Journal articles on the topic 'Water Victoria Melbourne Analysis'
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1
Swamikannu, X., D. Radulescu, R. Young, and R. Allison. "A comparative analysis: storm water pollution policy in California, USA and Victoria, Australia." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0704.
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Urban drainage systems historically were developed on principles of hydraulic capacity for the transport of storm water to reduce the risk of flooding. However, with urbanization the percent of impervious surfaces increases dramatically resulting in increased flood volumes, peak discharge rates, velocities and duration, and a significant increase in pollutant loads. Storm water and urban runoff are the leading causes of the impairment of receiving waters and their beneficial uses in Australia and the United States today. Strict environmental and technology controls on wastewater treatment facilities and industry for more than three decades have ensured that these sources are less significant today as the cause of impairment of receiving waters. This paper compares the approach undertaken by the Environmental Protection Authority Victoria for the Melbourne metropolitan area with the approach implemented by the California Environmental Protection Agency for the Los Angeles area to control storm water pollution. Both these communities are largely similar in population size and the extent of urbanization. The authors present an analysis of the different approaches contrasting Australia with the USA, comment on their comparative success, and discuss the relevance of the two experiences for developed and developing nations in the context of environmental policy making to control storm water and urban runoff pollution.
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Myers, BA, DH Ashton, and JA Osborne. "The Ecology of the Mallee Outlier of Eucalyptus behriana F. Muell. Near Melton, Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 1 (1986): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860015.
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An outlier of mallee vegetation occurs south of the Great Dividing Range in Victoria in a rain shadow region (annual rainfall approx. 500 mm) about 50 km west of Melbourne. A Eucalyptus behriana open-scrub with a sparse understorey of chenopods, mosses, lichens and some grasses occurs on solonetz soil on lateritized Tertiary sandy clays and on skeletal soils on Ordovician slates and sandstones. The dryness of the mallee site is probably exacerbated by the smaller rate of water infiltration and greater salinity of the solonetz soil under E. behriana compared with the solodic soil, in the moister area further north, under an open-forest of E. microcarpa. The multistemmed habit of E. behriana appears to be partly genetically fixed. Hollow lignotuberous rings, filled to a depth of about 15-25 cm with brown, nutrient-rich humus, are common. Pattern analysis of the distribution of stems of E. behriana indicated strong clumping at about 9 m², due to the multistemmed habit, and weaker clumping at about 600 m², which correlated with the size of groups of dense, spindly individuals of E. behriana, resulting from a past phase of gap regeneration.
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Phillips, D. I. "A new litter trap for urban drainage systems." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0091.
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Litter is generated in shopping areas and is washed or blown into stormwater drainage systems. These convey the litter to open water bodies leading to the accumulation of non-biodegradable litter on the banks and beaches of urban waterways and bay foreshores. The increasing public awareness of the problem prompted the State Government of Victoria to provide funding to develop an innovative patented litter trap known as the In-line Litter Separator (ILLS). The ILLS is retrofitted to the drainage system downstream of shopping areas and removes litter and other pollutants from the passing stormwater. In a two-year development program, ten prototypes were installed and tested in the Melbourne and metropolitan area. The results were so successful that the ILLS is now manufactured in Australia and overseas under license from Swinburne University. This paper presents the performance criteria, the design concepts, the outcomes of laboratory and hydrologic modelling and the analyses of prototype test results that led to the commercial production of the ILLS.
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Thoma, K., P. A. Baker, and E. B. Allender. "Design Methods for the Development of Wastewater Land Disposal Systems." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0020.
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Recent changes in legislation governing water quality management of receiving water bodies have led to a reappraisal of wastewater land disposal techniques. However, more stringent regulations have also necessitated the development of a multi-disciplinary planning approach, to ensure that land based wastewater disposal is functionally and environmentally sustainable in the long-term. Of principal concern are the long term impact of nutrients, salt and other potential contaminants on the soils of the receiving site and on downstream water quality. Assessment of hydrological, soil physical and geological characteristics, together with civil construction and service considerations, assist in the determination of receiving-site selection, application area and balance storage volume, irrigation method, environmental monitoring system specification etc. Analysis and interpretation of wastewater and soil chemical characteristics determines the pre-application water treatment required, and aliows long-term monitoring of the effect of wastewater disposal on the receiving-site soils. Two case-studies are presented. One describes the planning and design of a recently commissioned land-disposal system using industrial wastewater from a chemical process plant to irrigate a Eucalypt plantation in western metropolitan Melbourne. The other reports on the on-going assessment and planning of a large-scale land-disposal system proposed to accommodate the treated sewage effluent from a large north-west Victorian regional city.
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Taylor, Chris, and David B. Lindenmayer. "The use of spatial data and satellite information in legal compliance and planning in forest management." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 27, 2022): e0267959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267959.
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A key part of native forest management in designated wood production areas is identifying locations which must be exempt from logging. Forest laws, government regulations, and codes of practice specify where logging is and is not permitted. Assessing compliance with these regulations is critical but can be expensive and time consuming, especially if it entails field measurements. In some cases, spatial data products may help reduce the costs and increase the transparency of assessing compliance. However, different spatial products can vary in their accuracy and resolution, leading to uncertainty in forest management. We present the results of a detailed case study investigating the compliance of logging operations with laws preventing cutting on slopes exceeding 30°. We focused on two designated water catchments in the Australian State of Victoria which supply water to the city of Melbourne. We compared slopes that had been logged on steep terrain using spatial data based on a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived from LiDAR, a 1 arc second DEM derived from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, and a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) with a resolution of 10m. While our analyses revealed differences in slope measurements among the different spatial products, all three datasets (and the on-site slope measurements) estimated the occurrence of widespread logging of forests on slopes >30° in both water catchments. We found the lowest resolution Shuttle Radar Topography Mission DEM underestimated the steepness of slopes, whilst the DTM was variable in its estimates. As expected, the LiDAR generated slope calculations provided the best fit with on-site measurements. Our study demonstrates the value of spatial data products in assessing compliance with logging laws and codes of practice. We suggest that LiDAR DEMs, and DTMs also can be useful in proactive forest planning and management by helping better identify which areas should be exempt from cutting before logging operations commence.
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Camaréna, Stéphanie. "Engaging with Artificial Intelligence (AI) with a Bottom-Up Approach for the Purpose of Sustainability: Victorian Farmers Market Association, Melbourne Australia." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 9314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169314.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) is impacting all aspects of food systems, including production, food processing, distribution, and consumption. AI, if implemented ethically for sustainability, can enhance biodiversity, conserve water and energy resources, provide land-related services, power smart cities, and help mitigate climate change. However, there are significant issues in using AI to transition to sustainable food systems. AI’s own carbon footprint could cancel out any sustainability benefits that it creates. Additionally, the technology could further entrench inequalities between and within countries, and bias against minorities or less powerful groups. This paper draws on findings from a study of the Victorian Farmers’ Markets Association (VFMA) that investigated the complexity of designing AI tools to enhance sustainability and resilience for the benefit of the organisation and its members. Codesign workshops, both synchronous and asynchronous, semi-structured interviews, and design innovation methods led the VFMA to experiment with an AI tool to link sustainable soil practices, nutrient rich produce, and human health. The analysis shows that the codesign process and an agile approach created a co-learning environment where sustainability and ethical questions could be considered iteratively within transdisciplinary engagement. The bottom-up approach developed through this study supports organisations who want to engage with AI while reinforcing fairness, transparency, and sustainability.
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Dobbie, Meredith Frances. "Typing Colonial Perceptions of Carrum Carrum Swamp: The Expected and the Surprising." Land 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020311.
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Carrum Carrum Swamp was a vast wetland to the south-east of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, at the time that it was first sighted by white colonists in 1803. By 1878, the colonists had commenced converting the swamp to dry land for agricultural and horticultural pursuits, and 100 years later it was predominantly residential land. Shifting values in the 1970s led to environmental concerns about water quality in local creeks and Port Phillip Bay and subsequent residential development on the former swamp included the construction of stormwater treatment wetlands. Perceptions of wetlands are now diverse, including positive perceptions that support their presence in urban settings. In contrast, traditionally, wetlands have been perceived negatively, as waste lands, leading to their drainage. Nevertheless, alternative, perhaps positive, perceptions could have existed, only to be overwhelmed by the negative perceptions driving drainage. Understanding the full range of past perceptions is important to ensure that the historical record is correct and to provide historical context to contemporary perceptions of wetlands. It will better equip natural resource managers and designers and managers of constructed wetlands in urban locations to ensure that wetlands are healthy, functioning and appreciated by their local and wider communities. Thus, the perceptions of Carrum Carrum Swamp by colonists from 1803 to 1878 were examined through qualitative content analysis of historical documents, and a typology was developed. Seven different perceptions were identified: scientific, premodern, exploitative, romantic, aesthetic, medico-mythic and ecological. Most could be traced to the colonists’ predominantly British heritage, but one perception arose in the colony in response to the specific environmental conditions that the colonists encountered. This ecological perception valued wetlands as places of predictable water supply in a land of unpredictable rainfall. It recognised wetlands as part of a broader hydrological system, with influences on the local climate. Its proponents promoted the need for a different approach to the management of wetlands than in Britain and Europe. Nevertheless, a dominant exploitative perception prevailed, leading to the drainage of Carrum Carrum Swamp. The typology developed in this study will be useful for exploring perceptions of other wetlands, both colonial and contemporary.
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Lim, M. L., I. Vassiliev, and P. J. Verma. "225 TERATOMA FORMATION BY BOVINE EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 1 (2007): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv19n1ab225.
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Teratoma formation is commonly used as a model for examining the in vivo differentiation potential of embryonic stem cells. We wanted to investigate the teratoma-forming ability of bovine ES cells; however, there are no reports of teratoma-forming ability of bovine pluripotent cells including pre-implantation embryos. In vivo-produced bovine embryos at stages earlier than Day 14 failed to develop teratomas when transplanted into one of the kidneys of immuno-deficient mice (Anderson et al. 1996 Anim. Reprod. Sci. 45, 231–240), and this prompted questions about the ability of bovine embryos to form teratomas. Bovine oocytes were cultured for 20 to 22 h after aspiration at 39�C (5% CO2/95% air) in TCM-199-bicarbonate medium supplemented with GlutaMax6" (Invitrogen Australia Pty Ltd., Mount Waverley, Victoria, Australia), penicillin/streptomycin, β-mercaptoethanol, 17β-estradiol, fetal calf serum, LH, follicle stimulating hormone, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, glycine, and l-cysteine. Oocytes were fertilized with IVF media (Cook Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) and kept for 7 days at 39�C in 5% CO2/95% air to generate blastocysts. The zona pellucida of Day 7 blastocysts was enzymatically removed, and one or two zona-free embryos were injected into each testis of 5-week-old immunodeficient (SCID) mice (CB-17/ICR-Prkdcscid strain; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia). Eight weeks post-injection, teratomas partially expelled from testes were identified. Histological analysis has confirmed the derivatives of all 3 germ layers in teratomas. In conclusion, we report that Day 7 in vitro-produced embryos can form teratomas when injected into testes of SCID mice.
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Scida, Mark, and Rob Gration. "Monitoring the threatened brush-tailed phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa tapoatafa) at Sugarloaf Reservoir, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 40, no. 2 (2018): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am16061.
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The brush-tailed phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa tapoatafa) is a marsupial threatened in Victoria by habitat fragmentation and modification. As part of the development of infrastructure in phascogale habitat, Melbourne Water was required to improve habitat for the phascogale. We aimed to develop and test a method for monitoring phascogales on Melbourne Water land, and to assess the effectiveness of habitat improvements. Trapping, nest boxes, and cameras were all successful in detecting phascogales; however, cameras had the highest detection per unit effort. We suggest that future monitoring should favour camera surveys with trapping potentially every 3–5 years for acquisition of physical data.
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Walter, Susan M. "Victorian Bluestone: a proposed Global Heritage Stone Province from Australia." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 486, no. 1 (September 20, 2018): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp486.1.
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AbstractVictorian Bluestone is proposed as a Global Heritage Stone Province from Australia. Numerous heritage stones occur within this province and of these Malmsbury Bluestone is suggested as a Global Heritage Stone Resource. Bluestone, an iconic basalt dimension stone from Victoria, is used domestically and internationally with a recognized heritage value. Sources are located in urban and country areas of Victoria some of which are still utilized for dimension stone. In many instances bluestone has superior technical characteristics, including durability, that surpass high-quality commercial sandstones, despite an architectural preference for lighter-coloured stones. These characteristics are matched by the diversity of significant uses for domestic, commercial and infrastructure purposes especially in Victoria. Notable examples include the Spotswood Pumping Station, Malmsbury Viaduct, the Graving Dock (Williamstown), Malmsbury Reservoir, St Patrick's Cathedral (Melbourne), Kyneton Railway Station and Ararat Gaol. If the bluestone used in pavements and drains is also considered, Victorian Bluestone could be described as Australia's most prominent infrastructure heritage stone. Bluestone use in Melbourne dates from the 1840s, in the other states of Australia and in New Zealand from 1873, with international interest from Asia between 1860 and 1880. The stone continues to be utilized widely around Australia and is also exported.
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Bennett, A., and G. Coulson. "Evaluation of an exclusion plot design for determining the impacts of native and exotic herbivores on forest understoreys." Australian Mammalogy 30, no. 2 (2008): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am08010.
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To study the effects of grazing and browsing by Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) and wombats (Vombatus ursinus) exclosure plots measuring 10 m x 10 m were erected in the Upper Yarra and O'Shannassy water catchments near Melbourne, Victoria. Total exclusion fences and partial exclusion fences were erected. Design details and costs are provided. Operational problems are discussed.
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Lavazanian, E., R. Wallis, and A. Webster. "Diet of powerful owls (Nixox strenua) living near Melbourne, Victoria." Wildlife Research 21, no. 6 (1994): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940643.
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The diet of powerful owls (Ninox strenua) living at Christmas Hills, 35 km north-east of Melboume, was examined by analysis of 686 regurgitated pellets collected over two years. Mammalian prey was found in 89%, insects in 13%, vegetation in 11% and birds in 10% of the pellets. Of the mammals, common ringtail possums occurred most frequently in the pellets over the year. There was no seasonal difference in the frequency of occurrences of common ringtail possums and sugar gliders in pellets. However, common brushtail possums were more likely to be taken in spring than in the other seasons. More adult common ringtail possums were taken as prey than were other age classes over the year, except in summer when high numbers of young were consumed by the owls.
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Hurlimann, A. C. "Urban versus regional – how public attitudes to recycled water differ in these contexts." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 6 (March 1, 2008): 891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.167.
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This paper reports findings from a comparative study which investigated public attitudes to recycled water in two Australian locations both in the state of Victoria: the capital city, Melbourne, and Bendigo, an urban regional centre. Two commercial buildings were used as case studies, one at each location. These buildings will soon be using recycled water for non-potable uses. The study was facilitated by an on-line survey of future occupants of both buildings to gauge their attitudes to recycled water use. Specifically the paper reports on happiness/willingness to use recycled water for various uses and attitudinal factors which were found to influence this. The circumstances for potable water availability and recycled water use differ in Melbourne and Bendigo, making this study a significant contribution to understanding public acceptance of recycled water use in these different contexts. No significant difference in happiness to use recycled water was found between locations. However, prior experience (use) of recycled water was found to be a significant and positive factor in facilitating happiness/willingness to use recycled water, particularly for closer to personal contact uses such as showering and drinking. Various attitudinal and demographic variables were found to influence happiness to use recycled water. Results indicate it is not just the locational context of water availability that influences happiness to use recycled water, but a person's experience and particular perceptions that will facilitate greater willingness to use recycled water.
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Zhou, S. L., T. A. McMahon, and Q. J. Wang. "Frequency analysis of water consumption for metropolitan area of Melbourne." Journal of Hydrology 247, no. 1-2 (June 2001): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(01)00357-2.
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Mival, Ken, Warren Pump, and Glenn Dixon. "From wasteland to green parkland, the remediation of the former West Melbourne Gasworks, Victoria, Australia." Land Contamination & Reclamation 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2462/09670513.766.
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Maher, Michelle, and Emer Campbell. "Demonstrating environmental water needs in a climate of change." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 122, no. 2 (2010): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs10016.
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Efficient and accountable management of water resources in Northern Victoria has become a critical issue for the future of irrigation, communities and the environment, both north and south of the Great Dividing Range. To increase efficiencies and enhance accountability for water resource use, the Victorian Government is investing $1 billion through the Northern Victoria Irrigation Renewal Project (NVIRP) to upgrade ageing irrigation infrastructure across the Goulburn-Murray Irrigation District. The upgrade is expected to generate an additional 225 GL of water that will be distributed equally between irrigators, the environment and Melbourne. Whilst there are significant potential benefits for the environment as a whole from the water savings initiatives, there may also be adverse impacts from altering the hydrology of the diverse array of wetlands and rivers which are directly linked to the irrigation delivery network. The NVIRP Environmental Referrals process has investigated these potential impacts and identified ten wetlands and four rivers of high environmental value that require the development of environmental watering plans. These plans are the primary means by which the NVIRP commitment to ‘no net environmental loss’ will be achieved and assets of high environmental value will be protected. Three Environmental Watering Plans (EWPs) were completed prior to the operation of NVIRP works in the 2009-2010 irrigation season. These are for Johnson Swamp, Lake Elizabeth and Lake Murphy. The paper will describe the development of the Lake Elizabeth EWPs by the North Central Catchment Management Authority (NCCMA), within the context of uncertain climatic conditions, the recent long drought and the need to demonstrate accountability and efficiency in the use of a scarce and finite resource.
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Edwards, Anne, and Melanie Heenan. "Rape Trials in Victoria: Gender, Socio-cultural Factors and Justice*." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 27, no. 3 (December 1994): 213–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589402700301.
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The criminal law with respect to rape continues to be a major focus of academic, feminist and community attention. Since the 1970s a number of reforms have been introduced into the statutes and procedures relating to the definition of rape and the conduct of rape cases in the courts. This paper reports on the results of a 1990 Melbourne study, involving first-hand observation and systematic written recording of the entire court proceedings in six rape trials. The intention was to examine the role extra-legal socio-cultural factors play in the presentation and interpretation of accounts given in court and the influence they have on the outcomes. The analysis explores in detail the influence of the following: use of physical force and resistance; alcohol; the victim's social, moral and particularly sexual character, and her relationship with the accused.
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Joseph, Dawn, and Jane Southcott. "Music participation for older people: Five choirs in Victoria, Australia." Research Studies in Music Education 40, no. 2 (September 10, 2018): 176–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1321103x18773096.
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In Australia and across the globe music participation by older people active in the community has the potential to enhance quality of life. A recent review of the literature found clear evidence of numerous benefits from participation in active music making that encompass the social, physical and psychological. This article reports on five phenomenological case studies of community singing groups comprised of older people active in the community in Melbourne, Victoria. These studies are part of a research project, Well-being and Ageing: Community, Diversity and the Arts in Victoria that began in 2008. Interview data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis and are reported under three overarching themes: Social connection, A sense of well-being, and Musical engagement. For older people in these studies singing in community choirs offered opportunities for social cohesion, positive ageing, and music learning that provided a sense of personal and group fulfilment, community engagement and resilience.
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Vanderkelen, Inne, Nicole P. M. van Lipzig, and Wim Thiery. "Modelling the water balance of Lake Victoria (East Africa) – Part 1: Observational analysis." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 10 (October 25, 2018): 5509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5509-2018.
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Abstract. Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and one of the two major sources of the Nile river. The water level of Lake Victoria is determined by its water balance, consisting of precipitation on the lake, evaporation from the lake, inflow from tributary rivers and lake outflow, controlled by two hydropower dams. Due to a scarcity of in situ observations, previous estimates of individual water balance terms are characterized by substantial uncertainties, which means that the water balance is often not closed independently. In this first part of a two-paper series, we present a water balance model for Lake Victoria, using state-of-the-art remote sensing observations, high-resolution reanalysis downscaling and outflow values recorded at the dam. The uncalibrated computation of the individual water balance terms yields lake level fluctuations that closely match the levels retrieved from satellite altimetry. Precipitation is the main cause of seasonal and interannual lake level fluctuations, and on average causes the lake level to rise from May to July and to fall from August to December. Finally, our results indicate that the 2004–2005 drop in lake level can be about half attributed to a drought in the Lake Victoria Basin and about half to an enhanced outflow, highlighting the sensitivity of the lake level to human operations at the outflow dam.
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Ghanem, Ali, and Ruwini Edirisinghe. "The Disparity in Greenspace Quality Between Low and High SES Settings: A Case Study in Victoria." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 5 (November 1, 2022): 052032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/5/052032.
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Abstract The presence of greenspace, its profound impact and association with physical and mental health, biodiversity, and aesthetical pleasure has been delineated abundantly. Contrarily, there is a concerning disparity in the accessibility and proximity between affluent and deprived areas in urbanised localities. Existing literature prioritised distribution and proximity domains when assessing inequitable greenspace and consequently has catalysed a research gap in greenspace quality domains. This paper endeavours to fill this gap through a case study in Melbourne, Australia using a quantitative method to extract findings and policy analysis to generate recommendations. Socioeconomic data from deprivation indexes systematically defined low and high SES (socioeconomic status). A GIS (Geographical Information System) observation of greenspaces scored spaces according to a scoring criterion contingent on safety/security, environmental elements, accessibility, maintenance/cleanliness, facilities/amenities, and aesthetic facets. Statistics were then synthesised to produce a Cohen effect score highlighting disparities in each facet between the two contrasting SES groups. Findings affirmed an existent disparity between the high and low SES spaces and contributed to existing strands of literature surrounding unjust quality distribution. Ultimately, findings will serve as invaluable evidence regarding policy implications, current opportunities under the ‘Plan Melbourne’ policy, and the need to facilitate intervention in those underprivileged settings.
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Gato-Trinidad, Shirley, Niranjali Jayasuriya, and Peter Roberts. "Understanding urban residential end uses of water." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.436.
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The ‘end use’ of water is a breakdown of the total household water usage such as water used for toilets, showers, washing machines, taps, lawn watering, etc. Understanding end uses of water will enable water planners, water authorities and household owners determine where water is used/wasted, how much and how often. This paper describes the end uses of water from a number of single-family homes in Greater Melbourne, Australia. The study involves the analysis of water consumption data recorded at 5-s intervals from logged households collected by Yarra Valley Water in Melbourne in 2004. The study determines how much water is used for outdoor and indoor purposes in a single-family home in Melbourne and compares the water usage during winter and summer. Hourly patterns of major end uses of water are also developed. The aim of this study is to improve the understanding of the end uses of water and to assist where to focus water conservation efforts that would be most effective financially and environmentally, and be acceptable to everyone.
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Willis, J. B. "Three Little Companies — the Birth of a Major Australian Scientific Instrument Industry." Historical Records of Australian Science 14, no. 4 (2002): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr03007.
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The atomic absorption spectrometer revolutionized chemical analysis in the 1960s. Invented by Alan Walsh of the CSIRO Division of Chemical Physics, its manufacture in Australia began with three small Melbourne companies making the necessary optical, mechanical and electronic components. Subsequently, one of these companies, Techtron Pty Ltd, made a complete instrument and became a major supplier to the international market. Techtron expanded rapidly and in 1967 was sold to a large US company, Varian Associates Inc., which still operates as Varian Australia Pty Ltd and manufactures atomic absorption spectrometers and other scientific instruments at Mulgrave, Victoria.
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Scott, Dorothy. "Inter-Agency Collaboration: Why is it so difficult? Can we do it better?" Children Australia 18, no. 4 (1993): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200003643.
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This paper is based on a presentation at the Mission of St James and St John Forum ‘Protecting Our Children: Where Do We Draw the Line?’ in Melbourne on June 18, 1993. It provides an analysis of why inter-agency collaboration has often remained an elusive goal and identifies some of the structural obstacles to collaboration which are particularly relevant to the current context of child welfare in Victoria. While many of the obstacles to inter-agency collaboration are beyond the domain of the individual practitioner and agency, some suggestions are offered for strategies which can be pursued by practitioners and agencies.
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Kenway, S. J., G. M. Turner, S. Cook, and T. Baynes. "Water and energy futures for Melbourne: implications of land use, water use, and water supply strategy." Journal of Water and Climate Change 5, no. 2 (December 21, 2013): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2013.188.
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This paper quantifies the effect of three policy levels on the water and energy futures of Melbourne, Australia. During a time of severe water shortages attributed to climate change, water strategies lacked consideration of energy consequences. Modeling, guided by urban metabolism theory, demonstrated that a compact urban form, reduced water consumption by 90 GL/a, compared with a sprawling city, and had greater water conservation impact than simulated demand management measures. Household water conservation, coupled with increased use of solar hot water systems, reduced grid energy use by some 30 PJ/a. Desalination, tripled water supply energy demand, growing to a total of 4.5 PJ/a, by 2045. While the increase is less than 1% of total Melbourne urban energy use, it contributes to a substantial increase in the energy bill for urban water provision. Importantly, the energy impact could be offset through demand management measures. Recommendations for the combined management of water and energy include improving energy characterization of the urban water cycle; impact-evaluation of regional plans; using total urban water and energy balances in analysis to provide context; and developing reporting mechanisms and indicators to help improve baseline data across the water and energy systems.
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Imteaz, Monzur Alam, Amimul Ahsan, Jamal Naser, and Ataur Rahman. "Reliability analysis of rainwater tanks in Melbourne using daily water balance model." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 56, no. 1 (November 2011): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.09.008.
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Aitken, C. K., H. Duncan, and T. A. McMahon. "A cross-sectional regression analysis of residential water demand in Melbourne, Australia." Applied Geography 11, no. 2 (April 1991): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-6228(91)90041-7.
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Harris, JM, and RL Goldingay. "Distribution, habitat and conservation status of the eastern pygmy-possum Cercartetus nanus in Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 27, no. 2 (2005): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am05185.
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We review the distribution, habitat and conservation status of the eastern pygmy-possum (Cercartetus nanus) in Victoria. Data on the habitat occurrences and rates of detection were gleaned from 133 published and unpublished fauna surveys conducted from 1968 to 2003 in Gippsland; northern Victoria; the Melbourne area and south-western region. C. nanus was reported from a broad range of vegetation communities, which predominantly included a dense mid-storey of shrubs rich in nectar-producing species such as those from the families Proteaceae and Myrtaceae. Survey effort using a range of methods was immense across surveys: 305,676 Elliott/cage trap-nights, 49,582 pitfall trap-nights, 18,331 predator remains analysed, 4424 spotlight hours, and 7346 hair-sampling devices deployed, 1005 trees stagwatched, and 5878 checks of installed nest-boxes. The surveys produced 434 records of C. nanus, with Elliott/cage trapping, pitfall trapping and analysis of predator remains responsible for the vast majority of records (93%). These data and those from the Atlas of Victorian Wildlife indicate that although C. nanus has a widespread distribution in Victoria, it is rarely observed or trapped in fauna surveys. Only 11 (8%) of the surveys we reviewed detected >10 individuals. C. nanus is likely to be sensitive to several recognised threatening processes in Victoria (e.g., feral predators, high frequency fire, feral honeybees). There is also evidence of range declines in several regions, which suggests that the species is vulnerable to extinction. Therefore, we recommend that it be nominated as a threatened species in Victoria.
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Entwisle, TJ. "Phenology of the Cladophora-Stigeoclonium community in Two Urban Creeks of Melbourne." Marine and Freshwater Research 40, no. 5 (1989): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9890471.
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Cladophora glomerata and Stigeoclonium tenue dominate lowland urban creeks in the Yarra River basin of south-central Victoria. In Darebin and Merri Creeks, Cladophora produces extensive mats in summer and autumn, and is mostly replaced by Stigeoclonium in winter and spring. Although Stigeoclonium can grow all year round, it only outcompetes Cladophora in winter and spring, when air temperatures range between a maximum of < 15� C and a nightly minimum of < 10� C (water temperature < 15� C, usually about 10� C). The seasonal composition and abundance of these macroalgae depend on temperature and on the severity of, and time since, the last floods, and the effect that these factors have on interspecific competition. Features of the microhabitat (e.g. photon irradiance, substratum stability and composition, and mean flow rates) determine the range of these variations. The biomass of both macroalgae fluctuates widely; this is due mainly to floods, which can remove almost the entire standing crop. In off-seasons, both species are maintained by small resilient plants or protected populations (in culture, plants remain viable after up to 6 months in complete darkness). Filaments of Cladophora readily produce zoospores and new vegetative growth following dormancy. The prostrate thallus of Stigeoclonium initiates new erect filaments before zoospores are produced. An understanding of the large local and seasonal variations in macroalgal biomass is essential for biological monitoring programmes.
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Frank, Stephen, Glenn Waters, Russell Beer, and Peter May. "An Analysis of the Street Tree Population of Greater Melbourne at the Beginning of the 21st Century." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2006.021.
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An audit of the street tree population of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, was undertaken to establish its size and botanical composition as a reference point for future studies. The 31 independent municipalities that comprise metropolitan Melbourne were approached to provide information on their respective street tree populations. Where available, data from individual municipalities on population, area, and total street length were also collected. Of the 31 municipalities surveyed, 23 had undertaken some form of street tree inventory or audit. These individual data sets were combined into a single database. Data queries were then undertaken to obtain a range of information. A total of 922,353 trees, comprising 1127 taxa, were captured in this superset of data. Australian native plants made up the majority of the trees with 60% of the total. Of the Australian native taxa, wattles (Acacia spp.), gums or eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.), paperbarks (Melaleuca spp.), bottlebrush (Callistemon spp.), and Queensland brush box (Lophostemon confertus [R. Br.] Peter G. Wilson and Waterhouse) comprised 394,730 individuals (43% of all trees). Of the exotic taxa, Prunus spp. were the most common with 86,227 individuals (9% of the total). Queensland brush box was the most common taxon surveyed with 61,959 individuals. Purple-leaf cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. ‘Nigra’) was the most common exotic taxon with 35,402 individuals. An analysis of the diversity of this population showed that it meets a set of minimum diversity criteria apart from the dominance of the Myrtaceae at the family level.
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Du, Shupan, Gengyuan Liu, Hui Li, Wen Zhang, and Remo Santagata. "System dynamic analysis of urban household food-energy-water nexus in Melbourne (Australia)." Journal of Cleaner Production 379 (December 2022): 134675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134675.
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Tou, Stephen K. W., and K. Arumugam. "Spectral analysis of storm surge in Hong Kong Victoria Harbour." Advances in Water Resources 9, no. 3 (September 1986): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(86)90033-3.
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Garrett, Claire, and H. W. Gordon Baker. "A new fully automated system for the morphometric analysis of human sperm heads**Supported by grants 890959 from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and 9320 from the Research Committee of the Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and by Melbourne IVF, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia." Fertility and Sterility 63, no. 6 (June 1995): 1306–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(16)57616-x.
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Chia, A. C. L., M. G. Irwin, P. W. H. Lee, T. H. W. Lee, and S. F. Man. "Comparison of Stress in Anaesthetic Trainees between Hong Kong and Victoria, Australia." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 36, no. 6 (November 2008): 855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0803600617.
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A postal survey was sent to anaesthetic trainees in Hong Kong and Victoria, Australia to compare work-related stress levels. Demographic data were collected. Anaesthetist-specific stressors, Maslach Burnout Inventory and Global Job Satisfaction scores were used for psychological testing. The response rates from Hong Kong and Melbourne were 64 of 133 (48.1%) and 108 of 196 (55.1%), respectively. Victorian respondents were older with greater family commitments, but more advanced in fulfilling training requirements. Hong Kong respondents, being faced with both the challenge of dual College requirements, exhibited consistently higher indices of stress (P <0.001) and less job satisfaction (P <0.001). Common occupational stressors related to dealing with critically ill patients and medicolegal concerns. Higher stress scores observed in Hong Kong trainees related to service provision and a perceived lack of resources. Despite the complex nature of stress, its antecedents and manifestations, an inverse relationship between emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction was evident in correlation analysis (P <0.001). This survey suggests that stress was present in some trainees in both areas. Hong Kong trainees may benefit from local development to address mental wellbeing as being important to fulfil this highly competitive training program.
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Schleiger, N. W. "Cluster analysis of isograptid individuals from Bullengarook, Victoria, Australia." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 20, no. 1 (1986): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1986.020.01.08.
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Lam, K. L., P. A. Lant, and S. J. Kenway. "Energy implications of the millennium drought on urban water cycles in Southeast Australian cities." Water Supply 18, no. 1 (June 6, 2017): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.110.
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Abstract During the Millennium Drought in Australia, a wide range of supply-side and demand-side water management strategies were adopted in major southeast Australian cities. This study undertakes a time-series quantification (2001–2014) and comparative analysis of the energy use of the urban water supply systems and sewage systems in Melbourne and Sydney before, during and after the drought, and evaluates the energy implications of the drought and the implemented strategies. In addition, the energy implications of residential water use in Melbourne are estimated. The research highlights that large-scale adoption of water conservation strategies can have different impacts on energy use in different parts of the urban water cycle. In Melbourne, the per capita water-related energy use reduction in households related to showering and clothes-washing alone (46% reduction, 580 kWhth/p/yr) was far more substantial than that in the water supply system (32% reduction, 18 kWhth/p/yr). This historical case also demonstrates the importance of balancing supply- and demand-side strategies in managing long-term water security and related energy use. The significant energy saving in water supply systems and households from water conservation can offset the additional energy use from operating energy-intensive supply options such as inter-basin water transfers and seawater desalination during dry years.
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McDougall, Rosalind, Barbara Hayes, Marcus Sellars, Bridget Pratt, Anastasia Hutchinson, Mark Tacey, Karen Detering, Cade Shadbolt, and Danielle Ko. "'This is uncharted water for all of us': challenges anticipated by hospital clinicians when voluntary assisted dying becomes legal in Victoria." Australian Health Review 44, no. 3 (2020): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah19108.
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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify the challenges anticipated by clinical staff in two Melbourne health services in relation to the legalisation of voluntary assisted dying in Victoria, Australia. MethodsA qualitative approach was used to investigate perceived challenges for clinicians. Data were collected after the law had passed but before the start date for voluntary assisted dying in Victoria. This work is part of a larger mixed-methods anonymous online survey about Victorian clinicians’ views on voluntary assisted dying. Five open-ended questions were included in order to gather text data from a large number of clinicians in diverse roles. Participants included medical, nursing and allied health staff from two services, one a metropolitan tertiary referral health service (Service 1) and the other a major metropolitan health service (Service 2). The data were analysed thematically using qualitative description. ResultsIn all, 1086 staff provided responses to one or more qualitative questions: 774 from Service 1 and 312 from Service 2. Clinicians anticipated a range of challenges, which included burdens for staff, such as emotional toll, workload and increased conflict with colleagues, patients and families. Challenges regarding organisational culture, the logistics of delivering voluntary assisted dying under the specific Victorian law and how voluntary assisted dying would fit within the hospital’s overall work were also raised. ConclusionsThe legalisation of voluntary assisted dying is anticipated to create a range of challenges for all types of clinicians in the hospital setting. Clinicians identified challenges both at the individual and system levels. What is known about the topic?Voluntary assisted dying became legal in Victoria on 19 June 2019 under the Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2017. However there has been little Victorian data to inform implementation. What does this paper add?Victorian hospital clinicians anticipate challenges at the individual and system levels, and across all clinical disciplines. These challenges include increased conflict, emotional burden and workload. Clinicians report concerns about organisational culture, the logistics of delivering voluntary assisted dying under the specific Victorian law and effects on hospitals’ overall work. What are the implications for practitioners?Careful attention to the breadth of staff affected, alongside appropriate resourcing, will be needed to support clinicians in the context of this legislative change.
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Crawford, Robert H., and Graham J. Treloar. "Net energy analysis of solar and conventional domestic hot water systems in Melbourne, Australia." Solar Energy 76, no. 1-3 (January 2004): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2003.07.030.
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Rogers, Briony C., Rebekah R. Brown, Fjalar J. de Haan, and Ana Deletic. "Analysis of institutional work on innovation trajectories in water infrastructure systems of Melbourne, Australia." Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 15 (June 2015): 42–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2013.12.001.
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Guy, Rebecca, Megan S. C. Lim, Yung-Hsuan J. Wang, Nicholas Medland, Jonathan Anderson, Norman Roth, and Margaret E. Hellard. "A new surveillance system for monitoring HIV infection in Victoria, Australia." Sexual Health 4, no. 3 (2007): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07011.
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Objectives: To establish a new mechanism for monitoring patterns of HIV infection, in the context of a sustained increase in HIV diagnosis among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Victoria. Methods: Between April 2004 and August 2005, a linked voluntary HIV sentinel surveillance system was implemented at five medical clinics with a high case load of MSM. Using a questionnaire, doctors collected HIV testing history, demographic and sexual risk behaviour information from all clients undergoing voluntary HIV testing. Questionnaires were linked with HIV test results. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine factors associated with HIV infection. Results: Of 3435 MSM tested for HIV at participating sites, 1.7%, (95% CI = 1.2–2.2) were newly diagnosed with HIV; between 2004 and 2005 the proportion increased from 1.3% (95% CI = 1.2–1.5) to 2.0% (95% CI = 1.8–2.2), P = 0.107. There was no significant change in the number of HIV tests conducted per month or in demographic characteristics, testing history and sexual behaviour characteristics between time periods. In multivariate analysis, reporting unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with any partner, UAI with a HIV-positive partner/s and being aged 30–39 years or 40 years or greater were significantly associated with HIV infection. Conclusion: This new surveillance mechanism, based on linked testing at participating clinics, indicates that the increase in HIV notifications in 2005 was unrelated to changes in testing and data from a Melbourne sexual behavioural survey suggests the increase was more likely to be attributed to increases in transmission within the past few years. The sentinel system highlighted UAI, especially with HIV positive partner/s are important transmission factors.
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Reed, Richard. "The relationship between house prices and demographic variables." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 9, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 520–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-02-2016-0013.
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Purpose The process for examining the value of house prices in an urban city has given limited attention, if any, to demographic variables associated with urban geography. Although the disciplines of property/real estate and demography have moved closer, little progress has been made when modelling house prices using population-related data in the field of urban geography to explain the level of house prices. Design/methodology/approach This paper proposes an innovative model to examine the influence of population variables on the level of house prices. It used a two-stage approach as follows: principal components analysis (PCA) identified social dimensions from a range of demographic variables, which were then retained for further analysis. This information was sourced from two Australian Bureau of Statistics censuses undertaken involving all Melbourne residents during 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2011; multiple regression analysis examined the relationship between the retained factor scores from the PCA (as independent variables) and established residential house prices (as the dependent variable). Findings The findings confirm the demographic profile of each household, which is directly related to their decisions about housing location and house prices. Based on a case study of Melbourne, Victoria, it was demonstrated that households with specific demographic characteristics are closely related to a certain level of house prices at the suburban level. Originality/value This is an innovative study which has not been previously undertaken for an extended period of time to facilitate an analysis of change over time.
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Campbell, Susan. "So long as it's near water: variable roosting behaviour of the large-footed myotis (Myotis macropus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 2 (2009): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09006.
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The choice of day roosts by microbats influences energetics, social interactions and breeding success. In Australia, the large-footed myotis (Myotis macropus) is dependent on waterways for foraging. However, the extent to which the species relies upon, and selects roosts within, riparian habitat is unknown. I studied the roosting behaviour of this species around a water reservoir near Melbourne, Victoria, during the summers from October 2002 to April 2005. I radio-tracked 31 bats to 17 tree roosts; colony size averaged 6.0 ± 1.6 bats and individuals used 1.3 ± 0.1 roosts during the tracking period (average 6.2 ± 0.6 days). Two roosts were also located in crevices in an old aqueduct tunnel, housing colonies of 10.8 ± 0.6 bats. Colonies emerged earlier from tunnel crevices (25.0 ± 3.6 min after sunset, range 6–53 min), compared with conspecifics in tree roosts (45.6 ± 2.1 min after sunset, range 10–83 min). Roost trees and cavities differed from available habitat trees and cavities in terms of smaller entrance areas to used (182.2 ± 49.3 cm2) versus unused (328.0 ± 61.8 cm2) cavities. The primary force driving roost selection by M. macropus appears to be proximity of suitable waterways for foraging. Retention and maintenance of extensive riparian habitat, as well as the preservation of other structures used for roosting, are the most important conservation strategies for management of the day-roosting habitat of M. macropus.
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Hagai, M. "An Investigation of Kagera River Basin Land Cover Dynamics for Sustainability of Lake Victoria Water Regime." Journal of Sustainable Development 12, no. 4 (July 30, 2019): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v12n4p166.
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This paper is reporting on an investigation done to assess land cover dynamics in KRB(Kagera River Basin) (KRB) over a period of 21 years i.e.1990-2011 using Remote Sensing, Hydrology and GIS techniques as a basis for initiating policy interventions for sustainability of Lake Victoria water regime.The extent of land cover changes in the KRB have not been quantified with the view of assessing the extent of exploitation of the natural resources.The assessment is important firstly for identification of causative factors and secondly as a mechanism for formulating necessary policies and remedial measures to that effect.Specifically, Landsat 5, Landsat 7 and ETM+ (2000) satellite images were used.Eight Land Cover classes were identified namely, Forests, Woodland, Bushland, Cultivated Land, Swamps, Grassland, Bareland and Urban areas.Hydrographical data were used to assess changes in quantity of water flowing from the KRB into Lake Victoria and relating it with land cover changes in KRB at in the period of study. Spatial data processing, analysis and interpretation were carried out in ERDAS Imagine and ArcGIS software environments; while water quantity data and other non spatial data were processed and analyzed in Microsoft Excel application 2007.
The study revealed a significant decline of vegetation cover and water quantity discharged from Kagera River to Lake Victoria over the study period. This contravenes the global efforts of ecological sustainability, which urge avoidance of depletion of natural resources for maintenance for ecological balance. These results are in early warning to the Management of Lake Victoria for its potential failure towards achieving the Millennium Development Goal on responsible consumption and protection of natural resources in proximity with Lake Victoria. The Management of Lake Victoria in collaboration with other relevant authorities should thus, take remedial measures to control further depletion of vegetation cover in KRB for sustainability of Lake Victoria and its ecosystem.
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Needleman, Robert, Eric P. F. Chow, Janet M. Towns, Vincent J. Cornelisse, Tim Z. T. Yang, Marcus Y. Chen, Catriona S. Bradshaw, Ria Fortune, and Christopher K. Fairley. "Access to sexual health services after the rapid roll out of the launch of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in Melbourne, Australia: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis." Sexual Health 15, no. 6 (2018): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh17182.
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Background On 26 July 2016, Victoria began a large study of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, called PrEPX, that involved the creation of around 2600 appointments over 3 months across multiple sites in Melbourne, Australia. At this time, the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC) appeared to have a larger demand on its services. The aim of the present study was to determine whether this apparent increase in demand was substantially different from other demand fluctuations. Methods: Patients presenting to the MSHC from 2014 to 2016 were reviewed. Demographic characteristics, sexual risks and sexually transmitted infection diagnoses were extracted from the clinical database. Results: There were 115522 walk-in presentations for care and a rise in presentations in the week following the launch of the PrEPX study, but at least six similar peaks occurred that year. The peak coinciding with the launch of PrEPX was only apparent for men who have sex with men. There was a substantial increase in the proportion of patients who could not be seen (i.e. triaged out), from 10% in the week before PrEPX to 22.2% in the second week after, but this was primarily due to staff absences. At the time of the PrEPX study, data were collected on the duration of symptoms for common conditions and found no significant (P>0.29) change in the average duration of symptoms compared with that seen before the PrEPX launch. Conclusions: The increase in the number of medical consultations required for the PrEPX study did not result in excessive demand for public sexual health services.
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Thompson, Sandra C., Gill E. Checkley, Jane S. Hocking, Nick Crofts, Anne M. Mijch, and Fiona K. Judd. "HIV Risk Behaviour and HIV Testing of Psychiatric Patients in Melbourne." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 31, no. 4 (August 1997): 566–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679709065079.
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Objectives: Patients with chronic mental illnesses constitute an important risk group for HIV infection overseas. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of risk behaviours associated with HIV transmission and factors associated with HIV testing in psychiatric patients in Melbourne. Methods: Inpatients and outpatients completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire which covered demographics, psychiatric diagnosis, risk behaviour, and HIV education and testing. Results: Of 145 participants, 60% were male and 55.2% had schizophrenia. Injecting drug use (IDU) was reported by 15.9%, a figure approximately 10 times that found in other population surveys. Most patients reported sex in the last decade and over 20% had multiple sexual partners in the last year. Of males, 12.6% reported sex with another male (9.2% anal sex); 19.0% of females reported sex with a bisexual male. Nearly half of the males reported sex with a prostitute, 2.5 times that in a population sample. Only 15.9% reported ever having someone talk to them specifically about HIV and its transmission, although one-third had been tested for HIV. In multivariate analysis, male-male sex, paying for sex, and IDU were associated with HIV testing, but those whose primary language was not English were less likely to be tested. Those who had received HIV education were more likely to have used a condom last time they had sex (OR 4.52, 95%C11.49–14.0). Conclusions: This study provides evidence that those with serious mental illness in Victoria have higher rates of participation in risk behaviour for HIV infection than those in the general community. Attention to HIV education and prevention in this group has been inappropriately scant; strategies to encourage safer behaviour are urgently needed.
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Mildwaters, Nyssa, and Danielle Measday. "Silcone-Based Solvents and Emulsions for Cleaning Natural Science Specimens: Case Studies from the Otago Museum and Museums Victoria." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 13, 2018): e26450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26450.
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Developed by the cosmetics industry, silicone-based solvents such as Cyclomethicone D4 and D5 and emulsifiers Velevsil Plus and KSG 350Z have found useful applications in museum conservation after being pioneered by Richard Wolbers to safety clean acrylic paint films. These products’ unique properties are also applicable for cleaning of natural science specimens. Silicone solvents are volatile and will completely evaporate away from surfaces. They have very low polarity and cannot not solubilise fats or oils, such as natural preen oils found in feathers. Low viscosity gives them the ability to flood a porous surface, such as bone, protecting it from absorbing chemicals and soiling during cleaning. Velevsil Plus and KSG 350Z provide the desirable ability to form an emulsion with water, and or solvents in a silicone based solvent carrier, allowing for the strictly controlled application of water or solvent solutions to the surface of a specimen. This poster will present case studies from the Otago Museum (Dunedin, New Zealand) and Museums Victoria (Melbourne, Australia) investigating the use of these products in cleaning natural science specimens. The experiments include the removal of an aged wax and shellac coating from a Moa (Dinonris sp.) skeleton, the removal of acrylic coatings on extremely moisture sensitive pyritized fossils, and the cleaning of soiled feathers and fur. Issues around sourcing and shipping these specialised products to Australasia will also be discussed. The successful application of paintings conservation techniques to scientific specimens demonstrates the benefits of collaboration between specialisations in conservation for developing new techniques for caring for our collections.
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Guerzoni, Michael Andre, and Hannah Graham. "Catholic Church Responses to Clergy-Child Sexual Abuse and Mandatory Reporting Exemptions in Victoria, Australia: A Discursive Critique." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 58–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i4.205.
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This article presents empirical findings from a critical discourse analysis of institutional responses by the Catholic Church to clergy-child sexual abuse in Victoria, Australia. A sample of 28 documents, comprising 1,394 pages, is analysed in the context of the 2012-2013 Victorian Inquiry into the Handling of Child Abuse by Religious and Other Organisations. Sykes and Matza’s (1957) and Cohen’s (1993) techniques of, respectively, neutralisation and denial are used to reveal the Catholic Church’s Janus-faced responses to clergy-child sexual abuse and mandatory reporting requirements. Paradoxical tensions are observed between Catholic Canonical law and clerical practices, and the extent of compliance with secular law and referral of allegations to authorities. Concerns centre on Church secrecy, clerical defences of the confessional in justification of inaction, and the Melbourne Response compensation scheme. Our research findings underscore the need for greater Church transparency and accountability; we advocate for mandatory reporting law reform and institutional reform, including adjustments to the confessional ritual.
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Tonkovic, Z., and S. Jeffcoat. "Wastewater reclamation for use in snow-making within an alpine resort in Australia - resource rather than waste." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0692.
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The Mt Buller Alpine Resort is located approximately 200 km north of Melbourne, in Victoria, Australia. A wastewater treatment plant services the resort and currently treats to advanced nutrient removal standards. The treated effluent is presently discharged into the Howqua River. Most Australian ski resorts are not blessed with abundant snow cover on a regular basis. Artificial snow allows most of the popular ski runs to operate for the whole of the season. At the Mt Buller resort, snow-making is presently limited by lack of water supply in the catchment. The conditions at Mt Buller resort present a unique opportunity to utilise reclaimed wastewater to allow increased snow-making capacity. It is one of the unique opportunities where the wastewater is valued as a resource rather than merely viewed as a waste problem. Wastewater reclamation for snow-making will require additional treatment for pathogen removal. It is proposed that following advanced nutrient removal, the effluent will require further treatment, including membrane ultrafiltration, so as to ensure a minimum of four barriers for pathogen removal. Pilot plant operation of a membrane ultrafiltration system commenced in June 2000 and will continue until the end of 2001, to primarily demonstrate the extent of pathogen removal.
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Chessman, Bruce C., Nina Bate, Peter A. Gell, and Peter Newall. "A diatom species index for bioassessment of Australian rivers." Marine and Freshwater Research 58, no. 6 (2007): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf06220.
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The Diatom Index for Australian Rivers (DIAR), originally developed at the genus level, was reformulated at the species level with data from diatom sampling of rivers in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and Victoria. The resulting Diatom Species Index for Australian Rivers (DSIAR) was significantly correlated with the ARCE (Assessment of River Condition, Environment) index developed in the Australian National Land and Water Resources Audit (NLWRA), and with nine of the ARCE’s constituent indices and sub-indices, across 395 river reaches in south-eastern Australia. These correlations were generally stronger than those shown by the biological index that was used to assess river condition in the NLWRA, the ARCB (Assessment of River Condition, Biota) index based on macroinvertebrates and the Australian River Assessment System (AUSRIVAS). At a finer spatial scale, DSIAR was strongly and significantly correlated with measures of catchment urbanisation for streams in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria. DSIAR scores across south-eastern Australia bore little relationship to the latitude, longitude or altitude of sampling sites, suggesting that DSIAR is not greatly affected by macro-geographical position. In addition, DSIAR scores did not vary greatly among small-scale hydraulic environments within a site. DSIAR appears to have potential as a broad-scale indicator of human influences on Australian rivers, especially the effects of agricultural and urban land use, and also for impact studies at a local scale. Further evaluation is warranted to test the sensitivity of the index to natural variables such as catchment geology, and to assess its performance in northern, western and inland Australia.
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Merriam, Daniel. "Richard Arthur Reyment: Father of the International Association for Mathematical Geology." Earth Sciences History 23, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.23.2.c1520248m6452730.
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Richard Arthur Reyment was born of parents of English, Swedish, and Spanish descent in Coburg, Victoria, Australia on 4 December 1926. After obtaining his bachelor degree from Melbourne University in 1948 he spent several years with the British Colonial Service in Nigeria. While there he obtained his masters degree from Melbourne and a doctorate from the University of Stockholm (Sweden). His work in Nigeria led to the appointment as professor at the University of Ibadan. He returned to Sweden in 1965 with an appointment from the Swedish Natural Science Research Council. In 1967 he was awarded his DSc from Melbourne University and was appointed to the Chair of Historical Geology and Paleontology at the University of Uppsala (Sweden), where he remained until his retirement in 1991. His early studies on random events, multivariate morphometrics, and statistical analysis in geology and biology naturally led him into the quantitative aspects of his chosen profession, and whetted his desire to share these experiences with others with similar interests. This, he decided, could best be accomplished through an organization to promote quantitative methods and approaches, which led to his concept of the International Association for Mathematical Geology (IAMG). His efforts and enthusiasm resulted in the founding of the Association at the ill-fated International Geological Congress (IGC) in Prague in 1968. Reyment was elected the first IAMG secretary general and later the second president. The IAMG is affiliated with both the IGC and the International Statistical Institute (ISI). In recognition of his scientific accomplishments he was awarded IAMG's highest award, the William Christian Krumbein Medal, in 1979 and a special Certificate of Merit in 2002. Reyment's pioneering efforts have influenced a generation of geologists and paleontologists.
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Lin, Yi, Xin Li, Tinghui Zhang, Nengfang Chao, Jie Yu, Jianqing Cai, and Nico Sneeuw. "Water Volume Variations Estimation and Analysis Using Multisource Satellite Data: A Case Study of Lake Victoria." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 3052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12183052.
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The spatiotemporal changes of lake water resources objectively reflect not only the process of the water resources balance, but also the ecological environment changes in the lake area. In recent decades, climate changes and human activities have caused great impacts on the spatial distribution of the earth’s water resources and the spatiotemporal process of the surface water cycle, which has caused a series of ecological crises and environmental problems, such as the drying-up of inland lakes, the disappearance of the oasis, water shortage or flooding and water pollution. Therefore, monitoring and fully understanding the dynamic changes of lakes is of great scientific significance for grasping regional water balance, water resources management, and sustainable development of the ecological environment. In this study, we focus on using multi-source satellite data on the estimation of water volume and multi-timescale variations analysis for large scale lakes. This study combines the problems in the practical application of “African Water Action”, taking the largest lake in Africa, Lake Victoria, as the study area, and utilizes long-term serial multi-source satellite data of the past 15 years (2003–2017), including Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Jason-1/-2/-3 and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) to perform the comprehensive analysis on the water volume change estimation. Firstly, the satellite altimetry data of Jason-1/-2/-3 and MODIS imagery was used to calculate series of water level, and to extract series of water surface area, respectively. On this basis, a more accurate regression model between the area and water level variation (ΔH) was constructed. Then, the model between water volume variation (ΔV) and ΔH, derived from area-ΔH model, was applied to calculate the relative water volume of Lake Victoria. Meanwhile, terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes between 2003 and 2016, derived from GRACE data, were also used for a comparative verification of the ΔV results. The results show the long-term series change trends of ΔV and the TWS are the same. Finally, the multi-timescale analysis of water volume changes was carried out on different time scales, such as the inter-annual, inter-monthly, and variation period.