Journal articles: 'Watering points'

1

Montague-Drake, R., and DB Croft. "Do kangaroos exhibit water-focused grazing patterns in arid New South Wales? A case study in Sturt National Park." Australian Mammalogy 26, no. 1 (2004): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am04087.

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The density of kangaroos (Macropus spp.) within 5 km of current and former artificial watering points in Sturt National Park (NSW) was studied over a two-year period using the line transect method. Kangaroo densities were not significantly related to water proximity and did not significantly differ between open and closed watering points. Infrared sensors detected and counted kangaroo movements to and from artificial watering points and these were positively correlated with temperature. However, line transect counts did not reveal a shift in kangaroo distributions to water-proximate areas in warmer seasons. The results suggest that kangaroos travel to drink and then return to relatively stable home ranges that take advantage of sites offering the best grazing and resting opportunities. Vegetation surveys, using a wheel point device, revealed that the biomass of Atriplex spp. decreased significantly with increased proximity to artificial watering points, but the biomass of Poaceae spp. and numerous forbs did not. Vegetative diversity was unrelated to water proximity. Low vegetation biomass near artificial watering points in Sturt National Park may be more correctly attributed to the effects from past sheep-grazing pressure, than to any current grazing pressure. The implications of artificial watering point closure on conservation values and nature-based tourism are discussed.

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Andrew, M. H. "Grazing impact in relation to livestock watering points." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3, no. 12 (December 1988): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(88)90090-0.

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Thrash, I. "Impact of large herbivores at artificial watering points compared to that at natural watering points in Kruger National Park, South Africa." Journal of Arid Environments 38, no. 2 (February 1998): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.1997.0331.

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4

Norbury, GL. "An electrified watering trough that selectively excludes kangaroos." Rangeland Journal 14, no. 1 (1992): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9920003.

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It is generally agreed that the provision of artificial watering points has allowed populations of large kangaroos to increase in the arid and semi-arid rangelands. This study examines the effectiveness of a selective watering device, known as a 'Finlayson Trough', that is designed to exclude kangaroos but allow sheep to drink. The device is a low-lying electrified wire that surrounds a trough and is overstepped by sheep but contacted by a kangaroo's feet or tail. Of the 292 observed attempts at drinking by red kangaroos (Macropus rufis), 99% were unsuccessful. Most shocks were received through the feet. Of the 309 observed attempts at drinking by sheep, minor shocks to the legs were received in 17% of cases. These resulted in only short-term disruptions to drinking. Finlayson Troughs could be used humanely to facilitate commercial kangaroo harvesting by exploiting local concentrations of kangaroos around watering points; to control the distribution of kangaroos in sensitive regenerating areas; or, by gradual implementation, to allow kangaroos to adjust their behaviour to accommodate fewer artificial watering points.

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Finch, N. A., P. J. Murray, M. T. Dunn, and J. Billingsley. "Using machine vision classification to control access of animals to water." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 7 (2006): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05325.

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Invasive vertebrate pests together with overabundant native species cause significant economic and environmental damage in the Australian rangelands. Access to artificial watering points, created for the pastoral industry, has been a major factor in the spread and survival of these pests. Existing methods of controlling watering points are mechanical and cannot discriminate between target species. This paper describes an intelligent system of controlling watering points based on machine vision technology. Initial test results clearly demonstrate proof of concept for machine vision in this application. These initial experiments were carried out as part of a 3-year project using machine vision software to manage all large vertebrates in the Australian rangelands. Concurrent work is testing the use of automated gates and innovative laneway and enclosure design. The system will have application in any habitat throughout the world where a resource is limited and can be enclosed for the management of livestock or wildlife.

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Wang, Hong Mei, Xu Ming Long, and Ai Ling Luo. "Intelligent Monitoring Water System by PLC (Power Line Carrier) and Wireless Communication." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.283.

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To saves water resources and low carbon environmental, we have designed a smart monitoring watering system based on power carrier and wireless communications, the system schema is divided into three layer, background server control the concentrated controller through wireless core network; each concentrated controller controls watering system through power carrier network; watering systems as the terminal access points of The Internet of Things , directly control the location regional's temperature, humidity and the soil situation, thereby achieved unmanned unattended, automatically watering. System integrates technology as wireless communications, power line carrier, single-chip microcomputer , application in LCD and so on, through hardware and software design, realizes data storage, the node information query, node failures and cable guard alarm function. Experimental results show that the overall system has low power consumption, high reliability, strong anti-jamming ability, so that it can better meet site's needs.

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Huang, Shih-Chang, and Ye-Ze Lin. "A Low-Cost Constant-Moisture Automatic Irrigation System Using Dynamic Irrigation Interval Adjustment." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 12, 2020): 6352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186352.

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This paper developed a Soil Moisture Forecasting (SMF) model and a Constant-moisture Automatic Irrigation System (CAIS). The SMF model used the soil moisture data at different depths in an experimental plot inside a greenhouse to infer the soil moisture level after a specific interval. CAIS integrated the SMF data with dynamic watering interval adaption to maintain soil moisture at a constant level. Most intelligent irrigation products incur high installation costs that farmers cannot afford. CAIS used a low-cost component to achieve the same functionality that is found in intelligent irrigation products. Most low-cost irrigation systems water the plants from a single point that may lead to variable soil moisture if the terrain or the soil density is uneven. CAIS divided the experimental plot into multiple virtual planting areas (VPAs) and dynamically adapted the watering interval of each VPA to balance the soil moisture of the whole experimental plot. Results showed that the forecasting error of the SMF model was less than 12 moisture levels over a scale of 1024 levels. Furthermore, CAIS maintained the soil moisture of the whole experimental plot at a constant level within ±5 error points with multiple watering points.

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Croft, DB. "Inter- and Intra specific Conflict between Arid-zone Kangaroos at Watering Points." Wildlife Research 12, no. 3 (1985): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850337.

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Red kangaroos Macropus rufus and euros M. robustus were observed drinking at a stock trough in northwestern New South Wales. The populations of both species were divided into five age-sex classes. Drinking and agonistic behaviour was similar across classes and species. Inter- and intraspecific conflict between these classes for a drinking position were analysed. Within species, there is a size-related hierarchy for gaining and maintaining a drinking space, favouring the larger class. Interspecifically, euros, the smaller species, dominate equivalent age classes of red kangaroos. Retaliation in aggressive encounters is more likely between adjacent rank neighbours than those more distant in the hierarchy. Drinking individuals tend to win more encounters than individuals attempting to gain a drinking place. The longer a kangaroo has been drinking the less likely it is to act aggressively to an intruder. When drinking, spacing between kangaroos is essentially random. Both species displace another individual at a similar mean distance of 0.6-0.8 m, but spacing between adult euros is wider than between adult red kangaroos. Spacing is modified by the relative positions of neighbours on either side of the trough. The results are discussed in terms of social and other factors that may have led to the euro's dominance of the red kangaroo at water.

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Malan, Julie-Ann C., Nicole Flint, Emma L. Jackson, Andrew D. Irving, and Dave L. Swain. "Offstream watering points for cattle: Protecting riparian ecosystems and improving water quality?" Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 256 (March 2018): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.01.013.

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Adler, Peter B., and Sonia A. Hall. "The development of forage production and utilization gradients around livestock watering points." Landscape Ecology 20, no. 3 (April 2005): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-005-0467-1.

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Van Rooyen, N., G. J. Bredenkamp, G. K. Theron, J. du P. Bothma, and E. A. N. Le Riche. "Vegetational gradients around artificial watering points in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park." Journal of Arid Environments 26, no. 4 (April 1994): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.1994.1037.

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Sulastri, Ni Nyoman, and Shelyn Gehle. "Switchgrass Bale Automatic Weighing and Watering System." Jurnal BETA (Biosistem dan Teknik Pertanian) 8, no. 1 (May 4, 2020): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jbeta.2020.v08.i01.p21.

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The purpose of this study was to maintain minimum moisture content for switchgrass bales that were inoculated with Pleurotus ostreatus, a white-rot fungus, in order to start the breakdown of lignin for conversion to ethanol. The moisture content was to be maintained above 50%, which would be monitored using load cells to determine the weight. Three bales were used, and thermocouple wires and hose system were placed at four points inside each bale. In addition, the ambient temperature and relative humidity inside the building were monitored. Bales were inoculated with 1%, 2%, and 3% grain spawn by mass. The inoculation was carried out by taking the bale apart in four places and sprinkling or spreading the fungal spawn over the bale. In order to continuously record the voltage readings from the strain gauges, NI USB-6225 data logger and National Instruments’ LabVIEW program was used to record and control the system. The develop automatic weighing and watering system had been able to maintain the bale moisture within the acceptable range and the fungus were observed growing. Some issues related to voltage readings and uniformity of water distribution must be addressed for future work.

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Ulanova, S. S., and N. M. Novikova. "Phosphorus effluence in artificial water reservoirs of Kalmykiya from cattle breeding companies." Водные ресурсы 46, no. 6 (December 22, 2019): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0321-0596466629-637.

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Artificial water reservoirs in Kalmykiya, which has limited water resources, were developed for a potable water supply for the local population, cattle breeding, and irrigation. Currently, they are strongly contaminated by biogenic substances. Calculations are provided in this study that confirm the hypothesis that cattle breeding (watering points of cattle and run-off from cattle breeding areas) developed in the water catchment area suppl 12 tons or from 20 to 700 g of phosphorus per 1 m2 of water surface per year in the absence of other contaminants; this is the main reason that phosphorus content in all water reservoirs exceeds the maximum allowable concentration established for fishery water reservoirs (MACf) by tens of thousands of times. The highest proportion (80%) of the overall volume of incoming phosphorus originates from the bovine cattle. Phosphorus loads exceed the allowed and critical values for functioning of the water ecosystem by from 1 to 3 orders of magnitude, forming conditions for eutrophication and rendering water of these reservoirs unsuitable for potable water supply, including for cattle watering points.

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14

Malan, Julie-Ann C., Nicole Flint, Emma L. Jackson, Andrew D. Irving, and Dave L. Swain. "Environmental factors influencing cattle's water consumption at offstream watering points in rangeland beef cattle." Livestock Science 231 (January 2020): 103868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103868.

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15

Tarhouni, Mohamed, Farah Ben Salem, Azaiez Ouled Belgacem, and Mohamed Neffati. "Acceptability of plant species along grazing gradients around watering points in Tunisian arid zone." Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 205, no. 7 (January 2010): 454–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2009.12.020.

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Roshier, David A., Johannes Signer, and Andrew Carter. "Visitation of artificial watering points by the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) in semiarid Australia." Ecology and Evolution 11, no. 14 (June 27, 2021): 9815–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7810.

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17

Joshi, Hema. "Brown’y points for guessing!- A case report of an unusual pigmented corneal plaque." Tropical Journal of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17511/jooo.2021.i03.02.

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A 54-year-old female presented with complaints of blurring in the right eye since 2 years. A grade 3nuclear sclerosis and a peculiar band-shaped subepithelial brown corneal patch, within the inter-palpebral area was noted. The overlying epithelium was scraped for smears and cultures which cameback negative. The patient underwent uneventful cataract surgery, but returned 2 weeks later withcomplaints of watering and grittiness. Surprisingly a dendritic ulcer was noted within the pigmentedpatch, which responded to topical antivirals and tear substitutes. History of a similar episode, 3years back was elicited upon questioning the patient.

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Šaltenienė, Aušra, and Olegas Prentkovskis. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SUBSTANCE CONCENTRATION CHANGES WHEN FILTERING WATER WITH FILTERS." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2004): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2004.9636820.

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This study presents non‐reagent groundwater removal technology at precipitation of substances (iron, ammonium and manganese) in sand filters of an experimental pilot plant (Fig 1). For experimental investigation the ground‐water of Pagiriai watering place (Kirtimai watering place junctions) in Vilnius city was chosen. The ground water from this watering place does not meet the requirements of a satisfactory‐quality class due to high concentrations of iron and manganese. Experiments were carried out from Aug 13 to Oct 15 of 2003 with the aim of removing iron, ammonium and manganese from groundwater subject to the depth of filters and rate of filtration. Groundwater was aerated and filtered through three experimental filters at a rate of 10, 15 and 20 m/h. The results of the investigation show that the concentrations of studied substances subject to the depth of filters are reduced. The investigated process of iron, ammonium and manganese removal at the filtration rate of 10 m/h ensures water quality that meets the requirements for a very high‐quality class. Filtration of aerated water through filter 2 at 20 m/h rate does not ensure the concentration of manganese in the outlet less than 0,03 mg/1. If sand media is not enough unriped for manganese removal (filter 3), the concentration of manganese in the outlet does not ensure a good drinking‐water quality class. For the mathematical description of changes in average substance concentrations at typical points polynomials were used. In conformity with this description it is possible to determine variation in concentrations of studied substances (iron, ammonium, manganese) at characteristic points in the filter medium.

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Tarhouni, Mohamed, Azaiez Ouled Belgacem, Mohamed Neffati, and Belgacem Hench. "Qualification of Rangeland Degradation Using Plant Life History Strategies Around Watering Points in Southern Tunisia." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 1, 2007): 1229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2007.1229.1235.

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James, Craig D., Jill Landsberg, and Stephen R. Morton. "Provision of watering points in the Australian arid zone: a review of effects on biota." Journal of Arid Environments 41, no. 1 (January 1999): 87–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.1998.0467.

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Al-Sulami, Nadiah, Ahmed Atef, Mohammed Al-Matary, Sherif Edris, Khalid M. Al-Ghamdi, Hassan S. Al-Zahrani, and Ahmed Bahieldin. "Molecular Analysis of Enzymes and Metabolites Regulated Under Drought Stress in the Wild Plant Senna (Cassia Angustifolia)." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2747.

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This study aimed at studying differential presence of enzymes metabolites via KEGG analysis of trasncriptomes of the wild plant species senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) due to watering. Senna is a shrub of the family Caesalpiniaceae with important applications in pharmaceuticals. Firstly, RNA-Seq datasets were produced by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of Illumina Miseq of leaf (day 1) in order to detect the influence of watering at day 2. Samples were harvested at three time points (e.g., dawn, midday and dusk) of the two days. de novo assembled datasets and number of annotated genes exceeded 2000 genes. As cluster analysis of gene expression almost showed no discrete differences at the transcriptome level due to watering within time points of dawn and dusk, the study focused mainly on those of the midday across the two days. KEGG analysis for genes whose differential expression between the two days was ≥5 FC resulted in a number of enzymes that were found repressed due to watering, thus likely participate in the molecular mechanisms utilized by the organism to adapt to the long-lasting drought stress. The recovered regulated metabolites and enzymes included abscisic acid (ABA) receptor PYL4 and PYL9, auxin response factor (ARF) 5 and 15, ARF (or Aux/IAA) proteins IAA7 and IAA14, indole-3-pyruvate (or flavin) monooxygenase, phosphoinositide phosphatase SAC1 and SAC6, pre-mRNA splicing factors 8, 8A, 19, 40A and ISY1, and serine/arginine-rich splicing regultors SCL33, RS31 and RS34. The two pathways tryptophan metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction likely crosstalk in senna (C. angustifolia) towards the maintenance of normal growth under adverse condition. Many other regulated metabolites and proteins in senna (C. angustifolia) including brassinosteroid, heat shock protein 95s, ATPase, several protein kinases such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cytochrome c oxidase. Other enzymes include phospholipase C2 and allene oxide cyclase as well as isochorismate pathway were also regulated in senna (C. angustifolia). In conclusion, we think that we have scoped the light on the possible regulated metabolites under drought stress that might confer drought stress tolerance in the wild plant senna (C. angustifolia).

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Kovalenko, N. "Improvement of the land reclamation systems in irrigable agriculture of Ukraine in the ХХ century." History of science and technology 6, no. 9 (December 21, 2016): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2016-6-9-139-149.

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Basic directions of development of theoretical and practical bases of development and introduction of the land reclamation systems are set in irrigable agriculture of Ukraine in the ХХ-th century. The process of improvement of technical providing of the land reclamation systems is represented from the superficial watering to artificial overhead irrigation and tiny irrigation. Their efficiency is justified from the economic, power and ecological points of view.

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Frank, Anke S. K., Chris R. Dickman, and Glenda M. Wardle. "Habitat use and behaviour of cattle in a heterogeneous desert environment in central Australia." Rangeland Journal 34, no. 3 (2012): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj12032.

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The activities of livestock in arid environments typically centre on watering points, with grazing impacts often predicted to decrease uniformly, as radial piospheres, with distance from water. In patchy desert environments, however, the spatial distribution of grazing impacts is more difficult to predict. In this study sightings and dung transects are used to identify preferred cattle habitats in the heterogeneous dune system of the Simpson Desert, central Australia. The importance of watering points as foci for cattle activity was confirmed and it was shown that patchily distributed gidgee woodland, which comprises only 16% of the desert environment, is the most heavily used habitat for cattle away from water and provides critical forage and shade resources. By contrast, dune swales and sides, which are dominated by shade- and forage-deficient spinifex grassland and comprise >70% of the available habitat, were less utilised. These results suggest that habitat use by cattle is influenced jointly by water point location and by the dispersion of woodland patches in a resource-poor matrix. The findings were used to build a modified conceptual model of cattle habitat use which was compared with an original piosphere model, and the consequences for wildlife in environments where the model applies are discussed.

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Letnic, Mike, Shawn W. Laffan, Aaron C. Greenville, Benjamin G. Russell, Bruce Mitchell, and Peter J. S. Fleming. "Artificial watering points are focal points for activity by an invasive herbivore but not native herbivores in conservation reserves in arid Australia." Biodiversity and Conservation 24, no. 1 (August 6, 2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0770-y.

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Ludwig, JA, RW Eager, RJ Williams, and LM Lowe. "Declines in Vegetation Patches, Plant Diversity, and Grasshopper Diversity Near Cattle Watering-Points in the Victoria River District, Northern Australia." Rangeland Journal 21, no. 1 (1999): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9990135.

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In this study, we quantify the density, cover and obstruction width of vegetation patches, the roughness of landscape surfaces, and the diversities of plants and grasshoppers with distance from cattle watering- points. We used distance from water as a surrogate for a gradient in grazing pressure. Fourteen study sites were located in the Victoria River District of northern Australia, seven from a water point on Kidman Springs Station on calcareous red loam soils and seven from a water point at Mount Sanford Station on craclcing-clay black soils. At each study site transect lines were oriented within the landscape to run downslope (i.e. in the direction of flows of run-off). We measured the intercept length and obstruction width of perennial vegetation patches along these lines. Plant diversity was measured in quadrats positioned along each line and grasshopper diversity was determined by species counts on each site. We also surveyed the roughness of the landscape surface along each line. A rough surface will tend to slow run-off. hence increase time for water infiltration and soil-water storage. Surface roughness declined near water, as did the density, cover and obstruction width of perennial vegetation patches. Grasshopper and plant species richness also declined near water. These declines suggest strong linkages between landscape filmtion. biodiversity and inipacts of cattle grazing and trampling. Cattle will always create 'sacrifice zones' around watering-points. However, the area of this impact on function and diversity can be minimised by managing the timing and intensity of paddock use. Key words: grazing gradients. Kidman Springs, landscape function. Mount Sanford, piosphere, surface roughness, tropical grasslands, tropical savannas

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Bortolussi, G., J. G. McIvor, J. J. Hodgkinson, S. G. Coffey, and C. R. Holmes. "The northern Australian beef industry, a snapshot. 4. Condition and management of natural resources." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 9 (2005): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03262.

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Natural resource management practices were surveyed on 375 northern Australian beef properties in 8 regions during 1996–97. These producers represented a broad cross section of the beef industry in terms of geographical location, size of enterprise, and herd and ownership structures. More than 48% of producers reported land degradation (erosion, salinity, weeds, etc.) and >68% reported woody weeds on their properties. Eucalypt (Eucalyptus and Corymbia spp.) and wattle (Acacia spp.) regrowth were universally common native woody weeds. Parkinsonia (Parkinsonia aculeata) was widespread across all survey regions occurring with the greatest frequency in northern regions. A range of native and exotic woody weed species were regionally significant. Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) regrowth was mainly reported in the central Queensland and Maranoa South West regions. Prickly acacia (Acacia nilotica) was mainly reported in central and north-west Queensland. Rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora) was mainly reported in northern Queensland with a significant presence in central coastal and north-west Queensland. Infestations with multiple weed species were common. Although many producers reported the presence of problem woody weeds, only 3–29% indicated that weed management was practised. Most producers (67–100%) used fire. The intended purpose of fire varied across survey regions but fire was commonly used to reduce rank material, reduce fire risk, control woody weeds and for grazing management. Seasonal conditions and variability restricted fire use. Assessment by visual observation was a commonly used practice for determining stocking rate. Between 4–20% of producers were using visual observation combined with some form of calculation of stocking rate at the end of the growing season to determine stocking rate. A majority (>67%) of producers used some form of paddock spelling or regeneration practice. Many producers (47–89%) considered that they used conservative stocking rates. Carrying sufficient stock to meet income requirements was significantly (P<0.05) correlated with the percentage of producers reporting woody weeds as a problem on their property. In the 5 years preceding the survey, >66% of producers had increased the number of stock watering points, and more than 85% of producers had erected fencing. Most fencing was for new paddocks and laneways, or to replace old fences, and was not associated with new stock watering points. However, the installation of new stock watering points was associated with the creation of new paddocks. Planned future fencing focused on creating new paddocks or laneways or replacing old fences. The results are discussed in relation to contemporary natural resource management issues and the future approaches to and challenges of implementing sustainable rangeland management.

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Lind, Morten, Kjeld Rasmussen, Hanne Adriansen, and Alioune Ka. "Estimating vegetative productivity gradients around watering points in the rangelands of Northern Senegal based on NOAA AVHRR data." Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography 103, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2003.10649475.

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Nyamuryekung’e, Shelemia, Andres Cibils, Rick Estell, Alfredo Gonzalez, Matthew McIntosh, Sheri Spiegal, and Danielle Duni. "PSV-14 Influence of monsoon rainfall events on movement patterns of Angus crossbred vs. Raramuri Criollo cattle on desert rangeland." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 218–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.403.

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Abstract The Chihuahuan Desert averages 247 mm of precipitation annually, 53% of which occurs between July and September. Our objective was to examine movement, activity, pasture use, and watering patterns of Angus x Hereford (AH) and Raramuri Criollo (RC) cows on days with precipitation events (PE, ≥ 1.3 mm rain recorded) vs. days with no precipitation (NP) at the Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico during the summers of 2015, 2016, and 2017. Breeds grazed two adjacent pastures (12A = 1190 ha; 12C = 1165 ha) separately in a crossover design for 4 weeks each year. Seven to nine randomly selected cows per breed were collared with Lotek 3300-LR GPS set to log position every 10 min. An average of 7.6 PE occurred during the 4-week trials each year. On PE days, cows traveled farther (PE = 6.95 vs. NP = 6.43 km, P < 0.01), spent more time grazing (PE = 9.07 vs. NP = 8.76 h/day, P = 0.07) and less time resting (PE = 13.90 vs. NP = 14.38 h/day, P = 0.01), and traveled similar distances from watering points (PE = 0.84 vs. NP = 0.80 km, P = 0.41) compared to NP days. On PE days, cows spent less time within 200 m (PE = 1.32 vs. NP = 2.95 h, P < 0.01) and 100 m (PE = 0.79 vs. NP = 1.90 h, P < 0.01) of drinkers regardless of breed. We detected no rainfall x breed interaction (P > 0.05). Overall, RC cows traveled farther, at higher velocities, spent more time grazing, less time resting, and explored areas with greater radius than AH counterparts (P < 0.05). Precipitation appeared to relax environmental constraints on activity of both breeds, likely due to availability of ephemeral watering sources and a transient drop in temperature.

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Hacker, RB, and D. Freudenberger. "The Effect of Short-Term Exclosure of Watering Points on the Behaviour and Harvesting Efficiency of Grey and Red Kangaroos." Rangeland Journal 19, no. 2 (1997): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9970145.

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The selective exclusion of kangaroos from water points installed for livestock may facilitate the control of the total grazing pressure by herbivores on pastoral leases. In observations at seven different study sites, we found that low lying electrified wires surrounding watering points (e.g. Finlayson troughs) are largely effective in selectively excluding red kangaroos and the two species of grey kangaroo from water. Some sheep will experience shocks when exposed to the wire, but no unmanageable effects were observed. However, the devices are considered unsuitable for use with cattle which quickly damage the installations Such devices produced significant local concentrations of kangaroos during two of the seven replications when pre-exclosure minimum temperatures were above 19260C and maxima above 3 1260C. Shooter experience indicated the potential exists to increase harvesting efficiency of kangaroos concentrated at electrically exclosed uaters, but we were unable to show this statistically. Key words: kangaroos, water exclosure, behaviour, harvesting efficiiency

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Kindiki, Sarah, Mario Kollenberg, Donald Siamba, Anthony Sifuna, and Clabe Wekesa. "Analysis of Fecal Coliform Levels at Watering Points along the Upper Reaches of River Isiukhu in Kakamega County, Kenya." Journal of Advances in Microbiology 10, no. 1 (April 24, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2018/39522.

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Richard, Brendan. "Las Vegas: past, present and future." Journal of Tourism Futures 4, no. 3 (September 7, 2018): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jtf-05-2018-0027.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to better understand the dramatic transformation of Las Vegas from a local watering hole to a world renowned entertainment city, and to offer predictions of what this ever-changing city might become in the future. Design/methodology/approach A series of turning points in Las Vegas’ history are presented in a chronological manner, highlighting how external forces have played a role in shaping the city into what it is today. These external forces are then used as the underlying reasoning for a series of scenarios, signposts informing predictions detailing what might happen to Las Vegas in the future. Findings The development of Las Vegas has been influenced by a wide range of external factors, from geology, government, organized crime, business visionaries, large corporations and the economy. The continued influence of these factors could lead to drastically divergent outcomes from the loss of the city to a new golden age. Originality/value This paper identifies turning points that have helped to shape the development of Las Vegas, and in doing so encourages researchers to consider future scenarios grounded in the underlying dynamics of the turning points.

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TODD, SIMON W. "Gradients in vegetation cover, structure and species richness of Nama-Karoo shrublands in relation to distance from livestock watering points." Journal of Applied Ecology 43, no. 2 (March 31, 2006): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01154.x.

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Bowen, H. V. "The East India Company and the island of Johanna (Anjouan) during the long eighteenth century." International Journal of Maritime History 30, no. 2 (May 2018): 218–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418760469.

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For just over 230 years the East India Company’s maritime operations were supported by a far-flung network of islands, ports and watering points across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. These places provided supplies to company ships and safe havens in times of danger. The island of Johanna, or Anjouan, in the Mozambique Channel was one such place and this article considers how it came to be a key component within the company’s maritime system. The article also examines why the company chose not to exert direct control over the island when it had the opportunity to do so at the end of the eighteenth century. It is concluded that Johanna formed an important part of the flexible and durable maritime infrastructure that underpinned the territorial empire constructed by the company in India from 1750 onwards.

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34

Freudenberger, D., and RB Hacker. "The Effect of Temporary Closure of Watering Points on Grazing Intensity of Red and Grey Kangaroos With Related Observations on Feral Goats." Rangeland Journal 19, no. 2 (1997): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9970157.

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In this study we examined the utility of manipulating artificial waters as a means of managing total grazing pressure in semi-arid rangelands of eastern Australia. We tested the efficacy of 'Finlayson trough' exclosure technology at three locations, over two summers, in paddocks with red kangaroos (Macropus rufirs) and two species of grey kangaroo (M. giganteus and M. fuliginosus). We also examined the effect of closing off five waters on the distribution of feral goat grazing intensity at one study site. Generally, there were no apparent reductions in kangaroo and goat grazing intensity following 6-10 weeks of water exclosure, the exception being a minor reduction in red kangaroo grazing intensity at one location. We concluded that kangaroo and goat grazing pressure cannot be substantially reduced by simply closing off waters in and near paddocks for several months. Key words: kangaroos, water exclosure. feral goats, grazing pressure, paddock spelling

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Thrash, I. "Determinants of the extent of indigenous large herbivore impact on herbaceous vegetation at watering points in the north-eastern lowveld, South Africa." Journal of Arid Environments 44, no. 1 (January 2000): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.1999.0452.

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Brits, J., M. W. Van Rooyen, and N. Van Rooyen. "Ecological impact of large herbivores on the woody vegetation at selected watering points on the eastern basaltic soils in the Kruger National Park." African Journal of Ecology 40, no. 1 (February 20, 2002): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0141-6707.2001.00344.x.

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Grice, A. C., and T. G. Martin. "Guest Editorial: Rangelands, weeds and biodiversity." Rangeland Journal 28, no. 1 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj06000.

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Australian rangelands are important for the diverse assemblages of native plants and animals that they support as well as for the wide variety of products and services that they provide. These assemblages are of national and international, cultural, social, ecological and economic significance. Woinarski (2001) identified several processes that are threatening the biodiversity of Australian rangelands, including grazing pressure, the proliferation of artificial watering points, vegetation clearing, predation by introduced animals and inappropriate fire regimes. His review also highlighted the importance of invasion by non-native plant species, a threatening process for ecosystems in other parts of Australia and around the world. Biological invasions pose a major risk for individual native species, communities and the ecological processes upon which they depend. The papers in this Special Issue of The Rangeland Journal consider non-native plant species in relation to the threats that they pose to the biodiversity of Australian rangelands and how those threats may be managed.

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Ge, Qing, Paul A. Cobine, and Leonardo De La Fuente. "Copper Supplementation in Watering Solution Reaches the Xylem But Does Not Protect Tobacco Plants Against Xylella fastidiosa Infection." Plant Disease 104, no. 3 (March 2020): 724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-19-1748-re.

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Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited plant pathogenic bacterium that causes disease in many crops worldwide. Copper (Cu) is an antimicrobial agent widely used on X. fastidiosa hosts to control other diseases. Although the effects of Cu for control of foliar pathogens are well known, it is less studied on xylem-colonizing pathogens. Previous results from our group showed that low concentrations of CuSO4 increased biofilm formation, whereas high concentrations inhibited biofilm formation and growth in vitro. In this study, we conducted in planta experiments to determine the influence of Cu in X. fastidiosa infection using tobacco as a model. X. fastidiosa-infected and noninfected plants were watered with tap water or with water supplemented with 4 mM or 8 mM of CuSO4. Symptom progression was assessed, and sap and leaf ionome analysis was performed by inductively coupled plasma with optical emission spectroscopy. Cu uptake was confirmed by increased concentrations of Cu in the sap of plants treated with CuSO4-amended water. Leaf scorch symptoms in Cu-supplemented plants showed a trend toward more severe at later time points. Quantification of total and viable X. fastidiosa in planta indicated that CuSO4-amended treatments did not inhibit but slightly increased the growth of X. fastidiosa. Cu in sap was in the range of concentrations that promote X. fastidiosa biofilm formation according to our previous in vitro study. Based on these results, we proposed that the plant Cu homeostasis machinery controls the level of Cu in the xylem, preventing it from becoming elevated to a level that would lead to bacterial inhibition.

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Hassani, N., H. R. Asghari, A. S. Frid, and M. Nurberdief. "Impacts of Overgrazing in a Long Term Traditional Grazing Ecosystem on Vegetation Around Watering Points in a Semi-Arid Rangeland of North-Eastern Iran." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 15, 2008): 1733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.1733.1737.

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Holliday, Vance T., C. Vance Haynes, Jack L. Hofman, and David J. Meltzer. "Geoarchaeology and Geochronology of the Miami (Clovis) Site, Southern High Plains of Texas." Quaternary Research 41, no. 2 (March 1994): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1025.

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AbstractThe Miami site, excavated in 1937, is in a small "playa" basin on the High Plains surface. The site is one of the earliest documented co-occurrences of Clovis points and mammoth. Reinvestigation of the site and related collections was undertaken to better understand the stratigraphy, geochronology, and archaeology. The basin, 23 m diameter × 1.6 m deep, filled with (1) dark gray silty clay, and (2) near the top of the section, a lens of well-sorted silt or loess. The basin started to fill ca. 13,700 yr B.P., the loess dates to ca. 11,400 yr B.P., and the bone bed probably dates to ca. 11,400-10,500 yr B.P. The loess may be the local manifestation of a "Clovis drought." The partial remains of five mammoths (three adults and two juveniles) were recovered in 1937; no other animal remains are known. The bone is heavily weathered and there are no clear indications of human modification. Artifacts found at the site include three Clovis points and a scraper found among the bones and two flakes and a scraper found on the surface near the playa. The origins of the bone and stone assemblage are uncertain but four scenarios are offered: a successful mammoth kill, an unsuccessful kill with wounded animals dying at the watering hole, opportunistic scavenging following natural deaths, or a palimpsest of multiple deaths following both natural and human causes.

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Russell, Benjamin G., Mike Letnic, and Peter J. S. Fleming. "Managing feral goat impacts by manipulating their access to water in the rangelands." Rangeland Journal 33, no. 2 (2011): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj10070.

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Feral goats are a significant threat to biodiversity in Australia. However, goats are also harvested by some landholders for commercial benefit and this can lead to disagreements regarding control techniques. In the rangelands of New South Wales, feral goat distribution is closely linked to artificial watering points (AWP) such as tanks and bores. Previous surveys indicated that goat activity was rare more than 4 km from water. We hypothesised that constructing sections of goat-proof fencing in areas where goats were feeding on National Parks but watering on neighbouring properties, such that they had to travel more than 4 km from the AWP to access the park, would result in a significant decrease in goat abundance in these areas. We tested this hypothesis in Paroo-Darling National Park, Gundabooka State Conservation Area and Gundabooka National Park using changes in index (fresh goat dung groups per 100-m transect). We also measured kangaroo dung and ground cover index changes. Twelve months after the fences were constructed, goat dung significantly declined compared with non-treatment areas and the relationship between distance to water and goat dung broke down at the treatment sites. Kangaroo indices were not affected by the fences. The results for bare ground were the same as for goat dung, with significantly less bare ground and a breakdown in the relationship with distance to water at the treatment sites after the fences were constructed, but this was due to a corresponding increase in litter rather than live vegetation. This technique can be a significant tool for protecting biodiversity from feral goats, without removing the potential for neighbouring landholders to harvest the goats. If strategically used to create zones free of resident goats around the boundaries of conservation reserves, it should increase the effectiveness of other techniques such as trapping, mustering and shooting, by reducing post-control reinvasion. Recognition of access to water as an important management tool should substantially improve our management of feral goats in the rangelands.

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Iannella, Mattia, Giulia Console, Paola D’Alessandro, Francesco Cerasoli, Cristina Mantoni, Fabrizio Ruggieri, Francesca Di Donato, and Maurizio Biondi. "Preliminary Analysis of the Diet of Triturus carnifex and Pollution in Mountain Karst Ponds in Central Apennines." Water 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010044.

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Mountain karst ponds are sensitive environments, hosting complex trophic networks where amphibians play a major role, often as top predators. The diet of the Italian crested newt (Triturus carnifex) is still poorly known for populations occupying mountain karst ponds. These are traditionally used as livestock’s watering points, leading to water pollution due to excreta and wading behavior. The aim of this paper is to understand the relationship between T. carnifex diet composition, assessed through the stomach flushing technique, and physical and chemical characteristics in mountain ponds, focusing on parameters altered by livestock pressure, such as ammonium concentration and dissolved oxygen. The high diversity of prey items found within the newts’ gut contents confirms the generalist diet even in mountain ponds. The number of prey taxa, their relative abundance and Shannon–Wiener diversity index show variations among the sampled sites, related to livestock organic pollution. Moreover, we report the very first European records of microplastic items in amphibians’ stomach content, which also represent the first evidence for Caudata worldwide. Our findings suggest that livestock pressure directly influences T. carnifex diet and highlight that the emerging issue of plastics is a threat even in remote high-altitude environments.

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Thomas, Dean T., Matt G. Wilmot, Mark Alchin, and David G. Masters. "Preliminary indications that Merino sheep graze different areas on cooler days in the Southern Rangelands of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08061.

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High ambient temperature can decrease weight gain in livestock, but domestic livestock in extensive grazing systems may have some capacity to adjust their behaviour to reduce the impact of periods of high temperature. We hypothesised that sheep grazing in the semiarid Southern Rangelands of Western Australia would reduce distance travelled on days with high mean daily temperature. Eight Merino ewes were fitted with GPS collars for 3 weeks in a 5575-ha paddock on Carlaminda station (28°20′S, 116°41′E). Mean daily temperature was used to separate the 18 days of the study into three temperature classes, cool (≤23.2°C), warm (23.3 to 25.9°C) and hot (≥26.0°C). Sheep travelled more quickly (P < 0.05) and further from water on cool days, compared with warm and hot days (3.74 v. 2.93 and 2.73 km from water, respectively; P < 0.001). On cool days, sheep spent most of their time grazing in the western area of the paddock. This area was rarely visited on warm or hot days. Mapping livestock distribution may assist in strategic relocation of existing water points and/or justify the development of additional watering points. However, our results suggest that sheep adjust their behaviour during hot weather, which may be a strategy to conserve energy, manage higher water requirements and/or reduce thermal load. Although grazing range decreases with higher temperatures, overall utilisation of a paddock may not be severely affected unless cooler days were too infrequent to facilitate regular access to these areas.

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Fensham, R. J., and R. J. Fairfax. "Assessing woody vegetation cover change in north-west Australian savanna using aerial photography." International Journal of Wildland Fire 12, no. 4 (2003): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf03022.

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Models to calibrate tree and shrub cover assessed from aerial photography with field measurements were developed for a range of vegetation types in north-western Australia. The models verify previous studies indicating that woody cover can be successfully determined from aerial photography. The calibration models were applied to estimates of woody vegetation cover determined for 279 randomly located sample areas in the Ord–Victoria Rivers region using aerial photography from 1948 to 1950 and 1988 to 1997. Overstorey cover increased from a regional average of 11.5% to 13.5% and understorey cover increased from 1.3% to 2.0%. Downs, Limestone Hills and Alluvia land-types showed the most substantial increases in overstorey cover while overstorey cover in the Limestone plains land-type decreased. Relatively open structured vegetation is most susceptible to thickening. Rainfall records reveal an extreme multi-year rainfall deficit in the study area in the 1930s and relatively wet times in the 1970s and 1980s. Interpretation of a limited set of aerial photographs taken between 1964 and 1972 suggests that most of the increases in cover have occurred since this time. The study highlights the possibility that the average trend of vegetation thickening represents recovery during the relatively wet times after the 1970s. There was no relationship between structural change and a grazing intensity surrogate (distance of sample points to stock watering-points). However, the causes of structural change are undoubtedly multi-factored and the relative contributions of climate, fire and grazing vary for different landscapes and tree species.

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Fairfax, R. J., and R. J. Fensham. "Corrigendum to: Assessing woody vegetation cover change in north-west Australian savanna using aerial photography." International Journal of Wildland Fire 13, no. 1 (2004): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf03022_co.

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Models to calibrate tree and shrub cover assessed from aerial photography with field measurements were developed for a range of vegetation types in north-western Australia. The models verify previous studies indicating that woody cover can be successfully determined from aerial photography. The calibration models were applied to estimates of woody vegetation cover determined for 279 randomly located sample areas in the Ord–Victoria Rivers region using aerial photography from 1948 to 1950 and 1988 to 1997. Overstorey cover increased from a regional average of 11.5% to 13.5% and understorey cover increased from 1.3% to 2.0%. Downs, Limestone Hills and Alluvia land-types showed the most substantial increases in overstorey cover while overstorey cover in the Limestone plains land-type decreased. Relatively open structured vegetation is most susceptible to thickening. Rainfall records reveal an extreme multi-year rainfall deficit in the study area in the 1930s and relatively wet times in the 1970s and 1980s. Interpretation of a limited set of aerial photographs taken between 1964 and 1972 suggests that most of the increases in cover have occurred since this time. The study highlights the possibility that the average trend of vegetation thickening represents recovery during the relatively wet times after the 1970s. There was no relationship between structural change and a grazing intensity surrogate (distance of sample points to stock watering-points). However, the causes of structural change are undoubtedly multi-factored and the relative contributions of climate, fire and grazing vary for different landscapes and tree species.

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46

Tarhouni, Mohamed, Azaiez Ouled Belgacem, Belgacem Henchi, and Mohamed Neffati. "A preliminary overview of the effects of seasonal drought and animal pressure around watering points on plant species using adaptative strategy analyses in the Tunisian arid zone." Ecologia mediterranea 32, no. 1 (2006): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ecmed.2006.1417.

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Larsen, Randy T., Jerran T. Flinders, Dean L. Mitchell, and Ernest R. Perkins. "Conservation risks of exotic chukars (Alectoris chukar) and their associated management: implications for a widely introduced phasianid." Wildlife Research 34, no. 4 (2007): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07020.

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Chukars (Alectoris chukar) have been widely introduced throughout the world. Their introductions and associated management for sport hunting have the potential to affect native ecosystems in a variety of ways. Our specific objectives were: (1) to document species using water developments designed to benefit chukar populations to determine whether, and at what prevalence, exotic species appear to use, and presumably benefit from, additional watering points; (2) to describe chukar diet with specific reference to cheatgrass and other exotic plant seeds; and (3) to determine whether chukars are a likely vector for dispersal of cheatgrass and/or other plant seeds via passage through the gut. In total, 27 different wildlife species were photographed across all 36 sampled water developments. Three exotic species were photographed to include chukars, rock dove (Columba livia), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes), with the latter two species photographed at only two and one site respectively. Mean number of species photographed (5.69 ± 1.09) ranged from 1 to 13, but was estimated near 10 after accounting for sampling time. Cheatgrass seed was found in 76.3% of crops and constituted 45.2% of dry weight. Thirteen plants germinated from 503 chukar faecal droppings. We found no evidence of widespread use of water points designed for chukars by other exotic species or dispersal of cheatgrass seed via passage through the gut. Chukars appear (at least initially) benign and they are not likely to be major vectors in plant seed dispersal. Furthermore, chukars could foster localised plant diversity in that they consume large quantities of primarily exotic plant seed and do not show a propensity for dispersal of seeds through faecal droppings.

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Arnold, GW, D. Steven, J. Weeldenburg, and OE Brown. "The Use of Alpha-Chloralose for the Repeated Capture of Western Gray Kangaroos, Macropus-Fuliginosus." Wildlife Research 13, no. 4 (1986): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860527.

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Alpha-chloralose was used for 9 years in a study of growth, development and population size of western grey kangaroos, Macropus fuliginosus. Grain and water at accustomed feeding and watering points were drugged at intervals, for one night at a time; dose rates varied from 1.9 to 2.7 gl-1 in the water, and from 12 to 18 g kg-1 in the food. Many individuals developed a taste aversion to the drug, so that the number captured decreased over successive drug-nights. The taste could not be masked in water, but was in food when the type of food was changed. In the year after their initial capture, 44% of females and 35% of males were recaptured. Some were repeatedly captured in subsequent years; others only at intervals of several years. Animals drugged first as young-at-foot or as juveniles were captured in subsequent years less often than those first caught as subadults or adults. The male : female ratio in the adults captured was higher than in the population. Mortality was 4.5% of 1165 animals captured; 27% of deaths being due to fox predation. Females wlth pouch young, captured several times in a year, lost 8.8% of their young.

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Saini, Abhishek, and Geeta Singh. "Analysis of Sewage Treatment Plant at Rai, Sonipat Haryana." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 06 (June 1, 2021): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/04255.

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Almost 80% of the raw water converted into the wastewater. Wastewater treatment of Municipal waste is the way toward eliminating pollutants from civil wastewater, containing fundamentally family unit sewage including some waste from industries. This research evaluates the performance efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plant operating on extended aeration process with the average inflow of 7.5 MLD. Fundamentally different wastewater boundaries like pH, TSS, BOD, COD and so forth are inspected at the inlet, outlet and different various destinations of treatment plant. Investigation of quality of water of this plant is a basic as the vast majority of the treated gushing released into Yamuna waterway staying utilized for water system, watering of parks and greens. The consequences of these assessments likewise decide if the emanating released into the water body are under cut-off points given by CPCB. Wastewater tests were gathered at various phases of treatment units and investigated for the significant waste water quality boundaries, for example, BOD, COD, TSS and biodegradability. The normal convergence of boundaries at bay inspecting site pH, BOD, COD, Total Suspended solids, are 7.358, 190.58 mg/l, 588 mg/l and 189.4 mg/l respectively. While the normal convergence of these boundaries, after treatment shows following qualities 7.792, 7.58 mg/l, 32.7 mg/l and 7.8mg/l respectively.

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Lemay, Isabelle, Jean Caron, Martine Dorais, and Steeve Pepin. "Defining Irrigation Set Points Based on Substrate Properties for Variable Irrigation and Constant Matric Potential Devices in Greenhouse Tomato." HortScience 47, no. 8 (August 2012): 1141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.8.1141.

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Ongoing research on organic growing media for greenhouse tomato production is driven by the constant changes in the quality, stability, and form of the organic byproducts used in the manufacturing of these media. This study was undertaken to determine appropriate irrigation set points for a sawdust–peat mix (SP) under development given that the performance of this substrate appeared to be strongly dependent on appropriate irrigation management. A greenhouse tomato experiment was conducted to compare different irrigation management approaches for a SP substrate in the spring and summer. Using preliminary measurements from an initial experiment (Expt. 1), different irrigation strategies for the SP substrate were compared in a second experiment (Expt. 2): 1) a variable irrigation regime using a timer control (with frequency adjusted as a function of irradiance); 2) tensiometer control at –1.5 kPa; and 3) two constant substrate water potential devices: –1.1 kPa and –0.9 kPa. An irrigation timer/controller using solar radiation input was used with a rockwool control (RC) substrate. Measurements of plant activity [photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance (gS)], substrate physical and chemical properties, biomass, and yield were obtained. For all irrigation strategies, results indicated that 10% to 20% higher photosynthesis rates and gS values were obtained with the SP substrate compared with RC. Data indicated that moderate drying conditions (matric potential ranging from –2.2 kPa to –1.5 kPa in Expt. 1 and Expt. 2, respectively) relative to container capacity (–0.6 kPa) were beneficial for improving plant photosynthetic activity and allowed the highest yields for the SP substrate. Variable irrigation management showed higher levels of plant activity than constant watering and increased the oxygen concentration in the substrate by ≈2% in absolute value relative to the constant water potential device. Lower CO2 and N2O levels were also observed with the variable irrigation strategy. On the other hand, maximum nutrient solution savings were achieved with the constant matric potential devices (8% to 31% relative to the RC). This study showed high productivity potential for the SP substrate with suitable irrigation management. Replacing conventional growing media with organic waste-based products using an appropriate irrigation strategy may help to increase the sustainability of the greenhouse industry.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Watering points'

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