Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Water'
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1
Defenbaugh, Angela Lynn. "Evaluating Ohio River Basin Waters: A Water Quality and Water Resources Internship with the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1389295851.
2
Alam, Undala Zafar. "Water rationality : mediating the Indus Waters Treaty." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1053/.
3
Alam, Undala Z. "Water rationality mediating the Indus Waters treaty." Boston Spa, United Kindom : British Library Document Supply Centre, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.264725.
4
Daniels, Kelly L. "Deep water, open water." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2009. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-04022009-163550.
5
Jayasundera, Dilanka Chinthana D. C. "Troubled waters : conflict in private-sector water projects /." May be available electronically:, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
6
Isorena, Trina. "Water, Water Everywhere…? Examining Approaches to Rural Water Scarcity in Mindanao." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14696.
Abstract:
This research addresses two themes: water scarcity and water resource management in the Philippines. Since 2004 the Philippines had been involved in the meeting the country’s Millennium Development Goal’s safe water target. Significant improvements have been achieved in access to drinking water in the rural areas, increasing coverage from 73 per cent to 91 per cent in 2012. Despite this achievement, there are still approximately 4.5 million rural residents in the country without access to safe water. I use the persistence of waterlessness in rural Philippines as a lens to examine the problems of the standardized approach to rural water provision in the Philippines. The core research question informing the research is: how do the conceptualisations of water scarcity by the households and the institutions that are tasked to manage it influence water access? I use ethnographic methodologies combined with mapping techniques to examine the experiences of rural villagers in three different case study sites that were identified as water scarce/waterless in the Province of Agusan del Sur in Mindanao in the Southern Philippines. These three villages characterize three landscapes (uplands, lowlands and wetlands) that face distinctive types of water scarcity issues. The empirical exploration of people’s experiences gives rise to questions how a basic service such as domestic water supply is provisioned by the state. In this regard, the communities’ practices of accessing and using water, government practices of providing water in the villages and the biophysical conditions of the area are points of interest. The case studies reveal that standardized approach to water scarcity, which assumes the communities’ water problems relate to lack of investment and infrastructure and mostly focusing on engineering solutions to provide groundwater, fails to address the concerns of the local people who perceived water scarcity in different ways than the government agencies. In some cases it does not work because it is not technically possible due to the site’s geology and hydrology, in others it does not address the problem of inadequacy of water for domestic needs of the community, or in some its salinity is unacceptable for the community. The study demonstrates the importance of examining the specific context of situations where water access is an issue. It also shows the value of ethnographic methodology in such research.
7
Artiola, Janick. "Water Facts: Home Water Treatment Options." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146297.
Abstract:
4 pp.Arizona Know Your Water.
Today, homeowners have access to several water treatment systems to help control minerals and contaminants and to disinfect their water. Nearly half of the homes in the U.S. have some type of water treatment device. Mistrust of public water utilities, uncertainty over water quality standards, concerns about general health issues and limited understanding about home water treatment systems have all played a role in this increasing demand for home water treatment systems. Private well owners also need to provide safe drinking water for their families and have to make decisions as to how to treat their own water sources to meet this need. However, choosing a water treatment system is no easy task. Depending of the volume of water and degree of contamination, the homeowner should consider professional assistance in selecting and installing well water treatment systems. The process of selection is often confounded by incomplete or misleading information about water quality, treatment options, and costs. The following paragraphs outline the major well water treatment options. Further details on types, uses (point of use) and costs of these home water treatment systems are provided in the Arizona Know Your Water booklet. Additional information about Arizonas water sources that can help private well owners make decisions about home water treatment options, can be found in Arizona Well Owners Guide to Water Supply booklet (see references section).
8
Goeft, Ute. "Water centrality for water and society." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/21.
Abstract:
The current approach to water management in Western societies, including Australia, is based on allocating water between different users. Appropriate for commercial uses, this commodity view of water has proved difficult for the inclusion of environmental and social concerns. Issues, such as which aspects have precedence, how much water should be allocated to each and how to make trade-offs in cases of insufficient water, pose problems that are yet to be worked out. In addition, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the identification of environmental as well as social water needs. The latter has prompted the writing of this thesis. A closer look at the neglected social water needs reveals the complete permeation of water into all areas of human life, from the basics of survival and health to the ethical and spiritual spheres. All these social aspects, or values, of water, should be integral to water management.
9
Goeft, Ute. "Water centrality for water and society." Connect to thesis, 2008. http://adt.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2008.0016.html.
10
Wang, Yuxin. "Source Water Quality Assessment and Source Water Characterization for Drinking Water Protection." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/416.
Abstract:
Source water quality plays a critical role in maintaining the quality and supply of drinking water, yet it can be negatively affected by human activities. In Pennsylvania, coal mining and treatment of conventional oil and gas drilling produced wastewaters have affected source water quality for over 100 years. The recent unconventional natural gas development in the Marcellus Shale formation produces significant volumes of wastewater containing bromide and has the potential to affect source water quality and downstream drinking water quality. Wastewater from coal-fired power plants also contains bromide that may be released into source water. Increasing source water bromide presents a challenge as even small amounts of bromide in source water can lead to carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) in chlorinated finished drinking water. However, bromide is not regulated in source water and is not removed by conventional drinking water treatment processes. The objective of this work is to evaluate the safe bromide concentration in source water to minimize the cancer risk of trihalomethanes - a group of DBPs - in treated drinking water. By evaluating three years of water sampling data from the Monongahela River in Southwestern Pennsylvania, the present analysis reached three conclusions. First, bromide monitoring for source water quality should be taken at drinking water intake points. Water sample types (river water samples vs drinking water intake samples) can lead to different water quality conclusions and thus affect regulatory compliance decision-making. Second, bromide monitoring at drinking water intake points can serve as a predictor for changes in heavily brominated trihalomethanes concentrations in finished water. Increasing bromide in source water can serve as an early warning sign of increasing formation of heavily brominated trihalomethanes and their associated cancer risks in drinking water. Finally, this work developed a statistical simulation model to evaluate the effect of source water bromide on trihalomethane formation and speciation and to analyze the changing cancer risks in water associated with these changing bromide concentrations in the Monongahela River. The statistical simulation method proposed in this work leads to the conclusion that the bromide concentration in source water must be very low to prevent the adverse health effects associated with brominated trihalomethanes in chlorinated drinking water. This method can be used by water utilities to determine the bromide concentration in their source water that might indicate a need for process changes or by regulatory agencies to evaluate source water bromide issues.
11
Fadali, Elizabeth. "Water Use, Virtual Water and Water Footprints| Economic Modeling and Policy Analyses." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3608707.
Abstract:
The theme that binds together the four papers in this dissertation is the tracking of physical quantities of water used by industries in the economy, and an exploration of whether and how this tracking could be helpful in informing water policies, as applied to the state of Nevada or sub-regions of Nevada. The concept of water footprints has been wildly popular in disciplines outside of economics and has been used to help make policy decisions normally considered to lie within the economist's realm. Yet many economists shun 'footprints' in general and water footprints in particular, seeing them as descriptive methods that have little or nothing to add to policy analysis. This thesis attempts to bridge a gap between economists, engineers and planners and the popular imagination about what economic concepts footprints are related to and how they can best be used in policy analysis.
12
Madigele, Patricia, Jen Snowball, and Gavin Fraser. "Water, water everywhere: is Integrated Water Resource Management the right institutional prescription for South Africa's water management challenges?" Economic Society of South Africa (ESSA), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68555.
Abstract:
Publisher versionOstrom (2007) and Ostrom and Cox (2010) argue that natural resource management has been plagued by the “panacea problem": that one-size-fits-all solutions to allocation and management problems have been applied without due consideration of the specific context. The outcome has been the disappointing results of many development and management programs. Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) has been recognised as a potentially effective way of allocating water where there are multiple, sometimes competing, users (Saravanan et al. 2009). It has been used successfully in a number of other developing country contexts, including Mexico, Brazil, India and Thailand (Orne-Giliemann 2008; Meinzen-Dick 2007). The principles of IWRM were also adopted in South Africa under the National Water Act (1998). Water User Associations (WUA) are seen as one of the key institutions driving IWRM, since they are designed to allow stake-holders at local level a say in the allocation and management of this important public good (Aoki 2001). However, WUAs in South Africa have mostly not been a success and are currently being reviewed at national level. For the most part, emerging black farmers and rural communities still do not have equal access to water, or a meaningful role in decision-making, and there are significant security of supply and allocation issues with regard to municipal users as well. Using the AID (Institutional Analysis and Development) framework (Ostrom 2007), with particular reference to economic theory relating to incentives and transactions costs, this paper asks if IWRM is a panacea treatment that does not fit the diagnosis of South Africa's water management problems. A case study approach is used, focusing on one of the few established WUAs in the Sundays River Valley Municipality in a rural area of South Africa.
13
Maier, Stefan Heinrich. "Modelling water quality for water distribution systems." Thesis, Brunel University, 1999. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5431.
Abstract:
Maintaining water quality in distribution systems has become a prominent issue in the study of water networks. This thesis concentrates on disinfectant and particle counts as two important indicators of water quality. The models discussed in this work are based on data collected by the author. The experimental set-up and procedure are described and observations of particle counts, particle counter size distributions, monochloramine as disinfectant, temperature, heterotrophic plate counts and epifluorescence microscopy counts are reported. A model of the response of particle counts to an increase in flow is developed. This model is obtained from specification derived from the data and assumptions, and is validated by its interpretability and its fit to data. A local shear-off density and an initial biofilm shedding profile were introduced and thus a linear model for this part of the water quality dynamics could be obtained. A procedure for the identification of the parameters of the local shear-off function and for the determination of the biofilm shedding profile is presented. This profile can be used to provide information about the status of the distribution system in terms of shear-off from the biofilm on the pipe walls. Monochloramine decay dynamics are investigated. The chlorine meter data is preprocessed with the help of titration data to correct meter drift. The data is then used in calibrating two different possible chlorine models: a model with a single decay coefficient and a model with bulk decay coefficient and wall demand (as used in Epanet). Important difficulties in identifying these parameters that come about because of the structure of the models are highlighted. Identified decay coefficients are compared and tested for flow, inlet chlorine and temperature dependence. The merits and limits of the approach to modelling taken in this work and a possible generalisation are discussed. The water industry perspective and an outlook are provided.
14
McKeown, Paul J. "Water resilient communities (sustainable water evaluation process)." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.603577.
Abstract:
Water Resilience and Water ' Security is of primary importance to society, the economy and the environment at both global and local levels and Sustainable Water Management Systems (SWMS) are acknowledged as the way forward to deliver a multifaceted approach to managing the environmental, economic, and social resource aspects of design for land development. Therefore, a process model is required to explore the linkages and implications of utilising existing ad-hoc water saving technologies such as Rainwater Harvesting, Greywater Reuse and Sustainable Drainage Systems. This study provides a balanced alternative from traditional potable water supply and flood alleviation techniques, by adopting the concept of a secondary water supply, while providing the added advantage of controlling surface water runoff. However, for an evaluation process model to succeed at the planning and design stages there is also a need to have an in-depth understanding of not only legislation and policies, but also the complex multi-variables associated with site location demographics and key stakeholder preference. This Sustainable Water Evaluation Process (SWEP) was developed to integrate these complex variables by providing a quantative, qualitative and economic model analysis, in line with best management practice, assessed against selection scenarios, as defined by the model User. During this study the sustainability awareness and attitudinal change and concerns raised by both stakeholders and expert opinion on engineering and ecological difficulties are addressed through factors that include climate change, economic benefit and social inclusion. Adaptation options within this study illustrate the importance of addressing different socio-economic development scenarios. These scenarios have been demonstrated through a UK case study, which illustrates the advantages, associated with SWMS and reduced utility reliance from the regional network. The outcome of this research demonstrates a process model that is evidence based and provides, protects and promotes the use of combined S WMS practices at the development level to meet site specific conditions. The design decisions facilitate User flexibility while providing the land use planner, developer and designer with a process model for evaluating current SWMS technologies to provide greater emphasis on improved water resource management and the socio-economic issues that address Water Resilience and Water Security at the UK National, Regional and Local levels.
15
Colvin, Jamie Cameron. "Water markets : factors in efficient water allocation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50546.
Abstract:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water is essential for life. Like the very air that surrounds us the omnipresent and indispensable qualities of water pervade throughout all of our lives. For reasons of health, community and trade the beginnings of all civilisations were proximate to the mighty rivers of the world. In a rapidly expanding global village, the priority for our future is to secure the management of increasing levels of water demand, given the finite natural cycle that all water is subject to and derived from; the hydrological cycle. The focus of this papers investigation is how best to allocate the value of water through the relatively nascent developments of water markets. The premise of utilising markets for allocative efficiency is suitably ingrained in the workings of many societies today, and the need to treat water with commensurate value and avoid waste is encapsulated in the Dublin Principles, where #4 states; 'Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognised as an economic good'. Which in isolation has merit, the legacy of state water management is usually associated with underperformance at best or incompetence and corruption at worst, and therefore the introduction of market mechanisms to provide water with allocative efficiency and true value, should be a positive undertaking for change. However the requisite conditions for proficient markets and perfect competition; which primarily include, that all agents are buyers and sellers, for a homogeneous product, with perfect information, without externalities, after the full and fair assignment of property rights, where all goods and services are private goods, and where transaction costs remain close to zero; would seldom be applicable to water. The many idiosyncrasies of water inhibit the application of competitive markets. Water could easily be defined as a public good with riparian rights, subject to a range of social and environmental externalities, whilst incurring high structural entry costs and remaining subject to the problematic vagaries of the natural supply cycle. Demand profiles also give water a heterogeneous definition, as domestic uses include both sanitation and drinking water, whilst various levels of quality are required for industry and agriculture, and even recreation. This paper seeks to define those factors that both warrant and limit the introduction of market functions to water management. The premise of this paper remains the search for better ways of valuing water, and how to incorporate fully the foundations of the environment and social criteria of health, and poverty reduction within these economic considerations. The conclusion defines a premium / discount solution to market traded water prices, which internalises these factors.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Water is noodsaaklik vir lewe. Net soos die lug wat ons omring het water ook alomteenwoordige eienskappe wat In onskeibare deel van ons lewens vorm. Die ontstaan van alle beskawings is te vinde in die nabyheid van groot en gevestigde riviere vir redes van gemeenskaplikheid, gesondheid en handel. Vandag se geintegreerde en snel-groeiende samelewing met sy toenemende vraag na water, noodsaak 'n toekomsgerigte benadering om waterbronne te bestuur gegewe die vaste water natuursiklus waar water vandaan kom en bewaar word in. Die fokus van hierdie studie is om die beste metodes te vind vir waterallokasie met verwysing na die ontwikkeling van water markte oor die eeue. Die gebruik van die markstelsel om water effektief te allokeer is die grondslag van baie samelewings vandag. So erken die Dublin beginsels die noosaaklikheid om 'n waarde te plaas op water beklemtoon dat dit nie vermors moet word nie. Beginsel #4 bepaal: "Water het 'n ekonomiese waarde in al sy vele gebruike en moet ooreenkomstig erken word as ekonomiese saak". Die bestuur van waterbronne deur 'n owerheid word gewoonlik vereenselwig met 'n nie-optimale of selfs korrupte onbevoegdheid. Hier behoort die bekendstelling van mark beginsels om 'n waarde en nut op water te plaas dus 'n positiewe ontwikkeling te wees. Tog is dit ook duidelik dat die vereistes vir 'n effektiewe mark; alle agente is kopers en verkopers, 'n eenvormige produk, deursigtigheid in informasie, geen eksternaliteite, erkenning van besitreg, alle goedere en dienste is privaat goedere, transaksie koste is naby aan nul; nie volkome toepasbaar is op water nie. Die eenvoudige asook komplekse aard van water verhoed dat standaard markstelsel en beginsels van kompetisie eenvormig toepasbaar is. Water kan ook maklik gekategoriseer word as publieke goedere met gemeenskapsregte, wat dit dan onderhewig sal maak aan verskeie maatskaplike en omgewingsmaatreëls, hoë toetrede kostes, en logistieke probleme van die verskaffingsiklus. Dit is egter die vraag na water wat defineer dit as heterogene produk met huishoudelike gebruike vir beide persoonlike verbruik asook sanitasie, terwyl doelgerigte gebruike in landbou, handel en nywerheid ook spesifieke kwaliteite kan vereis. Hierdie werkstuk beoog om die faktore te defineer wat die bekendstelling van 'n mark stelsel vir water bestuur daarstel en ook beperk. Die uitgangspunt van hierdie studie was om maniere te vind vir beter ekonomiese waardasie van water en dit dan te kombineer met die fondasies van die omgewing, maatskaplike & gesondheidsmaatreëls, asook die toeganklikheid van basiese dienste aan almal.
16
Sun, Gwo-Shing 1959. "Water quality of gray water for reuse." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191907.
Abstract:
This study was designed to evaluate the safety of gray water for reuse purposes. The physical and chemical quality of treated gray water met water reuse standards set by the State of Arizona for surface irrigation purposes. The number of microorganisms in gray water significantly decreased after biological treatment and sand filtration. However, the number of fecal coliform bacteria in treated gray water was still higher than the standard for reuse as set by the State of Arizona for surface irrigation. This is also true for rain water which was stored in a tank. No indigenous Salmonella were isolated from gray water. It was found that both Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae, seeded into gray water, can persist for at least several days. This implied that there may be some risk associated with gray water reuse when the gray water contains these pathogenic bacteria.
17
Wright, Michael Marshall. "Cavitation of a Water Jet in Water." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3175.
Abstract:
Cavitation is a phenomenon that occurs in liquids when the pressure drops below the vapor pressure of the liquid. Previous research has verified that cavitation bubble collapse is a dynamic and destructive process. An understanding of the behavior of cavitation is necessary to implement this destructive mechanism from an axisymmetric jet for underwater material removal. This work investigates the influence of jet pressure and nozzle diameter on the behavior of a cloud of cavitation bubbles generated by a submerged high-pressure water jet. First, this investigation is put into context with a condensed historical background of cavitation research. Second, a description of the cavitation-generating apparatus is given. Next, the experimental methods used to explore the behavior of the cavitation clouds are explained. Finally, the results of the investigation, including propagation distance, cloud width and area, pulsation frequency, and cloud front velocity are presented. Among the results is a discussion of the significant experimental factors affecting the behavior of the cavitation clouds. It is shown that the Reynolds number, specifically the diameter of the nozzle, has a significant effect on the measurements. In some cases the jet pressure, and subsequent jet velocity, had a less significant effect than was expected. Overall, this research describes the cavitation cloud formed when a submerged high-speed water jet discharges.
18
Sağlam, Yiğit. "Water scarcity and optimal pricing of water." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/733.
Abstract:
In the first chapter, I consider the institutional structures as well as the doctrines typically encountered in the surface water sector. To investigate the sources and methods of government support in the water sector, I categorize different sorts of government support according to the location of water along the water cycle. I conclude the section with examples of observed water markets.
In the second chapter, I consider the problem of water usage, developing a model to analyze the optimal pricing of water within a second-best economy. As a water supplier, the local government may price discriminate across consumers and farmers. I introduce the second-best pricing scheme, derive conditions for the marginal-cost pricing and inverse-elasticity rules, and analyze when the government optimally deviates from these two pricing schemes.
In the third chapter, I provide an analysis of the data I collected from Turkey. First, I examine the data on reservoir flows, including service share and fixed costs of the reservoirs. Then, I provide details about the relationship between the quantity and price of irrigation and of tap water.
Finally, in the fourth chapter, I apply the theoretical framework to the data from Turkey. In Turkey, the current water-pricing policy is dictated by the sole objective of breaking-even in each period. This results in large withdrawals, which is not sustainable in the long-run, hence not optimal. I analyze the dynamic optimal water resource management problem of a benevolent government. I compare the implications of the current and the optimal pricing policies.
19
Al-Ali, Mahmoud. "Soil water conservation and water balance model for micro-catchment water harvesting system." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10941.
Abstract:
A simple water balance model was applied to a micro-catchment water harvesting system for a semi-arid area in the North-Eastern part of Jordan. Two Negarim micro-catchment water harvesting systems were built at Al-Khanasri research station. A Randomized complete block design (RCBD) in factorial combination was used with six treatments and three replicates. Each plot was divided into two parts; a runoff area, and a run-on area. Two different treatments were used for the catchment area, these were: compacted (T1) and Natural treatments (T2). Three treatments were used for the run-on area, these were: disturbed (S1), stones (S2), and crop residue mulch (S3). Soil water content was measured over a depth of 0-1 m during the seasons 96-97 in these micro-catchments. In this model; daily rainfall, runoff, and evaporation were used. Runoff was calculated by the curve number method; evaporation was calculated by the Penman equation, the Priestley and Taylor method and the Class A pan approach. The least squares method was used for optimizing model parameters. The performance of the model was assessed by different criteria, such as root mean square error, relative root mean square error, coefficient of determination and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency method. The performance of the micro-catchments system was also evaluated. Results showed that with limited but reliable hydrological data good agreement between predicted and observed values could be obtained. The ratio of water storage in a one meter soil depth to the rainfall falling on each catchment indicated that T1S2 and T1S3 have the highest values in size1 plots while T2S1 and T2S2 have the highest values in size 2 plots. Modelling results showed that for all the size 1 plots, the required ratio of the cultivated to catchment area, (C/CA), required to ensure sufficient harvested water, was less than the actual ratio used in the experimental design. For the size 2 plots this was only true for the T1 treatments. Consequently for the majority of plot sizes and treatments, the results showed that a smaller catchment area is capable of providing sufficient harvested water to meet crop growth requirements. The experimental ratio was based on a typical yearly design rainfall for the region having either a 50% or 67% probability of occurrence. Results also indicated that using stones and crop residue as mulch on the soil surface in the cultivated area was effective in decreasing the evaporation rate. S3 was more efficient than S2 as it stored more water due to the higher infiltration rate (12.4 cm/hr) when compared to S2 (4.1 cm/hr).
20
JIA, Xuexiu. "EXTENDED METHODOLOGY FOR WATER RESOURCES AND WATER-RELATED ENERGY ASSESSMENT ADDRESSING WATER QUALITY." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433451.
Abstract:
Problémy s vodou, zejména její nedostatek a znečištění, ovlivňují každodenní lidský život a hospodářský vývoj. Globální změny klimatu zvyšují pravděpodobnost a četnost extrémních událostí jako jsou sucho a záplavy. Rostoucí problémy s nepravidelnou dostupností a znečištěním vody vyžadují pokročilejší metodiky hodnocení vodních zdrojů, které povedou k efektivnímu využití a hospodaření s vodou. Tato práce se zabývá rozšířenými metodikami pro hodnocení vody z pohledu její kvality a kvantity a pro hodnocení spotřeby energie a produkce emisí souvisejících s vodou. Tři hlavní metodiky jsou navrženy na základě konceptu vodní stopy (Water Footprint) a pinch analýzy vody (Water Pinch Analysis) pro posouzení kvantitativních a kvalitativních hledisek využití a spotřeby vody. Použití těchto metod je rovněž demonstrováno pomocí numerických a empirických případových studií zaměřených na hodnocení a optimalizaci využití regionálních a průmyslových vodních zdrojůDále jsou diskutovány souvislosti mezi vodou a energií (Water-Energy Nexus) za účelem analýzy problémů týkající se vody z širší perspektivy. Z pohledu vody a vodních zdrojů je provedeno počáteční zhodnocení energetické náročnosti a produkce emisí skleníkových plynů v problematice odsolování mořské vody. Výsledky prezentované v této práci navazují na současné metodiky hodnocení vodních zdrojů. Stopa dostupnosti vody (Water Availability Footprint) byla navržena pro zohlednění dopadu degradace kvality vody ve stávajících postupech pro posuzování nedostatku vody, ve kterých nebyla dříve řešena. Druhým přínosem této práce je návrh konceptu kvantitativní-kvalitativní vodní stopy (Quantitative-Qualitative Water Footprint - QQWFP), ve kterém je definována vodní stopa z pohledu nákladů a následně je stanovena v souvislosti s celkovými náklady na spotřebu vody a odstraňování kontaminantů, které se do vody dostávají v průběhu jejího využití. Vodní stopa založená na nákladech poskytuje výsledky, které jsou intuitivnější jak pro management vodních zdrojů tak i pro veřejnost. Tento přístup umožňuje lépe kontrolovat a řídit průmyslové a regionální využívání a správu vody. Třetím přínosem této práce je rozšíření pinch analýzy nedostatku vody (Water Scarcity Pinch Analysis - WSPA), ve které je aplikována pinch analýzy vody na makroúrovni se zaměřením na regionální hodnocení a optimalizaci zdrojů a využívání vody. Všechny tři navržené metody jsou zaměřeny na stanovení dopadů využití vody z hlediska jejího množství a kvality, analýzy QQWFP a WSPA také pokrývají dopady vícečetných kontaminantů. Kromě hledání řešení se tato práce také pokouší naznačit potenciální směry pro budoucí výzkum v dané oblasti. Mezi významná potenciální témata k diskuzi patří 1) pokročilejší metoda kvantifikace vlivu více kontaminantů a 2) implementace a analýza ekonomické proveditelnosti přístupů WSPA a QQWFP s lokalizovanými daty s cílem nalézt přizpůsobené řešení pro optimální využití regionální a průmyslové vody.
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DeGenova, John. "Oxidation and Removal of Thin Organic Films From A Wafer Surface: Fundamentals of Ozonated Water Application and Water Recycle." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_2001_386_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
Abstract:
Thesis (Ph. D. - Chemical and Environmental Engineering)--University of Arizona, 2001.We acknowledge that the writer has two page 7's in this resource. (List of figures). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-218).
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Bâcle, Julie. "The physical oceanography of waters under the North Water Polynya /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64314.pdf.
23
Wu, Songping. "Femtosecond laser micro-structuring of silicon wafer in water confinement." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Wu_09007dcc80493fda.pdf.
Abstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008.Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed April 3, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-74).
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Sands, Tonia Karen. "Particle-water interactions of Ni and Zn in coastal waters." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2797.
Abstract:
Samples of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment were collected from the Humber coastal zone during six seasonal and inter-annual surveys (November 1993 - July 1995) on board RRS Challenger as part of the NERC Land Ocean Interaction Study (LOIS) initiative. Concentrations of Ni, Zn, Fe and Mn, extracted using a 1M HCl digest, were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry techniques. Particulate Ni and Zn both exhibited a pronounced seasonal distribution in the Humber coastal zone. Significant metal-salinity relationships were obtained for both metals indicating the Humber Estuary to be a significant source of Nip and Znp to the region. Metal distributions in the coastal zone were influenced by residual flow and tidal range at the mouth of the estuary, as well as wind speed and direction. Estimated fluxes of dissolved and particulate Ni and Zn from the Humber mouth to the North Sea indicated significant seasonal variation for both metals (17-290 kg dayˉ¹ Ni; 34-1737 kg dayˉ¹ Zn) and identified transport in the particulate phase dominant in autumn/winter (61-82 % Ni; 68-92 % Zn) but less significant in spring/summer (2-41 % Ni; 15-72 % Zn). Comparison to estuarine inputs suggested retainment of Ni and Zn within the Estuary. In the Humber mouth and throughout the Plume Nip and Znp concentrations significantly correlated to Fep suggesting uptake onto Fe-oxyhydroxide phases was important. Trace metal settling velocities indicated a significant seasonal variation in the settling of Ni (<1-163 µm sˉ¹) and Zn (2-218 µm sˉ¹) with these metals generally settling slower than the average SPM in winter but at the same rate in spring. Particle-solute interactions of Ni and Zn, investigated using the radioisotopes ⁶³Ni and ⁶⁵zn, indicated significant variation in metal partitioning (Kd) for the SPM end-members of the Humber coastal zone with Ni Kd's varying from 6.7 x 10² for Holderness Cliff material, to 13.0 x 10² for estuarine SPM and up to a maximum of 22 x 10² during spring/summer phytoplankton blooms. These results provide the basis of a consistent seasonal data base of trace metal distributions within the Humber coastal Zone which will substantially contribute to the development and parameterization of a fine sediment transport model for trace metal contaminants in coastal zones.
25
Thurlow, James. "Geochemistry of fossil formation waters : rates of water-rock interaction." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394490.
26
Bark, Rosalind Heather. "Muddy Waters: Case Studies in Dry Land Water Resource Economics." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193898.
Abstract:
Arizona like many other semi-arid regions in the world is facing a suite of policy issues that stem from water scarcity and security of supply issues intersecting with growing and competing water demands. A vexing issue in southern Arizona has been the preservation of riparian habitat. The study of environmental economics provides researchers with techniques to estimate the value of natural resources, such as riparian habitat, to level the playing field in policy discussions on development and water management. In Appendices B-D results from two hedonic property analyses suggest that homebuyers, one of the main consumers of riparian habitat in urban areas, have preferences for greener and higher condition riparian habitat and furthermore that they are willing to pay property premiums to benefit from this resource. There is also some evidence that riparian habitat conservation and restoration can be self-financing. The economics of another water using sector in the state, the recreation sector, specifically winter-based recreation, is assessed in Appendix E. The analysis finds that although ski areas in Arizona are subject to large inter-year variability in terms of snowfall and season length that snowmaking adaptations, a technology that is water-intensive, is financially feasible in the medium term as a climate variability and climate change adaptation. Nevertheless, ski areas in the state are likely to face increased financial pressures if climate change scenarios are realized and will have to implement other adaptation strategies to remain viable. Finally, water competition in the state between Indian and non-Indian users and the techniques used to dispel such tensions, namely water settlements, are discussed in Appendix F. The research finds that settlements offer opportunities for win-win agreements between the settling tribe and other water users in the same watersheds and for the introduction of new water supply management tools that benefit signatory and non-signatory parties alike.
27
Boyd, Nathan Andrew. "Impact of sediment-water interactions upon overlying water quality in an urban water system." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366236.
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Martinez, Vila, and Martin Alvaro. "Integrated water resources management: restoration of water quality in water resources from developing countries." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31626.
Abstract:
Water is most essential but scarce resource in developing countries. Presently the quality & the availability of the fresh water resources is the most pressing of the many environmental challenges on the national horizon. The stress on water resources is from multiple sources and the impacts can take diverse forms. Geometric increase in population coupled with rapid urbanization, industrialization and agricultural development has resulted in high impact on quality and quantity of water in developing countries. The situation warrants immediate redressal through radically improved water resource and water quality management strategies.
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29
Gurung, Thulo Ram. "Influence of Water Efficiency and Diversified Water Supply Schemes on Urban Water Infrastrucrure Planning." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367485.
Abstract:
Water security is increasingly becoming a cause of concern in Australia with population growth and climate change set to exacerbate the variability of supply in both rural and urban regions. During recent drought conditions in Queensland there was a strong emphasis on water restrictions to reduce residential consumption, as well as water policy strategies such as modifying building codes to require all new residential and commercial buildings to conserve and/or substitute potable water. Additionally, there was a heightened emphasis on having an Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) approach to water management.
IUWM involves the use of alternative water supplies and demand management practices to ensure a sustainable approach to water management by integrating both the demand and supply-based management approaches. Within Queensland, mandatory regulations required residents to save on household water consumption by using alternative water measures in order to offset mains (potable) demand. The installation of rainwater tanks and the reuse of greywater, connected to toilets, cold water laundry and outdoor use, were some approaches adopted by householders to achieve the water saving targets. In addition, current mandatory regulations require new households to install minimum efficient rated water appliances to contribute to water savings.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
30
Duan, Lele. "Artificial Water Splitting: Ruthenium Complexes for Water Oxidation." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Organisk kemi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-40848.
Abstract:
This thesis concerns the development and study of Ru-based water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) which are the essential components for solar energy conversion to fuels. The first chapter gives a general introduction about the field of homogenous water oxidation catalysis, including the catalytic mechanisms and the catalytic activities of some selected WOCs as well as the concerns of catalyst design. The second chapter describes a family of mononuclear Ru complexes [Ru(pdc)L3] (H2pdc = 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid; L = pyridyl ligands) towards water oxidation. The negatively charged pdc2− dramatically lowers the oxidation potentials of Ru complexes, accelerates the ligand exchange process and enhances the catalytic activity towards water oxidation. A Ru aqua species [Ru(pdc)L2(OH2)] was proposed as the real catalyst. The third chapter describes the analogues of [Ru(terpy)L3]2+ (terpy = 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine). Through the structural tailor, the ligand effect on the electrochemical and catalytic properties of these Ru complexes was studied. Mechanistic studies suggested that these Ru-N6 complexes were pre-catalysts and the Ru-aqua species were the real WOCs. The forth chapter describes a family of fast WOCs [Ru(bda)L2] (H2bda = 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylic acid). Catalytic mechanisms were thoroughly investigated by electrochemical, kinetic and theoretical studies. The main contributions of this work to the field of water oxidation are (i) the recorded high reaction rate of 469 s−1; (ii) the involvement of seven-coordinate Ru species in the catalytic cycles; (iii) the O-O bond formation pathway via direct coupling of two Ru=O units and (iv) non-covalent effects boosting up the reaction rate. The fifth chapter is about visible light-driven water oxidation using a three component system including a WOC, a photosensitizer and a sacrificial electron acceptor. Light-driven water oxidation was successfully demonstrated using our Ru-based catalysts.QC 20110922
31
Makihara, Hiroshi. "Water film thickness in the clay-water system." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1999_20_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Du, Plessis J. A. "Integrated water demand management for local water governance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5435.
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González, Jordán Alberto. "New water/water emulsions stabilized by Pickering effect." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1001/document.
Abstract:
Les émulsions eau/eau (W/W) ont suscité un grand intérêt en raison de leur potentiel d'application dans différentes industries telles que l'agroalimentaire, les produits pharmaceutiques, les cosmétiques et les soins personnels. Le caractère particulier des émulsions W/W est leur stabilisation par ajout de particules. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de comprendre cet aspect en étudiant une émulsion modèle W/W à base de dextran et du poly(oxyde d'éthylène) stabilisée par des particules à base de protéines du lactosérum. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l'effet de la morphologie des particules protéiques et leur partitionnement sur la stabilité des émulsions W/W. En particulier, la stabilité s’est révélée dépendre de la structure des particules quand ses derniers étaient sous forme de microgels, d’agrégats fractals ou de fibrilles. Il a été montré que la stabilité s'améliorait lorsque les particules se localiser préférentiellement dans la phase continue. Deuxièmement, nous avons étudié la gélification, des microgels et des agrégats fractals, induite en réduisant le pH entre 6,5 et 3,5 ou en ajoutant 0,3 M NaCl à pH 7,0 aussi bien quand l’excès des particules se situe dans la phase continue ou dispersée. Dans le premier cas, un réseau se formé dans la phase continue de dextran, permettant d’inhiber le crémage des gouttelettes de PEO, les agrégats fractals étant plus efficaces que les microgels. Dans le second cas, des particules protéiques denses pourraient être formées par gélification des gouttelettes de dextran dispersées. Finalement, nous avons exploré l'adsorption des protéines natives sur les particules de latex et leur capacité à stabiliser les émulsionsWater/water (W/W) emulsions have attracted great interest recently due to their high potential for applications in different industries such as food and beverages, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and personal care. An important issue is the stabilization of W/W emulsions by adding particles. The aim of the research for this thesis was to shed light on this issue by studying a model W/W emulsion formed by mixing dextran and poly(ethylene oxide) with particles based on whey proteins. Firstly, we studied the effect of the morphology of protein particles and their partitioning on the stability of W/W emulsions. The stability was different when microgels, fractal aggregates or fibrils were added. We showed that stability improved when the particles partitioned to the continuous phase. Secondly, we investigated gelation of the fractal aggregates and microgels induced by reducing the pH between 6.5 and 3.5 or by adding 0.3M NaCl at pH 7.0 with excess particles either in the continuous or he dispersed phase. In the first case, a network was formed in the continuous dextran phase, making it possible to arrest creaming of PEO droplets, fractal aggregates being more effective than microgels. In the second case, dense protein particles could be formed by gelation of the dispersed dextran droplets. Thirdly, we explored the effect of adsorbing native proteins unto latex particles on their capacity to stabilize W/W emulsions
34
Wang, Zhong. "Adaptive water quality control in drinking water distribution." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=1052325491.
35
Sangameswaran, Sivaramakrishnan. "Water quality modeling of a storm water channel." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2003. http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/u?/NOD,52.
Abstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of New Orleans, 2003.Title from electronic submission form. "A thesis ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Engineering"--Thesis t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
36
Lei, Wenwen. "The physics of water leaks and water nanoflows." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13295.
Abstract:
The encapsulation of devices sensitive to moisture is necessary to prolong lifetimes under adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, quantifying moisture flow is important in design and verification of the encapsulations. Gaseous flows have been studied after Knudsen’s paper appeared in 1909, with one important exception: water vapour. A recent unexpected finding from Holt et al. concerned ultra-fast water and air flows in carbon nanotubes. While Gruener and Huber did not obtain ultra-fast nitrogen flows in silicon nanotubes. This leaves us to concern main effective factors for flows in tubes. We use a theory of extended Navier-Stokes equations, having one equation for all flow regimes with an empirical parameter (Cha and McCoy theory), for predicting flow rates of nitrogen and water vapour through a 25 μm diameter silica glass cylindrical tube under isothermal condition. We measure nitrogen flow rates through microtubes across a wide range of Knudsen number (0.0048 ~ 12.4583) using a two-chamber method. We find that the nitrogen flow obeys the Cha and McCoy theory with values of the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient (TMAC) α= 0.91 at small Kn and α close to one at large Kn, consistent with the redefinition of α by Arya et al. We obtain fast transport of water vapour compared to the predictions from the Cha and McCoy theory over a range of pressures using the two-chamber method and a mass loss method. We attribute the excess flows to: (1) a thin adsorbed layer of chain-like water on the walls reducing the TMAC at low pressures; (2) liquid or two-phase flow appearing for inlet pressure close to saturation pressure. A theory for TMAC is developed based on the Langmuir adsorption. We measure interdiffusive flow rates of water vapour in atmospheric air for the first time using the mass loss method and compare experimental results with ideal gas interdiffusive flow theory. We find interdiffusive flows of water vapour in air agree with the theory except for the case where water vapour partial pressures are close to the saturation pressure. Liquid or two-phase flow causes an enhancement of the interdiffusive flow by up to three orders of magnitude. Using the available theories we predict the dominant flow types as a function of channel diameter and make recommendations on the moisture hermeticity testing in devices.
37
Tasker, Alison Louise. "Water resistance properties of water-based biopolymer films." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5847/.
Abstract:
This thesis addresses both the theory and simulation of diffusion of moisture in water-based biopolymer films, whose preliminary use is as adhesives on glass bottles in the labelling industry. The first part explores the kinetics of dehydration of thin films of these biopolymer materials. The second part of the thesis deals with moisture intake into both dried thin films and into the wet biopolymer gel network. Mathematical simulations based on Fick's laws of diffusion have been developed as a tool to understand the underpinning mechanisms of diffusion and of evaporation to discover which, if either plays a more dominant role in controlling the dehydration process. By inputting a series of different initial and final moisture contents, a full spectra of scenarios has been examined to aid understanding of the dehydration process. Numerical calculations where diffusion is the controlling mechanism as well as simulations where evaporation controls the process have been considered and discussed. Models in which a combination of both diffusion and evaporation are equally important are also studied. Fixed and moving boundary conditions are applied to the models and compared with dehydration results obtained experimentally. A simple method has been developed to assess the rehydration process of a dried biopolymer film and similar simulations have also been constructed to describe the rehydration of a water droplet into the thin, dried films. A novel method to investigate the migration of water into casein biopolymer gels using acoustic techniques has been developed and validated. The preliminary results are promising, highlighting the potential capability of the method. As the composition of a material changes, the speed of a wave of sound being passed through the material changes, so by monitoring this change as a function of time, concentration profiles of the biopolymer material can be constructed. Simulated concentration profiles were successfully produced based on Fick's second law of diffusion, to obtain a diffusion coefficient dependent on both time and position. By fitting these curves to the experimental data, diffusion coefficients are obtained with values of the same order of magnitude as those calculated from the experiments on a dehydrating thin film of the same composition.
38
Arellano, V. Marcelo, and Godoy Gino Marcelo Bazo. "AES Water." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/144403.
Abstract:
TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN ADMINISTRACIÓNMarcelo Arellano V. [Parte I], Gino Marcelo Bazo Godoy [Parte II]
Las empresas relacionadas con el mercado del agua son diversas. Este vital elemento para la vida humana como para los procesos industriales es cada vez más escaso y requiere generar conciencia, compromiso e innovación en usar nuevas tecnologías disponibles para optimizar su uso. Llamaremos AESWater a quien será una empresa que se dedique a la comercialización de agua Industrial en el norte de Chile, aprovechando la plataforma de la central térmica de la zona de Mejillones. Su actividad será generar agua industrial, mediante el proceso de desalinización, particularmente a procesos mineros de la zona, de manera que puedan realizar sus actividades actuales y futuras sin el problema de abastecimiento de este vital elemento, cumpliendo con la nueva normativa, contribuyendo de manera significativa a iniciativas gubernamentales de la gestión del agua y cuidado del medio ambiente. Además, atenderá a clientes tales como, sanitarias y centrales térmicas, quienes necesitan de éste vital elemento para sus actividades. Este modelo de negocio es expandible a los otros sitios donde exista una central térmica costera. El tamaño de mercado potencial es de casi MMUS$1.6041 y en donde la industria de la “generación de agua industrial” es atractiva dada la poca presencia de esta tecnología a nivel nacional, existen pocos sustitutos, las barreras de entrada son altas, la competitividad en el mercado chileno es baja y existen restricciones gubernamentales, por ejemplo de la DGA2, a otorgar nuevos permisos. Referente a los clientes, éstos se identifican en diferentes mercados, lo cual reduce el riesgo debido a la diversificación. Los mercados objetivo detectados son Minería MMUS$ 383, Sanitarias MMUS$ 96 e Industria de la Energía MMUS$ 48 quienes poseen diferentes características por lo cual la estrategia de comercialización a utilizar para cada uno difiere dada sus necesidades. Por ejemplo en normativa, RSE3, en imagen, montos de gasto, etc. Evaluados estos segmentos por atractivo, dan como resultado que los primeros clientes a desarrollar están en los segmentos Minería y luego Sanitarias, la Industrial de la Energía requiere una calidad diferente pero alcanzable como parte adicional de proceso. Una de las actividades clave del negocio son los permisos ambientales vigentes, otro no menor es el costo de la energía dada la sinergia con la termoeléctrica, las capacidades operativas que en conjunto logran la oportunidad en la entrega y adaptabilidad a las necesidades de cada cliente. Esto sumado a un servicio post venta de seguimiento, dado que el relacionamiento con el cliente es (B2B) face to face es muy estrecho. En lo medio ambiental el valor en el negocio propuesto aporta con la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico en lugares alejados. Se busca ofrecer soluciones completas con mínimo impacto ecológico y utilizando energía a bajo costo. La oportunidad comercial es de una ventana limitada con contratos a largo plazo antes de la llegada de nuevos competidores, por lo que el ingreso es agresivo y rápido, apuntando a cubrir el mercado detectado en un plazo de 4 años. Los principales resultados obtenidos en la evaluación económica de este plan de negocio, son una VAN de MMUS$ 556,1, una TIR de 31,86%, con una Inversión Total (Activo + Capital de Trabajo) MMUS$ 410,31 y un Payback de 6 años.
39
Gharib, J. "Water pollution." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31047.
Abstract:
It is hard to imagine and believe that 75% of the earth is covered with water; and its inhabitants are not satisfied with clean water to drink and other home uses. Some people in Africa travelling hundreds of miles every day to fetch clean water from a hole that was not properly drilled and that with only a bucket that cannot meet daily needs. On the other hand the human body is 70% water too, and when exposed to dirty water, diseases erupt (epidemics) which lead to 3.4million deaths of people each year. And Nearly 99% of deaths occur in developing the countries.
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40
Башлак, Ірина Анатоліївна, Ирина Анатольевна Башлак, Iryna Anatoliivna Bashlak, and O. Perepadya. "Virtual water." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16751.
41
Syrotenko, Sergiy. "Water pollution." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13086.
Abstract:
The urbanization and industrialization create new problems of preservation of pure water. The crude or badly cleared drains of cities are dumped in reservoirs. Security clearing constructions still lags behind development of the industry. Unlike household sewage industrial drains considerably differ on the structure. They contain acids, alkalis, oils both other organic and inorganic connections. Poisons, synthetic and radioactive substances can contain a number of industrial drains.
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42
Bentley, Katlin. "Water Pavilion." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23783.
Abstract:
Architecture consists of parts that make a whole. These parts can be defined as decisions, details, joints, spaces, forms. But what if these parts are experiences, specific encounters woven together to create the whole?
This project is a whole, assembled by episodic moments.
The pavilion is designed on Daingerfield Island, located south of Ronald Reagan National Airport along the Potomac River in Alexandria, Virginia. The site offers a panoramic view across the water of the airport, Washington Monument, Jefferson Memorial, and the U.S. Capitol. The Washington Sailing Marina and the Mount Vernon Trail define Daingerfield\'s edges. Despite its name, the now peninsula is a delightful place full of potential activity for sailors, bicyclists, and visitors who want to be near the water.
Along the eastern edge exists an array of trees that provides a natural canopy for visitors who sit along the waterfront and watch the planes arrive and depart from the airport. The project proposes to design a pavilion with a second floor restaurant within these trees, anchored to the water\'s edge. The project removes the existing restaurant on the tip of the peninsula to create space for a park and open up the view across the water of Washington, D.C. In the project, the Mount Vernon Trail extends around Daingerfield Island along the waterfront.Master of Architecture
43
Murray, Bryan Christopher. ""full water"." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42646.
Abstract:
" full water" is a collection of poems examining a single consciousness, from a singular experience, that resonates to generational experiences. full water is a personal and literal landscaping: from the southern calm of Virginia to the innate heartbeat of south Bronx streets, the poems are grounded in a firm sense of place. The personal landscaping strongly connects with this literal landscaping, as this is a collection of someoneâ s constantly leaving, an attempt at establishing identity through the varied parcels of perspective. In the same way, this collection investigates the urban family landscape, the love still possible, despite the conventional shortcomings, the fullness of self, regardless. Through the rhythmic composition of the language, emotion flashes and restrains itself. Within the turns of language, personal truths thrive, in what they donâ t outwardly say. The book learns its significance from the poems. In the chaos of this, the reader finds kernels of meaning just as the poet did in process.Master of Fine Arts
44
Hassinger, Elaine, and Jack Watson. "Water Wells." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146309.
Abstract:
2 pp.The majority of people who live in rural Arizona get their drinking water from wells. If a well is not constructed or maintained properly, the water quality could be affected. This publication lists some questions to help you determine whether your drinking water has a high or low potential of becoming polluted.
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Mollet, Daniel Ray. "Rural Water." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1001.
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Smith, S. Andrew Enticknap. "Water first." Connect to full text, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20050314.135921/index.html.
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Telci, Ilker Tonguc. "Optimal water quality management in surface water systems and energy recovery in water distribution networks." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45861.
Abstract:
Two of the most important environmental challenges in the 21st century are to protect the quality of fresh water resources and to utilize renewable energy sources to lower greenhouse gas emissions. This study contributes to the solution of the first challenge by providing methodologies for optimal design of real-time water quality monitoring systems and interpretation of data supplied by the monitoring system to identify potential pollution sources in river networks. In this study, the optimal river water quality monitoring network design aspect of the overall monitoring program is addressed by a novel methodology for the analysis of this problem. In this analysis, the locations of sampling sites are determined such that the contaminant detection time is minimized for the river network while achieving maximum reliability for the monitoring system performance. The data collected from these monitoring stations can be used to identify contamination source locations. This study suggests a methodology that utilizes a classification routine which associates the observations on a contaminant spill with one or more of the candidate spill locations in the river network. This approach consists of a training step followed by a sequential elimination of the candidate spill locations which lead to the identification of potential spill locations. In order to contribute the solution of the second environmental challenge, this study suggests utilizing available excess energy in water distribution systems by providing a methodology for optimal design of energy recovery systems. The energy recovery in water distribution systems is possible by using micro hydroelectric turbines to harvest available excess energy inevitably produced to satisfy consumer demands and to maintain adequate pressures. In this study, an optimization approach for the design of energy recovery systems in water distribution networks is proposed. This methodology is based on finding the best locations for micro hydroelectric plants in the network to recover the excess energy. Due to the unsteady nature of flow in water distribution networks, the proposed methodology also determines optimum operation schedules for the micro turbines.
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Schulze, Lucy, and Lena Bauer. "Water, Water, Everywhere? : How Different Stakeholders Perceive and Address the Water Shortage on Gotland, Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325049.
Abstract:
“Vattenfrågan har alltid varit viktig på Gotland” (Bastani et al. 2015, p. 25) - “Water questions have always been important on Gotland”. Contrary to the common perception that water shortage does not pose a problem to northern European countries, the case on Gotland provides the example that it is a real issue. Due to several factors, the Swedish island faces severe water shortages during the summer and is in urgent need to address this in the light of an expected growing number of people coming to Gotland. Since water is a topic affecting a wide range of stakeholders, the water issue is already in the focus of attention and occasionally passionately discussed on the island. The aim of this paper was to identify with the help of qualitative research how relevant stakeholder groups perceive and address the water shortage on Gotland. The identified stakeholder groups were from the administrative/political sectors, industrial/business sectors, the research sector as well as engaged citizens. During the research it became clear that the water shortage can be characterized as a wicked problem, which in its nature is impossible to solve but only manageable due to its complexity. Yet, the majority of stakeholders did not recognize the wicked problem as such which explains the multiplicity of existent strategies for how to deal with it. The different approaches lead to outcomes that seem to only address parts of the problem but fail to manage it in its entirety. The study suggests that institutional voids, meaning a lack of clear responsibilities regarding who should manage the problem and how seem to both arise from and contribute to the complexity of the problem. As result of this research, it seems crucial to firstly gain a comprehensive understanding of the situation and then work with multi stakeholder communication and cooperation against prevailing institutional voids in order to address the water shortage effectively.
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Diawuo, Felix. "Water Supply of Accra, with Emphasis on Sachet Water." Thesis, KTH, Vattenförvaltning, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-99333.
Abstract:
This project seeks to assess the impact of the sachet water industry on the health, socio-economic and the environmental situation of the inhabitants of Accra, the capital city of Ghana. In addressing the situation, the driving forces which have fuelled the shift of consum-er taste from the normal tap water and the traditional hand-tied-ice water products to the plastic sachet water (commonly known in as "Pure Water") are identified. Lack of access to continuous flow of improved water and the perceived poor quality of the urban water supply system as results of poor management structure are identified as some of the factors for the shift in consumers’ taste for plastic sachet and bottled drinking water. The quality of the plastic sachet is also assessed through the review of previous research results. These are confirmed by laboratory analysis of about six brands of plastic sachet water and two brands bottled drinking water. The laboratory analysis carried out assessed the microbial, physical and chemical quality of the various samples. To assess the health impacts of the products, the results from the analysis are compared with WHO guideline values and other international guideline values. Questionnaires are also administered to ascertain the socio-economic impacts of the products on the life of the young men and women as well sachet water manufacturers. From this, some measures are suggested as to how to mitigate the activities of the sachet water business to reduce its negative effects on the health, the environment and the socio-economic status of the inhabitants of the city.
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Carter, Richard C. "Water resources and water management in north east Nigeria." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1995. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11117.
Abstract:
This thesis addresses some aspects of shallow groundwater resources, and the wider issues of water resources use and allocation, in the Yobe river basin, north east Nigeria. The studies reported here were carried out in the context of a research linkage, between a Nigerian and a British _University, set up explicitly to support a large rural development programme. This is probably the first time strategic academic research and regional development have been linked on such a scale in the region. ' Despite significant investment in the past in irrigation and other water resource developments, basic data on land and water resources, and their present use, are limited. Short term studies by Consultants have proved to be no substitute for long term routine monitoring, together with good natural and social science research. « 4 Priority research needs are identified in the sciences of climatology and hydrology, and in the use and management of water in the region. There is very limited knowledge of climatic and hydrological change over the last few decades, and almost total ignorance of the existing ' water uses, their economic value, and the efficiency or otherwise of traditional water management practices. The main issues addressed in the thesis are (i) the shallow groundwater resources of the Manga Grasslands, a upland dunefield, and the Yobe river valley floodplain or fadama, and (ii) the allocation of water resources, especially in the context of large irrigation demands. _ The thesis is presented in the form of six papers -(5 published, one submitted for publication), with a extended introduction (Chapter 1) and a short conclusion (Chapter 8). The main findings and conclusions of the work are that: (i) groundwater recharge to the upland is almost certainly much larger than present abstractions; (ii) groundwater recharge to the floodplains is small compared to present regional shallow groundwater abstraction; (iii) development of shallow groundwater resources for irrigation in the Manga Grasslands would be most inadvisable because of resource limitations and salinity hazards; (iv) limited development of small scale irrigation, together with careful monitoring and modelling should go ahead in the Yobe fadana; (v) the remaining questions concerning the mechanisms and magnitude of groundwater recharge throughout the region need to be resolved a a matter of urgency; (vi) water allocation policy can be developed rationally, based on clear objectives and criteria, a good research base, and transparency of motive.