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Academic literature on the topic 'Water Victoria Phosphorus content'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Water Victoria Phosphorus content"

1

Monbet, Phil, Ian D. McKelvie, and Paul J. Worsfold. "Phosphorus speciation, burial and regeneration in coastal lagoon sediments of the Gippsland Lakes (Victoria, Australia)." Environmental Chemistry 4, no. 5 (2007): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en07049.

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Environmental context. Eutrophication can lead to the production of harmful algal blooms and is one of the world’s most serious water quality issues. Phosphorus is potentially the limiting macro-nutrient in fresh, estuarine and some marine waters. Consequently, it plays a crucial role in determining the ecological status of many aquatic ecosystems. Considerable effort has been invested in monitoring dissolved reactive phosphorus and total phosphorus in the water column, but less is known about the speciation of phosphorus, particularly in the sediment. This compartment is an important and dynamic reservoir of phosphorus and a potential long-term source of phosphorus release to the water column by the sediment–water interface. This paper investigates the solid-phase speciation and reorganisation of phosphorus within the sediments of a shallow lake system in south-east Australia (the Gippsland Lakes) which suffers from recurring harmful algae blooms. Various strategies are proposed to determine the minimum realistic timescale required to deplete the sediment of labile and reactive phosphorus species. Abstract. Solid-phase phosphorus pools in the sediments of two shallow lakes (Wellington and Victoria) in the Gippsland Lakes coastal lagoon system of south-east Australia are discussed. Cores (20-cm depth) were taken in summer and winter in both lakes and a sequential extraction scheme (SEDEX) was used to profile the exchangeable P (Pex), iron oxide/hydroxide bound P (PFe), authigenic P (Pauth), detrital P (Pdet) and organic P (Porg). Pore-water (Ppw) dissolved reactive phosphorus concentration profiles were also measured. The dominant forms of P were PFe (up to 53%) and Porg (35–55%), with the PFe fraction playing a key role in the short-term retention of P in the sediment. Benthic phosphorus fluxes at the sediment–water interface (μmol m–2 d–1) were determined from the sequential extraction data. The results were compared with flux measurements from the complementary approaches of benthic chamber experiments and Fickian diffusion calculations, to allow an insight into the nature and seasonal variations of the fluxes. The burial flux of phosphorus was also estimated from excess 210Pb profiles in the sediment of the lakes. All of these data were used to produce a phosphorus budget for the Gippsland Lakes which suggested that the sediment represents a substantial source of phosphorus within the lakes and thus clearly highlights the importance of the sedimentary compartment in shallow eutrophic ecosystems. Minimum realistic timescales for complete labile phosphorus depletion from the sediment (assuming no resupply from the sediment–water interface) were calculated and ranged from 8 to 22 years.
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Bertrand, I., R. E. Holloway, R. D. Armstrong, and M. J. McLaughlin. "Chemical characteristics of phosphorus in alkaline soils from southern Australia." Soil Research 41, no. 1 (2003): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02021.

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This study was performed to better understand the chemical behaviour of P in a variety of alkaline soils from southern Australia. To do so, surface soil samples of 47 alkaline cropping soils from Upper Eyre Peninsula in South Australia and from western Victoria were collected. The 22 soils collected from Eyre Peninsula were Calcarosols, and those from western Victoria were Vertosols, Alkaline Duplex soils, Sodosols, and Red Brown Calcareous soils. Parameters included total and amorphous Al and Fe, organic C, organic P, CaCO3 content, P sorption characteristics, phosphorus buffer capacity, calcium lactate (Ca-Lac) extractable P, bicarbonate-extractable (Colwell) P, water-extractable P, anion exchange membrane extractable P (AEM-P), and isotopically exchangeable P (labile P). Concentrations of micronutrients in the Calcarosols were relatively low, considered to be a function of low clay contents. Given very low background Cd concentrations in the soils, it was estimated from Cd measurements that the majority of total P in the soils was derived from previous fertiliser applications. Phosphorus buffer capacities (PBCs) were relatively high in the Calcarosols and moderately high in the other alkaline soils. P sorption behaviour in the Calcarosols was a direct function of CaCO3 content, although in the other alkaline soils, amorphous Al and Fe oxides were the principal determinants of the P sorption behaviour. Both Colwell and Ca-Lac extractants dissolved non-labile P in the highly calcareous soils, whereas AEM appeared to only remove surface-adsorbed P. In addition, Colwell P values were positively related to PBC and to the slope term in the Freundlich model (Kf) when Kf > 10. It is suggested that AEM-P may be a better predictor of P availability in highly calcareous soils compared with the other extractants.
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Singh, D. K., C. J. P. Gourley, P. W. G. Sale, and C. Hasthorpe. "High phosphorus supply increases persistence and growth of white clover in grazed dairy pastures during dry summer conditions." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 5 (1999): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98082.

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Measurements of pasture appearance, white clover leaf and stolon mass, stolon water potential, and percentage clover cover in the sward were made for grazed dairy pastures at Ellinbank, West Gippsland, Victoria, during the hot, dry month of February 1997. The perennial ryegrass–white clover-based pastures were in rotationally grazed paddocks from a large farmlet experiment and had received different levels of phosphorus fertiliser (0 or 280 kg P/ha over an 18-month period), and were being grazed with 2 or 3 cows/ha for the no-phosphorus, or 3 or 4 cows for the high-phosphorus paddocks. Further measurements of white clover composition in the pasture swards were made in April, following autumn rain. There were marked differences in white clover (i.e. more yellow, flaccid and desiccated plants with fewer leaves) and pasture appearance (higher frequency of patchy, weedy, poorly utilised areas) in the no-phosphorus, compared with the high-phosphorus treated pastures with the same stocking rate of 3 cows/ha. Also, the high-phosphorus paddocks had a greater white clover percentage than the low-phosphorus paddocks in February with mean percentages of 13.8 and 7.8% respectively. Following rains in March and April, the mean percentage clover cover in high-phosphorus paddocks had increased substantially by 30 April 1997 to 30.6% whereas there was a small improvement in mean clover content in the low-phosphorus paddocks (12.3%). The white clover plants in the high-phosphorus paddocks had heavier stolons, larger leaves and, for the medium stocking rate (3 cows/ha), they appeared to have more leaves per cm of stolon. The findings support previous studies which have highlighted how high-phosphorus application rates can improve the performance of repeatedly defoliated white clover plants during dry periods.
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Jacobs, J. L., G. N. Ward, A. M. McDowell, and G. A. Kearney. "A survey on the effect of establishment techniques, crop management, moisture availability and soil type on turnip dry matter yields and nutritive characteristics in western Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 6 (2001): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01009.

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Factors associated with turnip dry matter yield, metabolisable energy and crude protein were investigated in 266 turnip forage crops on 142 dairy farms in south-western Victoria during spring 1999 and summer 2000. Factors measured were primary cultivation method, secondary cultivation method, soil texture, soil temperature and moisture at sowing, seedbed preparation, turnip variety, sowing method, sowing rate, rolling post-sowing, harrowing post-sowing, seedling establishment, insect damage, water received, phosphorus and nitrogen application. The average date for the commencement of seedbed preparation was early October, although the range was from mid-March until mid-December. Sowing dates ranged from mid-September to mid-December, with an average of mid-October. The most common turnip variety sown was Barkant, followed by Mammoth Purple Top, Vollenda and Rondo. Growing periods ranged from 8 to 23 weeks, with the majority of crops grazed from 8 to 15 weeks. The average dry matter yield was about 5 t DM/ha, with values ranging from 0.4 to 19.2 t DM/ha. The average metabolisable energy content of turnips was 13.7 MJ/kg DM with values ranging from 11.3 to 14.6 MJ/kg DM. The metabolisable energy of roots was on average higher than the leaf component of the plants (14 v. 13.5 MJ/kg DM). Conversely, crude protein content of leaves (15.4%) was higher than in the root fraction (13.9%). The average neutral detergent fibre content of turnips was 22.5% with values ranging from 16.9 to 30.5%. The water-soluble carbohydrate content of the leaf component ranged from 1.1 to 26.8% with an average of 14.7%, while starch content of the root component ranged from 0.3 to 38.8% with an average content of 16.9%. The average cost of growing a turnip crop was $485/ha or $133 t DM. Total, leaf and root dry matter yield as well as metabolisable energy and crude protein were analysed by a mixed effects model (with factors fixed and farms and paddocks random). Factors that were associated with total dry matter yield were total water received, soil temperature and moisture at sowing, seedling density, method of secondary cultivation, soil type and insect damage. The application of nitrogen fertiliser had the greatest association with turnip crude protein content. In conclusion the findings of this study indicate potential ways to increase the dry matter yield of turnips grown in south-western Victoria. Given the current average dry matter yields and cost of growing turnips, purchasing cereal grain may be a viable alternative. An increase in average dry matter yield would make the choice of growing turnips as a feed for lactating dairy cows a more profitable option.
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Cayley, J. W. D., M. R. McCaskill, and G. A. Kearney. "Changes in pH and organic carbon were minimal in a long-term field study in the Western District of Victoria." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 2 (2002): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01050.

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Changes in soil pH from a long-term experiment at Hamilton, Vic., associated with time, fertiliser application, and stocking rate were assessed. The pH was measured in a 1 :5 suspension of soil in water (pHW) from 1980 onwards and in a 1:5 suspension of soil in 0.01 M CaCl2 (pHCa) from 1984 onwards. Topsoils (0–10 cm) were sampled regularly from 1980 to 1999, and the soil profile to a depth of 80 cm in 1994. The site was sown to perennial ryegrass, phalaris, and subterranean clover in 1977. Treatments fertilised with different amounts of superphosphate were grazed by sheep at stocking rates of 7–19 dry sheep equivalents (DSE)/ha. Average applications of phosphorus (P) ranged from 0.5 to 38.7 kg P/ha.year. The pHCa of the topsoil in 1984 was 4.9. It decreased at an average rate of 0.005 pHCa or 0.008 pHW units/year, with little variation due to fertiliser or stocking rate. Measurements in 1994 revealed subtle but statistically significant (P < 0.01) trends in soil pHCa that were associated with grazing pressure, inputs of fertiliser, and whether or not areas sampled were used by the sheep for camping. The top 0–5 cm of soil was slightly less acidic (+0.07 pHCa units) in the camp areas compared with non-camp areas. Below 5 cm to a depth of 80 cm, camp areas were more acidic (–0.19 pHCa units). At the highest stocking rates, heavier applications of superphosphate were associated with greater subsoil acidity: –0.06 pHCa units per 100 kg phosphorus (P) applied. There was no relationship at medium stocking rates. At low stocking rates, higher P applications were associated with more alkaline subsoils. Net removal of product from 1979 to 1994 (wool and meat removed from plots and excreta transferred to camps) was estimated to be equivalent to 140–380 kg/ha of lime over this 15-year period. The organic carbon (OC) content of the topsoil did not change over 20 years of records from 1979, and was unaffected by inputs of P. In 1994, the OC content of the 0–5 cm layer of topsoil was greater than the 5–10 cm layer (mean values 5.5% and 3.8% respectively; P < 0.001). The OC content of camp areas was higher than that of non-camp areas, this difference being more pronounced in the 0–5 cm layer (P < 0.01). It was concluded that the rate of change of pH was slow because of the high pH buffering capacity of the soil, the small amount of alkalinity removed in product, and the generally high perennial grass content of the pastures. Soils shown to be at greatest risk of acidification from this study were those under camp areas, and where high fertiliser rates were applied to pastures with a low perennial grass content. Rotational grazing should diminish these problems by reducing the concentration of excreta in camp areas, and favouring perennials over annuals in both camp and non-camp areas. Inputs of lime may eventually be needed to compensate for the acidifying effect of product removal.
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McCaskill, M. R., and J. W. D. Cayley. "Soil audit of a long-term phosphate experiment in south-western Victoria: total phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen, and major cations." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, no. 6 (2000): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99091.

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A nutrient audit was conducted on a long-term grazed fertiliser experiment at Hamilton in south-western Victoria to determine the fate of applied phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S). Single superphosphate had been applied at rates averaging between 1 and 33 kg P/ha.year since the start of the experiment in 1977. Soil samples were taken in 1994 by coring to a depth of 80 cm, and analysed for total soil nutrient concentration. Most (80%) applied P was in the top 43 cm of the soil profile. A further 6.5% had been transferred to sheep camp areas and 6.5% had been exported as product. It was estimated that <0.4% of applied P left the site in surface water movement. Unaccounted P (6.6%) was probably in the soil, but could not be detected because of the relatively wide confidence margin for total soil P. Only 31% of applied S was detected in the top 43 cm, 3.6% had been transferred to sheep camps, and 4.9% exported in product. Unaccounted S (60%) had probably moved deeper into the soil where it could not be detected from background levels of total soil S. Bulk density in the 0–5-cm layer increased by 1% for each additional ewe per ha, but decreased by up to 0.4% for each kg/ha.year of P fertiliser. Soil nitrogen (N) accumulated at 46 kg N/ha.year at the highest P application rate.Differences in total potassium (K) between low and high fertility treatments indicated that 20 kg K/ha.year had moved out of the 5–19-cm soil layer of the high fertility treatment. This was attributed to competition for exchange sites from calcium (Ca) in the superphosphate. It was concluded that fertilisers with a higher P : S ratio and a lower Ca content than superphosphate are more appropriate for the basalt-derived duplex soils because they would reduce problems associated with displacement of K in the soil profile.
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Ridley, A. M., B. P. Christy, R. E. White, T. McLean, and R. Green. "North-east Victoria SGS National Experiment site: water and nutrient losses from grazing systems on contrasting soil types and levels of inputs." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 8 (2003): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02090.

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Water and nutrient losses, pasture and animal production were measured for a prime lamb enterprise at Maindample (rainfall 750 mm/year) and a wool enterprise at Ruffy (rainfall 671 mm/year) in north-east Victoria from 1998 to 2000. Each site comprised 3 paddock-scale treatments: control, unsown pasture receiving about 5�kg�phosphorus (P)/ha.year; medium input, sown pasture (about 10 kg P/ha.year); and high input, sown pasture (≥22 kg P/ha.year). Sown pastures were based on phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) at Maindample and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) at Ruffy, and sheep were set stocked. Pastures at Maindample created a larger soil water deficit (commonly about 120 mm) compared with Ruffy (about 70 mm) in summer. Maximum soil water deficit at Maindample occurred under the high input pasture and was about 30 mm greater than the medium or control treatments. Phalaris content ranged between about 200 and 1300 kg DM/ha, between 10 and 70% of total composition (commonly about 20%). In contrast, at Ruffy the control, which had 20–40% native grasses (Austrodanthonia and Microlaena) achieved the greatest soil water deficit, about 25 mm greater than for sown pastures. Cocksfoot persisted poorly at the acid soil at Ruffy. Small differences in green leaf area over summer (about 200 kg DM/ha) between treatments could generate the soil water deficit differences over the summer.The most striking result was the markedly different pathways of water loss between surface losses and deep drainage at the 2 sites, which was of greater consequence than the effect of pasture type. At Maindample, on average, 166 mm of water was lost annually (22% of rainfall) with 110 mm of this as surface runoff. At Ruffy, annual water loss was 128 mm (19% of rainfall) with 110 mm of this total water loss estimated as loss through deep drainage.Phosphorus losses were low in all treatments (≤1 kg P/ha.year), and nitrate-N (NO3-N) losses (7–12 kg N/ha.year) were comparable with previous work. Concentrations of P in water were highest from the high treatments at both sites, averaging 0.91 and 0.83 mg P/L in surface runoff from Maindample high and Ruffy high treatments, respectively. Average soil water NO3-N concentrations ranged from 3 to 26 mg N/L. Both P and N concentrations were higher than acceptable for aquatic health.Environmental risks in terms of water and nutrient losses could be either higher or lower for sown than unsown pastures, depending upon soil type, botanical stability, persistence and the soil water extracting ability of the pasture. Results indicated that better environmental outcomes could be achieved if soil types were targeted for particular land uses. High management skills are needed if grazing enterprises are to be both profitable and have lower off-site impacts.
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Chapman, D. F., M. R. McCaskill, P. E. Quigley, A. N. Thompson, J. F. Graham, D.Borg, J. Lamb, G. Kearney, G. R. Saul, and S. G. Clark. "Effects of grazing method and fertiliser inputs on the productivity andsustainability of phalaris-based pastures in Western Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 8 (2003): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02198.

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The effects of combinations of different fertiliser rates and grazing methods applied to phalaris-based pastures on an acid, saline, yellow sodosol on the Dundas Tablelands of western Victoria (mean annual rainfall 623�mm) were measured from 1997 to 2000. The objective was to help identify management systems that improve phalaris growth and persistence, water use, and animal production, and thereby the productivity and sustainability of grazing systems. Pastures were either set stocked with low [mean 6.4 kg phosphorus (P)/ha.year] or high (mean 25 kg P/ha.year) fertiliser rates, or rotationally grazed with high fertiliser (mean 25 kg P/ha.year). Rotational grazing was implemented as either a simple '4-paddock' system (fixed rotation length), or a more intensive system where rotation length varied with pasture growth rate. Unreplicated paddocks of volunteer pasture (dominated by onion grass and annual grass weeds) receiving an average of 8 kg P/ha.year were also monitored. All treatments were stocked with spring-lambing Merino ewes. Stocking rate was an emergent property of each treatment, and was driven by pasture quality and availability. Total pasture herbage accumulation ranged from 7150 to 9750 kg DM/ha.year and was significantly lower on the set-stocked, low-fertility treatment than on all other treatments. A significant treatment.day effect in the spline analysis of herbage mass was explained by a trend toward higher pasture mass in the rotationally grazed treatments than set-stocked treatments from the break of season until mid-spring. Rotational grazing led to significantly higher phalaris herbage accumulation than set stocking (mean 3680 v. 2120 kg DM/ha.year), but significantly lower subterranean clover herbage accumulation (1440 v. 2490 kg DM/ha.year). Despite the stronger growth of deep-rooted phalaris in the rotationally grazed treatments, maximum soil water deficits at the end of summer differed only slightly between treatments, with the difference between driest and wettest treatments amounting to only 14 mm. Summer growth of phalaris was apparently insufficient to generate significant differences in soil water extraction at depth, even when phalaris content was increased by rotational grazing, and re-wetting of the soil profile occurred at a similar rate for all treatments. Rotationally grazed treatments supported higher stocking rates than set-stocked treatments at high fertiliser rates (mean 14.9 v. 13.7 ewes/ha), but apparent losses in pasture feeding value due to lower legume content under rotational grazing meant that there were few significant differences between treatments in lamb production per hectare. The experiment showed that grazing method can have a substantial and rapid effect on pasture botanical composition. There are clear opportunities for producers to use temporal and spatial combinations of set stocking and rotational grazing to manipulate herbage mass and pasture composition within broad target ranges for achieving both animal production (e.g. high per-head animal performance) and sustainability (e.g. persistence of perennial grasses) objectives. Rigid application of either set stocking or rotational grazing imposes limitations on both pasture and animal production, and neither grazing method will optimise system performance under all conditions. The experiment also demonstrated that management and land-use changes that have much greater potential to increase water use than those examined here will be needed to ensure the sustainability of pasture systems in the high rainfall zone of western Victoria.
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Schefe, Cassandra R., Kirsten M. Barlow, Nathan J. Robinson, Douglas M. Crawford, Timothy I. McLaren, Ronald J. Smernik, George Croatto, Ronald D. Walsh, and Matt Kitching. "100 Years of superphosphate addition to pasture in an acid soil—current nutrient status and future management." Soil Research 53, no. 6 (2015): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14241.

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Pasture-based animal production systems, which occupy a significant proportion of the landscape in Victoria, Australia, have historically been nutrient-limited, with phosphorus (P) often the most limiting nutrient. The Permanent Top-Dressed (PTD) pasture experiment was established in 1914 at the Rutherglen Research Station, Victoria, to investigate the management of this deficiency. The main objective of the PTD experiment was to demonstrate the value of adding P fertiliser at two rates to increase pasture productivity for lamb and wool production. We report on the status of the PTD soils after 100 years, investigating the long-term implications of continuous grazing and fertiliser management (0, 125 and 250 kg/ha of superphosphate every second year) of non-disturbed pasture. We investigated the long-term effects of P fertiliser on the forms and distribution of P and other relevant soil parameters. In the fertilised treatments, P has accumulated in the surface soils (0–10 cm) as both orthophosphate and organic P, with an Olsen P of 16–21 mg P/kg, which is non-limiting for pasture production. In the treatment with 250 kg superphosphate, there has also been movement of P down through the soil profile, probably due to the high sand content of the surface soil and the transfer through the profile of small quantities of water-soluble P and P bound to organic ligands. Over time, the site has continued to acidify (surface 0–10 cm); the soil acidity combined with aluminium (Al) concentrations in the fertilised treatments approach a level that should impact on production and where broadcast lime would be recommended. After 100 years of non-disturbed pasture, the surface soils of these systems would be in a state of quasi-equilibrium, in which the fertilised systems have high levels of carbon (C), nitrogen, P and exchangeable Al. The continued stability of this system is likely dependent upon maintaining the high C status, which is important to nutrient cycling and the prevention of Al phytotoxicity. There are two risks to this system: (i) the declining pH; and (ii) soil disturbance, which may disrupt the equilibrium of these soils and the bio-chemical processes that maintain it.
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Cras, Melanie C., and Robyn McConchie. "418 Properties of Soils in which Sticherus flabellatus Naturally Occurs." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 516B—516. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.516b.

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Sticherus flabellatus (R.Br.) St John, commonly known as Umbrella Fern, is a member of the Gleichenaceae family. Sticherus flabellatus is found on the N.S.W. coast and ranges, Qld, and eastern Victoria in Australia, as well as in New Zealand and New Caledonia. Fronds emerge from underground creeping rhizomes, forming large colonies in sheltered sites in moist gullies and creek banks in open forest. Propagation of the genus Sticherus has previously been relatively unsuccessful. The ferns are difficult to raise from spore and established specimens resent major disturbance to their roots, therefore making them hard to transplant. As a result of these difficulties the properties of the soil in which S. flabellatus grows naturally were investigated to determine the specific requirements for successful growth. Soil was collected from naturally occurring stands of S. flabellatus growing in a diverse range of sites within and on the periphery of the Sydney Basin. At each site a core of soil (12 cm diameter x 12 cm high) was taken at ≈0, 25, and 50 m along a line transect situated within a S. flabellatus stand, providing three replicates for each site. Physical and chemical properties were determined for each site. Particle size and consequently soil texture were determined using the hydrometer method. Electrical conductivity (EC) and pH readings were taken in a 1 soil: 5 water solution. pH readings were also taken in a 1 soil: 5 CaCl solution. Available P was analysed using the Bray (no. 2) method and organic carbon through colorimetric measurement after dichromate acid digestion. We found that S. flabellatus prefers growing in quite acidic soil with an average pH of 5.2 in a water solution and 4.0 in a CaCl solution. The EC readings were also significantly low with a mean reading of 37.0 μS•cm-1. Organic carbon was measured at a mean of 2.4% and available P at 4.1 mg•kg-1 of soil. Using the International Soil Texture Triangle the soil in which S. flabellatus is found growing can be classified as sandy. The average sand content was 87.6%, clay 6.8% and silt 5.5%. These results show that S. flabellatus grows naturally in highly acidic, nutrient poor sandy soils that contain only minimal amounts of organic carbon and phosphorus. Therefore this needs to be taken in consideration when trying to successfully propagate the fern.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water Victoria Phosphorus content"

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Abou, Nahra Joumana. "Modeling phosphorus transport in soil and water." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102946.

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The main objective of this project was to investigate and model phosphorus (P) transport in soil column studies. A model named HYDRUS-NICA was developed, by coupling a hydrological and transport model (HYDRUS-1D model) with an aqueous chemical model (non-ideal competitive adsorption - NICA), to improve the predictions of P transport in soil and water. The HYDRUS-NICA model was developed by replacing the non-linear empirical (Freundlich and Langmuir) equations of the HYDRUS-1D model with the NICA model equations. The numerical accuracy of the HYDRUS-NICA model was then evaluated by comparing the relative errors produced by the HYDRUS-NICA and HYDRUS-1D models. The results showed that the numerical schemes of the HYDRUS-NICA code are stable.
The ability of the NICA model to describe phosphate (PO4) adsorption to soil particles was tested using soils collected from agricultural fields in southern Quebec. The surface charge and PO4 adsorption capacity of these soils were measured. Results were used to estimate the NICA model parameters using a non-linear fitting function. The NICA model accurately described the surface charge of these soils and the PO4 adsorption processes.
The HYDRUS-1D model was applied to simulate water flow and PO4 transport in re-constructed soil column experiments. The HYDRUS-1D model was calibrated based on physical and chemical parameters that were estimated from different experiments. Overall, the HYDRUS-1D model successfully simulated the water flow in the columns; however, it overestimated the final adsorbed PO4 concentrations in the soil. The discrepancies in the results suggested that the HYDRUS-1D model could not account for the differences in the soil structure found in the columns, or that the Freundlich isotherm could not adequately describe PO4 adsorption.
The HYDRUS-NICA model was calibrated and validated with results from re-packed column experiments. The simulated results were then compared with results obtained by the HYDRUS-1D model. The overall goodness-of-fit for the HYDRUS-1D model simulations was classified as poor. The HYDRUS-NICA model improved significantly the prediction of PO4 transport, with the coefficient of modeling efficiency values being close to unity, and the coefficient of residual mass values being close to zero. The HYDRUS-NICA model can be used as a tool to improve the prediction of PO4 transport at the field scale.
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Simm, Robert. "Enhanced biological phosphorus removal using a sequencing batch RBC." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28517.

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The objective of the research program was to demonstrate the technical feasibility of removing phosphorus, by the enhanced biological phosphorus removal mechanism, from domestic wastewater using a laboratory scale Sequencing Batch Rotating Biological Contactor (SBRBC). The rotating discs of the RBC were subjected to alternating anaerobic/aerobic conditions by varying the water level in the reaction vessel. At the start of the treatment cycle, the RBC reactor would be filled submerging the rotating discs and ensuring anaerobic conditions in the RBC biofilm. Acetate would be added to the reaction vessel at this time. Following the batch anaerobic react period part of the reactor contents were decanted to either the sewage feed tank or a separate holding vessel to later become part of the influent for the next treatment cycle. With the rotating: discs of the-RBC partially submerged oxygen was available to the bacteria, in the RBC biofilm. Three operating schedules were tried with the above process. Each operating schedule differed in the way the decanted wastewater from the anaerobic phase was handled. Batch tests were conducted weekly to determine the nature of the biological reactions taking place in each of the batch anaerobic and aerobic phases. The SBRBC process showed promise for enhanced biological phosphorus removal from domestic wastewater. Carbon removal and nitrification of the wastewater were secondary benefits to this process. The success of the process was found to be dependent on the attainment of proper anaerobic conditions at the start of each treatment cycle.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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3

Coolidge, Kyle Marvin. "Phosphorus Cycling in Maine Lakes: A Sedimentary Analysis." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/CoolidgeKM2004.pdf.

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D'Angelo, Donna Jean. "Mechanisms governing phosphorus retention in streams." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39241.

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A, Heskett Richard. "Determining soil phosphorus concentrations using cattail indicators." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1048396.

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Excess phosphorus is often identified as a major factor in the eutrophication of wetlands and lakes. Often attributed to agricultural practices, the specific source of a large part of this excess has been difficult to determine. The term "nonpoint" source is often used to broadly describe the inflow along waterways of significant amounts of this essential plant nutrient and other pollution. This research was intended to determine the effectiveness of using cattails (Typha), a common plant along waterways, as indicators of plant available phosphorus in the soil along these waterways. Two sites in the southern part of Michigan's lower peninsula (45°N,84°W) where cattails grew were systematically examined for phosphorus and certain cattail characteristics. Plant and soil data were gathered in a grid-like pattern to determine both the relationship of paired data and their spatial distribution across each site. One set of data was shown to be significant. At one site, the density of cattails is weakly correlated with Phosphorus concentrations. Of particular importance, the spatial distribution of both variables is also noticeably similar at the site. No significant correlation between other data was shown. There is also no apparent similarity in spatial distribution. Though weakly correlated, we were able to support a hypothesis that a reasonable correlation exists between cattail density and plant available phosphorus at one site. The spatial distribution of these traits are also similar suggesting that cattails may, in some cases, be useful as indicators of excess phosphorus, perhaps better defining its source than “nonprint”.
Department of Biology
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6

Yurk, Jeffrey J. "Assessment of total phosphorus concentration as a predictor and determinant of fishery productivity in southern Appalachian reservoirs: application to Smith Mountain Lake, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50103.

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Phosphorus is often the limiting nutrient of primary productivity in southern Appalachian reservoirs, but its impact on higher trophic levels has not been assessed. Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between total phosphorus concentrations and estimates of fish standing stock in Smith Mountain Lake (SML) over time and for 22 southern Appalachian reservoirs (SAR) at the same time. ln SML, which had responded to a nutrient reduction program, total phosphorus concentration and fish biomass concurrently declined over an 12-year period; phosphorus concentration accounted for one-third (cove-specific) and two-thirds (whole-Iake) of the annual variation in fish standing stock. Total phosphorus concentration was also the best predictor of fish abundance in SARs, accounting for 84% of the variation in standing stock despite great diversity in reservoir physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Predictive power was generally higher at lower levels of the food chain (i.e. planktivores, younger fish) than for piscivores. Planktivore response to phosphorus was found to be immediate. Piscivore biomass did not vary significantly with phosphorus, owing in part to poor energy transfer up the food chain and variable management practices. Phosphorus concentration and total fish standing stock appear to have stabilized in SML since 1980. Losses in fish standing stock due to deceased fertility in SML have been partly offset by an increase in coolwater habitat. Aesthetic versus fishery benefits and the complexity of dealing with a longitudinal trophic gradient need to be considered for future management of SML.
Master of Science
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Stämpfli, Nicolas. "The effect of water table management on the migration of phosphorus and on grain corn yields." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19763.

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Due to recent research suggesting that water table management (WTM) can significantly reduce nitrate (NO3") loads in agricultural drainage, a study was carried out in 2001 and 2002 in Coteau-du-Lac, 60 km west of Montreal, to investigate the effect of water table management on the migration of phosphorus (P) via tile drainage and surface runoff. The second main objective was to study the influence of WTM on grain corn yields. Two drainage treatments were compared: conventional free drainage and WTM (combined controlled drainage and subirrigation) with a design water table depth at 0.6 m below the ground surface. Tile drainage and surface runoff were monitored and sampled automatically. Increased outflow volumes and concentrations - and therefore increased P loads - were measured in drainage water from plots under WTM. Plots under WTM also generally exhibited higher P loads in surface runoff. Higher P concentrations in surface runoff from plots under WTM were observed in surface runoff, especially during winter. Phosphorus loads from combined tile drainage and surface runoff were low compared with literature data (<0.4 kg/ha/year). However, the mean P concentrations in tile drainage were above Quebec's surface water quality standard of 0.03 mg total P/L during both growing seasons in plots under WTM, but not in plots with conventional free drainage. Mean P concentrations in surface runoff water routinely exceeded the criteria, except in plots with conventional free drainage in winter 2002. Therefore, P from tile drainage and surface runoff could contribute to the eutrophication of surface water. Based on these results, WTM increases P loads from the field, both in tile drainage and surface runoff. However, the well water used for subirrigation was found to contain P concentrations above Quebec's surface water quality standard, and this could partly explain the higher P concentrations found in water from plots under WTM. Water table management increased grain corn yields by 35% in both years. The growing seasons of 2001 and 2002 were among the driest ever recorded in Canada.
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Shetterly, Benjamin James. "Soil Phosphorus Characterization and Vulnerability to Release in Urban Stormwater Bioretention Facilities." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4354.

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Modern urban stormwater infrastructure includes vegetated bioretention facilities (BRFs) that are designed to detain water and pollutants. Phosphorus (P) is a pollutant in stormwater which can be retained in BRF soils in mineral, plant, and microbial pools. We explored soil properties and phosphorus forms in the soils of 16 operational BRFs in Portland, OR. Since soil hydrology can significantly impact P retention, we selected BRFs along an infiltration rate (IR) gradient. We conducted sequential fractionation and tests of P pools and measured P release in a subset of soils after drying and flooding samples for ten days. We hypothesized that mineral or organic soil P forms would be correlated with IR, and that vulnerability to P release would depend on the interaction of drying and flooding treatments with P forms and pools. IR did not significantly explain differences in P forms. Soil TP was elevated across all sites, compared with TP in agriculturally-impacted wetlands and was substantially composed of soil organic matter (OM)-associated P. Phosphorus sorbed to mineral Fe and Al oxides- was variable but positively correlated with water-extractable P. The concentration gradient of water-extractable P was primarily controlled by overall P pools. Experimentally induced P releases were seen in 5 of 6 soils exposed to drying conditions, presumably released through microbial mineralization of OM. Only one site showed significant P release following the flooding treatment. Our measurements supported the idea that Fe and Al oxides provide P sorption capacity in these BRF soils. Variable inputs of P to BRFs through stormwater and litterfall may contribute to variability in P profiles and P release vulnerability across sites. Design specifications and management decisions relating to bioretention soils (e.g. establishment of acceptable soil test P levels, focusing on P forms known to influence vulnerability of P release) may benefit from detailed biogeochemical investigations.
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Jamieson, Andrew 1976. "Evaluating phosphorus losses in surface and subsurface runoff from two agricultural fields in Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33784.

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Phosphorous concentrations exceed water quality guidelines in most of the major rivers in southern Quebec. The problem is particularly acute in the Pike River, which drains into the Missisquoi Bay of Lake Champlain, in southeastern Quebec. Elevated phosphorus concentrations can lead to a reduction in the palatability of drinking water, a decrease in diversity of aquatic life and loss of recreational opportunities. All of these problems have been observed in the Bay.
Two agricultural fields (the Marchand and Gagnon sites) located on the Pike River watershed, in southeastern Quebec were selected and equipped with instrumentation to measure and evaluate the partitioning of phosphorus between surface runoff and subsurface drainage, on a year round basis. The snowmelt event was the dominant surface and subsurface event for the 2000/2001 hydrological year. On the Marchand site surface flow data was incomplete as a result of a failure of the surface runoff flume. On both sites the IF 200 subsurface flow meters failed, which resulted in missing subsurface flow data during certain runoff events. Therefore, the majority of the comparisons made relate to the Gagnon site.
The 2000/2001 hydrological year was unusually dry, which resulted in a limited number of surface and subsurface runoff events. The annual depth of surface runoff for the Gagnon site was 87.5 mm/ha, of which only 0.2mm occurred outside the snowmelt event. The estimated depth of subsurface runoff of the snowmelt event at the Gagnon site based upon a water balance equation was 93.7 mm/ha, or 51.7% of the total volume that occurred on the Gagnon field during the snowmelt event.
The total phosphorus load in surface runoff for the spring snowmelt at the Gagnon site was 166.4 g/ha, whereas the estimated total phosphorus load in subsurface drainage was 98.2 g/ha, or 37.1% of the total load. Subsurface drains can therefore be a significant pathway for phosphorus losses.
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Rooney, Neil. "Scale of analysis and the influence of submerged macrophytes on lake processes." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37665.

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The goal of this thesis was to examine submerged macrophoe biomass, distribution, and ecosystem effects at scales large enough to incorporate the littoral zone into models of whole lake structure and function. Submerged macrophyte biomass and distribution was shown to be highly variable between growing seasons and primarily dependant upon air temperature and the timing of the onset of the growing season. Within a growing season, a mass balance study showed an undisturbed macrophyte bed to markedly lower phytoplankton biomass: total phosphorus ratios, although the net effect of the bed on the growing season phosphorus budget was minimal. The weedbed preferentially retained phytoplankton biomass while being a source of bacterial production to the open water. These findings were mirrored at the among lake scale, as planktonic respiration and bacterial production were higher in macrophyte dominated lakes than would be expected based on phytoplankton biomass alone. Further, phytoplankton biomass was lower than would be expected based on epilimnetic phosphorus levels, showing that the classical view of pelagic interactions that proposes phosphorus determines phytoplankton abundance, which in turn determines bacterial abundance through the production of organic carbon, becomes less relevant as macrophyte cover increases. Long term phosphorus accumulation in the littoral zone was shown to be linked to macrophyte biomass, and on average almost an order of magnitude higher than calculated from the growing season (June--October) phosphorus budget, suggesting that the bulk of phosphorus accumulation in weedbeds occurs outside of the growing season. Finally, sediment core data showed that while submerged weedbeds accumulate up to four times as much bulk sediment compared to the profundal zone, phosphorus accumulation in weedbeds is much less than observed in the profundal zone. These results strongly indicating that submerged macrophyte beds play a central role in trapping ep
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Books on the topic "Water Victoria Phosphorus content"

1

Playle, Richard C. Two computer programs for predicting phosphorous concentrations in new reservoirs. Winnipeg: Manitoba Environment and Workplace Safety and Health, 1986.

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M, Robertson Dale. Hydrology, water quality, and phosphorus loading of Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin. [Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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Robertson, Dale M. Hydrology, water quality, and phosphorus loading of Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin. [Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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Commission, Flathead Basin. Phosphorus and water quality in the Flathead Basin. Navarre, Minn: Published for the Flathead Basin Commission by the Freshwater Foundation, 1986.

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Pope, Larry M. Sources and concentrations of phosphorus in the Cheney Reservoir Watershed, south-central Kansas. [Reston, Va.?: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Surrvey, 2002.

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Tarapchak, Stephen J. A review: Phosphrous-plankton [sic] dynamics and phosphrous-cycling [sic] in aquatic systems. Ann Arbor, Mich: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1987.

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Tarapchak, Stephen J. A review: Phosphrous-plankton [sic] dynamics and phosphrous-cycling [sic] in aquatic systems. Ann Arbor, Mich: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1987.

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Tarapchak, Stephen J. A review: Phosphrous-plankton [sic] dynamics and phosphrous-cycling [sic] in aquatic systems. Ann Arbor, Mich: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1987.

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Tarapchak, Stephen J. A review: Phosphrous-plankton [sic] dynamics and phosphrous-cycling [sic] in aquatic systems. Ann Arbor, Mich: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1987.

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Tarapchak, Stephen J. A review: Phosphrous-plankton [sic] dynamics and phosphrous-cycling [sic] in aquatic systems. Ann Arbor, Mich: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water Victoria Phosphorus content"

1

Rzepecki, M. "Bottom sediments in a humic lake with artificially increased calcium content: sink or source for phosphorus?" In The Interactions Between Sediments and Water, 457–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5552-6_47.

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Owens, Philip N., and Desmond E. Walling. "Temporal changes in the metal and phosphorus content of suspended sediment transported by Yorkshire rivers, U.K. over the last 100 years, as recorded by overbank floodplain deposits." In The Interactions between Sediments and Water, 185–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3366-3_25.

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Eck, Mathilde, Oliver Körner, and M. Haïssam Jijakli. "Nutrient Cycling in Aquaponics Systems." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 231–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_9.

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AbstractIn aquaponics, nutrients originate mainly from the fish feed and water inputs in the system. A substantial part of the feed is ingested by the fish and either used for growth and metabolism or excreted as soluble and solid faeces, while the rest of any uneaten feed decays in the tanks. While the soluble excretions are readily available for the plants, the solid faeces need to be mineralised by microorganisms in order for its nutrient content to be available for plant uptake. It is thus more challenging to control the available nutrient concentrations in aquaponics than in hydroponics. Furthermore, many factors, amongst others pH, temperature and light intensity, influence the nutrient availability and plant uptake. Until today, most studies have focused on the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. However, to ensure good crop yields, it is necessary to provide the plants with sufficient levels of all key nutrients. It is therefore essential to better understand and control nutrient cycles in aquaponics.
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Chen, Jun, Sisi Cao, Jiali Wang, Zhaoming Chen, Jie Jin, and Yang Zhang. "Sludge Activated Carbon Prepared by High Dehydration and Carbonization Equipment and Adsorb Phosphorus in Wastewater." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220388.

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Sludge activated carbon (SAChdc) was prepared by high dehydration & carbonization equipment and used for adsorption phosphorus in wastewater. The sludge can be dehydrated until water content below 60%, then carbonized by the high dehydration & carbonization equipment. The SAChdc used as absorbent in phosphorus of wastewater treatment. The experimental results showed that the adsorption capacity of phosphorus could reach 4.598 mg/g, and adsorption rate was above 91%, the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and Freundlich isotherm model could describe the phosphorus adsorption process of SAChdc. SAChdc prepared and used as absorbent realized the sludge harmless and resource utilization.
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Guo, Yangnan, Kai Zhang, Lu Bai, Yingming Yang, and Yequan Wang. "Analysis on the Interaction Between Vegetation and Soil Quality in Coal Mining Subsidence Area." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220356.

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As a “bridge” connecting soil, atmosphere and water, the dynamic change of vegetation can reflect the change of ecological environment in coal mining subsidence area to a certain extent. However, relying on traditional methods to extract vegetation coverage information in a large range not only consumes huge human and material resources, but also has low accuracy. Therefore, this study uses satellite remote sensing technology to extract vegetation coverage in coal mining subsidence areas. Based on the spatial variation laws of soil water content, pH, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter content in coal mining subsidence areas, considering the impact of different types of surface vegetation (grassland, shrubs and trees), this study analyzes the interaction and distribution of each factor under coal mining disturbances, and puts forward reasonable maintenance suggestions to reduce the impact of coal mining disturbances on ecology. The results showed that: (1) Soil water content was negatively correlated with soil pH, and the correlation between the two was the best in the one-year subsidence area (SA), among which the shrub land had the highest correlation, followed by grassland and arbor land. The influence between soil water content and soil pH is timely affected by coal mining subsidence, grassland and shrub land are more sensitive, and arbor land is more stable. Soil water content was positively correlated with soil fertility, and the correlation was the best in one-year SA, among which shrub land had the highest correlation, followed by arbor land and grassland. Soil pH was negatively correlated with soil fertility. The shrub land in the unmined area, the 1-year SA, and the 2-year SA had a high correlation with the arbor land, among which the shrub land in the 1-year SA had the highest correlation. (2) The correlation between vegetation coverage and soil physical and chemical properties (PCP) is the best between shrub forest land in 1-year SA and arbor forest land in 2-year SA, which is medium. At the initial stage of subsidence, the vegetation coverage and soil PCP of shrub forest land respond in time. After increasing the subsidence years, the vegetation coverage and soil PCP of arbor forest land respond significantly. (3) Increasing the coverage of surface vegetation can effectively improve or alleviate the damage caused by coal mining to the PCP of soil. Planting arbor and shrub forests in the mining area can better protect the soil and reduce the loss of water and fertility.
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Erşahin, Mustafa Evren, Hüseyin Güven, and İzzet Öztürk. "Atıksu Arıtma Tesisinden Atıksu Rafinerisine." In Döngüsel Ekonomi ve Sürdürülebilir Hayat, 385–410. Turkish Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-605-2249-97-0.ch15.

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In the past, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were built mainly to protect the receiving water body quality, but due to energy and raw material constraints, reducing the energy consumption of WWTPs and ensuring material recovery have also gained importance. However, it is not possible to achieve the desired level of energy and material recovery in WWTPs where conventional activated sludge (AS) processes are applied. In order to achieve this goal, innovative processes need to be implemented. With the innovative processes, it is possible to make WWTPs energy neutral or even energy positive, and to recover valuable materials from wastewater. In order to improve the energy balance of WWTPs, it is necessary to reduce energy consumption by providing process optimization and extract the energy content of wastewater. Generated excess sludge after treatment can be used as soil conditioner (compost) or auxiliary fuel after various processes. Nitrogen and phosphorus can be recovered in various forms from the digester side streams. With the application of advanced treatment technologies, water recovery can be achieved to be used for different purposes (irrigation water, industrial utility water, toilet flush water, etc.). WWTPs can be transformed into wastewater refineries through the maximization of energy and material recovery.
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Aziz, Shuokr Qarani, and Amin Mojiri. "Composition of Leachate." In Civil and Environmental Engineering, 248–74. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9619-8.ch009.

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Solid waste is an important environmental problem in both developing and developed countries. Management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is one of the main modern environmental issues in municipal areas because of both its huge amount and variety of constituents. Information on characteristics of MSW is important for the formulation of new waste management policy. Landfill leachate is defined as an aqueous effluent produced when water percolates through the waste in a landfill. The nature of landfill leachate depends on the type of MSW being dumped, landfill age, moisture content, seasonal weather variations, site hydrology, the stage of decomposition in the landfill and pH. Produced leachate could contain large amounts of contaminants measured as COD, BOD5, NH3–N, heavy metals, phenols, phosphorus etc. Obviously, as landfill age increases, the biodegradable fraction of organic pollutants in leachate decrease as an outcome of the anaerobic decomposition occurring in landfill site. Thus, mature or stabilized leachate contains much more refractory organics than young leachate.
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Voroshylova, Natalia, and Nelia Melnikova. "ACID-ALKALINE STATE OF THE ORGANISM AS A REGULATOR OF THE MINERAL STATUS OF RATS’ BLOOD AT CADMIUM POISONING." In Integration of traditional and innovation processes of development of modern science. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-021-6-29.

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The work is devoted to the study of the influence of changes in the acid-base state on the indices of mineral metabolism in the body of cadmium sulphate-poisoned 6 months age-rats. It is known that the entry of cadmium salts into the body causes disorders of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and mineral metabolism. As well-known, the endotoxicants affect cellular structures and activate lysosomal enzymes, block mitochondrial oxidation and ribosomal synthesis, initiate free radical processes, that are accompanied by disturbance of rheology and blood coagulation, micro- and macro-circulation, water-electrolyte balance. Such caused alterations in macro- and microelement composition of poisoned animals’ organisms disrupt the course of numerous metabolic processes. The research was conducted on the basis of the Department of Biochemistry and Vivarium of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine using adult 6 months-age outbred rats breeding of the Research and Production Center of Laboratory Animal Husbandry of Educational and Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Quality and Safety of Livestock Products. Biological models of introduction of rats into the state of experimental metabolic acidosis and alkalosis before and after cadmium sulphate poisoning have been developed, as well as indices of acid-base status and mineral metabolism of the developed experimental models have been studied. The influence of the changes of parameters of acid-base state of the body on the content in the blood of poisoned rats of macronutrients (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus) and trace elements (copper, zinc, and iron). At compare of the changes in parameters of acid-base status of the blood of cadmium sulfate-poisoned animals, it was noted that the state of experimental metabolic acidosis is more expressed than alkalosis, that is more effective for correction and normalization of mineral metabolism in poisoned rats.
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"maize, 1.4-2.7%; of waxy barley, 2.1-8.3%; and of waxy swell only slightly in cold water. Granules differ in size rice 0-2.3%; thus the range of amylose contents of the and shape among plants. For example, corn starch has an waxy wheats is comparable to that of other waxy cereal average diameter of about 15 1.1,M, wheat starch has a bi-grains. Biochemical features of starch from waxy wheats modal size distribution of 25-40 and 5-10 [tm, potato are similar to those of waxy maize [71]. starch has an average size of 40 WTI, and rice starch has an Starch from barley contains 22-26% amylose, the rest average size of 5µm [99]. being amylopectin [28]. However, samples of 11-26% The particle sizes of starch granules have recently re-amylose are known, and starch from waxy barley contains ceived much attention because of their important roles in only 0-3% amylose, while high-amylose starches contain determining both the taste and mouthfeel of fat substitutes up to 45%. and the tensible properties of degradable plastic films. Amylose content of rice is categorized as very low Daniel and Whistler [39] reported that small-granule (0-9%), low (9-20%), intermediate (20-25%), or high starch about 2 !um in diameter, or similar in size to the lipid (25-33%) [124]. The amylose content of long grain rice micelle, had advantages as a fat substitute. Lim et al. [117] ranges from 23 to 26%, while medium grain ranges from investigated the use of starches of different particle size in 15 to 20% and short grain ranges from 18 to 20% [103]. degradable plastic film. They reported that a linear correla-Oat amylose content (16-27%) is similar to that of tion between film thickness and particle size and an in-wheat starch, but oat amylose is more linear and oat amy-verse linear correlation between film thickness and particle lopectin is more branched than that found in wheat [121]. size. Small-granule starches may also be used as face pow-Most sorghum starch is similar in composition to corn der or dusting powder, as a stabilizer in baking powder, and contains 70-80% branched amylopectin and 21-28% and as laundry-stiffening agents. amylose [127]. However, waxy or glutinous sorghum con-The size of the wheat starch granule is 1-30 lam, the tains starch with 100% amylopectin and has unique prop-size distribution being bimodal. Such a bimodal size distri-erties similar to waxy corn [158]. Badi et al. [11] reported bution is characteristic of wheat starch, as well as of rye 17% amylose in starch from one pearl milled population. and barley starches. Wheat starch consists of two basic Gracza [69] reviewed the minor constituents of starch. forms: small spherical granules (about 5-10 wri) and larg-Cereal starches contain low levels of lipids. Usually, the er lenticular granules (about 25-4011m). The small B-gran-lipids associated with starch are polar lipids. Generally, the ules are spherical and have a diameter of less than 10 wrt; level of lipids in cereal starch is between 0.5 and 1%. Be-a mean value of about 4 lam has been reported. The large sides low levels of other minerals, starches contain phos-A-granules are lenticular and have a diameter greater than phorus and nitrogen. In the cereals, phosphorus occurs 10 lam, with a mean 14.11.1m. In reality, the granules have a mostly in the form of phospholipids. The nitrogen is gener-continuous distribution of granule size within the range ally considered to be present as protein, but it may also be designated for that starch. Amylose and amylopectin are a constituent of the lipid fraction. intermixed and distributed evenly throughout the granule. The interaction between amylose and lipids is more Many believe that the composition and properties of small powerful by far than that between amylopectin and lipids and large granules are similar, but this is a subject of some [55]. It is well established that polar lipids (e.g., mono-argument and the subject of many research studies [42]. glycerides, fatty acids, and similar compounds) form a hel-Kulp [110] evaluated the fundamental and bread-mak-ical inclusion complex with the amylose molecule, be-ing properties of small wheat starch granules and com-tween the hydrocarbon chain of the lipid and the interior of pared them with those of regular starch. Small granules the amylose helix. were found to be lower in iodine affinity, indicating differ-ences in amylose levels or some fundamental structural differences. Gelatinization temperature ranges, water-binding capacities, and enzymic susceptibilities of small Starch is laid down in the shape of particles in special amy-granules were higher than those of regular ones. loplast cells in the plant. These particles are called gran-Rice has one of the smallest starch granules of cereal ules, and they are the means by which the plant stores en-grains, ranging in size from 3 to 5 pm in the mature grain, ergy for the carbohydrate in a space-saving way, but also to although the small granules of wheat starch are almost the make the energy easily accessible when the seed germi-same size [33]. The small granule size of that starch results nates [57]. One starch granule is synthesized in each amy-in physical properties that make it useful as a dusting flour loplast, and the shape and size of a starch granule is typical in bakeries. Rice starch amyloses have degree of polymer-of its botanical origin. ization (DP) values of 1000-1100 and average chain Starch granules are relatively dense, insoluble, and lengths of 250-320. These structural properties of amylose." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 405–32. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-41.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water Victoria Phosphorus content"

1

Skyba, O. I., L. Ya Fedonyuk, O. M. Yarema, and K. Lesnyak-Mochuk. "DEPENDENCE OF PHOSPHATE CONTENT IN WATER ON MOBILE AND TOTAL FORMS OF PHOSPHORUS IN SOIL IN AGRICULTURAL TERRITORY OF TERNOPIL REGION (UKRAINE)." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-2-213-217.

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The indicators of phosphates in water, the content of mobile and total forms of phosphorus in bottom sediments and soils in the hydroecosystem of the agrarian territory, which is characterized by active agriculture and animal husbandry, have been determined and analyzed. It was found that the presence of the total form of phosphorus in soil, water and bottom sediments differs significantly in different months, and the mobile form, on the contrary, is the same. It indicates a significant mobility of mobile forms of phosphorus in the “soil-water-bottom” sediments system. It was found that in spring most of the total phosphorus is in the soil, and in summer and until the beginning of autumn, its share in bottom sediments increases. It was revealed that the content of phosphates in the studied hydroecosystem is determined by their migration in the “soil-water-bottom” sediments system and has a seasonal character.
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Alves, A. N., D. A. Xavier, F. A. L. Soares, H. R. Gheyi, C. A. Uyeda, and A. C. F. Vasconcelos. "CONTENT OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM IN CASTOR BEAN IRRIGATED WITH SALINE WATER AND DOSES OF NITROGEN." In III Inovagri International Meeting. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil: INOVAGRI/INCT-EI, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12702/iii.inovagri.2015-a205.

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3

Pang, G. B., and Z. H. Xu. "Effects of water and fertilizer managements on content and distribution of phosphorus in different parts of rice plants." In 2016 5th International Conference on Civil, Architectural and Hydraulic Engineering (ICCAHE 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccahe-16.2016.93.

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Fedonyuk, L. Ya, O. I. Skyba, O. M. Yarema, and E. Mochuk. "ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF WATER QUALITY DUE TO EUTROPHICATION CONDITIONS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SERET RIVER, UKRAINE)." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-2-220-223.

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The ecological state of the Seret River was assessed by studying the physicochemical parameters of the river reservoir (the content of dissolved oxygen, water temperature), biogenic substances (phosphorus compounds) and comparing them with the literature data on the development of phytoplankton, in particular, blue-green algae. It is analyzed that an increase in the concentration of phosphorus in the reservoir contributes to an increase in the biomass of phytoplankton, and with a decrease in the content of phosphates, the number of phytoplankton decreases, which may be a consequence of an increased anthropogenic impact on the reservoir. The development of eutrophication processes in the Seret River was established, which can be prevented by a decrease in the flow of pollutants into the river and compliance with sanitary rules at the water intake.
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Pantelic, Nebojša Đ., Jana S. Štrbacki, Goran Markovic, and Jelena B. Popovic-Đorđevic. "SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF THE ZAPADNA MORAVA RIVER WATER QUALITY." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.357p.

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The water samples collected from four localities of the middle course of the Zapadna Morava River during 2020 were analyzed via the selected physico-chemical parameters with the aim to estimate the quality of surface water. According to the results of selected physico-chemical parameters (pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand), analyzed surface water show a good chemical status, while the values of nutrient content (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium ion, total phosphorus) indicated the poor chemical status especially at the locality 4 probably due to the outflow of wastewater from the city of Čačak as well as from the influence of the polluted water of the Čemernica River.
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Timokhin, A. Yu. "THE EFFECT OF FERILIZERS ON SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY UNDER IRRIGATION." In 11-я Всероссийская конференция молодых учёных и специалистов «Актуальные вопросы биологии, селекции, технологии возделывания и переработки сельскохозяйственных культур». V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/conf11-2021-241-246.

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We carried out research to study the effect of various conditions of mineral nutrition on the soybean productivity under irrigation in the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia. Under conditions of regulation of water availability, an increase in seed yield (from 1.84 to 2.19 t/ha, or by 18 %) was due to the aftereffect of backgrounds with an increased phosphorus content. The application of phosphorus-containing is effective against the backgrounds with an average availability of labile phosphorus – the soybean seed yield increased from 1.44 to 1.74 t/ha, or by 21 %. In general, an improvement in the conditions of mineral nutrition by pre-sowing application of ammonium nitrate and ammonium molybdate (N30+Mo) against the backgrounds with increased and high Р2О5 content provided an increase in the yield of soybean seeds from 1.44 to 2.44 t/ha, or by 69 %.
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Kuleshova, L. A., A. S. Kasakova, and I. S. Tatyanchenko. "INFLUENCE OF PRECURSORS ON THE CONTENT OF MINERAL PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS IN THE SOILS OF RICE FIELDS IN THE ROSTOV REGION." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.704-708.

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The article is devoted to the problem of phosphoric nutrition of rice on chestnut soils of the northernmost zone of rice cultivation in Russia. The paper reveals the role of water-soluble fractions of phosphorus, aluminosilicates, iron phosphates and calcium phosphates in the nutrition of rice plants during the growing season. The influence of the previous culture on the content and consumption of these fractions was established.
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Kasprzyk, Magda, Ewa Wojciechowska, Hanna Obarska–Pempkowiak, and Marta Thomas. "Preliminary Results from the Removal of Phosphorus Compounds with Selected Sorption Material." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.080.

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Due to the fact that resources of phosphorous are limited and are expected to get exhausted in the next 30 years the management of this resource has become extremely important. Most of the phosphorus compounds are lost forever, because they are discharged with sewage into surface water, causing eutrophication and in this way generating further issue and challenge. The aim of the study was to investigate the capacity to retain phosphorus compounds on sorption material. During the experiments, both synthetic and real wastewater were used. The synthetic wastewater simulated the composition of the reject water (RW) generated during the mechanical dewatering of the digested sewage sludge, and the real RW comes from WWTP in Gdansk. The investigation in steady conditions was carried out with Phoslock® which is chemically lanthanum clay. The results of the investigation are related to the determination of the sorption capacity with respect to the analyzed content of phosphorus compounds for stable conditions the determination of hydraulic load and way and time of mixing. For the synthetic wastewater the removal efficiency of phosphorous was 99.8% while for reject water (RW) generated during the mechanical dewatering of the digested sewage sludge was lower and equal to 85%.
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Goodwin, Jocelyn. "Updates on hydrothermal cleanup (HCU) pretreat." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/iznq7788.

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Applied Research Associates developed the Hydrothermal Cleanup (HCU) Pretreat process to remove phosphorus and metals from fats, oils, and greases. HCU Pretreat is a continuous-flow process that hydrolyzes phospholipids to water-soluble salts and reduces residual phosphorus content from hundreds of ppm to less than 2 ppm in less than two minutes of residence time. Because phospholipids are hydrolyzed, fatty acids are retained and product yield is maximized, and no waste gums or solids are produced. Metals that are present, mostly in the form of soaps of fatty acids, are simultaneously reduced from hundreds of ppm to less than 10 ppm total. Two ARA HCU Pretreat units are under construction and a third unit is in detailed design. ARA expects its first HCU Pretreat unit to be operational in the summer of 2022 and to have two additional units operating by the summer of 2023 with a total capacity of over 900 million gallons per year.
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Borodin, Natalia. "Conținutul elementelor biogene în apele râului Bâc în primăvară anului 2018." In International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.71.

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The paper presents the research results on the content and spatial dynamics of biogenic elements (ammonium ions, nitrite ions, nitrate ions, mineral phosphorous) in the water of the Bâc river. The aim of the research was to determine the water quality of the Bâc river, in order to highlight the extent of the impact of anthropic factors on the river and to reveal the impact of the Bâc river on the state of the Dniester river. The water of the Bâc river, downstream of Calarasi, Straseni and Chisinau, is highly polluted with ammonium, nitrites, mineral phosphorus, which corresponded to the IV-V class of water quality - polluted and heavily polluted. The results of the research confirm the high degree of pollution with biogenic elements causing the changes of water quality in the Dniester river.
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Reports on the topic "Water Victoria Phosphorus content"

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Litaor, Iggy, James Ippolito, Iris Zohar, and Michael Massey. Phosphorus capture recycling and utilization for sustainable agriculture using Al/organic composite water treatment residuals. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600037.bard.

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Objectives: 1) develop a thorough understanding of the sorption mechanisms of Pi and Po onto the Al/O- WTR; 2) determine the breakthrough range of the composite Al/O-WTR during P capturing from agro- wastewaters; and 3) critically evaluate the performance of the composite Al/O-WTR as a fertilizer using selected plants grown in lysimeters and test-field studies. Instead of lysimeters we used pots (Israel) and one- liter cone-tainers (USA). We conducted one field study but in spite of major pretreatments the soils still exhibited high enough P from previous experiments so no differences between control and P additions were noticeable. Due to time constrains the field study was discontinued. Background: Phosphorous, a non-renewable resource, has been applied extensively in fields to increase crop yield, yet consequently has increased the potential of waterway eutrophication. Our proposal impetus is the need to develop an innovative method of P capturing, recycling and reuse that will sustain agricultural productivity while concurrently reducing the level of P discharge from and to agricultural settings. Major Conclusions & Achievements: An innovative approach was developed for P removal from soil leachate, dairy wastewater (Israel), and swine effluents (USA) using Al-based water treatment residuals (Al- WTR) to create an organic-Al-WTR composite (Al/O-WTR), potentially capable of serving as a P fertilizer source. The Al-WTR removed 95% inorganic-P, 80% to 99.9% organic P, and over 60% dissolved organic carbon from the agro-industrial waste streams. Organic C accumulation on particles surfaces possibly enhanced weak P bonding and facilitated P desorption. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM- EDS), indicated that P was sparsely sorbed on both calcic and Al (hydr)oxide surfaces. Sorption of P onto WW-Al/O-WTR was reversible due to weak Ca-P and Al-P bonds induced by the slight alkaline nature and in the presence of organic moieties. Synchrotron-based microfocused X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometry, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), and P K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy indicated that adsorption was the primary P retention mechanism in the Al- WTR materials. However, distinct apatite- or octocalciumphosphatelike P grains were also observed. Synchrotron micro-XRF mapping further suggested that exposure of the aggregate exteriors to wastewater caused P to diffuse into the porous Al-WTR aggregates. Organic P species were not explicitly identified via P K-edge XANES despite high organic matter content, suggesting that organic P may have been predominantly associated with mineral surfaces. In screen houses experiments (Israel) we showed that the highest additions of Al/O-WTR (5 and 7 g kg⁻¹) produced the highest lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolial) yield. Lettuce yield and P concentration were similar across treatments, indicating that Al/O- WTR can provide sufficient P to perform similarly to common fertilizers. A greenhouse study (USA) was utilized to compare increasing rates of swine wastewater derived Al/O-WTR and inorganic P fertilizer (both applied at 33.6, 67.3, and 134.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) to supply plant-available P to spring wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) in either sandy loam or sandy clay loam soil. Spring wheat straw and grain P uptake were comparable across all treatments in the sandy loam, while Al/O-WTR application to the sandy clay loam reduced straw and grain P uptake. The Al/O-WTR did not affect soil organic P concentrations, but did increase phosphatase activity in both soils; this suggests that Al/O-WTR application stimulated microorganisms and enhance the extent to which microbial communities can mineralize Al/O-WTR-bound organic P. Implications: Overall, results suggest that creating a new P fertilizer from Al-WTR and agro-industrial waste sources may be a feasible alternative to mining inorganic P fertilizer sources, while protecting the environment from unnecessary waste disposal.
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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.

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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.
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3

Mitchell, Brian G., Amir Neori, Charles Yarish, D. Allen Davis, Tzachi Samocha, and Lior Guttman. The use of aquaculture effluents in spray culture for the production of high protein macroalgae for shrimp aqua-feeds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597934.bard.

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The FAO has projected a doubling in world demand for seafood during the 21 ed from aquaculture of marine fish and shrimps fed primarily on fishmeal-based aquafeeds. However, current practices of high intensity monoculture of shrimp in coastal ponds and fish in offshore pens have been strongly criticized as being ecologically and socially unsustainable. This view derives from un- checked eutrophication of coastal marine ecosystems from fish farm effluents, and the destruction of coastal estuarine ecosystems by shrimp farm constructions, plus aquaculture’s reliance on wild-caught small fish - which are excellent food for humans, but instead are rendered into fishmeal and fish oil for formulating aquafeeds. Fishmeal-sparing and waste- reduction aquafeeds can only delay the time when fed aquaculture product are priced out of affordability for most consumers. Additionally, replacement of fishmeal protein and fish oil by terrestrial plant sources such as soybean meal and oil directly raises food costs for human communities in developing nations. New formulations incorporating sustainably-produced marine algal proteins and oils are growing in acceptance as viable and practical alternatives. This BARD collaborative research project investigated a sustainable water-sparing spray/drip culture method for producing high-protein marine macrophyte meals for incorporation into marine shrimp and fish diets. The spray culture work was conducted at laboratory-scale in the USA (UCSD-SIO) using selected Gracilariaand Ulvastrains isolated and supplied by UCONN, and outdoors at pilot-scale in Israel (IOLR-NCM) using local strains of Ulvasp., and nitrogen/phosphorus-enriched fish farm effluent to fertilize the spray cultures and produce seaweed biomass and meals containing up to 27% raw protein (dry weight content). Auburn University (USA) in consultation with TAMUS (USA) used the IOLR meals to formulate diets and conduct marine shrimp feeding trials, which resulted in mixed outcomes, indicating further work was needed to chemically identify and remove anti-nutritional elements present in the IOLR-produced seaweed meals.
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