Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Waterbird management'

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on September 13, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Rice not collected by harvesters and natural seeds are important foods for waterfowl. Estimation of abundance of these seeds is necessary for calculating waterfowl habitat conservation needs in the Louisiana Chenier Plain (LCP) and Texas Mid-Coast (TMC). My objectives were to quantify dry mass of rice and other seeds from August-November 2010, and estimate waterbird abundances on farmed and idle ricelands in these regions from December 2010-March 2011. Rice abundance in farmed ricelands ranged from 159.7 kg/ha (CV = 66.6%) to 1,014.0 kg/ha (CV = 8.3%). Natural seed abundance in idle ricelands ranged from 99.7 kg/ha (CV = 32.9%) to 957.4 kg/ha (CV = 17.2%). Greatest waterbird densities occurred in shallowly flooded disked ricelands (mean = 7.35 waterbirds/ha, 90%; CI = 2.37-19.70). Ratoon, disked, and shallowly flooded ricelands are important habitat for non-breeding waterbirds but variable estimates of seed and waterbird abundances warrant continuation of this study.

Thesis (MPH.) --University of Limpopo, 2015
BACKGROUND: There were perceptions that doctors as Medical Superintendents were unable to provide proper financial management of hospitals, thus administrators were appointed to manage hospitals irrespective of qualifications. The aim of the study was to determine how public hospitals are managed in Waterberg district (Limpopo province). METHOD: A cross sectional survey was conducted among 27 hospital managers in the Department of Health Limpopo province, in Waterberg district hospitals. A self -administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0, where both descriptive and inferential analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Of the 27 managers, 59.3% were females 40.7% compared to males. 96.3% of managers reported that they did not correctly implement PMDS and polices on RWOP were not applied. There was no statistical difference in management styles, according to gender (p>.05) and managers had a fair working relationship among themselves. CONCLUSION: According to the study, there is a great need to train hospital managers in management skills and other related policies, and giving them support in terms of resources such as: staffing especially health professionals, financial and working resources.

Thesis ( MPA.) --University of Limpopo, 2015
The aim of the study is to evaluate the implementation of the strategic planning and management in Waterberg District municipalities and to identify any constraints that might be affecting the implementation of strategic planning and management which is the basis for poor service delivery, which in turn, causes service delivery protests by members of the public against municipalities, and in order to provide policy recommendations. Therefore, the approach to the research is qualitative because the study solicited for views and opinions of respondents, in this case, public officials, politicians and members of the public. The secondary data aspect included the reviewing of documents of different municipalities in terms of planning and their own management styles. The quantitative approach is also applied in this study to validate the municipal performance score cards which is a content analysis. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. The findings reflected the key issues with regard to the impact of the implementation of strategic planning and management in municipalities in the Waterberg district Limpopo Province. The study revealed appropriate opportunities for possible interventions to improve the implementation of strategic planning and management. The general conclusion as revealed by the study is that the municipal strategic plans are not successfully implemented and not properly managed. The audit opinions awarded to the municipalities bear reference to the matter. The study provided recommendations for municipalities to improve on the implementation of strategic planning and management. For instance, strategic plans need to be aligned with other municipal plans and the plans of other government spheres, namely, the provincial and national spheres of government; it is imperative that skilled personnel be appointed, the staff and councillors of a municipality must be trained and retained in order to ensure a high level of service provision; municipal capacity building should be a core element of a broader performance management strategy and all stakeholders of the municipalities should be capacitated and trained in terms of policy formulation so that they understand what is expected of them in terms of policy analysis, formulation and policy evaluation

No evaluations of plant and wildlife communities in Wetlands Reserve Program wetlands have been conducted in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Therefore, I evaluated active and passive moist-soil management (MTYPE) and early and late draw-down on plant communities, waterbird use, and water quality on 18 WRP lands, Mississippi, 2007-2009. Active-early sites had greater waterfowl Vegetative Forage Quality (VFQI), percentage occurrence of grass, plant diversity, and structural composition than passively managed sites (P < 0.10). I modeled variation in densities of wintering waterbirds; the best model included VFQI*MTYPE and decreased % woody vegetation (w_i ≥ 0.79). Additionally, waterbird densities varied positively with active-late management (R² ≤ 0.27), as did duck species richness with flooded area (R² = 0.66). I compared water quality parameters among managed wetlands and drainage ditches but did not detect differences due to variability. Therefore, wetland restoration on WRP lands should focus on active management and maximizing wetland area.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Curriculum Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016
The main purpose of this research study is to investigate and analyse the role of the Principal towards effective educational leadership in selected Secondary schools in Waterberg Education District. The effectiveness of the educational leadership depends on the educational managers’ personal backgrounds, con-duciveness of the school climates, positive learning school cultures, availability of resources in the classrooms, utilisation of learner-teacher support material (LTSM), effective organisation of educational excursions, and other related issues. Principals, by virtue of their positions need to be empowered so as to coordinate activities and provide resources that can be used to enhance effect-tive educational leadership. The most important aspect pertaining to effective educational leadership in schools, is that it must be managed properly. This actually implies that correct and relevant resources should be provided to reinforce the quality of effective educational leadership. The primary study revealed that effective educational leadership cannot be achieved by school Principals in isolation, but through the School Management Team as a whole. Due to the nature of the study, the researcher has employed phenomenology, stratified random sampling and qualitative research design to achieve the in-tended goal of the research project. The researcher has also used case studies and interview research instruments to collect relevant data from twenty (20) SMT members in area of the study. The data collected through case studies and interviews was analysed by coding derived from audio tape recorder. Descriptive analysis was used to analyse the data whose findings were based on to make conclusions and recommendations. The results indicated that the role of the Principal contributes significantly to the quality of effective educational leadership. The results also showed that there is a need for continued support from the members of the School Management Teams. The need for support from the parents, SGBs and government in terms of resources, is vital. The abovementioned support, can also assist the Principals to make a positive impact on effective educational leadership. The researcher believes that, if the findings and the recommendations from the study can be applied properly, they can add value to the educational practice in Waterberg District in particular and Limpopo Province as a whole.

This report describes the development and application of a spreadsheet -based model of the water budget and water management systems of the Upper San Pedro River Basin in southeastern Arizona. The model has been given the name, WATERBUD.

Spreadsheet programming is used to model the water budget and water management systems of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, Arizona, to examine how hydrologic, demographic, climatic, and economic conditions affect this budget; and how water management policies may affect the budget over the next twenty years. The model represents relationships among urban and rural population and median incomes; urban and rural domestic water consumption; agricultural and industrial consumption; domestic, agricultural, and industrial return flows; phreatophyte and other evapotranspiration losses; natural surface and ground-water recharges and discharges; head-dependent flow between a floodplain aquifer and the river; head-dependent flow between a regional aquifer and the floodplain aquifer; and changes in aquifer storage. Applications indicate that stringent conservation measures and reductions in irrigation are necessary to significantly reduce ongoing losses to storage in both aquifers, which also threaten river discharges and the viability of riparian habitat in the basin.

碩士
國立東華大學
環境政策研究所
90
Abstract Before the 1970s, the central government took a long-term centralization of governance. In the beginning, the implemental of the project of conservation, invariably to insist on strictly protect the use of natural resources. There wasn’t any mechanism of public participation to follow. A gap between the ideality and the reality, make hostility between the public and government. It has gradually emphasized to take the natural conservation connection with locality, and carried out the natural conservation project together. The decentralization of government’s natural conservation power to other locality level is the realization of decentralization institution we used in natural conservation aspect. Taiwan has been influenced with other countries in the later 1980s. After Wildlife Conservation Law has amended in 1994, the mechanism of public participation has been practicable under law. After many years, some natural protected refuges can’t work on because implemental difficulties and conceptual differences. This study is based on the theory of decentralization of natural conservations. The study methods are (1) Documents analysis method. (2) Interview. (3) Inquire. And I-Land Country Wuwei Harbor Waterbird Refuge is the case study. The analytic objects are (1) the management of Government. (2) Functions of NGOs’. (3) Functions of Community and situations of development. To seek for jointly natural conservation manner between the government and the public.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
生態學與演化生物學研究所
94
My objectives were to evaluate different fish farm management strategies effecting waterbird composition, and provide management recommendation for Sitsao Wildlife Refuge in Tainan reference to the surrounding fish farms. A long-term (January 2004-February 2006) and short-term data (September 2005-February 2006) were obtained. Results indicated that shallow-water fish farms have the highest richness, evenness and diversity; deep-water fish farms have the highest beta turnover. Deep-water and abandoned fish farms preferable habitats for egret, rail and ducks, while shallow-water fish farm and refuge are major habitats for shorebirds. And the operation tactics of shallow-water fish farms seems to provide suitable habitat for shorebirds just in time. According to the surrounding habitat condition and future trends, refuge should set shorebird as the first conservation priority and provide habitat with wetter soil, higher salinity, and lesser vegetation coverage.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
生態學與演化生物學研究所
93
Habitat management is a way to slow down terrestrialisation in wetlands and variation of avian diversity and distribution can be the index to estimate results of habitat management. Hypotheses tests here are (1) habitat improving project (HIP) will increase the abundance and richness of birds; (2) responses of guilds to HIP will differ; (3) spatiotemporal distribution of water birds will affected by HIP. Study area is in Guandu Nature Park and datum collected by Wild Bird Society of Taipei (1998-April 2005) and the author (February 2004-April 2005). Aerial photographs at the same time are used to determine the change of landscape. The results show that the increase of richness of birds is significant and the responses of guilds to HIP are different. Variations of abundance and richness of waterbirds from February 2004 to April 2005 are mainly influenced by seasons and may also be affected by HIP. Distribution of waterbirds changes after HIP, but effects of distributions of guilds to HIP are different. Time lag, carrying capacity, human and dog disturbance could be the factors that affect the responses of waterbirds to HIP.

Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) and double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) nest in large colonies on East Sand Island in the Columbia River estuary, the largest known colonies for the two species in the world. Both species of piscivorous colonial waterbirds have been identified as predators with a significant impact on the survival of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. To better understand and address issues related to seabird-fisheries interactions in the Columbia River estuary, I conducted studies related to the ecology, conservation, and management of these two species of piscivorous waterbirds. I evaluated the demographics and inter-colony movements of Caspian terns belonging to the Pacific Coast metapopulation, with special emphasis on two breeding colonies, one on East Sand Island in the Columbia River estuary and the other on Crescent Island in the mid-Columbia River, based on re-sightings of color-banded individuals. Apparent annual adult survival at both colonies was high, and age at first reproduction was greater than previously reported for the species. Colony site philopatry of breeding adults at both colonies was high; however, some individuals prospected for breeding colonies over much of the Pacific Coast region and moved to other colonies over distances of up to 3,000 km. Some terns from the large colony in the Columbia River estuary responded quickly to the availability of new colony sites as distant as 550 km from the estuary, and established successful breeding colonies within less than a year of the new sites becoming available. The Caspian tern colony on East Sand Island appears to be an important source colony for a number of smaller, less productive colonies distributed over an extensive area from the Salton Sea, California to the Copper River Delta, Alaska, an area with limited and ephemeral nesting opportunities. Environmental contaminants have been a conservation concern for wildlife in the Columbia River estuary, especially species that consume fish and are therefore likely to bioaccumulate persistent organic pollutants. I measured and compared levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in eggs and chicks of Caspian terns and doublecrested cormorants, as well as their primary prey fish types, at colonies on East Sand Island and farther up-river. Based on differences in tern and cormorant diet composition at the various study colonies, higher PCB levels in eggs and chicks were associated with diets dominated by resident freshwater and estuarine fishes. PCB levels in prey fish were positively correlated with lipid content; however, PCB levels in the livers of chicks were negatively correlated with chick fat scores, suggesting that chick fat reserves are a sink for ingested PCBs. Lower PCB levels in terns and cormorants from East Sand Island compared to colonies farther up-river reflected diets with a higher proportion of marine forage fishes at East Sand Island; marine forage fishes had lower average levels of PCBs than their resident freshwater and estuarine counterparts. In order to explore non-destructive techniques for managing nesting colonies of double-crested cormorants, I evaluated habitat enhancement and social attraction, two techniques that have proven effective for relocating Caspian tern colonies to sites where impacts on fish stocks of conservation concern would be minimal. Cormorants were attracted to nest and successfully raised young at test plots on East Sand Island and on islands in the estuary with a previous history of cormorant nesting or unsuccessful nesting attempts. On an island with no history of cormorant nesting or prospecting, however, no cormorants were attracted to nest. My results suggest that attraction of nesting cormorants using these techniques is dependent on the previous history of cormorant nesting or nesting attempts, the frequency and intensity of disturbance by potential predators, and the presence of breeding cormorants nearby. While habitat enhancement and social attraction have potential as methods for redistributing nesting cormorants away from areas where fish stocks of concern are highly susceptible to predation, successful establishment of new colonies using these techniques will likely require a focus on sites with a history of cormorant nesting. Findings from this dissertation raise some concerns over the management of Caspian tern and double-crested cormorant colonies on East Sand Island in order to redistribute parts of these colonies to alternative sites and mitigate the impact of those piscivorous colonial waterbirds on ESA-listed salmonids. East Sand Island has supported source colonies of piscivorous colonial waterbirds for many smaller colonies throughout the region and is close to an abundant and relatively uncontaminated food supply. Also, alternative colony sites that can substitute for East Sand Island are not readily apparent, especially for double-crested cormorants. Therefore, management of Caspian tern and double-crested cormorant colonies on East Sand Island to benefit Columbia Basin salmonids needs to proceed cautiously and reversibly because of the implications for the region-wide populations of these piscivorous colonial waterbirds.
Graduation date: 2012

碩士
東海大學
環境科學系
90
Very high propotion of the coastal zone reclaimed for industrial use in western Taiwan. Changhua coastal industrial park is the second large one and is 3,643 ha in area. About 90% of the area were not in use and became suitable habitat for waterbirds roosting in winter and breeding in summer. The breeding population of Little Tern and Kentish Plover in Changhua coastal industrial park are the biggest colonies in Taiwan, and Painted Snipe, Oriental Pratincole and Little Tern were listed as Category 2 species. I studied the breeding habitat selection of the ground-nesting waterbirds in Changhua coastal industrial park and try to find out factors that may cause breeding failure and provide suggestions for future management. I found 33 Little Tern nests, 4 Kentish Plover nests and 2 Oriental Pratincole nests in a 13.21 ha area in Lungwei in 1998 and 117 Kentish Plover nests, 1 Oriental Pratincole nest in 8 sites, total area 22.74 ha, in Shengshi. Breeding Black-necked Stilts and Painted Snipes were also found in study area. Kentish Plovers and Little Terns prefer nesting on the gravel substrate habitat form after land fill of Changhua coastal induatrial park. Little Tern nests were significantly closer to nearest road and nearest nesting terns than random points. Kentish Plover nest sites showed no difference in distance to nearest road, distance to nearest vegetation line and distance to nearest plover nest with random points. The hatching success of 1998 is very low, only 25% of Little Tern nests and 50% of Kentish Plover nest hatched, but the success of 1999 is very high, 89.09% of Kentish Plover nests hatched. The artificial nests set in May 1999 estimated 25.75% hatching success of Little Tern and 19.38% of Kentish Plover. Flooding cause by the heavy rain during spring and summer is the main reason for nest failure. 26 nests in 1998 and 6 Kentish Plover nests and 10 artificial nests in 1999 were flooded. Clutch predation rate was low. Only 2 Kentish Plover nests and 9 artificial nests in 1999 were predated, mainly by dogs. Garbage dumping and researcher activities attracted dog into breeding sites are the only human disturbance recorded. The gravel habitat in Changhua coastal industrial park are suitable breeding habitat for ground-nesting waterbirds. The industrial park development and the increase of vegetation cover are the main factors cause breeding habitat loss, and flooding is the main factors cause breeding failure. To protect the waterbirds breeding colony, a 26 ha reserve area should be designated in Shangshi West-2 area and protected by law.

Five lions were reintroduced to the Welgevonden Private Game Reserve in 1998. These lions were studied to increase the limited knowledge of the ecology of reintroduced lions on small wildlife reserves, and to provide baseline data to the reserve management from which to develop management decisions. In the past, reintroduction attempts of felids have often failed because the animals failed to establish ranges in the new environment. During the current study, homing behaviour and range establishment of the reintroduced lions were studied and used as an indication of the success of the reintroduction attempt. The ease with which lions on Welgevonden established ranges indicated that they did not experience problems with adapting to their new environment The population dynamics of the reintroduced lion population were investigated. The population grew rapidly due to early breeding and short inter-litter intervals. The collected data were used to model the lion population using VORTEX population modelling software. Various potential management strategies to reduce the population growth were also modelled and discussed. The feeding ecology and predation patterns of the reintroduced lions• were investigated to give an indication of the predator-prey relationships on Welgevonden. These data were used in a model that investigated the effect of lion predation on the various prey populations of Welgevonden. The model was also used to test the influence of other factors on the prey populations, as well as the number of killing lions that can be supported by the prey population. The study has shown that reintroduction can be used successfully to establish a lion population on a small game reserve, but that certain management actions will increase the chances of success. However, continual monitoring and management will be necessary to ensure the long-term viability of the lion and prey populations. Dissertation (MSc (Wildlife Management))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Centre for Wildlife Management
unrestricted

A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, 2018
The aim of this research was to assess the status of water quality in a selected area of the Waterberg over a twenty-year period and to gain insight into the perceptions of stakeholders about water management. The objectives were met through the comparison of historical water quality variable records for various water uses, by measuring the level of stakeholder commitment in water quality measurement and verifying a relationship between the two approaches. This study focuses on measuring the extent of different stakeholders’ involvement in the management and decision-making processes of water quality in the Waterberg region of Limpopo province, which is encouraged by the formulation of South African policies. The specific area of interest is in the north-western part of the Waterberg. There are three distinct settlements, Lephalale, Marapong and Steenbokpan, located in the Lephalale Local Municipality. Close by are major industrial and mining activities from Eskom’s Matimba and Medupi power stations, and Exxaro’s Grootegeluk Coal Mine. To address the specific research questions and objectives for this study, two approaches were necessary: A quantitative approach that required surface water and groundwater data from 1995 to 2015, to determine the quality of water, and a qualitative approach that comprised of the distribution of 20 questionnaires in the residential areas, and 15/20 successful pre-selected individual interviews, to assess the different levels of stakeholder participation. Each approach presented its own challenges. For example, the water quality data provided were incomplete, which created limitations in the interpretation and during the questionnaire distribution, time constraints and language preferences, though anticipated amongst different social groups, there was difficulty communicating the concept of the study. Also, during the planning phase of selecting interviewees, there was a lack of interest in the study from environmental consultants, who are vital role players in the environmental status of the area. The water quality data indicated that pH levels in the surface water sites have remained steady and are not significantly different from one another. The results from the one groundwater site, reveals that there is a significant difference between the pH levels of surface water and groundwater which is to be expected. The results also suggest that the high concentration of ammonium, phosphate and nitrate midstream in the Mokolo River are related to the waste water being discharged mid-stream into the river via a pipeline. The high concentrations of sodium and potassium in the groundwater site are linked to the interaction time with the surrounding geology and the overall EC levels correspond with the fluxes in sodium in the groundwater site resulting in the significant difference in EC between the surface water and the groundwater sites. No data were available for the midstream site. The questionnaire results indicate that there’s limited stakeholder involvement in water quality management from participants in Steenbokpan and Marapong, which are socio-economically disadvantaged areas, when compared with Lephalale, a more affluent area. In contrast to Lephalale, Marapong and Steenbokpan residents are less educated, have higher unemployment numbers, and have restricted access to water related information, and electricity, water and sanitation services. In the overall area, there is also a 30% unawareness amongst general water users about the topic of water pollution, but again it is mostly from participants in Steenbokpan and Marapong. The interview results signified a higher level of stakeholder involvement in water quality management from individuals in influential positions. This, however, does not mean that water related issues in the area are adequately addressed. Interviewees revealed that there is a lack of funding, skills, infrastructure, manpower and competence. There is also an apparent inequality with regards to water access to informal settlements, farmers and rural villages. Additionally, there is a high level of dependency on Eskom and Exxaro, rather than the local municipality, to provide its water users with proper water services. The dependency on Eskom and Exxaro is largely due to their high level of influential development. Improvements and maintenance on basic service from these structures to the surrounding communities form part of their offset programmes to continue major development in the area. Due to the large difference of the qualitative and quantitative approaches, it was difficult to prove how one supports the other, even though, on its own, both are crucial components in water quality management practices. Even though the water quality data provide more reliable support on the condition of surface- and groundwater in the Waterberg, the social aspect (partially revealed through the subjective view of the general users who completed the questionnaire) is required to determine the community’s relationship with water use and to identify management practices through stakeholders responsible for them.
XL2018

The concept of parental involvement has been viewed as an ideal style of leadership and management for school development purposes. In South Africa’s case, it is an educational policy which is expected to reign in all school management bodies. Many theorists envisaged parental involvement as enhancing active involvement of parents and it has been advocated by many scholars who believe it is the best leadership style in implementing democratic values to education, particularly South African rural education, which is still in a transitional stage. The primary purpose of this research was to investigate the extent to which parents contribute towards education of their children. This study involved transformative case study as a research design at one rural school in Waterberg district in South Africa. This research employed three data collection techniques, namely semi-structured interviews, focus groups and document analysis. When formal education was introduced in South Africa schools it was regarded as exceptional environment for teachers, school administrators and learners. To a large extent, parents and the communities regarded themselves as something outside of the education system. The main findings of this study revealed that there is a lack of joint understanding and shared vision between educators and parents in the School Governing Body. This problem underpins other more symptomatic problems, such as lack of accountability in the matter of school finances, differences in understanding the roles of School Board members and lack of parents’ motivation from the school management. It highlighted some of the challenges that hinder the effective involvement of parents in rural school governance, such as poor educational background among parents. The study has also revealed challenges and consequences of non-parental involvement in school governance. The conclusion that could be drawn from the study is that in schools where parent-community involvement is highly visible, teacher effectiveness is apparent and this contributed significantly to the improvement of learner performance while in schools where parent-community involvement is non-existent or minimal, the result is the opposite.
Educational Leadership and Management
M. Ed. (Education Management)

A founder population of lion (Panthera Leo) was introduced into a 70 km² privately-owned, wildlife reserve in the Waterberg area of South Africa. The lion and prey species' populations were monitored between 2001 and 2004. In this period, 452 kills were recorded at a mean kill rate of one kill every 2.43 days. The lions killed 11 common prey species. Eland, warthog, kudu, wildebeest and zebra comprised 75 % of the lion's diet. The lions consumed an average of 8 % of the available common prey species population per annum. Initially, the mean ungulate population growth rate was 30.9 %, but this rate declined to -0.8 % during the study period. Significantly more animals were killed in open habitats than in closed habitats. The loss in game value for the study period was over one million Rand. A formula was compiled to quantify the cost versus return aspects of introducing lion.
Nature Conservation
M. Tech. (Nature Conservation)

Thesis (M. Ed.) -- University of Limpopo, 2020
Bullying is a major challenge that affects learners in schools world-wide. Negative effects of bullying on learners are physical and psychological including depression, anxiety and school declining performances. Every learner is entitled to a safe school environment without being a victim or a bystander of bullying. Therefore the main objective was to explore strategies that could be implemented to manage bullying in schools. A qualitative approach with a case study was used to provide an understanding of the phenomenon of bullying and how it could be managed. The grade three and six learners of two former model-c schools in Potgietersrus circuit in Limpopo Province were purposively selected as participants with the aim of representing learners in the junior and intermediate phase. Observation, interviews and document analysis were used as data collection methods. The data collected was developed through thematic content data. The results indicated that bullying is receiving increasing attention with appropriate responsiveness and effective management strategies. Additional measures that can help reduce the prevalence of bullying and impact were explored and included bullying intervention strategies, increased playground supervision, behaviour modification strategies, encouraging learners to report bullying incidents and the adoption of School Based Support Team to assist in combating bullying. It is recommended that the department of education, educators and learners can adopt the explored strategies as part of intervention process to combat bullying in the school environment and to ensure that schools are still seen as safe places for all learners

dissertation submitted to the faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 2015.
Global environmental change due to anthropogenic activity results in alterations to the Earth’s biogeochemical cycles. This study focused on nitrogen and sulphur deposition, which results in the acidification of ecosystems. Alterations to these processes will have an effect on the diversity and ecophysiology of the vegetation; moreover, little is known about the long-term impacts on the vegetation structure and composition. Increased development, mining and industrialization, within the Waterberg area, particularly with the construction of the Medupi power station, have resulted in this area coming under study. The impacts of additional air pollution to the vegetation in this area are currently unknown. The aim of this research was to determine whether increased ambient levels of atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur, resulting from the power stations, will impact the structure, functional type and the composition of the vegetation, and the resultant impacts on vegetation structure and growth as a result of the added nitrogen and sulphur to the system and increased acidity. A baseline of quantitative data was needed in order for future comparisons to be made to assess whether biodiversity is changing and at what rate. One part of the study involved the collection of baseline vegetation data along a pre-determined transect in the Waterberg area. A transect was identified which could serve as a vehicle for monitoring changes over time, with areas downwind of the Matimba and Medupi power stations assumed to be more impacted than areas upwind. The two downwind sites and the two sites closest to the power stations were found to have the highest beta diversities, with the two downwind sites having a value of 0.60 and the downwind Landelani site and upwind Withoutpan site having a value of 0.53. The high species variation between these sites may already be an indication of pollution impacts within the area. The downwind site closest to the power stations, Landelani, is particularly vulnerable as it has a high Shannon diversity index, with a value of 2.84, and high tree biomass, 46.64 tonnes/ha, with low tree density, 625 trees per hectare. iii Functional groups are assumed to react similarly under changing environmental conditions. The second part of this research focussed on photosynthetic pathways, by using two C3 woody species and two C4 grasses. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse at the University of the Witwatersrand and showed that both tree and both grass species selected were sensitive to sulphur additions to varying degrees. Additionally Acacia sieberiana was found to be sensitive to nitrogen addition, however Combretum erythrophyllum responded to nitrogen when it was added alone. A positive response to nitrogen was seen in both grass species; however the positive response was negated by the addition of any sulphur in Eragrostis curvula. In Panicum maximum the positive response in growth to nitrogen addition exceeded any negative effects from the sulphur addition. The results of plant growth to increasing soil acidity were different between functional groups and within functional groups. A relationship between the increase in the average above and below ground mass was found to exist with a decrease in soil acidity in Acacia sieberiana (R2 = 0.45). A relationship between an increase in the average above and below ground mass with a decrease in soil acidity in Eragrostis curvula was also seen (R2 = 0.31). Changes to the structure and composition of vegetation in this area will impact land use and the management thereof, impacting land users and owners ability to generate an income and therefore their livelihoods. Changes to vegetation structure and composition will also have a greater overall effect by impacting ecosystem functioning and resilience to future disturbances.

Hybridisation between closely-related species is an ongoing threat to many species that can be exacerbated by anthropogenic practices. The Pacific Black Duck (Anas superciliosa) is a dabbling duck native to the southwest Pacific that is currently under threat of hybridisation with introduced Mallard (A. platyrhynchos). Mallard are known to hybridise with and threaten many other dabbling duck species throughout the world. To evaluate the threat posed by hybridisation with introduced domestic Mallards to the Australian subspecies of the Pacific Black Duck (A. s. rogersi), a set of nine microsatellite markers were selected to genetically differentiate these species and detect hybrids. The use of these microsatellite markers on putative Pacific Black Ducks found that the overall frequency of hybridisation in Australia is currently low (1.5%) and also revealed that the frequency of hybridisation tended to be higher in urban compared to rural Victoria. Behavioural observations suggested that while Mallards are dominant over Pacific Black Ducks, the latter have not been excluded from parks inhabited by Mallards. In contrast to mainland Australia, most birds on Lord Howe Island appear to be Mallards of New Zealand stock descent. It’s unclear whether hybrids resident were bred locally or whether they emigrated from New Zealand. The lack of Pacific Black Duck phenotypes on Lord Howe Island suggests that this species has been outcompeted by Mallards. In addition to hybridisation with Mallards, anecdotal reports have suggested that Pacific Black Ducks are also hybridising with Chestnut Teals (A. castanea). Based on microsatellite analysis, Chestnut Teal - Pacific Black Duck hybrids were detected, albeit at a low frequency (0.5%), among a sample of putative Pacific Black Ducks sampled throughout Australia Overall, Mallard – Pacific Black Duck hybridisation does not currently seem to be widespread. However, the precautionary principle would advise eradication methods to be put into place to prevent the spread of the Mallard genome throughout Australia’s Pacific Black Duck population to protect the genetic integrity of the Australian subspecies.