term data on climate and hydrology (1954–2006) to assess the effects of large-scale reforestation on streamflow. Both watersheds have similar climate and experienced comparable and dramatic forest changes during the past decades, but with different watershed properties (e.g., the topography is much steeper in Xiangshui than in Pingjiang), which provides us with a unique opportunity to compare the differences in hydrological recovery in two contrasted watersheds. Streamflow at different percentiles (e.g., 5, 10, 50 and 95 %) were compared using a combination of statistical analysis with a year-wise method for each watershed. The results showed that forest recovery had no significant effects on median flows (Q50%) in both watersheds. However, reforestation significantly reduced high flows in Pingjiang, but had limited influence in Xiangshui. Similarly, reforestation had significant and positive effects on low flows (Q95%) in Pingjiang, while it did not significantly change low flows in Xiangshui. Thus, hydrological recovery is limited and slower in the steeper Xiangshui watershed, highlighting that watershed properties are also important for determining hydrological responses to reforestation. This finding has important implications for designing reforestation and watershed management strategies in the context of hydrological recovery.
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Sriyana, Ignatius. "Evaluation of Micro Hydro Power Plants in Central Java toward Sustainability against Hydrology Condition of Watershed." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187301017.
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Land degradation on the upstream of watershed will affect hydrology condition in a way that it will disrupt the sustainability of its existing micro hydro. The purpose of this study is to evaluate micro hydro power plant in central Java toward sustainability against hydrology condition of watershed. This study is using River Regime Coefficient (RRC) approach where hydrology of watershed with coefficient value less than 50 is classified as non-critical, between 50 and 120 is moderate and more than 120 is critical. Result of the study that was done on 33 micro hydro power plants scattered on 9 watersheds is showing that there are 2 power plants on 2 watersheds have hydrology condition in non-critical status (9.09%), 1 power plant on 1 watershed is in between critical and non-critical status (3.03%), 21 power plants on 3 watersheds are in between critical and moderate status (63.64%), 8 power plants on 6 watersheds are in critical status (21.21%) and 1 power plant on 1 watershed is in between moderate and critical status (3.03%).
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Ariyani, Dwi, Anjani Kirana Balqis, Dehas Abdaa, Resti Nur Arini, Atri Prautama Dewi, and Saniscara Phratama KT. "Flood Hazard Maping Using QGIS Spatial Analysis in Bangko and Masjid Watershed at Riau, Indonesia." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 13, no. 3 (September 4, 2023): 362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.13.3.362-371.
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Flooding is a natural occurrence hazardous to people and properties and produces environmental and economic losses, especially in flood-prone areas. This study will be used to assess flood risk in the Bangko and Masjid watersheds. To analyze it, flood hazard mapping is arranged by slope, land cover, elevation, rainfall, buffer zone, and soil type, which is done with the help of a Geographic Information System (GIS), specifically QuantumGIS (QGIS). This system tool assesses each variable utilizing satellite spatial data and categorizes the vulnerability being very high, high, medium, low, and very low. Each map arrangement value is combined using an overlay value to determine the flood susceptibility. According to the mapping results, the Bangko and Masjid watersheds are highly vulnerable to flooding. Based on the results of the mapping, in the Bangko watershed 61% of the total area is vulnerable to flooding, and 20% has high to very high vulnerability, while in the Mosque watershed 84% of the area is vulnerable to flooding and 11% of the total area has high vulnerability. to very high. After validation of areas that are often affected by floods, it is known that these areas are in vulnerable to very vulnerable areas. This is due to the low watershed elevation and flat slope and high rainfall, as well as residential areas close to the river in the watershed. This is due to the watershed's low elevation and flat slope and the high rainfall, and the residential area close to the river in the watershed area. Hence, it is vital to establish a convenient and straight-off understandable flood hazard map that emphasizes the management mitigation effects.
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Ulibarri, Nicola, and Nataly Escobedo Garcia. "Comparing Complexity in Watershed Governance: The Case of California." Water 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030766.
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Environmental governance scholars argue that optimal environmental performance can be achieved by matching the scale of governance to the scale of the resource being managed. In the case of water, this means managing at the scale of the watershed. However, many watersheds lack a single watershed-scale organization with authority over all water resources and instead rely on cross-jurisdiction coordination or collaboration among diverse organizations. To understand what “watershed governance” looks like fully, this paper maps organizations with rights to use, regulate, or manage water in four subwatersheds in California (the American, Cosumnes, and Kings Rivers in the Sacramento-San Joaquin watershed and the Shasta River in the Klamath watershed). We assemble datasets of water organizations, water rights holders, and water management plans and use content analysis and social network analysis to explore what water management looks like in the absence of a single basin authority. We describe the institutional complexity that exists in each watershed, compare the physical and institutional interconnections between actors in the watersheds, and then ask to what extent these connections map onto watershed boundaries. We find that the ways in which water management is complex takes very different forms across the four watersheds, despite their being located in a similar political, social, and geographic context. Each watershed has drastically different numbers of actors and uses a very different mix of water sources. We also see very different levels of coordination between actors in each watershed. Given these differences, we then discuss how the institutional reforms needed to create watershed-scale management are unique for each watershed. By building a stronger comparative understanding of what watershed governance actually entails, this work aims to build more thoughtful recommendations for building institutional fit.
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Harmiyati and A. Sulistio Fuaji. "Analysis of Water Availability in the Upper Siak Basin Using the GR2M Model Application." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 8, no. 3 (August 30, 2023): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2023.8.3.11559.
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The Siak watershed is one of the critical watersheds, where natural disasters such as floods, landslides and erosion often occur in this area. The Siak watershed has 4 main sub-watersheds, namely the Tapung Kanan sub-watershed, the Tapung Kiri sub-watershed, the Mandau sub-watershed and the Siak Hilir sub-watershed. The existence of these 4 sub-watersheds is also not able to meet the water needs of the community due to the rapid development of the region which will then cause the demand for water to continue to increase in line with the rate of population growth, especially in the Siak watershed area. Fulfillment of food needs and population activities is always closely related to the need for water. These demands cannot be avoided, but must be predicted and planned for the best possible use. The purpose of this study is to describe the application of the GR2M modeling and the amount of raw water availability in the Upper Siak Watershed.
The research method used is descriptive quantitative with data collection techniques in the form of map data, rain data, climatology data and field discharge data. And the research location is in the Upper Siak Watershed, namely the Tapung Kiri Sub-watershed.
The results of the study show that 1) GR2M modeling can be applied to the Tapung Kiri Sub-watershed with an R2 performance of 0.41 with a satisfactory interpretation, a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.67 with a strong interpretation, and an efficiency coefficient (CE) of 0.59 with sufficient optimization interpretation. The reliable discharge obtained based on the GR2M modeling data for the availability of drinking water (Q99%) in the Siak Hulu watershed is 15.69 m3/second.
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Fitri, R., N. I. Simangunsong, D. Danniswari, and H. M. Taki. "Mapping the Distribution of Coffee Agroforestry in the Upper Ciliwung Watershed, West Java, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1290, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1290/1/012032.
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Abstract Land management by combining annual crops with seasonal crops is known as agroforestry. Agroforestry has a positive impact on watershed sustainability as it improves the watershed ecologically, economically, and socially. Coffee agroforestry is an agroforestry that incorporates coffee plants in their system. Coffee agroforestry in the Upper Ciliwung Watershed is spread across several sub-watersheds, but there is conflicting information related to the distribution and extent of agroforestry which results in no precise information on the coffee plants distribution. Therefore, this study aims to map the distribution and extent of coffee agroforestry in the Upper Ciliwung Watershed and identify the composition of the agroforestry system in the Upper Ciliwung Watershed. This study is done through satellite imagery interpretation and ground truth check of coffee agroforestry in the study area. The data are analyzed using descriptive qualitative method to describe obtained information on the coffee agroforestry from field observation. The results show that there are four sub-watersheds that have coffee agroforestry in the Upper Ciliwung Watershed, which are Cibulao, Cisuren, Cikoneng, and Rawa Gede sub-watersheds. Cibulao sub-watershed has a coffee agroforestry area of about 20 hectares, Cisuren has an area of about 32 hectares, Cikoneng has an area of about 5 hectares, and Rawa Gede has an area of about 5 hectares. In total, the coffee agroforestry areas in the Upper Ciliwung Watershed are approximately 62 hectares.
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Sohoulande Djebou, Dagbegnon Clement, Ariel A. Szogi, Ken C. Stone, and Jeffery M. Novak. "Watershed Scale Nitrate-N Abatement of Instream Wetlands: An Appraisal Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 3 (2020): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13736.
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HighlightsSWAT used to address watershed scale nitrate-N abatement of instream wetlands (ISWs).Experimental ISW results were incorporated into the watershed modeling framework.SWAT successfully captured and reproduced ISW impact on nitrate-N at sub-basin level.Scenarios of ISWs implementation were simulated, effects on nitrate-N export were evaluated.Results show ISWs can be used as conservation structures aimed at enhancing water quality.Abstract. In watersheds under high agricultural production, nitrate nitrogen (nitrate-N) pollution often originates from intensive application of fertilizers and animal manure to croplands. Surface runoff and nitrate-N export from farmlands contributes to the pollution of nearby reaches which flow into the watershed stream network. Experimental studies reported significant nitrate removal capacities of constructed instream wetlands (ISWs). However, cases of large-scale implementations of ISWs are uncommon, probably due to a paucity of watershed-scale studies which highlight the influence of ISWs on riverine water quality. To elucidate the ISWs nitrate-N abatement potential at the watershed scale, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to model nitrate-N export in a highly agricultural watershed located in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. SWAT was first calibrated and validated for streamflow and for nitrate-N export using data collected from the inlet and outlet of an experimental instream wetland. The validated SWAT model was used to simulate a decade of nitrate-N export under two scenarios: 1) watershed with ISWs implemented; and 2) watershed without ISWs. The results of the case study indicated that a watershed-wide implementation of ISWs is likely to curtail annual nitrate-N export by 49%. The study also evaluated cases where ISWs are implemented in selected percentage of sub-basins across the watershed. The outcomes show higher increments of nitrate-N curtailment when ISWs are implemented in the first top agricultural sub-basins. Hence, implementation of ISWs on selected sub-basins can mitigate nitrate-N from non-point sources and enhance water quality in the watershed’s stream network. Keywords: Runoff, Croplands, Instream wetland, Nitrate-N export, Denitrification, SWAT model, Watershed.
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Keshri, Ravish, M. P. Tripathi, Dhiraj Khalkho, S. K. Verma, and Shruti Verma. "Evaluation of Morphometric Parameter for Prioritization of Kantori Nala Milli Watershed." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 42, no. 40 (October 31, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2023/v42i404257.
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Watershed morphological and hydrological properties can be derived from the drainage morphometric parameter. Morphometric analysis with the help of remote sensing and GIS techniques is considered to be the most useful approach for prioritization of watersheds. The main aim of the study is to evaluate the morphometric parameters of Kantori nala milli watershed located at Mahasamund district of Chhattisgarh state, India. This study outlines the significance of digital elevation model for assessment of drainage pattern and extraction of relative parameters. Milli watershed was automatically delineated and divided into eleven micro watersheds MWS 1 to MWS 11 on the basis of topography from the Depression less Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with 10 m resolution prepared by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation technique. Stream order in study area milli watershed ranges from one to two. Each parameter has been assigned their ranks according to their value. Thereafter, an average value of the rank score for each of the micro watershed is calculated. The micro watershed with the lowest compound factor (Cp) was given the highest prioritized rank out of the group of micro watersheds, and vice versa. The result from the priority ranking of morphometric analysis shows that MWS 7 is having high priority while MWS 8 is having low priority. Micro watersheds MWS 9 and MWS 11 falls under same priority i.e. 6 and also micro watersheds MWS 2 and MWS 4 falls under same priority i.e. 7. To control soil erosion, various land rehabilitation programmes and bioengineering methods should be adopted on the micro watershed of high priority categories, followed by medium and low priority categories.
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Purwanto, Purwanto. "KOMPARASI NILAI EKONOMI AIR IRIGASI DARI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI BERHUTAN DAN TIDAK BERHUTAN." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 17, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jil.17.1.23-31.
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Many forest areas in Indonesia are converted to other uses. This will impact on the hydrological conditions and the economic value of the water yield. This research applied unit analysis of Sub watersheds, with and without forest cover, Sub DAS Banjaran (forested) and Sub CAS Cangkok (not forested). Desk analysis was conducted to know land use, collecting rainfall data, instantaneous debit measurement to know the discharge of both rivers during the dry season, survey of 15 farmers using irrigation water from Sub watershed of Banjaran and 15 peasants who use irrigation water from Cangkok Sub watershed. Farmers were interviewed about the factors of production and production of rice crops to determine the economic value of water from the two sub watersheds. The results of the study show that: 1). rainfall in Baturraden is quite high (4,302 mm) but for May, July, August and September deficits for rice crops, 2). The forested sub-watershed in Baturraden is better able to regulate the water system than the non-forested sub-watershed, either quality, quantity or continuity, 3). The economic value of water for irrigation from the forested sub-watershed is Rp. 1,270,-/m3 whereas from non-forested sub-watersheds Rp. 373.5,-/m3, and 4). The economic value of water from a forested sub-watershed is Rp. 7,792,720,-/ha/year while those from non-forested sub-watersheds Rp. 2,291,796,-/ha/year. The existence of Baturraden forest is very important to the watershed ecosystem. Forested watershed was a higher economic value of water than non-forested ones so it must be conserved by involving the water user communities.
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Suryani, Ade Irma suryani, Yuherman Yuherman, and Lamina Siregar. "Technical Assistance on Plant Cultivation Landslide Prevention in the River Flow Area in Kampung Bendang Nagari River Sariak VII Koto Padang Pariaman District." Asian Journal of Community Services 3, no. 5 (May 31, 2024): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/ajcs.v3i5.9367.
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Watershed areas (watersheds are divided into upstream, middle and downstream areas. Upstream watersheds are characterized as conservation areas, have a higher drainage density and are areas with slopes of more than 15%, lower watersheds are characterized by areas with small slopes (less than 8% ) to flat, in some places it is a flood or puddle area. Water management is determined by irrigation water structures. The middle watershed is a transition area between upstream and downstream. (Asdak, 1995). main, (1) vegetative method, (2) Mechanical method, (3) Chemical method (Arsyad, 2010). In watershed spatial planning, vegetative methods and mechanical methods are recommended There are several methods that can be used to prevent landslides in watershed areas, both upstream, middle and downstream, but what is highly recommended is the Vegetative method and cultivating these plants
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Barh, Sajal. "Morphometric study and watershed prioritization for soil conservation in Kalinjar micro-watersheds, Odisha." National Geographical Journal of India 68, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.48008/ngji.1819.
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The detailed study of morphometry is very important to understand the hydrological comportment and characteristics of the watershed. The morphometric parameters are used for prioritization of the micro-watersheds based on WSA (weighted sum analysis) for sustainable watershed management. In this study, a collective approach of using remotely sensed DEM, topographical map and ArcGIS (10.1) has been applied to define morphometric parameters of the Kalinjar river basin, a sub-basin of Baitarani River which is prone to gully erosion. Seven micro-watersheds of Kalinjar River have been prioritized by applying the morphometric parameters and ranking them according to their liability to soil erosion. According to results, Kalinjar River is a 6th order stream having four 5th order and one 6th order sub-watershed, having a total drainage area of 506.34 km². High values of infiltration number are indicative of low infiltration which may cause high surface runoff and soil erosion. The micro-watershed prioritization implied that MW-4 (16.79% area) is an extremely vulnerable micro-watershed that requires better attention for soil and water conservation measures. The result of the prioritization shows that micro-watersheds MW-1 and MW-3 (13.33% area) are the most vulnerable micro-watersheds to erosion, micro-watersheds MW-2 and MW-5 (13.97% area) are moderately vulnerable and micro-watersheds MW-6 and MW-7 (23.16% area) are the least vulnerable to erosion.
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N. L. Kushwaha and Anil Bhardwaj. "Remote Sensing and GIS based Morphometric Analysis for Micro-watershed Prioritization in Takarla-Ballowal Watershed." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 54, no. 3 (February 8, 2024): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2017543.1631.
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Micro-watershed prioritization has gained importance in watershed management. Morphometric analysis of the Takarla-Ballowal watershed in Shivalik foot-hills of Punjab was carried out using remote sensing and GIS techniques. ASTER data was used for preparing Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The total area of the watershed (2401.82 ha) was divided into 9 micro-watersheds (MWS-1 to MWS-9) with areas ranging from 88.03 ha to 376.72 ha. Drainage density of the micro-watersheds varied from 11.41 km.km-2 (MWS1) to 3.97 km.km-2 (MWS-9), elongation ratio from 0.46 (MWS-8) to 0.80 (MWS-1 and MWS-3), circularity ratio from 0.68 (MWS-1) to 0.34 (MWS-7 and MWS-8), and relief ratio (Rh ) from 0.013(MWS-9) to 0.070 (MWS-3). The length of overland flow varied from 125.94 m (MWS-9) to 43.82 m (MWS-1). Compound morphometric parameter values of the micro-watersheds were determined based on each morphometric parameter value, and the micro-watersheds ranked. The micro-watershed MWS-6 with compound parameter value of 5.7 had lowest priority, while MWS-1 had highest priority with compound parameter value of 4.3, suggesting that MWS-1 was subjected to maximum soil erosion and susceptible to natural hazards. Hence, the micro-watershed MWS-1 should be given top priority for planning and executing conservation treatments.
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Supriatna, Agus, Hardina Arisa Alvia Rachman, and Azis Hakim. "Forest Management Units As A Manager Of Watershed Management (Implementation Of One Watershed, One Plan, One Manager)." Mutiara: Multidiciplinary Scientifict Journal 2, no. 2 (March 5, 2024): 980–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.57185/mutiara.v2i2.152.
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Watershed management is very important because there is a decrease in the quality of the environment in the watershed. Current problems in watershed management are due to the existence of an egosectoral, not yet integrated and the absence of institutions that specifically and intensely manage watersheds from upstream to downstream well through community empowerment programs and soil and water conservation activities. Forest Management Units as a site-level organization is present as a solution to the problem of watershed management by becoming a watershed manager. The watershed manager functions to coordinate, manage, and manage, together with other stakeholders to achieve watershed management objectives.