Academic literature on the topic 'Water use – Economic aspects – Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Water use – Economic aspects – Australia"
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Boyden, B. H., L. Nador, S. Addleman, and L. Jeston. "The economic pre-treatment of coal mine drainage water with caustic and ozone." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 5 (May 5, 2017): 1022–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.263.
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Coal mine drainage waters are low in pH with varying amounts of iron and manganese and are generally brackish. The Austar Coal Mine in NSW, Australia, sought alternatives to their current lime dosing as the pre-treatment before the downstream reverse osmosis plant. Undesirable operating aspects of the current system include manganese and gypsum scaling/fouling, the need for anti-scalants and reduced water recovery. Thirteen processes for acid mine drainage were initially considered. The preferred process of caustic and ozone for Mn(II) oxidation was pilot tested at up to 0.74 kL/hr at the mine site. Under proper conditions and no aeration, about 81 per cent of the Fe could be removed (initially at 156 mg/L) as green rust. Supplemental aeration followed first-order kinetics and allowed 99.9 per cent Fe(II) oxidation and removal but only with a hydraulic residence time of about 47 minutes. The addition of supplemental Cu catalyst improved Fe removal. Ozone applied after caustic was effective in stoichiometrically oxidising recalcitrant Mn(II) and any remaining Fe(II). Control of the ozonation was achieved using the oxidation reduction potential during oxidation of the Mn(II) species. The use of caustic, followed by ozone, proved economically comparable to the current lime pre-treatment.
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Sadras, V. O., P. T. Hayman, D. Rodriguez, M. Monjardino, M. Bielich, M. Unkovich, B. Mudge, and E. Wang. "Interactions between water and nitrogen in Australian cropping systems: physiological, agronomic, economic, breeding and modelling perspectives." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 10 (2016): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp16027.
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This paper reviews the interactions between water and nitrogen from physiological, agronomic, economic, breeding and modelling perspectives. Our primary focus is wheat; we consider forage crops, sorghum and legumes where relevant aspects of water–nitrogen interactions have been advanced. From a physiological perspective, we ask: How does nitrogen deficit influence the water economy of the crop? How does water deficit influence the nitrogen economy of the crop? How do combined water and nitrogen deficit affect crop growth and yield? We emphasise synergies, and the nitrogen-driven trade-off between the efficiency in the use of water and nitrogen. The concept of nitrogen–water co-limitation is discussed briefly. From agronomic and economic perspectives, the need to match supply of nitrogen and water is recognised, but this remains a challenge in dryland systems with uncertain rainfall. Under-fertilisation commonly causes gaps between actual and water-limited potential yield. We discuss risk aversion and the role of seasonal rainfall forecasts to manage risk. From a breeding perspective, we ask how selection for yield has changed crop traits relating to water and nitrogen. Changes in nitrogen traits are more common and profound than changes in water-related traits. Comparison of shifts in the wheat phenotype in Australia, UK, Argentina and Italy suggests that improving yield per unit nitrogen uptake is straightforward; it requires selection for yield and allowing grain protein concentration to drift unchecked. A more interesting proposition is to increase nitrogen uptake to match yield gains and conserve protein in grain. Increased stomatal conductance is a conspicuous response to selection for yield which partially conflicts with the perception that reduced conductance at high vapour pressure deficit is required to increase water- use efficiency; but high stomatal conductance at high vapour pressure deficit may be adaptive for thermal stress. From a modelling perspective, water and nitrogen are linked in multiple ways. In crops where water limits growth, reduced biomass reduces nitrogen demand. Reciprocally, nitrogen limitation during crop expansion reduces leaf area index and increases the soil evaporation : transpiration ratio. Water–nitrogen interactions are also captured in the water-driven uptake of nitrogen by mass flow and diffusion and in the water-driven processes of nitrogen in soil (e.g. mineralisation). The paper concludes with suggestions for future research on water-nitrogen interactions.
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Kalair, Ali Raza, Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian, Muhammad Shoaib Saleem, Naeem Abas, Shoaib Rauf, and Alex Stojcevski. "A Comparative Thermal Performance Assessment of Various Solar Collectors for Domestic Water Heating." International Journal of Photoenergy 2022 (June 16, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9536772.
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Growing population, depleting fossil fuels, economic expansions, and energy intensive life style demand are resulting in higher energy prices. We use energy as of heat and electricity, which can directly be obtained from sun using thermal collectors and solar cells. Solar thermal systems are gaining attention for water and space heating applications due to green aspects of solar energy. A solar thermal collector is a vital part of solar thermal energy system to absorb radiant energy from the sun. In this study, a solar water heating (SWH) system has been designed and simulated in the TRNSYS ® software using thermal and chemical properties of heat transfer fluids using REFPROP for dwellings located on ±31° latitudes (+31 Lahore in Pakistan and -31° Perth in Australia). We present an efficiency parametric optimization-based model for water and space heating. Simulation results for four types of solar thermal collectors are presented, and performance is analyzed on the basis of output temperature ( T out ), solar fraction ( f ), and collector efficiency ( η ). This study evaluates the comparative performance of evacuated tube collector (ETC), flat-plate collector (FPC), compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), and thermosiphon-driven systems. Our findings conclude the evacuated glass tube collector achieves the highest solar fraction, i.e., 50% of demand coverage during August in Pakistan and February in Australia, with an overall average of 43% annually.
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Xiong, Hanxiang, Yafei Sun, and Xingwei Ren. "Comprehensive Assessment of Water Sensitive Urban Design Practices based on Multi-criteria Decision Analysis via a Case Study of the University of Melbourne, Australia." Water 12, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 2885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102885.
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Water sensitive urban design (WSUD), as a typical green stormwater infrastructure (GSI), contains various facilities to decrease the urbanization impacts and enhance the values of amenity, ecosystem, and livability in Australia. Although WSUD has developed over 30 years, existing studies for WSUD performances have sometimes ignored its economic and social benefits, and there is still a lack of an integrated framework to optimize the GSI combinations based on various criteria in a site. This paper aims to utilize “score-rank-select” strategy to comprehensively assess WSUD combination scenarios from functional, economic, social, and environmental aspects, by taking the University of Melbourne (Parkville campus) as a case study. In detail, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was used for weight determination and scenario comparison. The results showed that scenario 4 with 52% green WSUD facilities had the highest assessment score (0.771) among the five scenarios, while the final score (0.758) of scenario 5 was lower than scenario 4 although its green facility proportion reached 69%. The trade-off relation between the proportion of grey and green WSUD facilities was further demonstrated. Additionally, this paper strongly recommends that the MCDA-based comprehensive assessment framework described here can be generally promoted for the water sector to solve the decision-making problems. The use of such a framework can further promote sustainable development by helping water managers to make informed and inclusive decisions involving a variety of factors.
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Troy, Patrick. "A national strategy for a low-carbon economy: The contribution of regional development planning." Economic and Labour Relations Review 28, no. 1 (February 10, 2017): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304617694826.
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Planning for a low-carbon future in Australia will need to address simultaneously three aspects of sustainable development: centralisation/regional development, mobility and communication. After reviewing existing roadmaps for low-carbon growth by 2050, the article identifies the importance for Australia of an integrated and mutually reinforcing set of measures, based on a bold approach to urban and regional planning. Taking account of national geography, the approach is based on the decentralisation of energy production, use and storage, and on new uses of communication, transport and the location of food, water and mineral resources. Revitalised regional centres could be connected, through new energy and transport solutions, by a national transport arc and electrified highways. The use of infrastructure funding to support low-carbon regional development would avoid the ‘tragedy of the commons’, transcending incremental, cumulative approaches based on compensation and incentives for household, business and sectoral abatement efforts. It would generate long-term environmentally sustainable development.
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Dobes, Leo, Mason Crane, Tim Higgins, Albert I. J. M. Van Dijk, and David B. Lindenmayer. "Increased livestock weight gain from improved water quality in farm dams: A cost-benefit analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): e0256089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256089.
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Access to water is a critical aspect of livestock production, although the relationship between livestock weight gain and water quality remains poorly understood. Previous work has shown that water quality of poorly managed farm dams can be improved by fencing and constructing hardened watering points to limit stock access to the dam, and revegetation to filter contaminant inflow. Here we use cattle weight gain data from three North American studies to develop a cost-benefit analysis for the renovation of farm dams to improve water quality and, in turn, promote cattle weight gain on farms in south-eastern Australia. Our analysis indicated a strong likelihood of positive results and suggested there may be substantial net economic benefit from renovating dams in poor condition to improve water quality. The average per-farm Benefit-Cost Ratios based on deterministic assumptions was 1.5 for New South Wales (NSW) and 3.0 for Victoria in areas where rainfall exceeds 600mm annually. Our analyses suggested that cattle on farms in NSW and Victoria would need to experience additional weight gain from switching to clean water of at least 6.5% and 1.8% per annum respectively, to break even in present value terms. Monte Carlo simulation based on conservative assumptions indicated that the probability of per-farm benefits exceeding costs was greater than 70%. We recommend localised experiments to assess the impact of improved water quality on livestock weight gain in Australian conditions to confirm these expectations empirically.
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Dikshit, Abhirup, Biswajeet Pradhan, and Abdullah M. Alamri. "Temporal Hydrological Drought Index Forecasting for New South Wales, Australia Using Machine Learning Approaches." Atmosphere 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060585.
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Droughts can cause significant damage to agriculture and water resources leading to severe economic losses. One of the most important aspects of drought management is to develop useful tools to forecast drought events, which could be helpful in mitigation strategies. The recent global trends in drought events reveal that climate change would be a dominant factor in influencing such events. The present study aims to understand this effect for the New South Wales (NSW) region of Australia, which has suffered from several droughts in recent decades. The understanding of the drought is usually carried out using a drought index, therefore the Standard Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPEI) was chosen as it uses both rainfall and temperature parameters in its calculation and has proven to better reflect drought. The drought index was calculated at various time scales (1, 3, 6, and 12 months) using a Climate Research Unit (CRU) dataset. The study focused on predicting the temporal aspect of the drought index using 13 different variables, of which eight were climatic drivers and sea surface temperature indices, and the remainder were various meteorological variables. The models used for forecasting were an artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR). The model was trained from 1901–2010 and tested for nine years (2011–2018), using three different performance metric scores (coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The results indicate that ANN was better than SVR in predicting temporal drought trends, with the highest R2 value of 0.86 for the former compared to 0.75 for the latter. The study also reveals that sea surface temperatures and the climatic index (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) do not have a significant effect on the temporal drought aspect. The present work can be considered as a first step, wherein we only study the temporal trends, towards the use of climatological variables and drought incidences for the NSW region.
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Murphy, Brian, and Peter Fogarty. "Application of the Soil Security Concept to Two Contrasting Soil Landscape Systems—Implications for Soil Capability and Sustainable Land Management." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 16, 2019): 5706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205706.
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Soil security identifies global challenges and a series of dimensions that are necessary requirements to meet those global challenges using sustainable land management. The soil security concept is applied to two contrasting soil landscape systems with varying climate, landform and soil types. Previous methodologies for assessing land and soil capability are combined within the soil security conceptual approach. The land and soil capability methodologies are used to assess how the soil condition changes in response to the stresses and forcing associated with land management and land and soil degradation processes. It is the soil capability that defines how the soil condition changes between the reference state of the soil condition, or the genoform, and the soil condition under land use, or the phenoform. The conclusion is that soil capability, which is one of the dimensions used to apply the soil security concept, is a complex dimension and has several aspects or further facets to be considered to achieve sustainable land management. It is apparent that in assessing soil capability, the following facets are relevant. I: The capacity of the soil to provide ecosystem services to meet the global challenges outlined for Soil Security. II: The stability of the soil condition to land degradation processes resulting from the effects of land management practices and the environmental stresses on the soil. III: The capacity to recover following degradation. Facets II and III can be considered the resilience. An important conclusion is that the soil capability cannot be assessed without taking into account features of the landscape including climate and landform. Two examples from south eastern Australia of the application of these facets of soil capability to on-ground situations are presented. The Cowra Trough Red Soils in the Australian wheat belt are a set of soils, primarily contributing to meeting the global challenge of food security. The major degradation processes threatening the stability of these soils are water erosion and soil acidification. The Kosciusko National Park in the Snowy Mountains region is primarily contributing to meeting the challenges of water security for the irrigation industry in the Murray Darling Basins and energy security through the production of hydroelectricity. The set of soil landscapes also contributes to biodiversity protection and human health and well-being. The major degradation processes threatening the stability of these soils and their capacity to meet the global challenges are water and wind erosion. A major limitation is the poor capacity of these soils to recover once degraded. Identifying the main ecosystem services provided by the two examples, together with the major risks of land degradation can clarify extension, economic and policy aspects of sustainable land management for the two sets of soil landscapes. For the Cowra Trough Red Soils, management of water erosion and soil acidification are essential for maintaining the contribution of the area to food security. For the Kosciusko National Park, the control of water and wind erosion are essential to maintain the contribution of the area to water and energy security.
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Murphy, Margot, Raymond Watson, and Susan Moore. "Encouraging Water Saving: the Role of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Intention." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 7 (January 1991): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600001877.
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Few would doubt the need, in today's world, to promote behaviours that actively conserve environmental resources. At a general level, this often involves encouraging behaviours that involve a short-term cost for the individual in order to avoid a long-term negative outcome for the community. Examples of such behaviour are, taking the trouble to turn off lights to save electricity and fixing leaking taps to conserve water. It is these latter kinds of behaviours, namely those associated with the efficient use of water resources, which are the focus of this paper.Faced with the high economic and practical costs of attempting to supply unlimited amounts of water for the Melbourne metropolitan area, the Board of Works has sought, by a number of means, to persuade its consumers to use water more efficiently. One aspect of its strategy was to promote water conservation within the educational curriculum by designing various educational materials and programs for different school levels. These and other promotional materials were made available to schools in the Melbourne metropolitan area in 1988. Prior to the distribution of this material, the data reported in this paper were gathered as the first stage of a longitudinal evaluation of the Board's education strategy.The assumption underlying the Board of Works' educational program was that behaviour change is preceded by changes in knowledge. For example, it was assumed that a person, knowing something about the water cycle, and the system by which water is fed into our taps, would believe that it is important not to waste water. The result would be active water conservation in daily life. Some basis for this assumption has been provided by the report on domestic water use in Perth, Western Australia (Metropolitan Water Authority, 1985), where knowledge and attitudes were found to be predictors of actual water consumption. Such an assumption is based in a general way on a cognitive or information processing model of behaviour change, in which changes in behaviour are seen as proceeding from changes in relevant information or knowledge. This cognitive model is the basis for many social education programs both in schools and in the community. For example, the Quit Campaign and the AIDS campaign have both used strategies that aimed to inform the public about particular health-related behaviours.
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Khilchevskyi, V., and S. Zapototskyi. "CITIZEN SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING: WORLD TRENDS, SITUATION IN UKRAINE." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 82-83 (2022): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2022.82.1.
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The aim of the study was to characterize the main trends in the development of citizen science (CS), which has been attracting growing interest from society since the beginning of the 21st century, which is associated with the development of digital technologies, and the ability to connect to the Internet. According to the Oxford Dictionary, “Citizenship Science is the collection and analysis of data related to the natural world by members of the general public, usually as part of a collaborative project with professional scientists “. This movement has had significant activity in the countries of Western Europe, the USA, Australia, and in the last decade in China. An analysis of completed projects shows that citizen science has the greatest impact on research in the field of biology, ecology, and solutions to environmental problems and is mainly used for collecting and classifying data. The accuracy of the data obtained by CS representatives depends on the proper organization of research and requires constant monitoring and cooperation with professional scientists. Citizens’ motivation to participate in research can also influence the results of CS projects. Three general aspects are highlighted as motivation for participation in CS: a) raising the individual scientific and educational level and the desire to increase public awareness; b) filling gaps in government monitoring and identifying local problems; c) harnessing scientific knowledge to inform policymakers and decision-makers and ensuring consistency of actions at different scales. An important area of research in citizen science is monitoring the quality of water in water bodies, as evidenced by more than 800 works published during 2010-2020. In periodicals indexed by the Web of Science. It is relevant to involve representatives of citizen science in solving the tasks facing SDG 6 “Clean water and adequate sanitation”, one of the 17 global goals that were adopted at the UN Summit on Sustainable Development (2015) for the period 2015-2030. The participation of citizen science can be significant in the context of SDG 6.3.2 “Identifying the proportion of water bodies with good water quality”, as these studies relate to the monitoring of water bodies at the community level. The FreshWater Watch program, launched in 2012, is based on the continuous monitoring of freshwater bodies. The program has both a global and a local level. Global level – citizen scientists in different countries participating in the program work according to the same methods and register a common set of parameters that are loaded into the same database. Local level – working with local groups and scientists who have scientific questions about their specific water bodies. Thus, using global approaches, it is possible to answer local questions about water quality and the state of ecosystems. In Ukraine, the situation with citizen science is fundamentally different from that described above. There is no citizen science in the same form as in the countries of Western Europe, North America, Australia, and East Asia in Ukraine. This is connected both with the general economic situation of the country and, accordingly, the constant reduction of scientific institutions, a decrease in the interest of citizens in science and with moral and ethical aspects (from the skepticism of professional Ukrainian scientists regarding the activities of representatives of citizen science to the unwillingness of broad strata of citizens to spend their time on work in CS projects). But on Facebook (FB) there are groups of biological, hydrological, and geological orientations in Ukraine, which have their own sites in FB and carry out certain work. Ukraine’s integration into the structure of the European Union will contribute to the emergence of new opportunities for further development of civil society, including participation in citizen science projects.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water use – Economic aspects – Australia"
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Crafford, J. G. (Jacobus Gert). "Assessing the costs and benefits of water use for production and the potential of water demand management in the Crocodile Catchment of South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26559.
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In South Africa, precipitation is extremely variable and water is scarce. South Africa is also a country with great welfare needs. Challenging economic development targets and plans therefore need to be implemented successfully within the constraints of limited water supply and unreliable water availability. These economic development plans are underpinned by the development and growth of economic activities such as agriculture, mining, energy production and many types of small, medium and micro enterprises, which are some of the largest water using sectors in the economy. Within these activities, increased competition places pressure on water users to keep supplying their markets with competitively priced goods, while rising costs of new water supplies puts pressure on water users to allocate sufficient water to their production processes. These market forces and the relative scarcity of water as an economic production factor, impact on financial viability and imply that the economic efficiency of water use becomes increasingly important. The National Water Act of 1998 (NWA) is a legislative response to this situation, and promotes a radical shift towards efficiency and equity goals in water allocation. Water users who require water as an input to economic activities are consequently seriously revising their water use patterns in response to one of the major implications of the NWA and its related principal strategy: water demand management. Water demand management strives to adhere to the principles of equity, social justice, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability, which are central to the NWA. This study evaluates the costs and benefits of water use in order to simulate the effects of water demand management activities on a catchment economy. The results of a number of studies were combined to generate an economy-wide model: a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), for the case study area and to simulate the direct and indirect effects of water demand management on the people, the economy and the natural environment in the area. Water demand management (WDM) is defined as consisting of two phases. In the first phase, goals of full cost recovery, improving water use efficiency and allocating water optimally are targeted. The second phase of WDM arrives when a situation of absolute water scarcity is reached within a catchment. In this phase water demand outweighs water supply and water has to be allocated according to its scarcity value. Water markets play a large role here. The SAM was used to simulate the direct and indirect impacts on the economy and the environment of a number of WDM related scenarios. Water e-allocation decisions and the effects of various WDM policy instruments, such as reduction of water use subsidies and increases in water tariffs were simulated. Unintended consequences of other environmental policies on water use, in this case, carbon tax, were explored. Water scarcity predictions were done, and some of the transaction costs involved in water trading was quantified. The study concludes with a discussion on the indirect effects on the economy, the environment and people of changes affecting the agricultural (including forestry) activities. The direct and indirect impacts of WDM policies on the economy and the environment, and the importance of environmental-economic models in water cost benefit modeling are also discussed. Implications for policy and management are highlighted. This study shows specifically how, through modelling various scenarios, policy decisions aimed at managing specific variables (e.g. water use, carbon emissions) have an economic and environmental impact much wider than the sector in which the policy was targeted for. Each scenario shows how a water transaction, or a change in subsidy in the agricultural (including forestry) sector, could impact on the output of other economic sectors, and therefore the economy as a whole. It is therefore evident that policy decisions, which are implemented at a macro level, and could have a major direct impact on a wider range of economic sectors, should be carefully considered as they could have large, undesirable, unintended consequences.Dissertation (MSc (Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2004.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MSc (Agric)
unrestricted
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Wallace, Gary E., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, and Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture. "Governance for sustainable rural development : a critique of the ARMCANZ-DPIE structures and policy cycles." THESIS_FEMA_XXX_Wallace_G.xml, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/263.
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The focus of the thesis is a critique of the form and function of the federal institutions governing the development of Rural Australia. In undertaking this study two cycles of a systemic action research were followed, the first to explore the policy development environment and the second to validate and expand on findings of the first cycle of enquiry. The thesis follows the historical development of policy institutions and the deliberations of poicy actors that have lead to normative, strategic and program change within these institutions. These institutional changes have then been critiqued from theoretical perspective of governance for sustainable development. Conclusions from this critique indicate that that the pace of policy change is very slow and after 20 years from the Rural Policy green paper of 1974 the federal institutions have taken on board a rhetoric of sustainable rural development that encapsulates much of the principles espoused in the Green Paper.This includes principles that aim to empower rural communities to find local solutions to their natural resource management and local economic development problems. The downside is found in institutional conflict over resource dependencies and spheres of responsibility and an apparent lack of community economic development facilitation skills within the service organisations of rural institutions.Master of Science (Hons)
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Davidson, Michael Raphael. "Institutional structures for equitable and sustainable water resource management in the Middle East." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3063.
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Water management is a challenge in the Middle East today because of increasing population, decreasing water quality, political instability and security concerns. Israel and the Palestinian Authority share the three major freshwater sources in an inequitable and unsustainable manner. This study details the hydro-geological, political, cultural and legal challenges to equitable and sustainable water resource management in the region.
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Katzenellenbogen, Judith Masha. "Use of data linkage to enhance burden of disease estimates in Western Australia : the example of stroke." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0117.
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[Truncated abstract] The Disability-Adjusted Life Year index, developed by the Global Burden of Disease Study, is used extensively to compare disease burden between locations and over time. While calculation of the fatal component of this measure, Years of Life Lost, is relatively straight-forward, the non-fatal component, Years Lived with Disability, is based on parameters that are challenging to estimate. This thesis pioneers the use of the Western Australian Data Linkage System to enhance epidemiological parameters underpinning Years Lived with Disability, providing, by way of illustration, a robust quantitative profile of burden of stroke in the state of Western Australia at the turn of the 21st century. The principal methodological objective was to utilise data linkage analytic methods for the specific requirements of burden of disease estimation. The principal stroke-related objectives were: 1. To estimate the parameters underpinning the non-fatal burden of stroke (Years Lived with Disability) in Western Australia in 2000. 2. To estimate the total burden of stroke (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) in Western Australia in 2000. 3. To investigate differentials in stroke burden between different sub-populations in Western Australia. 4. To calculate projections of stroke burden for Western Australia in 2016. Years Lived with Disability from stroke were calculated for Western Australia from nonfatal stroke incidence, expected duration and disability (severity) weights. Non-fatal incidence was estimated using linked hospital and death records of first-ever hospitalised stroke 28-day survivors in 2000. This was then adjusted for out-of-hospital cases determined from the population-based Perth Community Stroke Study. iv Analysis of mortality in hospitalised 28-day survivors using linked data revealed that the excess mortality in prevalent, rather than incident cases was the main disease-specific parameter required for modelling stroke duration using DisMod II specialised software. ... Access to data linkage and population-based stroke studies in Western Australia allowed more accurate estimation of non-fatal stroke burden, with previous reports most likely underestimating disability as a contributor to total burden. Although predominantly affecting the growing aged population, stroke also affects a sizable number under the age of 65 years, the age group where differentials in stroke burden are the greatest. The findings highlight the continued need for primary prevention efforts for all ages, targeting especially younger people in disadvantaged groups. The shift to greater disability burden in the future and the needs of disadvantaged groups must be considered when planning stroke services. The multiple studies undertaken for this thesis contribute to ongoing improvement of data quality and methodological refinements underpinning estimates of Years Lived with Disability, specifically for stroke, but applicable also to other diseases. Similar linked data approaches can be used in other Australian states in the future once infrastructure is developed, thereby improving estimates of disease burden for health policy and planning in the future.
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Currie, Bianca. "Cost-benefit analysis of land restoration in the Assegaaibos Catchment Area with regard to water yield and tourism benefit." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/726.
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With the emergence of the new field of resource economics, one now has the ability to value and to include natural resources in decision making. This thesis aims to explore the valuation of natural resources by reviewing the economic values, techniques, methods and ecological aspects of restoration. Assegaaibos mountain catchment in the Western Cape Province has been used as a case-study example. A cost-benefit analysis of the restoration of the mountain catchment, in terms of the direct benefits of water and tourism, has been performed. The costs of restoration were observed to see whether they outweighed the benefits (income) derived (water and tourism). The results show that the water and tourism benefits did outweigh the costs of a basic restoration scenario. However, the basic restoration scenario did not fulfil the ecological requirements of the project. The results also illustrated that in the moderate restoration scenario, costs only outweighed the benefits when a three percent discount rate was applied. With the optimistic restoration scenario, costs outweighed benefits only when an eight percent discount rate was used. In the comprehensive restoration scenario, costs were shown to outweigh by far the water and tourism benefits over a thirty-year time frame. However, it should be noted that the deterioration of the environment (accelerated erosion, reinvasion, reduced water quality) was not factored into the costs of failure to rehabilitate.
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Du, Plessis Lily Lozelle. "An assessment of selected non-water benefits of the Working for Water Programme in the Eastern and Southern Cape." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/340.
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1.1 Background to, and motivation for, the study: The Working for Water programme (WfW) is a public works programme designed to clear South Africa of water-consuming invasive alien tree and plants, and to replace them with low water consuming indigenous species. This would prevent a loss of more than 4000 million cubic metres water per annum from the hydrological cycle (DWAF, 1998). The economic viability of the programme has been established in the Western Cape and Kwazulu-Natal (van Wilgen, Little, Chapman, Görgens, Willems and Marais, 1997; Gilham and Haynes, 2001), but questioned in the Eastern and Southern Cape (Hosking, du Preez, Campbell, Wooldridge and du Plessis, 2002). Hosking et al. (2002) investigated the economic case for the programme by performing a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), based on increased water yield and livestock potential, on six selected sites in the Eastern and Southern Cape, viz. Albany, Kat River, Pot River, Tsitsikamma, Kouga and Port Elizabeth Driftsands.
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Silva, Gilmar da. "Aproveitamento de agua de chuva em um predio industrial e numa escola publica : estudo de caso." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258607.
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Orientador: Jose Euclides Stipp PaternianiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura Urbanismo
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Resumo: Hoje é de vital importância se criar alternativas que levem ao racionamento ou economia de água potável, e uma dessas medidas é fazer uso da água de chuva disponível na natureza. Para tanto, foi necessário avaliar mediante estudo de caso a possibilidade da economia de água, aproveitando-se da água de chuva de maneira qualitativa e econômica num complexo industrial e escolar. O complexo industrial escolhido foi a Fábrica de mancais de deslizamento Grafimec, localizada no município de Araras/SP e a Escola Estadual Dom Idílio José Soares de Limeira/SP que se caracteriza pela formação educacional de jovens. Realizou-se a coleta de água de chuva na Fábrica Grafimec ao longo de um ano, em 4 pontos distintos (telhado, calha, cisterna e cisterna filtrada) para avaliar os aspectos físico-químicos e bacteriológicas dessa água. Uma vez que não existe uma Portaria ou Resolução que discorra sobre o tema aproveitamento de água de chuva, foram adotadas para efeito de comparação dos resultados qualitativos às Resoluções 274 e 357 mais à Portaria 518 do Ministério da Saúde. Paralelamente foi realizado um estudo econômico da Fábrica Grafimec juntamente com à Escola Estadual, para verificar o que um sistema de aproveitamento de água de chuva pode representar em termos de ganhos ambientais para às futuras gerações. Apesar de existirem contaminações bacteriológicas quando os resultados foram suficientemente comparados com a Portaria 518, a qualidade da água atendeu à exigência de uso da Fábrica Grafimec de Araras/SP. A utilização da cisterna nos dois estudos de caso proporcionou uma economia significativa de água da rede pública, ou seja, água essa que sairia dos nossos rios para atividades que não haveria necessidade, tais como: descarga de vasos sanitários, lavagens de piso, irrigação de jardins e plantas, dentre outras. Esse projeto de pesquisa contribuiu de maneira significativa para que novas pesquisas possam surgir no âmbito do aproveitamento da água de chuva, baseado nas práticas adotadas pela Fábrica e pela Escola
Abstract: Today it is essential to find out new alternatives for rationing or saving drinking water, and one of them is to make use of the rainwater available in nature. To achieve this, it was necessary to evaluate through a case study the possibility of water saving, by recovering rainwater with economy and quality in an industry and in a school. The industrial complex chosen was the sliding bearings factory called Grafimec, located in the town of Araras, SP, and the State Public School Dom Idílio José Soares in the town of Limeira, SP, where the activities aim at young people¿s education. The rainwater collection was done at Grafimec factory at 4 different spots (roof, spout, cistern and filter-cistern) to evaluate the physicalchemical and bacteriological aspects of this water. Since there is no Decree or Resolution on the rainwater recovery theme, for the purpose of comparing quality results, Resolutions 274 and 357, and also Decree no. 518 of the Health Ministry were adopted. At the same time, an economics study of Grafimec Factory and of the public school was carried out to assess how much benefit can be obtained in terms of environment for future generations. Although there was bacteriological contamination, when the results were sufficiently compared with Decree no. 518, the water quality met the use requirements established by Grafimec Factory in Araras, SP. The use of the cistern in both case studies provided a significant economy of the public water, which means that some of the water that would be taken from our rivers to activities where it was not essential, such as: toilet flushing, floor washing, gardens and plants irrigation, among others, was saved. This research project has significantly contributed towards the start of many other research studies in the field of rainwater recovery, based on the actions adopted by the factory and the school
Doutorado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Doutor em Engenharia Civil
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Bleby, Timothy Michael. "Water use, ecophysiology and hydraulic architecture of Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) growing on mine rehabilitation sites in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0004.
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[Truncated abstract. Please see the pdf format for the complete text. Also, formulae and special characters can only be approximated here. Please see the pdf version for an accurate reproduction.] This thesis examines the water use, ecophysiology and hydraulic architecture of Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) growing on bauxite mine rehabilitation sites in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia. The principal objective was to characterise the key environment and plant-based influences on tree water use, and to better understand the dynamics of water use over a range of spatial and temporal scales in this drought-prone ecosystem. A novel sap flow measurement system (based on the use of the heat pulse method) was developed so that a large number of trees could be monitored concurrently in the field. A validation experiment using potted jarrah saplings showed that rates of sap flow (transpiration) obtained using this system agreed with those obtained gravimetrically. Notably, diurnal patterns of transpiration were measured accurately and with precision using the newly developed heat ratio method. Field studies showed that water stress and water use by jarrah saplings on rehabilitation sites were strongly seasonal: being greatest in summer when it was warm and dry, and least in winter when it was cool and wet. At different times, water use was influenced by soil water availability, vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and plant hydraulic conductance. In some areas, there was evidence of a rapid decline in transpiration in response to dry soil conditions. At the end of summer, most saplings on rehabilitation sites were not water stressed, whereas water status in the forest was poor for small saplings but improved with increasing size. It has been recognised that mature jarrah trees avoid drought by having deep root systems, however, it appears that saplings on rehabilitation sites may have not yet developed functional deep roots, and as such, they may be heavily reliant on moisture stored in surface soil horizons. Simple predictive models of tree water use revealed that stand water use was 74 % of annual rainfall at a high density (leaf area index, LAI = 3.1), high rainfall (1200 mm yr-1) site, and 12 % of rainfall at a low density (LAI = 0.4), low rainfall (600 mm yr-1) site, and that water use increased with stand growth. A controlled field experiment confirmed that: (1) sapling transpiration was restricted as root-zone water availability declined, irrespective of VPD; (2) transpiration was correlated with VPD when water was abundant; and (3) transpiration was limited by soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance when water was abundant and VPD was high (> 2 kPa). Specifically, transpiration was regulated by stomatal conductance. Large stomatal apertures could sustain high transpiration rates, but stomata were sensitive to hydraulic perturbations caused by soil water deficits and/or high evaporative demand. No other physiological mechanisms conferred immediate resistance to drought. Empirical observations were agreeably linked with a current theory suggesting that stomata regulate transpiration and plant water potential in order to prevent hydraulic dysfunction following a reduction in soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance. Moreover, it was clear that plant hydraulic capacity determined the pattern and extent of stomatal regulation. Differences in hydraulic capacity across a gradient in water availability were a reflection of differences in root-to-leaf hydraulic conductance, and were possibly related to differences in xylem structure. Saplings on rehabilitation sites had greater hydraulic conductance (by 50 %) and greater leaf-specific rates of transpiration at the high rainfall site (1.5 kg m-2 day1) than at the low rainfall site (0.8 kg m-2 day1) under near optimal conditions. Also, rehabilitation-grown saplings had significantly greater leaf area, leaf area to sapwood area ratios and hydraulic conductance (by 30-50 %) compared to forest-grown saplings, a strong indication that soils in rehabilitation sites contained more water than soils in the forest. Results suggested that: (1) the hydraulic structure and function of saplings growing under the same climatic conditions was determined by soil water availability; (2) drought reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration by reducing whole-tree hydraulic conductance; and (3) saplings growing on open rehabilitation sites utilised more abundant water, light and nutrients than saplings growing in the forest understorey. These findings support a paradigm that trees evolve hydraulic equipment and physiological characteristics suited to the most efficient use of water from a particular spatial and temporal niche in the soil environment.
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Silva, Felipe Amaral. "Aproveitamento da água da chuva após tratamento por filtração ascendente e radiação ultravioleta." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1851.
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CAPESA escassez, deterioração da qualidade dos mananciais e o aumento da demanda por água tem sido problema global. Diante desses problemas o uso de fontes alternativas é citado como solução, com destaque para o aproveitamento de água da chuva. Em alguns locais, a água da chuva escoada de telhados tem sido utilizada para fins potáveis e não potáveis e a água da chuva in natura tem qualidade superior ao de águas superficiais e subterrâneas. Embora a água da chuva tenha qualidade físico-química dentro dos padrões de potabilidade, é necessário melhorar sua qualidade para utilizá-la. Assim neste trabalho é avaliado o tratamento da água da chuva por filtro ascendente (volume de 35,4 L) com meio suporte de 0,50 m de seixo rolado e camada filtrante composta de 0,15m de brita, 0,25 m de areia e 0,55 m de carvão ativado e desinfecção por radiação UV. Para melhorar a qualidade da água antes de chegar ao filtro foi instalado um dispositivo de primeiro descarte com volume de 41,4 L. A avaliação do tratamento foi realizada através da análise dos parâmetros pH, temperatura, cor, oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez, amônia, nitrito, nitrato, fosfato, sulfato, DQO e coliformes. Os valores médios obtidos para os parâmetros físico-químicos da água após o tratamento foram de 6,7 para o pH, 22,3 °C para a temperatura, 12,5 UPC para cor, 6,7 mg/L para OD, 0,5 UNT para turbidez, 0,2 mg/L para amônia, 0,01 mg/L para nitrito, 1,7 mg/L para nitrato, 0,2 mg/L para fosfato, 0,7 mg/L para sulfato e 1,3 mg/L para DQO. O tratamento proposto obteve resultados de eficiência para remoção de cor de 22,4%, turbidez de 28,6%, amônia de 50,0%, nitrito de 23,1%, nitrato de 37,0%, fosfato de 95,1% sulfato de 41,7% e DQO de 66,7% e reduziu o numero de microrganismos para um valor menor que o limite detectável do método de análise. Todos os valores médios obtidos para os parâmetros físico-químicos atendem aos padrões exigidos pela portaria 2914/2011 do Ministério da Saúde para água potável.
The scarcity, quality deterioration of water sources and increasing demand for water has been global problem. Faced with these problems the use of alternative sources is cited as a solution, especially taking advantage of rainwater. In some places, rainwater drained roofs have been used for potable and non-potable purposes and rainwater in nature has superior quality to the surface water and groundwater. Although rainwater has physicochemical quality within the potability standards, it is necessary to improve their quality to use it. Thus this work is evaluated treatment of rainwater by upflow filter (35,4 L volume) with support means of 0,50 m of Boulder and filter layer of 0,15 m of crushed stone, 0,25 m of sand and 0,55 m of activated carbon and UV disinfection. To enhance the water quality before reaching the filter was installed a first-flush device with volume of 41,4 L. The characterization of the water before and after treatment was performed through analysis of parameters pH, temperature, color, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, COD and coliforms. The mean values obtained for the physicochemical parameters of the water after treatment were 6,7 to pH 22,3 °C for temperature, 12,5 UPC for color, 6,7 mg/L to OD, 0,5 NTU for turbidity, 0,2mg/L for ammonia, 0,01 mg/L for nitrite, 1,7 mg/L for nitrate, 0,2 mg/L for phosphate,0,7 mg/L for sulfate and 1,3 mg/L for COD. The obtained results proposed treatment for color removal efficiency of 22,4%, haze 28,6%, 50,0% ammonia, 23,1% nitrite, nitrate 37,0%, Phosphate 95,1%, sulfate 41,7% and COD of 66,7% and reduced the number of microorganisms to a value less than the detectable limit of the analysis method. All mean values obtained for the physicochemical parameters meet the standards required by the Order 2914/2011 of the Ministry of Health for drinking water.
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Cunha, Caroline de Andrade Gomes da. "A sub-bacia do rio Jacupiranga: análise dos aspectos sócio-econômicos e ambientais como subsídio para o manejo sustentável da região do Vale do Ribeira de Iguape, São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-08102010-111700/.
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A região do Vale do Ribeira, rica por suas características minerais e remanescentes expressivos de Mata Atlântica permaneceu parte de sua história às margens do desenvolvimento paulista, e hoje é tradicionalmente considerada uma das regiões mais pobres do estado de São Paulo. Razões históricas, dificuldade de acesso e condições naturais adversas às atividades econômicas são apontadas como responsáveis por seu isolamento econômico. Visando contribuir para o manejo sustentável da região do Vale do Ribeira de Iguape, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar e avaliar os aspectos sócio-econômicos e ambientais da sub-bacia do rio Jacupiranga, e os impactos decorrentes de sua ocupação na qualidade das águas do rio e na condição de vida dos moradores. Neste estudo foram estudadas variáveis limnológicas em 11 estações amostrais nos meses de janeiro, abril, julho e outubro de 2007, e a comunidade bentônica em 3 estações no mês de outubro. Para caracterização da sub-bacia foram realizadas pesquisas com relação ao histórico de ocupação da região, analisados os aspectos sociais e econômicos dos municípios e realizadas entrevistas com a população. Como resultado, observou-se que o rio Jacupiranga vem passando por processo de degradação, com margens desmatadas e presença de bancos de areia, e alteração da qualidade de suas águas. A poluição difusa é decorrente do escoamento superficial das áreas agrícolas marginais e a poluição pontual, do lançamento de efluente industrial e de esgoto doméstico bruto e tratado. Os valores encontrados para sólidos suspensos, turbidez, formas fosfatadas, condutividade elétrica e coliformes estão em desacordo com os limites estipulados pela legislação para rios de classe 2, e comprometem o uso das águas do rio Jacupiranga pela população. Os municípios pertencentes a sub-bacia do rio Jacupiranga estão inseridos na região administrativa de Registro que tem uma economia baseada principalmente na agropecuária, extrativismo vegetal e mineral. Os parâmetros sócio-econômicos e demográficos tais como mortalidade infantil, nível de escolaridade, geração de emprego e níveis de renda são indicativos de uma situação contrastante com o resto do Estado de São Paulo. Se já não bastasse a estagnação econômica e social, a região depara-se constantemente com os problemas das cheias de seus rios. As inundações são episódios naturais na área de estudo, no entanto, a ausência das matas ciliares e o assoreamento dos rios estão aumentando a dimensão dos estragos. Nestas situações, as pessoas perdem seus pertences e a produção agrícola é prejudicada. Com os resultados, percebe-se a necessidade de investimentos federais, estaduais e privados para implantação de políticas que visem à inclusão social e a promoção integral do ser humano, que proporcionem oportunidade de emprego e renda, e preservação do meio ambiente.The Ribeira Valley region, rich in minerals and expressive Atlantic Forest remaining, remained part of its development history marginalized, and today is considered one of the poorest regions of Sao Paulo State. Historical reasons, difficult access, natural conditions and environmental policy adverse to economic activities are identified as responsible for economic isolation. To contribute to the sustainable management of the Ribeira de Iguape Valley, this research aims to analyze and evaluate the socio-economic and environmental aspects of Jacupiranga river, and the impacts due its occupation process on Jacupiranga river water quality and residents living conditions. The limnological variables were assessed through 11 sampling sites in January, April, July and October 2007, and macroinvertebrates, in 3 sampling sites in October. To characterize the sub-basin, historical occupation of the region and social and economic aspects of municipalities were investigated and interviews with population were done. As a result, it was possible to verify that Jacupiranga river is being degraded: with deforested margins, presence of sand banks and changes on river water quality. Diffuse pollution is caused by agricultural superficial runoff and point source pollution by the release of in natura and treated sewage and industrial effluent. The results found for suspended solids, turbidity, phosphate forms, electrical conductivity and coliforms are not in accordance with the limits set by brazilian rivers law, and affect the use of the waters of Jacupiranga river by population. The municipalities belonging to Jacupiranga river sub-basin are inserted in Registro administrative region that has an economy based mainly on farming, vegetable and mineral extraction. The parameters for socioeconomic and demographic factors, such as infant mortality, education, employment generation and income levels have a contrasting picture with the rest of Sao Paulo State. Besides this social and economic stagnation, the region has problems of flooding from rivers. Floods are natural events in study area, however, the absence of riparian vegetation and river aggradation are increasing the damage. In these situations, people lose their belongings and agricultural production is impaired. The results present that its necessary federal, state and private resources to implement policies aimed at social inclusion and promotion of integral human being, providing opportunities for employment and income, and environmental preservation.
Books on the topic "Water use – Economic aspects – Australia"
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Paranjape, Suhas. Water: Sustainable and efficient use. Ahmedabad: Centre for Environment Education, 2004.
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Watson, Ken. Use of economic instruments for water pollution control: Alternative economic incentives. [Olympia? Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 1993.
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Khan, M. Ahmad. Land use, agriculture and water resources in Khyber Agency. Peshawar, Pakistan: Institute of Development Studies, N.W.F.P. Agricultural University, 1993.
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Muller, R. Andrew. The socioeconomic value of water in Canada. [Ottawa: Environment Canada], 1985.
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Bacon, Elise. Use of economic instruments for water pollution control: Final report. [Olympia? Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 1993.
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Future, Resources for the, ed. The economic value of water. Washington, D.C: Resources for the Future, 1986.
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Whittlesey, Norman K. An economic study of the potential for water markets in Idaho. Moscow, Idaho: Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, 1986.
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Scott, R. D. Institutional changes to promote efficiency in Columbia River water use. [S.l: s.n., 1989.
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Shade, Patricia J. Water budget and the effects of land-use changes on ground-water recharge, Oahu, Hawaii. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
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Shade, Patricia J. Water budget and the effects of land-use changes on ground-water recharge, Oahu, Hawaii. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Water use – Economic aspects – Australia"
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Ancev, Tiho, and M. A. Samad Azad. "Evaluation of Salinity Offset Programs in Australia." In Use of Economic Instruments in Water Policy, 235–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18287-2_17.
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Saydi, Maryam, and Ian D. Bishop. "Residential Resource Consumption." In New Approaches, Methods, and Tools in Urban E-Planning, 251–87. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5999-3.ch009.
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Residential energy and water consumption depend on dwelling structure and the behaviour of residents. Aspects of residential behaviour can be derived from census data. Dwelling information is harder to obtain. Using both aerial and street-level views from Google mapping products, exterior dwelling characteristics were captured in each of 40 postal areas in and around Melbourne, Australia. This approach saved the time and cost of travelling to the widely spread suburbs and provided data not otherwise available. The census and dwelling data were compared with resource usage statistics in linear regression models. It was found that energy and water use are highly correlated, with socio-economic variables better explaining water consumption and dwelling structure factors better explaining energy consumption. Nevertheless, the proportions of households that include a couple with children and have a swimming pool provided useful models of variations in both energy and water use. Applications to planning through spatially explicit scenario testing were developed in ArcGIS ModelBuilder.
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Korim, K. "Economic Aspects of Ground Water Use." In Groundwater Economics, Selected Papers from A United Nations Symposium Held in Barcelona, 295–302. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5648(08)70545-8.
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Sahuquillo, Andrés. "Economic Aspects of the Conjunctive Use of Ground and Surface Water." In Groundwater Economics, Selected Papers from A United Nations Symposium Held in Barcelona, 347–59. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5648(08)70548-3.
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Zouhairi, Nadia, Omar El Hiba, Hasna Lahouaoui, Hind Benammi, Hicham Chatoui, Abdeljalil El Got, Abdelmohcine Aimrane, et al. "Environmental Aspects of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases Neuropathologies." In Research Anthology on Diagnosing and Treating Neurocognitive Disorders, 79–108. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3441-0.ch005.
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This chapter presents a literature review on the effect of environmental changes factors exposure in the etiology of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The use of pesticides is more intense and somehow erratic as it aims to face climate change consequences like drought and water scarcity. The rural population is getting to be more vulnerable to have these neurodegenerative diseases. However, intense food production and economic models mean also the use of heavy metals in many stages as well during the production and the consumption processes and practices. Evidence from experimental studies shows that such heavy metals may also be a factor for the occurrence of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. At least, the environmental lifestyle and, likely, genetic factors, individually and collectively, play a significant role in the etiology of the diseases.
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Zouhairi, Nadia, Omar El Hiba, Hasna Lahouaoui, Hind Benammi, Hicham Chatoui, Abdeljalil El Got, Abdelmohcine Aimrane, et al. "Environmental Aspects of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases Neuropathologies." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 236–65. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7775-1.ch012.
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This chapter presents a literature review on the effect of environmental changes factors exposure in the etiology of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The use of pesticides is more intense and somehow erratic as it aims to face climate change consequences like drought and water scarcity. The rural population is getting to be more vulnerable to have these neurodegenerative diseases. However, intense food production and economic models mean also the use of heavy metals in many stages as well during the production and the consumption processes and practices. Evidence from experimental studies shows that such heavy metals may also be a factor for the occurrence of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. At least, the environmental lifestyle and, likely, genetic factors, individually and collectively, play a significant role in the etiology of the diseases.
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Allende, Sira M., Daniel C. Chen, Carlos N. Bouza, Agustin Santiago, and Jose Maclovio Sautto. "Prediction of the Quality of Fresh Water in a Basin." In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 351–67. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0997-4.ch019.
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Derivatives play an important role in social and economic studies. They describe the behavior of conditional expectations. Once a phenomena is characterized by parametric specifications, the conditional expectation m(x) may be modeled by a regression function. Then, derivatives may be computed by fitting the regression function. In applications, parametric estimators are commonly used, because of the un-knowledge of other more effective methods. The validity of a regression fitting approach depends on the knowledge of certain aspects related with the true functional form. In this paper, we develop a study on the usage of soft computing methods for providing an alternative to the use of non-parametric regression. We develop our modeling including neural networks and rough sets approaches. The studied problem is the eutrophication due to the growth of the population of algae. Real life data is provided by a study on a fresh water basin. They are used for developing a comparison of different approaches. A methodology is recommended for implementing a monitoring system of the water quality.
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Takeda, Mari. "Agricultural water management customs in Japan: Adaptive changes, recent trends, and future issues." In The Cultural Dynamics in Water Management from Ancient History to the Present Age, 159–80. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789062045_0161.
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Abstract This paper focuses on the customs of community-based irrigation management (CBIM) in Japan, which represent Japanese water culture. There are two aspects to the customs of irrigation canal management: (1) the custom of assigning maintenance work responsibility among stakeholders; and (2) allocation of maintenance workload. These customs have changed over time due to socio-economic changes in rural communities and the physical changes in irrigation. In this sense, adaptive change in water culture at the rule-in-use level may contribute to maintaining CBIM. Depopulation and aging in rural society have a severe influence on CBIM and government policy, which promotes public involvement in agricultural water management. In the future, promotion of public participation may influence water culture and create a sustainable collaborative relationship of irrigation management among stakeholders.
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Mathiessen, M., and A. Balust. "Change in the use of the dam El Yeso associated to the social and economic development of Santiago (Chile): Different aspects of the drinking water supply of this Andean metropolis." In Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century, Two Volume Set, 135–42. CRC Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16818-22.
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Mitra, Pallavi, Anwesha Haldar, and Priya Banerjee. "Public Participation in Restoration and Sustainable Use of Wetland Ecosystem Services in India." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 280–303. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9498-8.ch017.
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Ecosystem services include conditions and processes that make up natural ecosystems and the species present therein. According to recent studies, wetland ecosystems provide the maximum service value per area by playing a significant role in regulating and purifying water supplies, controlling flood, acting as carbon-sinks, and sustaining human lives and livelihoods. Challenges like wetland loss and degradation, declining freshwater resources, and probable consequences of climate change have attracted significant scientific and public attention towards wetland conservation and restoration. Despite diligent conservation efforts, the global status of wetland security is still alarming. Long-term sustainable management and use of wetlands necessitate active public participation from all sectors. This study reviews the current status of different wetlands in India. It also provides a detailed discussion of different aspects of economic evaluation of ecosystem services, wetland restoration, and public participation for improving wetland policies and governance.
Conference papers on the topic "Water use – Economic aspects – Australia"
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Lonia, B., N. K. Nayar, S. B. Singh, and P. L. Bali. "Techno Economic Aspects of Power Generation From Agriwaste in India." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-170.
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The agricultural operations in India are suffering from a serious problem of shortage of electrical power on one side and economic and effective disposal of agriwaste stuff on the other. India being agriculture based country, 70% of its main income (share in GDP) comes from agriculture sector. Any enhancement of income from this sector is based upon adequate supply of basic inputs in this sector. Regular and adequate power supply is one such input. But, the position of power supply in our country defies both these characteristics. With a major portion of power produced being sent to the industrial and urban consumers, there is a perennial shortage of power in the agriculture sector. Consequently, there is an emergent need to produce more power in order to fulfil the needs of this sector effectively. One way of accomplishing this is setting up captive, preferably rural based, small power generation plants. In these power plants, instead of water-head, diesel oil or coal, we can use agri-residue to produce electricity. One such power plant (1–2 MW capacity) can satisfy the power need of 25 to 40 nearby villages. The agriwaste like rice straw, sugarcane-trash, coir-pith, peanut shells, wheat stalks & straw, cottonseed, stalks and husk, soyabean stalks, maize stalks & cobs, sorghum. Bagasse, wallnut shells, sunflower seeds, shells, hulls and kernels and coconut husk, wastewood and saw dust can be fruitfully utilized in power generation. This stuff is otherwise a waste and liability and consumes a lot of effort on its disposal; in addition to being a fire and health hazard. Agriwaste stuff which at present is available in abundance and prospects of its utilization in producing energy are enormous. This material can be procured at reasonably low rates from the farmers who will thus be benefited economically, apart from being relieved of the responsibility of its disposal. Agri-residue has traditionally been a major source of heat energy in rural areas in India. It is a valuable fuel even in the sub-urban areas. Inspite of rapid increase in the supply of, access lo and use of fossil fuels, agri-residue is likely to continue to play an important role, in the foreseeable future. Therefore, developing and promoting techno-economically-viable technologies to utilize agri-residue efficiently should be a persuit of high priority. Though there is no authentic data available with regard to the exact quantity of agricultural and agro-industrial residues, its rough estimate has been put at about 350 mt per annum. It is also estimated that the total cattle refuse generated is nearly 250 mt per year. Further, nearly 20% of the total land is under forest cover, which produces approximately 50 mt of fuel wood and with associated forest waste of about 5 mt.(1). Taking into account the utilization of even a portion (say 30%) of this agri-residue & agro-industrial waste as well as energy plantation on one million hectare (mha) of wastelands for power generation through bioenergy technologies, a potential of some 18000 MW of power has been estimated. From the foregoing, it is clear that there is an enormous untapped potential for energy generation from agri-residue. What is required is an immediate and urgent intensification of dedicated efforts in this field, with a view to bringing down the unit energy cost and improving efficiency and reliability of agri-waste production, conversion and utilisation, leading to subsequent saving of fossil fuels for other pressing applications. The new initiatives in national energy policy are most urgently needed to accelerate the social and economic development of the rural areas. It demands a substantial increase in production and consumption of energy for productive purposes. Such initiatives are vital for promoting the goals of sustainability. cleaner production and reduction of long-term risks of environmental pollution and consequent adverse climatic changes in future. A much needed significant social, economic and industrial development has yet to take place in large parts of rural India; be it North, West, East or South. It can be well appreciated that a conscious management of agri-residue, which is otherwise a serious liability of the farmer, through its economic conversion into electric power can offer a reasonably viable solution to our developmental needs. This vision will have to be converted into a reality within a decade or so through dedicated and planned R&D work in this area. There is a shimmering promise that the whole process of harvesting, collection, transport and economic processing and utilisation of agri-waste can be made technically and economically more viable in future. Thus, the foregoing paras amply highlight the value of agri-residue as a prospective source of electric power, particularly for supplementing the main grid during the lean supply periods or peak load hours and also for serving the remote areas in the form of stand-alone units giving a boost to decentralised power supply. This approach and option seems to be positive in view of its potential contribution to our economic and social development. No doubt, this initiative needs to be backed and perused rigorously for removing regional imbalances as well as strengthening National economy. This paper reviews the current situation with regards to generation of agriwaste and its prospects of economic conversion into electrical power, technologies presently available for this purpose, and the problems faced in such efforts. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to devise ways and means for generating electrical power from agriwaste; keeping in mind the requirements of cleaner production and environmental protection so that the initiative leads to a total solution.
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Matveev, Konstantin I. "Air-Assisted Marine Vehicles for Future Use in Transoceanic Transportation." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41226.
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The technical aspects of two types of advanced marine vehicles, Air Cavity Ship and Wing-In-Ground, are considered for future use in transoceanic transportation. Both concepts utilize the air medium to improve technical and economic characteristics of transportation means. The air is supplied under the bottom hull sections of the Air Cavity Ship, reducing the overall wetted surface and consequently hydrodynamic drag. A contact with water is completely eliminated in the case of the Wing-in-Ground, which moves above the water. This results in enhancing the lift-drag ratio in comparison with a flight in the open air. The principles, experience, and research opportunities on the way to make these concepts applicable for transportation are discussed.
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Burduja, Daniela, Petru Bacal, and Nadejda Ciocan. "Particularitatile utilizarii resurselor de apa în BH RAUT (în limitele RD Centru)." In Impactul antropic asupra calitatii mediului. Institute of Ecology and Geography, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53380/9789975330800.28.
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The purpose of this research consists in the elucidation of spatial and branch aspects of the water use in the Răut river basin (in the limits of Central Development Region). The main topics presented in this paper are: 1) the dynamics of water use in this basin; 2) spatial aspects of water use; 3) dynamics of water use by the main usage categories; 4) branch profile of water use and its dynamics: 5) existing problems in the evaluation and monitoring of water use. To achieve these objectives were used traditional methods of geographical and economic research. Also, the content of the present study is focused on the methodology to elaborate the management plans of hydrographical basins and their chapters on economic analysis of water use in a river basin.
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El-Sayed, Yehia M. "The Heat Pump in Sea Water Distillation." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0854.
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Abstract The production of fresh water from the sea is one of the applications that can benefit from the use of the simplest form of the heat pump. The benefit is in product cost as well as in system efficiency. What is missing is an appropriately designed low pressure head large volumetric flow steam compressor. The paper addresses the design aspects of the needed compressor. A design model of a conventional axial compressor and that of an unconventional radial inflow compressor are generated for performance/cost analysis. The models allow few alternative design features to be investigated. The heat pump-based system and the system of the current distillation practice of cogenerating power and water are compared on a cost-efficiency plane under a common economic environment. A steam compressor rated at a cost below $3000/kW and of adiabatic efficiency higher than 85% can give the lead to the heat pump-based system.
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Lahtinen, R. T., and P. J. T. Jokinen. "Painting of Arc Sprayed Zinc Coatings with Water-Based Paints." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p1077.
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Abstract Hot dip galvanized zinc coatings on steel structures are known to have superior atmospheric corrosion resistance properties compared to painted structures. However, the zinc coating can not be applied by this method on large steel structures. The protection of large steel structures against atmospheric corrosion is traditionally done by painting. The environmental pressure to eliminate solvent based paints has forced the painting contractors to move towards water based paints or completely rethink the coating process. One solution to this problem is to use arc sprayed zinc as the "primer" and water based paints as a sealer and a top coat. The research and field tests conducted and supervised by VTT has produced promising results that are described in the paper. The possibility to apply water based paints directly over the arc sprayed zinc is discussed and results of field and laboratory tests are given. The economic aspects of both water based and traditional paint systems over the arc sprayed zinc are discussed in the paper.
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Nair, Anju Vijayan, Anand Balu Nellippallil, Ashok K. Das, John Hall, Janet K. Allen, and Farrokh Mistree. "Identifying Sustainable Solutions for Sanitation, Energy, and Water Needs in Off-Grid Indian Villages." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22507.
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Abstract Food, energy, and water are the significant factors necessary for the social and economic well-being and prosperity of people, particularly to accelerate rural development. In order to attain sustainable development in off-grid villages, the issues associated with the Food-Energy-Water (FEW) nexus must be addressed with respect to social, economic and environmental aspects. SunMoksha, a socio-technical enterprise, has proposed a model that includes smart technical solutions or intelligent assets, such as, Smart AQUAnet™, Smart Nanogrid™, Smart MEZ™, etc., addressing food, energy and water needs in off-grid villages. Its development model allows for multiple sustainable solutions to be introduced into the rural community, to address specific needs as the community moves up in the development process. In this paper, a method is presented to identify such sustainable smart solutions. The method involves the use of the dilemma triangle and Go/No-Go analysis to address the needs in off-grid Indian villages. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method by first identifying the key issues in an Indian off-grid village from the perspective of the FEW nexus using the dilemma triangle construct. A Go/No-Go analysis is used to select the best feasible solution from a set of possible solutions addressing the dilemmas and issues. Additionally, the needs for sanitation in the village is also considered in the analysis, keeping in mind the health and well-beings of the communities. The method is generic and will support stakeholders/decision-makers in identifying and selecting the best suitable solution from a set of potential solutions. The method is illustrated for an off-grid village to identify an intelligent asset to simultaneously address the sanitation, energy and water needs.
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Bhujbal, Rahul, Sanjay Nakate, and Sunil V. Dingare. "Mass Transfer Rate Enhancement in Sparged Vessel for Ammonia-Water Nano-Fluid in VARS by Adding Nanoparticles." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24382.
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Abstract The refrigeration systems are used in domestic and commercial freezing applications. These systems are needed to be used energy efficiently to get the economic operation condition. The vapor compression refrigeration cycle (VCR) is getting replaced by vapor absorption refrigeration system (VARS) as they can use low grade energy. This VARS can be used by making use of waste energy in the form of heat which is readily available for many applications. Performance of the VARS is dependent on the generator and absorber performance. In absorber it is based on the amount of refrigerant absorbed and the solution flow rate. Experimental and Numerical study of bubble absorber and effect of nanoparticle on ammonia water mass transfer is carried out. In this study, different designs for the absorber chamber are viewed and compared together, based on the research did earlier. Looking at the aspects of bubble type absorber designs, these designs give better mass transfer performance as compared to other designs. These designs may be improved to get the energy efficient design of the absorber. Present study includes the enhancement of mass transfer rate by the addition of nanoparticles using aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Here, sparged vessels with NH3-H2O binary fluid are arranged with varying percentage of nanoparticle (Al2O3). This study includes the study of mass transfer enhancements by using nanoparticles. Based on the experimental results carried out for the varying mass flow rates it is found that the mass transfer rate is enhanced significantly, it is because the interfacial area is enhanced by the addition of nanoparticles to the base fluids.
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De Klerk, Kevin, Azril Syazwan Hazim, Ernst Kloster, Daniel Buhagiar, and Alasdair Gray. "Solutions for Offshore Renewable Energy Storage: PowerBundle and Repurpose Pipeline Energy Storage (ROPES)." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210966-ms.
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Abstract There is a significant drive to decarbonise the energy system resulting in a need to integrate large quantities of intermittent renewable power into both onshore consumer grids and offshore isolated grids. This brings significant technical challenges that can be addressed using the right energy storage technology for future times of intermittency and peak power demands. The PowerBundle is a full-scale subsea hydro-pneumatic energy storage (HPES) system. Electricity is used to pump seawater into a closed pipeline bundle to compress a volume of pre-charged air and is then recovered by allowing the compressed air to push the water back out through a hydraulic turbine generator. The surrounding seawater acts as a natural heatsink, avoiding thermal losses and making the solution highly energy efficient. At the heart of the development is an established supply-chain, developed over 40 years, which will deliver a reliable system with an up to 40-year service lifetime, independent of the charging-discharging regime. The system avoids any harmful chemicals and embodies the core principles of safety, reliability, sustainability and cost-effectiveness. This HPES solution will be attractive for offshore projects requiring an interface to provide power balancing and scheduling, which will benefit stakeholders in the oil-and-gas and renewable energy sectors seeking to deliver intermittent power to their end customer. This development will lead to a significant reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to more holistic renewable infrastructure. The PowerBundle provides a scalable storage solution which can be placed in waters close to land, supporting the scale-up, resilience and economies of renewable electricity. However, as a first step, the innovative Repurposed Offshore Pipelines as Energy Storage (ROPES) solution repurposes existing, aged offshore installations into energy storage systems based on proven hydro-pneumatic principles, towards a cost-competitive, highly reliable system. Findings from a recent Concept Assess study prove the cost competitiveness of the solution, thanks to a low Levelised Cost of Storage (LCOS), paired with the value of deferring full decommissioning of existing assets. The study scope covers aspects of market recognition, technical feasibility, risk and opportunity assessment, cost estimates and value delivery to potential clients. Four case studies covering potential prospects offshore Australia and in the North Sea illustrate the diverse architectural application of the solution. The resultant cost estimates form the Net Present Value (NPV) analysis, and eventually derive the solution LCOS, which shows cost superiority over marinised Li-ion batteries and is comparable to onshore battery systems. The solution shows clear benefits over a typical battery storage system, including reduced safety risks, less topside constraints along with a longer and predictable operating lifetime. The ROPES solution enables the storage of renewable power whilst allowing to optimise time and expenditure for decommissioning of existing infrastructure, therefore represents a unique opportunity to unlock a new market segment within the offshore energy sector while the PowerBundle technology reaches maturity.
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El-Dehaibi, Nasreddine, and Erin F. MacDonald. "Extracting Customer Perceptions of Product Sustainability From Online Reviews." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98233.
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Abstract In order for a sustainable product to be successful in the market, designers must create products that are not only sustainable in reality, but are also sustainable as perceived by the customer — and reality vs. perception of sustainability can be quite different. This paper details a design method to identify perceived sustainable features (PerSFs) by collecting online reviews, manually annotating them using crowd-sourced work, and processing the annotated review fragments with a Natural Language machine learning algorithm. We analyze all three pillars of sustainability — social, environmental, and economic — for positive and negative perceptions of product features of a French press coffee carafe. For social aspects, the results show that positive PerSFs are associated with intangible features, such as giving the product as a gift, while negative PerSFs are associated with tangible features perceived as unsafe, like sharp corners. For environmental aspects, positive PerSFs are associated with reliable materials like metal while negative PerSFs are associated with the use of plastic. For economic aspects, PerSFs mainly serve as a price constraint for designers to satisfy other customer perceptions. We also show that some crucial sustainability concerns related to environmental aspects, like energy and water consumption, did not have a significant impact on customer sentiment, thus demonstrating the anticipated gap in sustainability perceptions and the realities of sustainable design, as noted in previous literature. From these results, online reviews can enable designers to extract PerSFs for further design study and to create products that resonate with customers’ sustainable values.
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Branning, Jan, and B. Todd Hoffman. "Water Production from Unconventional Reservoirs: Example from NE Elm Coulee Field - Bakken Formation." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209273-ms.
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Abstract Production wells within the northeast (NE) Elm Coulee experience significantly higher water cuts than wells within Elm Coulee Proper. The increased water production has a negative economic impact on Bakken operators seeking to maximize profitability within the area. A reservoir engineering-based research project has been conducted to determine the source of the increased water production within the NE Elm Coulee, and to identify recommendations for operators to mitigate the water production related expenses in the area. One option for the increased water production is from the water saturation within the matrix of the Middle Bakken Shale, and another possibility is from the Three Forks formation by vertical migration through natural fracture networks. Previous work has identified the presence of natural fracture systems within the Bakken that may be creating flow networks between stratigraphic layers. Numerous flow simulation models of the NE Elm Coulee were constructed to determine the source of the produced water. The reservoir models consist of three hydraulically fractured horizontal wells within the Middle Bakken Shale, and it incorporates the naturally fractured state of the Bakken through a discrete fracture network (DFN). Various reservoir parameters were altered within the envelope of uncertainty to obtain a history match for the reservoir model to both scenarios, and the resulting parameters from the Middle Bakken saturation case are more realistic and produce better history matching results than the Three Forks water migration case. The Three Forks fracture model produces an unrealistically high volume of water, and the breakthrough pattern is not consistent with field measurements. Thus, the source of the increased water production appears to come from matrix water saturation within the Middle Bakken Shale. Many relevant aspects of unconventional reservoir simulation are incorporated into the project; therefore, the methodology used in the research can help assist reservoir engineers that are modeling unconventional petroleum reservoir with stacked stratigraphic intervals. Modeling natural fractures and complex completion fracture networks using a DFN, pressure dependent permeability, and history matching in unconventional reservoirs are important topics that are discussed in the paper. Operators within the Bakken can use this information to better understand the geologic implications of producing in the area.
Reports on the topic "Water use – Economic aspects – Australia"
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Heitman, Joshua L., Alon Ben-Gal, Thomas J. Sauer, Nurit Agam, and John Havlin. Separating Components of Evapotranspiration to Improve Efficiency in Vineyard Water Management. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594386.bard.
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Vineyards are found on six of seven continents, producing a crop of high economic value with much historic and cultural significance. Because of the wide range of conditions under which grapes are grown, management approaches are highly varied and must be adapted to local climatic constraints. Research has been conducted in the traditionally prominent grape growing regions of Europe, Australia, and the western USA, but far less information is available to guide production under more extreme growing conditions. The overarching goal of this project was to improve understanding of vineyard water management related to the critical inter-row zone. Experiments were conducted in moist temperate (North Carolina, USA) and arid (Negev, Israel) regions in order to address inter-row water use under high and low water availability conditions. Specific objectives were to: i) calibrate and verify a modeling technique to identify components of evapotranspiration (ET) in temperate and semiarid vineyard systems, ii) evaluate and refine strategies for excess water removal in vineyards for moist temperate regions of the Southeastern USA, and iii) evaluate and refine strategies for water conservation in vineyards for semi-arid regions of Israel. Several new measurement and modeling techniques were adapted and assessed in order to partition ET between favorable transpiration by the grapes and potentially detrimental water use within the vineyard inter-row. A micro Bowen ratio measurement system was developed to quantify ET from inter-rows. The approach was successful at the NC site, providing strong correlation with standard measurement approaches and adding capability for continuous, non-destructive measurement within a relatively small footprint. The environmental conditions in the Negev site were found to limit the applicability of the technique. Technical issues are yet to be solved to make this technique sufficiently robust. The HYDRUS 2D/3D modeling package was also adapted using data obtained in a series of intense field campaigns at the Negev site. The adapted model was able to account for spatial variation in surface boundary conditions, created by diurnal canopy shading, in order to accurately calculate the contribution of interrow evaporation (E) as a component of system ET. Experiments evaluated common practices in the southeastern USA: inter-row cover crops purported to reduce water availability and thereby favorably reduce grapevine vegetative growth; and southern Israel: drip irrigation applied to produce a high value crop with maximum water use efficiency. Results from the NC site indicated that water use by the cover crop contributed a significant portion of vineyard ET (up to 93% in May), but that with ample rainfall typical to the region, cover crop water use did little to limit water availability for the grape vines. A potential consequence, however, was elevated below canopy humidity owing to the increased inter-row evapotranspiration associated with the cover crops. This creates increased potential for fungal disease occurrence, which is a common problem in the region. Analysis from the Negev site reveals that, on average, E accounts for about10% of the total vineyard ET in an isolated dripirrigated vineyard. The proportion of ET contributed by E increased from May until just before harvest in July, which could be explained primarily by changes in weather conditions. While non-productive water loss as E is relatively small, experiments indicate that further improvements in irrigation efficiency may be possible by considering diurnal shading effects on below canopy potential ET. Overall, research provided both scientific and practical outcomes including new measurement and modeling techniques, and new insights for humid and arid vineyard systems. Research techniques developed through the project will be useful for other agricultural systems, and the successful synergistic cooperation amongst the research team offers opportunity for future collaboration.
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Bonfil, David J., Daniel S. Long, and Yafit Cohen. Remote Sensing of Crop Physiological Parameters for Improved Nitrogen Management in Semi-Arid Wheat Production Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696531.bard.
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To reduce financial risk and N losses to the environment, fertilization methods are needed that improve NUE and increase the quality of wheat. In the literature, ample attention is given to grid-based and zone-based soil testing to determine the soil N available early in the growing season. Plus, information is available on in-season N topdressing applications as a means of improving GPC. However, the vast majority of research has focused on wheat that is grown under N limiting conditions in sub-humid regions and irrigated fields. Less attention has been given to wheat in dryland that is water limited. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine accuracy in determining GPC of HRSW in Israel and SWWW in Oregon using on-combine optical sensors under field conditions; (2) develop a quantitative relationship between image spectral reflectance and effective crop physiological parameters; (3) develop an operational precision N management procedure that combines variable-rate N recommendations at planting as derived from maps of grain yield, GPC, and test weight; and at mid-season as derived from quantitative relationships, remote sensing, and the DSS; and (4) address the economic and technology-transfer aspects of producers’ needs. Results from the research suggest that optical sensing and the DSS can be used for estimating the N status of dryland wheat and deciding whether additional N is needed to improve GPC. Significant findings include: 1. In-line NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and accurately (SEP <5.0 mg g⁻¹) measure GPC of a grain stream conveyed by an auger. 2. On-combine NIR spectroscopy can be used to accurately estimate (R² < 0.88) grain test weight across fields. 3. Precision N management based on N removal increases GPC, grain yield, and profitability in rainfed wheat. 4. Hyperspectral SI and partial least squares (PLS) models have excellent potential for estimation of biomass, and water and N contents of wheat. 5. A novel heading index can be used to monitor spike emergence of wheat with classification accuracy between 53 and 83%. 6. Index MCARI/MTVI2 promises to improve remote sensing of wheat N status where water- not soil N fertility, is the main driver of plant growth. Important features include: (a) computable from commercial aerospace imagery that include the red edge waveband, (b) sensitive to Chl and resistant to variation in crop biomass, and (c) accommodates variation in soil reflectance. Findings #1 and #2 above enable growers to further implement an efficient, low cost PNM approach using commercially available on-combine optical sensors. Finding #3 suggests that profit opportunities may exist from PNM based on information from on-combine sensing and aerospace remote sensing. Finding #4, with its emphasis on data retrieval and accuracy, enhances the potential usefulness of a DSS as a tool for field crop management. Finding #5 enables land managers to use a DSS to ascertain at mid-season whether a wheat crop should be harvested for grain or forage. Finding #6a expands potential commercial opportunities of MS imagery and thus has special importance to a majority of aerospace imaging firms specializing in the acquisition and utilization of these data. Finding #6b on index MCARI/MVTI2 has great potential to expand use of ground-based sensing and in-season N management to millions of hectares of land in semiarid environments where water- not N, is the main determinant of grain yield. Finding #6c demonstrates that MCARI/MTVI2 may alleviate the requirement of multiple N-rich reference strips to account for soil differences within farm fields. This simplicity will be less demanding of grower resources, promising substantially greater acceptance of sensing technologies for in-season N management.