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Journal articles on the topic 'Watercourses'
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1
Sluchevskaya, Yu A. "Problems of formation of an international regime of the joint use and protection of international watercourses." Lex Russica, no. 3 (April 5, 2019): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.148.3.073-086.
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The article is devoted to the problem of formation of modern international legal regime of joint use and protection of international watercourses that is aimed at effective provision of water to the States of international watercourse with due respect to new challenges and threats that have a negative impact on international water resources. The model is based on the concept of “international watercourse” that has the following features: 1) international watercourses include surface and ground waters; 2) a spatial and territorial criterion of an international watercourse that means crossing of the border between two or more States or being on their border; 3) the use of international watercourses affects the interests of two or more States; 4) the special international legal regime for the use of international watercourses that has developed within the framework of international law development; 5) special requirements for the protection of ecosystems of international watercourses that include protection from pollution and other forms of degradation of lands and forests adjacent to international watercourses, their fauna and flora; as well as seas into which watercourses flow; 6) a high conflict potential in the use of water resources of international watercourses. The analysis of the provisions of the doctrines of joint use and protection of transboundary waters shows that the formation of international water law should timely take into account human factors, technological and socio-economic changes. The modern international law model of the joint use and protection of international watercourses is a system of international legal norms regulating inter-state relations in the following areas: prevention, limitation and reduction of transboundary impact; protection of ecosystems of international watercourses; rational use of waters of international watercourses, effective management of water resources of international watercourses (including establishment and functioning of international basin organizations); information support of the population with regard to international watercourses.
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Lampartová, Ivana, and Jiří Schneider. "Possibilities of Evaluation of the Recreational Potential of Close to Nature Watercourses." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 4 (2014): 799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462040799.
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Creation of close-to-nature river beds is one of the results of watercourses revitalization. Watercourses are segments in the country increasing its recreational potential.The recreational potential of watercourses contributes to rich diversity of animal and plant species. They are well-preserved natural environment with a different atmosphere and an interesting psychological effect. The current goal of revitalization measures in the landscape primarily consists of the optimization of landscape water regime, incl. flood control measures and the promotion of biodiversity, but the current philosophy speaks of multifunctional land usage. However, the revitalization is currently underappreciated in the Czech Republic and it is important to increase the recreational potential of the landscape. The subject of this article is evaluation of close to nature watercources from the point of view of recreation potential. The example locality of close to nature watercourse is part of Váh river near Iľava city. In this area some elements of recreational potential by the proposed methodology are discussed. Two river courses make a possible comparison between a technical canal and a modified one, but close-to-nature water course with all parameters of river phenomenon. Properties of nature and close-to-nature watercourses could be an inspiration for repairing(modifying, adjusting) river stretches within urban space.
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Gwynn, Maria A. "Adapting Watercourse Agreements to Developments in International Law." Brill Research Perspectives in International Water Law 4, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 3–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23529369-12340013.
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AbstractThe United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UN Watercourses Convention) recommends that states apply and adapt their watercourse agreements to the provisions of the UN Watercourses Convention. To explore the advantages of abiding to crucial developments in international water law, environmental law, and climate change law, this monograph will analyze the most important hydroelectric energy treaty in the South American region, the Itaipu Treaty. The monograph will argue that adapting watercourse agreements to developments in international law provides a way to foster sustainable development for the treaty parties, the countries sharing the watercourse ecosystem, as well as the international community as a whole.
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Rashidian, Elnaz. "Rivers in the making; the definition of “Nahr” as a hybrid watercourse based on geoarchaeological evidence from Southwestern Iran." Water History 13, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 235–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12685-021-00283-7.
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AbstractThis paper explores a new perspective to study the settlement dynamics of riverine landscapes by addressing human–environment interaction in the Ancient Near East through integration of remote sensing, new geodata, and developing a definition of a new category of a watercourse. The complex and entangled network of watercourses in the archaeologically crucial region of southwestern Iran, the Greater Susiana, hinders a clear view of the spatial relations between ancient settlements and their respective environments. The watercourses are known to be of either natural (rivers) or anthropogenic (canals) origin. However, many current watercourses do not fit into either category, which causes misinterpretations of the archaeological record. This paper introduces a third category, which consists of a hybrid of the two existing categories and suggests using the term “Nahr” to address such watercourses. The author implements this idea to a case study, Nahr-e Atiq, a watercourse in north Susiana, which passes two prominent sites, Abu Fanduweh and Haft Tappeh. Based on the results of a geoarchaeological investigation(including a survey, eight sediment cores, and several soil profiles, as well as 58 known archaeological sites), several hydro-morphologic elements are presented for identifying Nahrs. These include sedimentation, morphology, and physical characteristics. The most crucial aspect is the biography of a Nahr, as these hybrid watercourses might consist of different sections with different genesis. The author argues that Nahr, as defined here, must be considered an artifact, and studied as such in the landscape archaeology of the Ancient Near East.
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Nadeem, Abdul Majeed, Tariq Ali, Wei Wei, Qi Cui, and Shaoan Huang. "Can Irrigation Conditions Improve Farmers’ Subjective Well-being? An Investigation in Rural Pakistan." Water 13, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040505.
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In many developing countries, including Pakistan, the enormous water losses due to outdated irrigation infrastructure threaten livelihoods and food security, while investment in the development of efficiency improvements can help the countries to cope with water scarcity and improve farmers’ wellbeing. This study evaluates how rural farmers’ decisions regarding improving irrigation watercourses and other irrigation conditions affect their wellbeing. We employ hypothesis testing and an ordered logit model on field survey data of 300 farming households from rural Pakistan. The mean test results suggest that farmers on lined watercourses are happier than those on unlined and partially lined watercourses. The regression results suggest that farmers on a fully lined watercourse have higher wellbeing than those on a partially lined watercourse. The time taken by canal water and groundwater to reach farmers’ land reduces their wellbeing. Irrigation quotas, the return of stolen water and the distance of groundwater sources from land have positive effects on farmers’ wellbeing. The study establishes a strong correlation between irrigation conditions, improved irrigation network and farmers’ wellbeing.
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Lebotse, Kabelo Kenneth. "Southern African Development Community Protocol on Shared Watercourses: Challenges of Implementation." Leiden Journal of International Law 12, no. 1 (March 1999): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156599000059.
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The Rundu – Grootfontein Project, a project by which Namibia wants to divert waters of the Okavango river, may significantly affect the flow of that river through Botswana. The present paper discusses and tests rules of global and regional international watercourse law as to their applicability to the problems posed by the project. In this respect the UN Framework Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, as well as the Southern African Development Community Protocol on Shared Watercourses form the main focal point.
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Somlyai, Berta, Nagy, Dévai, Ács, Szabó, Nagy, and Grigorszky. "Heterogeneity and Anthropogenic Impacts on a Small Lowland Stream." Water 11, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102002.
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During our work, we investigated the physical and chemical variables of a small surface watercourse to investigate how different anthropogenic effects affect its water quality. Along this small watercourse, there are well-separated areas that are affected by various anthropogenic effects. In addition to its origin and branches, in many places it is surrounded by agricultural land with insufficient buffer zones, which burdens the small watercourse with nitrogen and phosphorus forms. In the lower stages, artificial damming inhibits the natural flow of the Tócó Canal, thereby creating eutrophicated stagnant water areas. This is further strengthened by, in many cases, illegal communal and used water intake that further burdens the small watercourse. Considering the experience of our investigation, it can be stated that the examined small watercourse could barely suffer human impacts, and it could be described with great heterogeneity using physical and chemical variables. We experienced that this heterogeneity caused by anthropogenic effects appeared in all hydrologic states and seasons. Furthermore, our research showed that these small watercourses had such high heterogeneity that their monitoring and examination should be taken just as seriously as when it comes to larger watercourses.
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Kelleway, Jeff, Debashish Mazumder, G. Glenn Wilson, Neil Saintilan, Lisa Knowles, Jordan Iles, and Tsuyoshi Kobayashi. "Trophic structure of benthic resources and consumers varies across a regulated floodplain wetland." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 4 (2010): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09113.
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Riverine food webs are often laterally disconnected (i.e. between watercourses) in regulated floodplain wetlands for prolonged periods. We compared the trophic structure of benthic resources and consumers (crustaceans and fish) of the three watercourses in a regulated floodplain wetland (the Gwydir Wetlands, Australia) that shared the same source water but were laterally disconnected. The crustaceans Cherax destructor (yabby), Macrobrachium australiense (freshwater prawn), the exotic fish Cyprinus carpio (European carp) and Carassius auratus (goldfish) showed significantly different δ13C values among the watercourses, suggesting spatial differences in primary carbon sources. Trophic positions were estimated by using δ15N values of benthic organic matter as the base of the food web in each watercourse. The estimated trophic positions and gut contents showed differences in trophic positions and feeding behaviours of consumers between watercourses, in particular for Melanotaenia fluviatilis (Murray–Darling rainbowfish) and M. australiense. Our findings suggest that the observed spatial variation in trophic structure appears to be largely related to the spatial differences in the extent and type of riparian vegetation (i.e. allochthonous carbon source) across the floodplain that most likely constituted part of the benthic resources.
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Vladimirtseva, O. V. "Method for Revealing Placer Gold Source." Mining Science and Technology 4, no. 4 (January 30, 2020): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2019-4-273-281.
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Material characteristics of placer gold and geological and geomorphological features of placercontaining watercourses allow revealing the type of source that formed the placer. The studied area (the middle reach of theAdychaRiver, Verkhoyansk District, Yakutia) is characterized by highly developed placer gold mineralization both in ancient terrace sediments and high-order watercourses. The significant placer gold mineralization in the high-order watercourses, at very limited number of known bedrock gold deposits suggests the presence of not yet discovered bedrock gold mineralization. Revealing the type of sources of placer gold in young high-order watercourses allows to create prognostic and prospecting models for both potential placer and primary (vein) ore occurrences. The purpose of the study is to compile a logical-information algorithm, which, based on the most significant material and geological-geomorphological factors, will enable revealing the type of placer gold source and the possibility of its location discovery and probability of gold transportation continuation from the source. The study result is presented by a program (the Python programming language) that characterizes the type of placer gold source based on gold grain rounding degree, the presence of gold intergrowths with other minerals and the presence of heavy fraction. Assessment of the possibility of placer gold source location determination is based on geological and geomorphological factors: watercourse order, the type of placer, and spatial association with terraces of ancient erosion levels. The study of well-known gold placers using the created program allowed revealing gold placers with supposedly primary gold source and other ones with the source in the form of a natural intermediate gold concentrator. A map of exogenous gold mineralization with forecast elements was also created, presenting areas promising for revealing primary gold mineralization (areas of presence of high-order watercourses with gold mineralization source) and areas of high-order watercourses promising for discovering gold placers (identified by analogy (in geological and geomorphological position) with watercourses with the known source in the form of natural intermediate gold concentrator.
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Sudoł, Ewa. "Identification of shorelines for natural watercourses with the use of point cloud." E3S Web of Conferences 71 (2018): 00014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187100014.
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The article presents the method of identifying the shorelines for natural watercourses located in agricultural and forest areas in accordance with applicable law. In the process of developing methods for identification and verification of the actual course of watercourses, data from the cadastral map was used in the form of a vector drawing of borders and a database with border points in ZRD, BPP attributes, metadata and point clouds. The identification of the course of a watercourse on shrubbery and wooded areas as well as on-screen vectorization of the shoreline is cumbersome, and in some cases even impossible. In connection with the above, it has been proposed to use a point cloud and vertical sections prepared on their basis that run perpendicular to the edge of the watercourse. On their basis, the course of the shoreline was recognized in accordance with the definition contained in the Act on Water Law. Pursuant to § 9 para. 3a, beginning of the regulation that the land occupied by the natural seepage constitutes a separate cadastral plot within the boundary line, the suggested procedures for verifying the boundaries of watercourses can be used to update the land and building register databases. The identification of the boundaries of registered parcels made on the principles described in the publication may precede the activities of accepting the boundaries to the division of real estate. On the other hand, the course of the identified, in the mode of § 82a, the regulation the boundaries of registration plots constituting natural watercourses can be shown in the land and building register on the terms specified in art. 24 sec. 2b point 2) geodesy law, in order to replace data inconsistent with the actual state and applicable technical standards, respectively, data consistent with the actual state and applicable technical standards (§ 45 section 1 point 1 of the Regulation).
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Petrochenko, Oleksiy V., and Vyacheslav I. Petrochenko. "Analysis of terminological definitions of natural phenomena associated with rising water levels in watercourses and flooding." Environmental safety and natural resources 40, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2021.4.139-148.
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To define natural phenomena associated with an increase in flow rates and water levels in watercourses and flooding of settlements and territories outside the coastline, there are a significant number of terms in the Ukrainian language, some of which are perceived as synonyms. The use of all these terms in information materials and reports of natural phenomena associated with the problem of intensive increase in costs and water levels in watercourses, or the problem of "high water", of course, makes some sense. However, when solving the problem of "high water", which is to develop and implement the concept of protection against the harmful effects of water, researchers and engineers face some difficulties in using a large number of terms to define "high water". This article attempts to establish, among the total number of terms defining natural phenomena associated with the problem of "high water", one dominant term suitable for universal use in solving the problem of "high water". According to the results of logical and terminological analysis, the term "flood" is dominant among many terms of determining natural phenomena related to the problem of "high water", which should be used as a universal when developing and implementing the concept of solving the problem of "high water". The article presents and proposes for consideration by experts and stakeholders a new definition of floods occurring in a channel watercourse (river), as well as a broader definition of floods that can occur in both channel and non-channel watercourses. The article presents and proposes for the consideration of specialists and interested parties a new definition of flood in a channel watercourse (river), and also proposes a broader definition of a flood, both in a channel and off-channel watercourse.
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Alokhina, Tetiana. "Rivers revitalisation: approaches to decision." E3S Web of Conferences 166 (2020): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016601010.
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The article is focused on the successful implementation of the global goals of restoring water objects in the context of sustainable development that is impossible without solving the regional problems of local watercourses and reservoirs reviving. It is emphasized that awareness of riparian spaces role as ecological corridors and importance of the healthy functioning of the river network through the revitalisation of even minor watercourses leads to growth attention to this problem in an increasing number of countries. On the example of the Slepiotka River in Katowice and Inhulets River in Kryvyi Rih the aspects, on which attention of revitalisation are accented in European countries and in Ukraine, are presented. In European countries, the basis for the approach to river revitalisation is their functioning as integral ecosystems. In Ukraine, nowadays, the main focus of river restoration is on cleaning them from silt sediment. In this article the approaches to decision of river revitalisation questions are presented. The main of them are: enhancing the ecological functionality of the watercourse as an ecosystem; providing flood protection; increasing the residential, cultural and recreational value; securing permanently sustainable use of watercourses and their river valleys.
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Clark, E. Ann. "Landscape variables affecting livestock impacts on water quality in the humid temperate zone." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-140.
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The potential for impact by grazing livestock on unprotected watercourses may vary with climate, with landscape level factors including the landform within which the pasture is located, with the biophysical characteristics of the watercourse itself, and with pasture and grazing management practices. Policies seeking to implement cost-effective measures to protect downstream water quality need to acknowledge large-scale as well as small-scale processes which can moderate or exacerbate potential sources of pollution. Applied and scholarly evidence suggest that unrestricted livestock access accounts for a relatively modest share of watercourse pollution in humid temperate regions, as compared with such watershed-specific factors as leaking septic tanks and confinement feeding systems. A wide variety of evidence suggests that the degree of compatibility of grazing livestock with a healthy riparian ecosystem should be viewed as a hypothesis that is testable on a site-specific basis. Greater understanding of the factors causal to livestock behavior in, and impact on, watercourses may help to better focus preventative and remediation efforts by both producers and policymakers. Key words: Riparian ecosystem; beef cattle; pasture fertility; soil and water conservation
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Preradovic, Gordana. "Cooperation between reparian states on issues of utilization and protection of international watercourses with reference to activities of the Sava Commission." Medjunarodni problemi 66, no. 1-2 (2014): 183–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1402183p.
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The paper analyses all forms of cooperation between states, which is essential when it comes to the matters of management, utilisation and protection of international watercourses. The most common way of cooperation is the establishment and action of international river commissions. Other forms of cooperation are manifested by holding of mutual consultations and providing notifications on relevant facts and circumstances for specific watercourse as well as by joint monitoring and evaluation of the conditions and data which are relevant for the prevention of causing damages to another state. In addition to the generalized presentation and analysis of the elements and forms of cooperation between countries on the matter of use and protection of international watercourses, the aim of the paper is to analyse the practical aspects of such cooperation, too. Therefore, the paper will analyse the work of the Sava Commission as an institutional framework within which the countries that signed the Framework Agreement for the Protection of the Sava River Basin cooperate with each other.
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Kubiak-Wójcicka, Katarzyna, Sławomir Brózda, and Agnieszka Sznajder. "Hydrographic changes in a river system and their influence on the legal classification of watercourses, exemplified by selected tributaries of the San river." Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 12, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bgeo-2017-0001.
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Abstract The paper presents hydrographic changes in a river system and their influence on the legal classification of watercourses in Poland. As a case study, the watercourse Motwica, right tributary of the river San has been analysed. The main objective of this paper is an attempt to analyse whether the Motwica should be classified as flowing or standing water and the legal grounds for such classification in the Water Law Act. On the base of archival and contemporary cartographic materials’ analysis it has been determined that the Motwica should not be classified as natural watercourse because its significant part flows in an artificial channel.
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Meshel, Tamar. "Transboundary watercourses, dams and human migration: an international water law perspective." Cambridge International Law Journal 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 154–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/cilj.2020.02.03.
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This article examines the potential contribution of international water law (IWL) to alleviating the negative cross-border impacts of ‘dam-induced migration’, the displacement of individuals or communities resulting from dam construction. While much has been written on efforts to deal with this global problem in other areas of international law, the application of IWL in this context has yet to be meaningfully explored. But since dams are frequently constructed on transboundary watercourses, the principles of IWL (no significant harm, equitable and reasonable utilisation, and the duty to cooperate) may prove relevant and useful to mitigating the harmful cross-border impacts of dam-induced migration. The no significant harm principle requires States to comply with a due diligence standard of conduct designed to avoid, minimise, or compensate for significant harm that might result from the use of shared watercourses, including harm to human life or health. The equitable and reasonable utilisation principle obligates each basin State to use an international watercourse in a manner that is equitable and reasonable vis-à-vis the other States sharing it. The duty to cooperate requires States to collaborate in the management and use of shared watercourses and sets out concrete measures to enable collaboration, such as information exchange, consultations, and the establishment of joint institutions. Taken together, these IWL principles can effectively guide the planning, construction, and operation of dams on shared watercourses. Applying them to the specific issue of dam-induced migration, moreover, could promote inter-State cooperation and accountability, facilitate the resolution of disputes, and alleviate negative cross-border impacts. In this way, IWL can supplement other areas of international law in providing a comprehensive solution to the growing problem of dam-induced migration.
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Thoirain, B., C. Husson, and B. Marçais. "Risk Factors for the Phytophthora-Induced Decline of Alder in Northeastern France." Phytopathology® 97, no. 1 (January 2007): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-0099.
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A lethal disease of common alder caused by Phytophthora alni, a new hybrid pathogen, has been spreading in Europe since the early 1990s. In 2004, we conducted an epidemiological survey in northeastern France to determine disease frequency and to investigate the impact of environmental factors on disease prevalence. Seventy-eight plots in the Rhin-Meuse basin were investigated. The survey was structured to enable critical examination of the possible impact of nitrogen pollution of the river water on disease prevalence. P. alni-induced alder decline was common throughout northeastern France. Altogether, disease was found in 80% of the plots containing alder, with 16% of all the alders affected. Striking differences existed between watercourse types. Lower proportions of diseased alders were found in watercourse types with rapid water flow, such as mountain streams of the Vosges and piedmont or watercourses on steep calcareous slopes, than in the slow watercourses of the low-lying valleys of the calcareous plateaus and of the clayey plains. Disease prevalence was not related to the total oxidized nitrogen concentration of the water. However, prevalence increased with the mean summer temperature of the river water and where clayey soils were found in the river banks. The results of this work can be used for the assessment of P. alni-induced alder decline risks in affected European countries and in areas where the disease could be introduced.
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Birnie, Pat. "Pollution of international watercourses." International Affairs 61, no. 4 (1985): 690–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2617733.
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Havlíčková, Simona. "The assessment of vegetative accompaniment of watercourses in reference to category of water flow." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 54, no. 5 (2006): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200654050013.
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Woody and herbal growth growing on banks and along watercourses are called vegetative accompaniment of watercourses. In the Czech Republic, there has not been a unified methodology for the assessment of vegetative accompaniment of watercourses. Main objective of the work was to desing a simple methodology for the assessment of vegetative accompaniment of watercourses, verify it for each individual category of watercourses and formulate principles of measures to improve its status. The methodology for the assessment of vegetative accompaniment was developed on the basis of literature search and field experience. The ground of the assessment is a field research in each locality. The main characteristic of stream and the existing state of riparian stands are recorded and then assessed on the basis of proposed criteria. Clasification system developed for comparison of watercourses or their stretches and for determination of restoration principles and maintenance of vegetative accompaniment includes five classes of management.
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Osadchaya, L. I., and L. A. Nichkova. "CONSTRUCTIVE-GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THE DISCHARGE OF WATER FROM STORAGE PONDS TO THE LIMITS OF RIVER BASINS." Construction economic and environmental management 79, no. 2 (2022): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2519-4453-2021-2-17-26.
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The article is devoted to the development of a constructive and geographical approach to regulating the impact of the discharge of water from storage ponds within river basins with reference to the real situation of a particular large watercourse. It is established that the solution of the problem of minimizing the influence of the storage pond within the natural geographical stage is possible by optimizing the functioning of the natural-man-made system «mine-storage pond-natural watercourses». The management of the functioning of this system involves the regulation of the volume of discharge of highly mineralized water in accordance with the hydrological and hydrochemical features of natural watercourses. The optimization problem is solved by: creating a specialized bank of hydroecological data; developing an expert system of normative indicators, taking into account the criteria for their evaluation; constructing optimization mathematical models to describe the main laws of the functioning of the system under consideration. These structures are combined into a generalized information and expert system for assessing the impact of storage pond waters on the state of surface waters of river basins
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Szabó, László József, Csilla Vajda, Petra Éva Szalay, Olga Kis, Margit Miskolczi, and György Dévai. "Change of morphometric and allometric patterns on wings of banded demoiselle (Calopteryx splendens) males in case of ecologically different watercourse types." Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 68, no. 1 (February 14, 2022): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.17109/azh.68.1.99.2022.
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In the nature, larvae living in watercourses are exposed to a complex system of environmental influences. It is known that different watercourse types (creeks, brooks, streams, little rivers and medial rivers) provide different conditions for larval development (water depth, flow rate, temperature, oxygen content, substrate type, nutrient supply, etc.). These conditions can vary significantly between watercourse types, but be very similar within types. In this work, we examined the body sizes and wing morphometric characteristics of males of Calopteryx splendens reared from different watercourse types (brook, stream, creek, little river, medial river). Although there were no significant differences in body size among watercourse types, we found significant differences in the wing features. We found the most differences between the individuals reared from streams and creeks and between the individuals reared from stream and medial river. Our results show that the individuals reared from different watercourse types were clearly separated on the two wings. The results also suggest that there are significant differences in the number and pattern of allometric features on the wings of individuals reared from different watercourse types.
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Jayaweera, Mahesh, Gimhani Danushika, Nilanthi Bandara, Janith Dissanayake, Buddhika Gunawardana, Jagath Manatunge, and Kasun Zoysa. "Urban Watercourses in Peril: Implications of Phthalic Acid Esters on Aquatic Ecosystems Caused by Urban Sprawl." Water 11, no. 3 (March 13, 2019): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030519.
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Urban sprawl worldwide warrants the use of large quantities of industrial and household products containing phthalic acid esters (PAEs) resulting in adverse impacts on the quality of aquatic life in urban watercourses. The presence of six PAEs (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di(n-octyl) phthalate (DnOP)) in 22 shallow urban watercourses in Colombo and suburbs of Sri Lanka was investigated. The average concentrations of DEP, DBP, BBP, and DEHP in all watercourses varied between 2.5–265.0, 1.0–32.0, 61–108, and 12–165 µg/L, respectively. DMP and DnOP were below the limits of quantification (DMP-0.5 µg/L, DnOP-1.0 µg/L) for all watercourses. DEHP was the most abundant PAE in many watercourses. The significant factors affecting the ubiquitous presence of PAEs in watercourses are the inherent properties of each PAE, presence of industrial and household products with great potential for the migration of PAEs in the sub-catchments, and quality of the receiving water. The contamination levels of PAEs in most of the watercourses are alarmingly high, as evidenced by higher concentrations of DEHP and DBP than those of Canadian permissible levels for the protection of aquatic life (16 and 19 µg/L). This study was the first effort in Sri Lanka to investigate the presence of PAEs in urban watercourses.
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Nikic, Zoran, Ratko Ristic, Nenad Maric, and Vukasin Milcanovic. "Contribution to the interpretation of the role of geoenvironment in extreme discharges of the Rosomack River - Visok kraj." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 118 (2018): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1818087n.
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Annex to the interpretation of the role of geoenvironment in the formation of extreme discharges of the Rosomacka River provides exact and empirical evidence of the significance and the need for its knowledge. For hydrologically unstudied watercourses, especially for those which do not have continuity of discharges, the knowledge of the role of geoenvironment in the emergence of their extreme discharges contributes to a more realistic response to practical water management issues, protection against adverse effects of waters, defining the ecological aspect of watercourses under the influence of various changes in the near future (climatic, anthropogenic, hydrological), preserving the quality of river water, meeting the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive 2000. The aim of the paper is to understand better the river systems and their runoffs in the form of high and low waters or complete drying up of hydrologically unstudied but also of hydrologically studied watercourses, and through the representation of the role of geoenvironment. On the concrete example of the Rosomacka River, a hydrologically unstudied watercourse, the significance of geoenvironment in the interpretation of its extreme discharges was emphasized. The contribution of the following elements of geoenvironment of the basin area was analyzed: lithological, neotectonic, hydrogeological and morphological. The research method is based on field research, quantitative geomorphological analysis, systematization and synthesis of the obtained results, as well as the analysis of published papers. Additionally, the contribution is reflected in emphasizing the need for communication between experts of various specialties dealing with hydrographic systems.
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Bourne, Charles B. "The Primacy of the Principle of Equitable Utilization in the 1997 Watercourses Convention." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 35 (1998): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800006639.
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SummaryThe International Law Commission wrestled for over a decade with the relationship between the principle of equitable utilization and the no harm principle in its work on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses. In its final Report to the UN General Assembly on this topic in 1994, the Commission presented a set of Draft Articles couched in obscure language that reflected the sharp differences of opinion on the matter and the compromises that had been made. This division of opinion about the relationship between these two principles persisted in the Working Group of the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly to which the Draft Articles were referred. Again, compromises were reached and the language of the substantive articles (in particular Articles 5, 7, 20, and 21) of the Watercourses Convention, adopted by the General Assembly on May 21, 1997, continues to be obscure and its meaning debatable.It is argued here that in this Convention the principle of equitable utilization, which prescribes the reasonable and equitable sharing of the beneficial uses of the waters of an international watercourse, is made the primary substantive rule of international water law; harm caused by a utilization of these waters is, of course, an important factor to be taken into account in determining whether, in a particular case, the utilization is reasonable and equitable and, therefore, lawful. This interpretation of the Watercourses Convention brings it into harmony with customary international water law. It is an interpretation that finds support in the recent decision of the International Court of fustice in the Gabákovo case.
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Rieu-Clarke, Alistair. "The role of treaties in building international watercourse regimes: a legal perspective on existing knowledge." Water Policy 12, no. 6 (April 9, 2010): 822–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.039.
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The global water policy agenda has long called for a holistic approach to water resources management. However, key challenges remain in turning policy into practice, not least in managing conflict and enhancing cooperation over international watercourses. Towards such an endeavour, a better understanding of the role of watercourse treaties is needed. To date, much of the non-legal literature has failed to capture fully the unique characteristics of the international legal system. Conversely, much of the legal scholarship has failed to account for the social, economic and political context in which law operates. The paper therefore calls for a nuanced approach to the study of watercourse treaties. An approach is suggested that is sensitive to the normative content of watercourse treaties, the ‘package’ of norms, the multi-level governance context and the influence of treaties in shaping state behaviour throughout the entire regime building process.
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Reid, Scott M., Scott Stoklosar, Serge Metikosh, and Jim Evans. "Effectiveness of Isolated Pipeline Crossing Techniques to Mitigate Sediment Impacts on Brook Trout Streams." Water Quality Research Journal 37, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2002.031.
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Abstract Stream populations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) are sensitive to sediment-caused changes to habitat, i.e., increased embeddedness of bed material. The use of watercourse crossing techniques (dam and pump, and flume methods) that isolate the construction site by diverting flow around the crossing has often been promoted as a means of controlling the amount of sediment released, particularly for those watercourses with sensitive fish species or habitats. However, few case studies have evaluated the effectiveness of isolated crossing construction techniques to mitigate the effects of instream construction activities. We measured suspended sediment concentrations during six isolated pipeline crossings of brook trout streams in Minnesota, Nova Scotia and Ontario. In addition, sediment deposition rates, riffle habitats and fish abundance were monitored upstream and downstream of four of the crossings. Results of our monitoring studies indicate that isolated techniques can be very effective at: (1) minimizing increases to downstream suspended sediment concentrations during instream construction; and, (2) preventing sediment-induced effects on habitat and fish abundance downstream of pipeline water crossings. For sensitive watercourses, isolated crossing techniques are an effective alternative to trenchless crossing techniques (e.g., horizontal directional drilling).
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Zhinzhakova, Liliya Zuberovna, and Elena Alexandrovna Cherednik. "TO THE QUESTION OF COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER IN THE CENTRAL CAUCASUS DURING WINTER BETWEEN AND SUMMER FLOOD." Chronos 6, no. 5(55) (May 13, 2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-55-5-7.
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Based on long-term observations, the assessment of the pollution of the rivers of the Central Caucasus was carried out by comparing the calculated coefficients of the complexity of pollution and the specific combinatorial index of pollution of surface waters, and the quality classes were determined. The results of chemical analysis of the concentration levels of trace impurities (Mo, Pb, Zn, V, Ni, Cr, Mn, Ag) and inorganic nitrogen compounds (NO2 -, NO3 — and NH4 +) in the waters of 13 rivers in two permanent sections of each watercourse were used. The results of calculating the indicators of pollution in the waters of rivers of winter low water and summer high water are presented. The most polluted watercourses and the frequency of pollution in each river are identified, estimated by the values of the specific combinatorial index of water pollution, the coefficient of complexity of pollution, and the class of water quality is presented. The assessment of the most polluted water bodies during the winter low-water period and summer flood is given according to the classification of water quality. According to long-term observations, the features of watercourses and their differences in terms of pollution are presented.
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Crabtree, R. W., P. Dempsey, I. T. Clifforde, S. Quinn, B. Henderson, and A. Wilson. "Integrated modelling of urban watercourses." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water and Maritime Engineering 156, no. 3 (September 2003): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wame.2003.156.3.265.
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Kistemann, T., T. Claßen, C. Koch, F. Dangendorf, R. Fischeder, J. Gebel, V. Vacata, and M. Exner. "Microbial Load of Drinking Water Reservoir Tributaries during Extreme Rainfall and Runoff." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 5 (May 2002): 2188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.5.2188-2197.2002.
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ABSTRACT Hygienic and microbiological examinations of watercourses are usually not carried out during heavy rainfall and runoff events. After rainfall or snowmelt, there are often massive increases in turbidity in flooding creeks in mountain ranges, which are frequently interpreted as an indication of microbial contamination. The aim of this study was to quantify the microbial loads of watercourses during such runoff events and to compare these loads with loads occurring during regular conditions. In a 14-month monitoring period we investigated the microbial loads of three tributaries of different drinking water reservoirs. A total of 99 water samples were taken under different runoff conditions and analyzed to determine physical, chemical, bacterial, and parasitic parameters. Thirty-two water samples were considered event samples during nine measuring series. The criteria for events, based on duration and intensity of precipitation, water depth gauge measurements, and dynamics, had been fixed before the investigation for each creek individually. Of the physical and chemical parameters examined, only the turbidity, pH, and nitrate values differed clearly from the values obtained for regular samples. Most of the bacteriological parameters investigated (colony, Escherichia coli, coliform, fecal streptococcal, and Clostridium perfringens counts) increased considerably during extreme runoff events. If relevant sources of parasitic contamination occurred in catchment areas, the concentrations of Giardia and Cryptosporidium rose significantly during events. The results show that substantial shares of the total microbial loads in watercourses and in drinking water reservoirs result from rainfall and extreme runoff events. Consequently, regular samples are considered inadequate for representing the microbial contamination of watercourse systems. The procedures for raw water surveillance in the context of multiple-barrier protection and risk assessment ought to include sampling during extreme runoff situations.
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Salman, Salman M. A. "Notification concerning Planned Measures on Shared Watercourses." Brill Research Perspectives in International Water Law 4, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 1–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23529369-12340014.
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AbstractNotification of co-riparian states of planned measures on shared watercourses has been widely accepted as an established principle of international water law, and is codified and elaborated in the United Nations Watercourses Convention. However, despite this wide acceptance, issues have arisen in operationalizing notification, and in dealing with the different types of responses that may ensue following notification. The World Bank has been financing projects on international watercourses since its inception in the late 1940s, and has built an extensive wealth of policies and experience in this field. This monograph discusses the historical and legal foundations of notification under international law, analyses the policies and implementation experience of the World Bank thereon, and identifies comparators and synergies between the provisions of the Watercourses Convention and the Bank policies and practice.
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Lampartová, Ivana, Kateřina Blažková, and Kristina Somerlíková. "Public Awareness of the Relation between Nature-friendly Watercourse Modifications and Recreation in Cities." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 4 (2016): 1337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664041337.
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The aim of the article is to present the results of a method of public preferences – a questionnaire survey finding an awareness of the relation between the modifications of watercourses and recreation in urban environment. The aquatic ecosystem and the water itself in a landscape are regarded by citizens as a mere source of energy, food, and water used for industry or as a means of transport. However, water elements along with the flora and fauna belonging to this living ecosystem provide a plethora of opportunities for a development of e.g. recreation, tourism, even an entire region. The questionnaire method used has been applied in selected cities in the Czech Republic, e.g. in Frýdek‑Místek, Olomouc, Vlašim, Benátky nad Jizerou and others. The criterion for selecting the cities has mostly been the construction of nature-friendly modifications to watercourse while seeking to increase the recreational potential of the area. The outcome of this article is to present the original results of the public survey which have subsequently served for a further processing of drafts and measures for recreational potential in the selected locations. The most important finding of this research was the minimum level of selected site citizens’ awareness of revitalization and flood modifications, projects that were realized on watercourses in the cities.
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Zhong, Yong, Fuqiang Tian, Heping Hu, David Grey, and Michael Gilmont. "Rivers and reciprocity: perceptions and policy on international watercourses." Water Policy 18, no. 4 (February 29, 2016): 803–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.229.
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The paper analyses geopolitical dimensions of the 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) using quantitative data on transboundary flows and qualitative data on basin State location within a watercourse. The UNWC has had a long and difficult history. A tendency for downstream support for, and upstream ambivalence/opposition to, the UNWC is identified. It appears not widely recognized that adverse effects can be caused by any State on other States, regardless of their upstream or downstream location. Thus downstream States consider that their actions cannot harm upstream States, and upstream States consider that the UNWC provides them with greater obligations than downstream States. Clarification of the UNWC with the principle of reciprocal obligations on all States, both upstream and downstream, will remove any ambiguity, correct misperceptions, have clear policy implications for all States, promote UNWC engagement of upstream States, and contribute to long-term global water security.
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Simperler, Lena, Martina Glanzer, Thomas Ertl, and Florian Kretschmer. "Identification and Pre-Assessment of Former Watercourses to Support Urban Stormwater Management." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 5660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145660.
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The application of blue and green infrastructure in urban stormwater management has attracted increasing interest in recent years. At the same time, one can observe a heavy modification of urban watercourses by land reclamation measures aiming at canalizing, straightening, and draining existing water systems at many places around the world. In the context of sustainable urban development, the question arises, whether the reactivation of former watercourses could be an additional option to support urban stormwater management. This article introduces a process to identify former watercourses and to pre-assess their suitability to support urban stormwater management considering different hydraulic functionalities and stormwater related criteria. To prove the practicability of the approach, it was applied in a case study. Our investigations revealed that the reactivation of former watercourses can provide additional opportunities towards more nature-based and sustainable stormwater management in the urban fabric.
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Trifonova, T. A., S. M. Chesnokova, and O. V. Savelev. "Assessment of Pollution of a Small Watercourse with Ammonium Nitrogen." Ecology and Industry of Russia 25, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2021-3-46-52.
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The results of the study of the ecological condition of small watercourse in the areas of influence of various mainly organic, agricultural sources of pollution are presented. In terms of contamination with organic matter and compounds of biogenic elements, the watercourse belongs to the category "very dirty" and hypertrophied. Ammonium ions are shown to be a priority pollutant of the watercourse. Biotesting and laboratory modeling methods have studied their effect on Daphnia magna Sr. hydrobiont filters on the mortality of the daily young with 96 hours of cultivation. It has been established that nitrifying bacteria have a wide range of tolerance to ammonium nitrogen. The optimal concentration for their life is the concentration of NNH4+ and 3.2 mg/dm3. Ammonium nitrogen is toxic to Daphnia magna Sr. freshwater rhacies at a concentration of more than 4 MPC (1.6 mg/dm3). It is noted that the system of environmental control of small rivers should be revised towards tightening, since it is the small watercourses that serve as the numerous primary contaminants of large river basins.
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Kristianova, Katarina, Katarina Gecova, and Eva Putrova. "WATERCOURSE AS CULTURAL HERITAGE IN CONTEMPORARY URBANISM: Preservation approaches from Košice and Prešov in Slovakia." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 9, no. 1 (March 18, 2015): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v9i1.522.
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We examine the current architectural and urban planning approaches towards preservation and regeneration of historical and cultural values represented by watercourses in the urban structure of the city. Using the examples of two Slovak cities Košice and Prešov, the paper highlights the need for preservation and conservation of the watercourse corridors in the urban structure, even in the cases without the contemporary presence of water, as they represent significant cultural and historical values. Their preservation in the contemporary urban structure creates a base for the possibility of their future revitalization with the recovery of water, or the possibility of their future use as attractive tourist, pedestrian, bicycle, andgreen corridors with recreational and environmental functions.
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Galoux, Daniel, Frédéric Chérot, Francis Rosillon, and Khadija Sossey-Alaoui. "Contribution to the Macrophytic Typology of Belgian Reference Watercourses." Advances in Botany 2015 (February 19, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/651369.
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The objective of the study is to create a typology of macrophytes for the reference watercourses of the Meuse River catchment basin in Wallonia as a step towards the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive. The 50 sites studied are the object of a physicochemical and environmental characterization followed by a floristic survey (phanerogams, mosses, liverworts, and macroalgae). Six clusters of watercourses with their characteristic species are highlighted by two-way clustering and indicator species. The abundance of phanerogams in some watercourses of the Arden region is not only linked to light intensity but also depends on the degree of slope and the nature of the geological substrate.
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von Schiller, Daniel, Rafael Marcé, Biel Obrador, Lluís Gómez-Gener, Joan Casas-Ruiz, Vicenç Acuña, and Matthias Koschorreck. "Carbon dioxide emissions from dry watercourses." Inland Waters 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5268/iw-4.4.746.
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Schneiders, A., E. Verhaert, G. D. Blust, C. Wils, L. Bervoets, and R. F. Verheyen. "Towards an ecological assessment of watercourses." Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 2, no. 1 (1993): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00043332.
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Bruch, Carl E. "New tools for governing international watercourses." Global Environmental Change 14 (January 2004): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.11.001.
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Rapant, Petr, and Jaromír Kolejka. "Dynamic Pluvial Flash Flooding Hazard Forecast Using Weather Radar Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 2943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13152943.
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Pluvial flash floods are among the most dangerous weather-triggered disasters, usually affecting watersheds smaller than 100 km2, with a short time to peak discharge (from a few minutes to a few hours) after causative rainfall. Several warning systems in the world try to use this time lag to predict the location, extent, intensity, and time of flash flooding. They are based on numerical hydrological models processing data collected by on-ground monitoring networks, weather radars, and precipitation nowcasting. However, there may be areas covered by weather radar data, in which the network of ground-based precipitation stations is not sufficiently developed or does not even exist (e.g., in an area covered by portable weather radar). We developed a method usable for designing an early warning system based on a different philosophy for such a situation. This method uses weather radar data as a 2D signal carrying information on the current precipitation distribution over the monitored area, and data on the watershed and drainage network in the area. The method transforms (concentrates) the 2D signal on precipitation distribution into a 1D signal carrying information on potential runoff distribution along the drainage network. For sections of watercourses where a significant increase in potential runoff can be expected (i.e., a significant increase of the 1D signal strength is detected), a warning against imminent flash floods can be possibly issued. The whole curve of the potential runoff development is not essential for issuing the alarm, but only the significant leading edge of the 1D signal is important. The advantage of this procedure is that results are obtained quickly and independent of any on-ground monitoring system; the disadvantage is that it does not provide the exact time of the onset of a flash flooding or its extent and intensity. The generated alert only warns that there is a higher flash flooding hazard in a specific section of the watercourse in the coming hours. The forecast is presented as a dynamic map of the flash flooding hazard distribution along the segments of watercourses. Relaying this hazard to segments of watercourses permits a substantial reduction in false alarms issued to not-endangered municipalities, which lie in safe areas far away from the watercourses. The method was tested at the local level (pluvial flash floods in two small regions of the Czech Republic) and the national level for rainfall episodes covering large areas in the Czech Republic. The conclusion was that the method is applicable at both levels. The results were compared mainly with data related to the Fire and Rescue Service interventions during floods. Finally, the increase in the reliability of hazard prediction using the information on soil saturation is demonstrated. The method is applicable in any region covered by a weather radar (e.g., a portable one), even if there are undeveloped networks of rain and hydrometric gauge stations. Further improvement could be achieved by processing more extended time series and using computational intelligence methods for classifying the degree of flash flooding hazard on individual sections of the watercourse network.
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Stammler, Katie L., Robert L. McLaughlin, and Nicholas E. Mandrak. "Streams modified for drainage provide fish habitat in agricultural areas." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 509–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-183.
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Open agricultural drains (ditches) provide necessary drainage for cropland and may also provide habitat supporting native fish assemblages. We tested whether warm-water drains in southwestern Ontario provide fish habitat similar to that of reference watercourses not subjected to drain maintenance. Features of fish assemblages and habitats were characterized using standardized protocols in 24 pairs of drains and reference watercourses. Drains and reference watercourses did not differ significantly in fish species richness, evenness, abundance, biomass, species composition, life stages, or nine of 13 physical habitat attributes expected to be altered by drain maintenance. These findings do not support concerns that drain maintenance has strong, lasting effects on fish assemblages and physical habitat features. Other landscape-level agricultural impacts may affect both drains and reference watercourses but were not examined in this study. We recommend that drains continue to be recognized as fish habitat under the Canadian Fisheries Act and that drain and fish habitat managers strive for logical, scientifically defensible drain maintenance practices that preserve fish biodiversity and habitat, while considering the needs of agriculture.
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Astashin, A. E., S. N. Piyashova, O. E. Vatina, M. M. Badin, and O. N. Pashkin. "Dynamics of the length of the channel network of elementary watercourses in the Upper Volga basin in the 21st century (on the example of the catchment basin of the Logovezh river)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1010, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1010/1/012016.
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Abstract The article contains the results of researching of the dynamics of the length of the channel network of elementary watercourses within the territory of the catchment basin of the Logovezh river in the XXI century. The researched territory is located in the Upper Volga basin in the zone of mixed coniferous-deciduous forests and characterized by high forest cover and swampiness. The research is based on the materials of the expedition work, carried out in the summer of 2021, the data of thematic maps and literary sources, processed using GIS. As a result of field researchs, the current position of the sources of elementary watercourses has been established, the indicator of the change in the length of their channels in the XXI century has been calculated. The fact of both increasing and reducing the length of the channel network of elementary watercourses with the predominance of their reduction processes has been established. Against the background of the restoration of the landscapes of the researched territory, there is a partial increase in the length of the channel network of elementary watercourses.
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Fitzmaurice, Malgosia. "The Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses ' The International Law Commission Completes its Draft." Leiden Journal of International Law 8, no. 2 (1995): 361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215650000337x.
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The purpose of the present study is to briefly introduce the final (1994) Draft Articles of the International Law Commission (hereinafter ILC) on The Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (hereinafter Draft Articles or 1994 Draft) and to analyse some of the more important and interesting provisions. It is not the intention to discuss basic theories relating to the management of international watercourses, on which numerous studies are already available. Nevertheless, the Draft Articles incorporate two fundamental principles of the law relating to watercourses, viz. the principle of equitable utilization and the no-harm rule, which will be treated at rather greater length because of their importance as well as certain ambiguities in the Draft Articles relating to them.
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Henderson, L. "Invasive alien woody plants of the eastern Cape." Bothalia 22, no. 1 (October 14, 1992): 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v22i1.830.
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The frequency and abundance of invasive alien woody plants were recorded along roadsides and at watercourse crossings in 69.9% (151/216) of the quarter degree squares in the study area. The survey yielded 101 species of which the most prominent (in order of prominence) in roadside and veld habitats were: Opuntia ficus-indica, Acacia meamsii and A. cyclops. The most prominent species (in order of prominence) in streambank habitats were: A. meamsii, Populus x canescens, Salix babylonica and S. fragilis (fide R.D. Meikle).The greatest intensity of invasion was recorded in the wetter eastern parts and particularly in the vicinity of Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage, East London, Grahamstown, Hogsback and Stutterheim. There was relatively little invasion in the central and western dry interior except along watercourses.
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Jesus, Janisson Batista de, and Bruno Barros de Souza. "METHODOLOGY FOR AUTOMATICALLY DELIMITING PERMANENT PRESERVATION AREAS ALONG WATER COURSES - THE USE OF GIS IN THE HYDROLOGICAL BASIN OF THE SERGIPE RIVER, BRAZIL." Revista Árvore 40, no. 2 (April 2016): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622016000200005.
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ABSTRACT Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) along watercourses have been the focus of numerous studies, not only because of the fragility and ecological relevance of riverine vegetation, but also because of the inefficiency demonstrated in conforming to the legislation protecting it. One of the major difficulties encountered in terms of guaranteeing the effective conservation of these riverside areas is the absence of methodologies that can be used to define them rapidly and accurately without manually determining the widths of the rivers or assigning only uniform linear values for the entire watercourse. The present work sought to develop a spatial analysis methodology capable of automatically defining permanent preservation areas along watercourses using geographic information system (GIS) software. The present study was undertaken in the Sergipe River basin, "considering the river itself and its principal affluents. We used the database of the Digital Atlas of Hydrological Resources (SEMARH/SE), and the delimitations of the PPAs were performed using ArcGIS 10.1 and the XToolPro 9.0 extension. A total of 5,003.82 hectares of Permanent Preservation Areas were delimited along the margins of the rivers analyzed, with a margin of error of <1% in delimiting the widths of the rivers within the entire area considered. The methodology described here can be used to define PPAs efficiently, relatively rapidly, and with very small margins of error, thus representing a technological advance in terms of using GIS for land management.
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Kräuchi, Norbert, and Martin Tschannen. "Ja zur Gewässerrevitalisierung – (k)eine Frage der Fruchtfolgeflächenverluste (Essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 166, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2015.0213.
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Yes to revitalisation of watercourses: (not) a question of loss of arable land (essay) Because of the reduced availability of soil resources, projects for flood control, renaturation or revitalisation of watercourses have been opposed on the grounds of their excessive consumption of land in general, and arable land in particular. By the way of the Water Protection Act, which has been revised and came into force in 2011, the Confederation obliges the cantons to prepare strategic plans for revitalisation of watercourses. In the Canton of Aargau, it is planned to revitalise 152 km of watercourses between 2015 and 2035, which will lead to the loss of 32 ha of arable land. This is about 1.5 ha per year, or 6% of the annual loss of arable land, which is about 24 ha per year. Three quarters of this total is lost to settlements. If one only considers losses outside built-up areas, in 2014, more than half was lost to buildings connected to agricultural activity. We can demonstrate, using the Siegfried maps of 1880, that more than 1,000 ha of former marsh and wetland are now arable land. The planned revitalisation of watercourses in Aargau over the next 20 years is equivalent to about 3% of the marsh and wetlands converted over the last 135 years. Revitalisation is compulsory, and the planned obligation to compensate the loss of arable land disregards the true situation: the major consumers of soil resources are settlements and, outside built-up areas, agriculture.
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Gejguš, Mirko, Christine Aschbacher, and Jozef Sablik. "Analysis of Hydropower Potential Utilization of Watercourses in Slovakia." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 25, no. 41 (September 26, 2017): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rput-2017-0018.
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Abstract This article analyzes the hydropower potential of watercourses in Slovakia, defining water as the most promising and most used renewable energy source. The hydro-energetic potential as a source of energy is determined by the calculation of the technically feasible potential of the watercourses, which is divided into exploited and unused. It also identifies the potential of utilizing the unused technical hydro-energetic potential.
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Bukhari, Z., H. V. Smith, N. Sykes, S. W. Humphreys, C. A. Paton, R. W. A. Girdwood, and C. R. Fricker. "Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp oocysts and Giardia spp cysts in sewage influents and effluents from treatment plants in England." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0764.
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Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis can cause severe diarrhoea in infected individuals and their transmissive stages, oocysts and cysts, are voided in large numbers with the faeces of infected hosts. Contaminated sewage effluents are recognised as a potential source of waterborne (oo)cysts. In this investigation methods optimised for the recovery of both from a range of wastewaters were used to determine the occurrence of these organisms in influents, effluents and sludges from seven sewage treatment works in England. The data indicated the presence of small numbers of oocysts both in sewage influent and effluent samples whereas cysts were detected more frequently and at higher concentrations in both influents and effluents. Whilst sludge samples from 1/5 sites contained oocysts, cysts were detected from all five sites. These investigations indicate that discharge of sewage effluents into a watercourse, which may be used for potable water abstraction, can contaminate that watercourse with potentially infectious oocysts. In addition, the application of sludge to land can be responsible for contaminating watercourses with (oo)cysts following run-off or leaching.
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Chalfen, Mieczysław, Beata Głuchowska, and Leszek Pływaczyk. "Assessment of the impact of the Odra river water levels on groundwater levels in Rzeczyca region." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 34, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgm021201.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Groundwater table levels in a river valley depend, among other factors, on meteorological and hydrogeological conditions, land use and water levels in watercourses. The primary role of a watercourse is to collect surface and groundwater, and it becomes an infiltrating watercourse at high water levels. Changes in groundwater levels and the range of these changes depend chiefly on the shape, height and duration of the flood wave in the river channel. The assessment of flood wave impact on groundwater was based on long-term measurements of groundwater levels in the Odra valley and observations of water levels in the river channel. Simulations were performed with the use of in-house software FIZ (Filtracja i Zanieczyszczenia; Filtration and Contamination), designed for modelling unsteady water flows within a fully saturated zone. A two-dimensional model with two spatial variables was employed. The process of groundwater flow through a porous medium, non-homogeneous in terms of water permeability, was described with Boussinesq equation. The equation was solved with the use of finite element method. The model was applied to assess groundwater level fluctuations in the Odra valley in the context of actual flood waves on the river. Variations in groundwater table in the valley were analysed in relation to selected actual flood water levels in the Odra in 2001-2003 and 2010. The period from 2001 to 2003 was used to verify the model. A satisfactory agreement between the calculated and the measured values was obtained. Based on simulation calculations, it was proved that flood waves observed in 2010 caused a rise in groundwater table levels in a belt of approximately 1000 metres from the watercourses. It was calculated that at the end of hydrological year 2009/2010, the highest growths, of up to 0.80 m, were observed on piezometers located close to the Odra river channel. The passage of several flood waves on the Odra caused an increase of subsurface retention by 3.0% compared to the initial state.
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Markowska, Joanna, Jacek Markowski, and Andrzej Drabiński. "Application of HEC-RAS model for estimating changes in watercourse geometry during floods." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 34, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgm021206.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Groundwater table levels in a river valley depend, among other factors, on meteorological and hydrogeological conditions, land use and water levels in watercourses. The primary role of a watercourse is to collect surface and groundwater, and it becomes an infiltrating watercourse at high water levels. Changes in groundwater levels and the range of these changes depend chiefly on the shape, height and duration of the flood wave in the river channel. The assessment of flood wave impact on groundwater was based on long-term measurements of groundwater levels in the Odra valley and observations of water levels in the river channel. Simulations were performed with the use of in-house software FIZ (Filtracja i Zanieczyszczenia; Filtration and Contamination), designed for modelling unsteady water flows within a fully saturated zone. A two-dimensional model with two spatial variables was employed. The process of groundwater flow through a porous medium, non-homogeneous in terms of water permeability, was described with Boussinesq equation. The equation was solved with the use of finite element method. The model was applied to assess groundwater level fluctuations in the Odra valley in the context of actual flood waves on the river. Variations in groundwater table in the valley were analysed in relation to selected actual flood water levels in the Odra in 2001-2003 and 2010. The period from 2001 to 2003 was used to verify the model. A satisfactory agreement between the calculated and the measured values was obtained. Based on simulation calculations, it was proved that flood waves observed in 2010 caused a rise in groundwater table levels in a belt of approximately 1000 metres from the watercourses. It was calculated that at the end of hydrological year 2009/2010, the highest growths, of up to 0.80 m, were observed on piezometers located close to the Odra river channel. The passage of several flood waves on the Odra caused an increase of subsurface retention by 3.0% compared to the initial state.