Journal articles: 'Water temperature'

1

Martin, Lorenz, Marc Schneebeli, and Christian Mätzler. "Tropospheric water and temperature retrieval for ASMUWARA." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15, no. 1 (February 27, 2006): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0093.

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L., Jaya Sekhar. "Automatic Temperature Monitoring and Controlling Water Supply System." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (April 20, 2020): 2781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr201981.

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Zhu, Bei, Shiyan Wang, Chang Liu, Wei Su, Jiapeng Wu, Cunwu Li, and Jingshi Shang. "Impacts of Discharged Low-Temperature Water on Water Table and Temperature in the Riparian Zone." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 1 (March 6, 2022): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i01.015.

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We observed the water level and temperature in the lower stretch of the Hsin-an river in China for different times to show the characteristics of the water table and temperature in the riparian zone under the influence of discharged low-temperature water. The water table in the riparian zone showed a typical daily cycle change with a fluctuation range of 239.42-275.99 cm, according to the findings. With increasing distance from the river, the amplitudes of the water table fluctuation were reduced, and the phases were lagged. In the high-temperature period, riparian temperatures range from 20.4°C to 26.0°C, whereas in the low-temperature phase, temperatures range from 12.9°C to 19.2°C. The temperature distribution in the riparian zone was described in the vertical direction as “warmer on the surface and cooler at the bottom” during high-temperature periods and “cooler on the surface and warmer at the bottom” during low-temperature periods, with the temperature gradient gradually decreasing with depth. There was clear temperature zonation in the horizontal direction during the high-temperature phase but none during the low-temperature period. The study will serve as a benchmark for future hyporheic zone ecological impact assessments.

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Narins, Rhoda S. "Water Temperature Changes." Dermatologic Surgery 25, no. 5 (May 1999): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.09995-2.x.

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QUAN, LINDA, and KIM R. WENTZ. "Water Temperature and Drowning." Pediatrics 87, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 747–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.87.5.747a.

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In Reply.— Dr Nichter et al propose that the normal or mildly impaired survival of five asystolic children in our series was due to the rapid induction of hypothermia by the cold waters of the Puget Sound area. However, we reported that hypothermia (rectal temperature <34°C) was not associated with increased survival. In addition, the data in the Table show that none of these five children experienced cold-water submersions. The ambient temperatures and thus possibly swimming pool temperatures in this temperate area's summers are certainly less warm than Florida's.

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Crisp, D. T. "Water temperature of Plynlimon streams." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 1, no. 3 (September 30, 1997): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-1-535-1997.

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Abstract. Water temperature data were collected from five stations in the upper Severn system. Temperatures were compared between a stream with a 335 ha catchment after it had flowed for c. 1.5 km through clear felled land and a stream with a 347 ha catchment after it had flowed for c. 2.5 km through coniferous forest. The results suggest that the effect of forest cover was to lower the annual mean water temperature by c. 0.4°C, mainly in summer and through depression of both daily maxima and daily minima, though mainly the former. There was no clear evidence of temperature elevation in the afforested stream in winter. It is important to note that these conclusions depend on several assumptions that cannot be substantiated objectively. There is some evidence that water temperatures in some parts of the upper Severn system may be influenced by groundwater inputs.

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Tenuzzo, Lorenzo, Gaia Camisasca, and Paola Gallo. "Protein-Water and Water-Water Long-Time Relaxations in Protein Hydration Water upon Cooling—A Close Look through Density Correlation Functions." Molecules 25, no. 19 (October 7, 2020): 4570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194570.

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We report results on the translational dynamics of the hydration water of the lysozyme protein upon cooling obtained by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The self van Hove functions and the mean square displacements of hydration water show two different temperature activated relaxation mechanisms, determining two dynamic regimes where transient trapping of the molecules is followed by hopping phenomena to allow to the structural relaxations. The two caging and hopping regimes are different in their nature. The low-temperature hopping regime has a time scale of tenths of nanoseconds and a length scale on the order of 2–3 water shells. This is connected to the nearest-neighbours cage effect and restricted to the supercooling, it is absent at high temperature and it is the mechanism to escape from the cage also present in bulk water. The second hopping regime is active at high temperatures, on the nanoseconds time scale and over distances of nanometers. This regime is connected to water displacements driven by the protein motion and it is observed very clearly at high temperatures and for temperatures higher than the protein dynamical transition. Below this temperature, the suppression of protein fluctuations largely increases the time-scale of the protein-related hopping phenomena at least over 100 ns. These protein-related hopping phenomena permit the detection of translational motions of hydration water molecules longly persistent in the hydration shell of the protein.

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Liu, Wendi, Yan Yang, Qunke Xia, Yu Ye, Zhongping Wang, Peipei Zhang, and Guowu Li. "Water decreases displacive phase transition temperature in alkali feldspar." European Journal of Mineralogy 30, no. 6 (December 20, 2018): 1071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2775.

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Pavlovic, Marko, Alexander Plucinski, Lukas Zeininger, and Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt. "Temperature sensitive water-in-water emulsions." Chemical Communications 56, no. 50 (2020): 6814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc02171g.

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Temperature sensitive water-in-water (W/W) emulsions are described utilizing the thermal induced conformation change of tailored thermoresponsive block copolymers to reversibly stabilize and destabilize water–water interfaces.

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10

Verma, Priyanka, and Khushboo Thapliyal. "Diatom Analysis in Thermophilic water bodies: A Study on Hot Water Springs of Madhya Pradesh." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 16, no. 2 (June 15, 2023): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijfmp.0974.3383.16223.6.

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INTORDUCTION: This study was done with the objective to study the presence of various species of diatoms present in the thermophilic water bodies of Madhya Pradesh (Anhoni and ChavalPani). And to determine the correlation of physiological variables such as temperature and pH to the diatom density. METHODOLOGY: For the detection of diatom species in the water samples acid digestion method was used.50 ml of sample was taken and 10 ml of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) was added. The sample is then kept undisturbed for 24 hours. The sample was then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000rpm 3 times. The palettes formed were suspended in distilled water and centrifuged at 3000 rpm to remove acid content. The palettes are then transferred onto a clean and dry slide and are dried by keeping them on a hot plate at 30-40 C for 4-5 minutes. This slide is then observed under a phase contrast microscope and pictures are taken of varied diatom species using the attached camera. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS: The analysis in our research concluded that there are various diatoms present in these thermal water springs belonging to the class Bacillariophyceae, Mediophyceae and Fragiariophyceae. The diatoms that were viewed and captured under Phase contrast microscope were, Nitzschiapalea, Nitzschialinearis, Discostellastelligera, Achnanthidium Sp., Tabularia Sp., Anomoeoneissphaerophora, Amphipleura Sp., Tryblionella Sp., Fragilariacrotonensis., and Nitzschiafi liformis The research lead us to the results that hot water springs that had lower temperatures had more percentage of diatom density as compared to the hot water springs with higher temperatures. According to our research 60% of the diatomsfound were from the geothermal spring of Anhoni, Madhya Pardesh which had a lower temperature while the geothermal spring at Chawalpani, Madhya Pradesh was found to have lower diatom density due to its high temperatures and low nutrient index. When the pH of these water samples was studied against the diatom density, no signifi cant diff erence was found due to the nominal range diff erence in pH. Yet geothermal springs had a 10% more diatom density at a low pH level which is 5 in this case study. This research leads to certain crucial conclusions that gave us strong evidence for co-relation amidst temperature, pH and diatoms. Conclusion: Geothermal springs are a habitat to many diatom species. These diatom species are specifi c to a particular site and are used in cases of drowning death for leads. On extraction and analysis of these diatoms we can detect and compare them to the standard diatoms present in the water sources of that area. This helps Forensic Scientist fi nds leads in any case of death due todrowning. the analysis in our research concludes the presence of diatom species in the geothermal springs of Madhya Pradesh, namely Anhoni and Chawalpani. These diatoms include species belonging to class of Bacillariophyceae, Mediophyceae and Fragilariophyceae. it also establishes the correlation between the temperature, pH and diatom density of these geothermal springs. It can be concluded that the geothermal springs that have lower temperature and pH are prove tohave higher diatom density and diversity as compared to the ones with higher temperature.

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11

Marsh, Philip. "Modelling water temperature beneath river ice covers." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-006.

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The water temperature beneath river ice covers has an important influence on the heat flux to the overlying ice cover and on ice melt. Measurements of water temperature beneath the Liard River ice cover showed that prior to spring breakup, the water temperature was always between 0.0 and 0.025 °C, with important cross-channel and diurnal variations. The lowest temperatures were controlled by the bed heat flux and frictional heating, while variations above these minimum values were explained by changes in solar radiation. Using measurements of these heat fluxes, in conjunction with measurements of ice and bed roughness, water depth and velocity, and slope, a simple method which assumes the similarity between heat and momentum transfer was able to accurately predict water temperatures beneath the ice cover. During breakup when the river had both ice-free and ice-covered sections, water temperatures rose to a few degrees above 0 °C. When this water entered an ice-covered reach, the water temperature declined rapidly to near 0 °C within 10 km. This temperature decay was predicted from measurements of the initial temperature, ice and bed roughness, and water depth. Key words: water temperature, ice, thermal regime, ice melt.

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ELSHIMY, Haitham, Masahiro NAKAJIMA, Yoshiaki IMAIZUMI, Fumihito ARAI, and Toshio FUKUDA. "1A2-O05 FIB-CVD End Effectors Nano Temperature Sensor : For Local Temperature Sensing in Water Environment." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2007 (2007): _1A2—O05_1—_1A2—O05_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2007._1a2-o05_1.

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13

Wunder, Bernd, Richard Wirth, and Matthias Gottschalk. "Antigorite: Pressure and temperature dependence of polysomatism and water content." European Journal of Mineralogy 13, no. 3 (May 29, 2001): 485–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2001/0013-0485.

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14

Abubakar Ahmed and Ibrahim Muhammad Bagudo. "Observation and Simulation of Mosquito Breeding Site Water Temperature for Malaria Transmission at Kaita Local Governmet Township of Katsina State, Nigeria." UMYU Scientifica 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.56919/usci.2123.015.

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Studies showed that transmission of malaria is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature. This work is aimed at finding the impact of mosquito's breeding site water temperature on mosquito's larva development time. An artificial mosquito's breeding habitat was created. The water temperature of the habitat was measured at an hourly interval, then it is averaged into daily time scale. Weather variables of the experimental site were inpu into the the energy balance model to simulate the breeding habit water temperature. The mosquito's larva development time was then predicted by inputting both the observed water and simulated water temperature into the vector borne disease community model (VECTRI) .The daily maximum, and minimum observed water temperatures were 27.9°C, 32.6°C and 21.7°C, respectively. The daily mean, maximum, and minimum simulated water temperatures were 29.8°C, 35.6°C, and 23.5°C respectively. These temperatures are within the temperature range that supports mosquito’s larva development. Mosquito's larva development was predicted using the VECTRI model. According to this study larva development reached completion in 7.1 days using the observed water temperature, 6.03 days using the simulated water temperature and 8.01days using the observed air temperature. This energy balance model is an improved water temperature scheme over the assumption that air temperature is equal to air temperature. This work shows the importance of water temperature and the value of degree day required for emergence of an adult mosquito in the simulation of aquatic stage development. Both the observed water and simulated water temperatures are higher than the on observed air temperature, thus air temperature cannot be used as the water temperature in the simulation of the mosquito’s larva development time. The finding of the work can be used as source toward mosquito's larval control through water temperature. It is however clear from the finding that could be as result of temperature due to shorter time predicted for mosquito's larval development.

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15

Wichert, Gordon A., and Ping Lin. "A Species Tolerance Index for Maximum Water Temperature." Water Quality Research Journal 31, no. 4 (November 1, 1996): 875–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1996.048.

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Abstract A weighted species association tolerance index with respect to water temperature (WSATI-WT) is based on the final temperature preferendum (FTP) of each of the fish species present in a locale of a stream ecosystem. The WSATI-WT is a measure of the distributional consequences of “behaviour” or habitat selection of an interactive set of species with respect to temperature and extends the indicator species concept to an entire association of fishes. Several relationships were exploited to estimate the FTP of several species for which direct estimates were not available: FTP inferred directly from behavioral responses are found to be related approximately by a 1:1 ratio with optimal temperatures for growth, upper lethal temperatures estimated using ultimate upper incipient lethal temperatures,or critical temperature maximum, are related to the FTP by a straight-line relationship across species (within a limited temperature range). When the WSATI-WT was tested in the field, we found positive relationships between it and maximal summer habitat temperatures. The WSATI-WT can be used with observed maximum summer stream water temperatures to forecast change in index scores from a known reference community structure due to warming.

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Cannings, S. G., P. D. Cooper, and G. G. E. Scudder. "Effect of temperature on rate of water loss in some water boatmen (Hemiptera: Corixidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-271.

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Evaporative water loss was compared in Cenocorixa bifida, Cenocorixa expleta, Cenocorixa blaisdelli, and Callicorixa vulnerata and examined in relation to environmental temperature change. In Ce. bifida, evaporative water loss was also studied with respect to rearing temperature and temperature of adult acclimation. Cenocorixa bifida (reared at 20 °C and acclimated to 20 °C) had the lowest rate of water loss at 20 °C of all species, while Ce. expleta had the highest. This pattern also occurred when the activation energy for water loss among species was compared: Ce. expleta had the lowest and Ce. bifida, the highest. High rearing temperatures and high acclimation temperature both reduced water loss at 20 °C in Ce. bifida. This pattern was also reflected in the activation energy for water loss in the different groups of insects exposed to the various temperatures of emergence or acclimation. These data suggest that cuticle lipids vary among these water boatman species and that changes in the proportions of unsaturated lipids may occur in relation to prior long-term exposure to high temperature. Despite differences in rates of water loss and activation energy for water loss, it appears that temperature does not restrict the distribution of any of these insects.

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Sanders, Timothy H., Paul D. Blankenship, Richard J. Cole, and Robert A. Hill. "Temperature Relationships of Peanut Leaf Canopy, Stem, and Fruit in Soil of Varying Temperature and Moisture." Peanut Science 12, no. 2 (July 1, 1985): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/pnut.12.2.0010.

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Abstract Physiological processes of plants are affected by temperature and temperature variation of individual plant parts has been demonstrated to affect such physiological interactions as source-sink relationships. Determination of plant part temperatures in relation to the surrounding environment, especially during stress, may provide significant information relative to how plants respond to various stress environments. To determine peanut plant part temperatures in various environments, rainfall control research plots equipped either with heating cables or cooling coils were utilized to grow Florunner peanuts and implement treatments of various soil temperatures under water stress and irrigated conditions. Peanut stem and pod temperatures were monitored automatically at 2-hr intervals with attached and implanted thermocouples. Canopy temperatures, determined by infrared thermometry, were related to water stress but were apparently unrelated to varying soil tempertures. Late-season, afternoon (1:00 p.m.) canopy temperature in the irrigated treatment averaged 28.5 C and mean canopy temperatures in all water stressed treatments were 35±1 C. Late-season plant stem temperature/soil temperature means in irrigated, water stressed-heated soil, water stressed, and water stressed-cooled soil treaments were 21.6 C/21.6 C, 25.2 C/30.2 C, 25.0 C/ 25.C, and 23.3 C/ 20.6 C, respectively. Peanut pod temperatures ranged higher and lower than soil temperature in each plot and maximum pod temperatures often occurred earlier than maximum soil temperature. Concurrent pod, stem, and air maximum and minimum temperatures suggest the strong influence of aerial plant-part temperatures on temperatures of the subterranean fruit. The results of this study show the effect of moisture and temperature stress on peanut plant part temperatures and demonstrate the relationships which result from the unique subterranean fruiting habit.

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NICHTER, MARK A., PERRY B. EVERETT, and ALBERT SALTIEL. "Water Temperature and Drowning." Pediatrics 87, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.87.5.747.

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To the Editor.— We read with interest the report by Quan et al.1 The authors described normal or near-normal neurologic outcomes after cardiopulmonary arrest in 8 of 38 victims. We are encouraged by these results and agree that early, effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation is the most effective treatment for pediatric submersion victims. Several additional factors, however, must be considered when interpreting the results of this study. Quan et al describe the King County, Washington climate as "temperate" and note that "submersion victims in this region did not receive the potentially beneficial rapid cooling that icy waters may provide."

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ROSSARO, B. "Chironomids and water temperature." Aquatic Insects 13, no. 2 (January 1991): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650429109361428.

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Fujihara, Yoichi, Koki Okuyama, Keisuke Hoshikawa, Hideto Fujii, Takashi Nakamura, Sambo Lun, and Sokly Siev. "Characteristics of the Annual Maximum and Minimum Water Temperatures in Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia from 2000 to 2019." Remote Sensing 13, no. 19 (October 4, 2021): 3972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193972.

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The Tonle Sap Lake contains unique hydrological environments and ecosystems. Although water temperature is an important consideration in lake management, information on the water temperature of the lake is limited. Thus, we investigated the characteristics of the daytime water temperatures of the Tonle Sap Lake from 2000 to 2019 using MOD11A1, a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS) product. Moreover, the relationship between water temperature fluctuations and hydrological–meteorological conditions was analyzed. The maximum and minimum daytime water temperatures were recorded in May (30.7 °C) and January (24.6 °C), respectively, each a month after the maximum and minimum air temperatures were recorded. The annual maximum, average, and minimum water levels showed a downward trend (−0.14, −0.08, and −0.01 m/y, respectively). The annual maximum water temperature increased at a rate of 0.17 °C/decade, whereas the annual minimum water temperature decreased at a rate of 0.91 °C/decade. The annual maximum daytime water temperature had a strong negative correlation with water level change (flood pulse) and a weaker correlation with air temperature. The annual minimum daytime water temperature presented the strongest positive correlation with water level change (flood pulse) in the previous year. However, there was no correlation between the annual minimum daytime water temperature and air temperature. These results indicate that water temperature in the Tonle Sap Lake is mainly affected by water level fluctuations, which are mainly driven by flood pulses.

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Ouellet-Proulx, Sébastien, Olivier Chimi Chiadjeu, Marie-Amélie Boucher, and André St-Hilaire. "Assimilation of water temperature and discharge data for ensemble water temperature forecasting." Journal of Hydrology 554 (November 2017): 342–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.09.027.

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22

Ptak, Mariusz, Mariusz Sojka, and Bogumił Nowak. "Characteristics of daily water temperature fluctuations in lake kierskie (West Poland)." Quaestiones Geographicae 38, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2019-0027.

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Abstract The paper presents the dynamics of daily water temperature fluctuations in Lake Kierskie (West Poland) and determines the effect of air temperatures and wind speed on the variability of the parameter (water temperature). The analysis was based on hourly water temperature values from the period from May 2012 to January 2018. The data analysis permitted the description of the thermal regime of waters in the lake in the hourly cycle in reference to each month, and designation of months characterised by the highest and lowest stability of water temperatures. More than half of the analysed days was characterised by a change in water temperature not exceeding 1°C. The course of water temperature showed strongly positive correlations with air temperature, and weak correlations with wind speed. Water temperatures in the lake were correlated the strongest with air temperatures with a 24 h time step.

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Martins, Fernando, and Franco Souza. "Body temperature of free-living freshwater turtles, Hydromedusa maximiliani (Testudines, Chelidae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 27, no. 3 (2006): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853806778189990.

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AbstractField body temperatures of the Maximilian's snake-necked turtle, Hydromedusa maximiliani, a small freshwater turtle species endemic to Atlantic rainforest mountainous regions in Brazil, were studied. Turtle body temperatures and water temperatures were significantly related, but turtle body temperature averaged 1°C higher than stream water temperature, this difference being statistically significant. A multivariate model revealed that only water temperature was significantly related to turtle body temperature while body size had no effect. There was no effect of sex and life stage on turtle body temperature, implying that water temperature was the main factor determining body temperatures. Thermoconformity was verified for all sampled individuals. The broad implications of these results are also discussed.

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Sato, Katsufumi, Yoshimasa Matsuzawa, Hideji Tanaka, Takeharu Bando, Shingo Minamikawa, Wataru Sakamoto, and Yasuhiko Naito. "Internesting intervals for loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta, and green turtles, Chelonia mydas, are affected by temperature." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 1651–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-107.

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To investigate the influence of temperature on the length of internesting periods in loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and green turtles (Chelonia mydas), body temperature and water temperature and depth for free-ranging turtles were monitored during internesting periods using micro data loggers. Body mass and clutch size were also measured. The experiments were conducted at nesting beaches in the Japanese archipelago from 1989 through 1996. Internesting interval was significantly negatively correlated with mean body temperature and mean water temperature. Internesting intervals for some turtles exceeded 21 d when they experienced low water temperatures. Arrhenius' equation was used to describe the quantitative relationships, and Q10 values of 3.1 for water temperature and 3.4 for body temperature were calculated. There was no significant relationship between either clutch size or body mass and internesting interval. Body temperatures were kept higher than water temperatures throughout internesting periods, and larger turtles showed a higher mean thermal difference between body temperature and water temperature. The internesting interval could be considered an egg-maturation period for the next oviposition. The rate of pre-ovipositional development of eggs seemed to be accelerated by high body temperature and decelerated by low body temperature.

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FELDMAN, KENNETH W. "In Reply: Scalding Water Temperatures." Pediatrics 94, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.94.4.574a.

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When we published our original description of tap water burn injuries in 1978, we were aware that detergent manufacturers recommended water temperatures above 60°C (140°F) for automatic dishwashing. However, personal communication from one detergent manufacturer indicated that such high temperatures were not required. Further, Kanecko found that four of six detergents performed adequately at 38 to 49°C (100 to 120°F). Goldwasser suggested then (and it has become more common) that dishwashers be built with booster heaters that will raise the temperature of incoming water to the desired cycle temperature. This is much more energy-efficient and safety-conscious approach to automatic dishwashing than maintaining high water heater temperatures.

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Hutorowicz, Andrzej. "Baseline Water Temperature: Estimation of the Annual Cycle of Surface Water Temperature in Lakes in North-Central Poland over the 1951–1968 Period." Water 12, no. 12 (December 19, 2020): 3574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123574.

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Water temperature is an important ecological variable that affects the functioning of lakes. Unfortunately, for many lakes there are no long-term observations enabling the assessment of changes in water temperatures. This makes it difficult to include this aspect in research into the biology, ecology and chemistry of such lakes. This paper presents a literature review related to changes of surface water temperatures in lakes and in particular describing the response of water temperatures and stratification to changing climate in Polish lakes. On this basis, a model based on the available data on water temperature in 931 Polish lakes in the years 1951–1968 was proposed, which allows to estimate the baseline water temperature on any day of the year. This model is calculated using the complementary error peak function on the 0–3 m water temperature dataset, which provides the best reduction of diurnal temperature fluctuations. It can be an alternative to the average temperature of surface waters, which are calculated on the basis of systematically collected data. Based on the average water temperature data obtained from 56 thermal profiles in 10 lakes in 2010–2019, the equation was analogically calculated. The average monthly water temperatures in June, July, August and September and the change in water temperature (0.24–0.30 °C decade−1) in the period 1951–1968/2010–2019 were estimated then. Similar regional or single lake trends have been found in studies by other authors covering a similar or longer period of time. The proposed method, which is suitable for simulating temperatures, especially in summer, enables the determination of the value of changes in surface water temperature in Polish lakes when only thermal profiles data from different dates are available, which can be especially helpful when analyzing hydrobiological results.

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Huang, Anning, Yerubandi R. Rao, and Weitao Zhang. "On Recent Trends in Atmospheric and Limnological Variables in Lake Ontario." Journal of Climate 25, no. 17 (March 12, 2012): 5807–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00495.1.

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Abstract The surface air and water temperatures increased at all seasonal and annual time scales during the last 40 yr in Lake Ontario. The annual mean air and surface water temperatures have increased by 1.43° ±0.39° and 1.26° ±0.32°C, respectively, over 1970–2009. The air temperature increased at a faster rate than the surface water temperature in winter and autumn, whereas in spring and summer the surface water temperature warmed faster than the air temperature. The length of summer stratified season has increased by 12 ± 2 days since the early 1970s due to the increase in water temperature. The decline of surface wind speed over Lake Ontario resulted in a shallower surface mixed layer and enhanced the summer thermal stratification, which increased the summer surface water temperature more rapidly than the air temperature.

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Bussières, Normand, and Raoul J. Granger. "Estimation of Water Temperature of Large Lakes in Cold Climate Regions during the Period of Strong Coupling between Water and Air Temperature Fluctuations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 24, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1973.1.

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Abstract Near-surface bulk water temperature measured in large northern lakes during the warm season with buoys can be characterized by three components: a slowly varying seasonal-/climate-related trend, fluctuations at the time scale of weather perturbations, and rapid daily fluctuations. When thermal infrared data are used to estimate surface water temperature, an additional term relating the differences between the skin and bulk temperatures is implied. Buoy data in this work serve to demonstrate the existence of a period of strong signal coupling between fluctuations of water temperature and air temperature. The period of strong signal coupling does not extend beyond the date of maximum temperature in the water temperature trend. During this period, a simple linear transformation of air temperature fluctuations can be used to simulate the buoy water temperature fluctuations. Attempts to simulate water temperature fluctuations from air temperature alone are not possible beyond this period. Water temperature simulation error depends on the distance of the air temperature measurement from the buoy, ranging from ±1.1°C at 0 km to ±1.4°C at 40 km. The method developed with buoy data is applied to the combination of satellite thermal infrared and operationally measured air temperature data to simulate water temperatures. Through the use of satellite data, the water temperature simulations are extended beyond the period of strong coupling.

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Braul, Larry, T. Viraraghavan, and Darrell Corkal. "Cold Water Effects on Enhanced Coagulation of High DOC, Low Turbidity Water." Water Quality Research Journal 36, no. 4 (November 1, 2001): 701–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2001.037.

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Abstract Prairie farm reservoirs are usually low in turbidity and contain high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Some are treated with aluminum sulfate in late fall when the water drops below 3°C, often with poor turbidity reduction results. Jar tests using aluminum sulfate were conducted to study the effect of water temperature on enhanced coagulation of a typical high DOC prairie water. Jar tests showed that temperature affects turbidity, particle counts and total residual aluminum but does not affect DOC, UV254 absorbance and colour reduction. Turbidity of the treated water increased consistently as the temperature decreased. Particle counts in the 1 to 10 μm range were reduced by two logs at 20°C but only by one log at 1.5°C indicating inferior oocyst removal at low temperatures. Bentonite addition at 1.5°C did not affect the treated water particle counts but because the bentonite increased the raw water particle count, the reduction of the particles could be increased by one log. Coagulant demand for the water tested without pH adjustment is one to two mg Al per mg of DOC at all temperatures tested. The optimum pH for all temperatures was about 6.0 for DOC removal and about 6.5 for turbidity removal based on a dosage increment of 0.5 pH units. UV254 absorbance is well suited to predict optimum aluminum sulfate dosage for DOC removal.

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Nam, Sooyoun, Honggeun Lim, Byoungki Choi, Qiwen Li, Haewon Moon, and Hyung Tae Choi. "Responses of Stream Water Temperature to Water Levels in Forested Catchments of South Korea." Forests 14, no. 10 (October 18, 2023): 2085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14102085.

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Event flow characteristics were evaluated based on temperature and level of stream water in 22 forested catchments (area: 13.2–281.4 ha) to investigate sustainable flood management measures. Temperature and stream water levels were during 346 rainfall events in the summer season (July–September) from 2020 to 2022. Rising stream water levels responded to falling stream water temperature between ≤100 and >100 ha forested catchments in two types of time of concentration. Stream water temperature decreased by 3.0 °C when the stream water level increased by up to 0.9 m during rainfall events. Falling stream water temperature at two types of time of concentration was negatively correlated with total precipitation and rising stream water level. Based on the relatively high value of regression and cumulative frequency distribution, the estimated rising stream water level was appropriate in small catchments (≤100 ha) when the stream water temperature decreased, and the stream water level increased during rainfall events. Rising stream water levels and falling stream water temperatures are responses to catchment-scale effects, which are influenced by the nature and rapidity of the hydrological responses. Therefore, the results of the present study indicate that spatial and temporal differences in thermal responses of stream water temperature to water levels were controlled by catchment-scale effects under rapidly changing rainfall.

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Wang, Bozhi, Huayang Cai, Qi Jia, Huimin Pan, Bo Li, and Linxi Fu. "Smart Temperature Sensor Design and High-Density Water Temperature Monitoring in Estuarine and Coastal Areas." Sensors 23, no. 17 (September 4, 2023): 7659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23177659.

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Acquiring in situ water temperature data is an indispensable and important component for analyzing thermal dynamics in estuarine and coastal areas. However, the long-term and high-density monitoring of water temperature is costly and technically challenging. In this paper, we present the design, calibration, and application of the smart temperature sensor TS-V1, a low-power yet low-cost temperature sensor for monitoring the spatial–temporal variations of surface water temperatures and air temperatures in estuarine and coastal areas. The temperature output of the TS-V1 sensor was calibrated against the Fluke-1551A sensor developed in the United States and the CTD-Diver sensor developed in the Netherlands. The results show that the accuracy of the TS-V1 sensor is 0.08 °C, while sensitivity tests suggest that the TS-V1 sensor (comprising a titanium alloy shell with a thermal conductivity of 7.6 W/(m °C)) is approximately 0.31~0.54 s/°C slower than the CTD-Diver sensor (zirconia shell with thermal conductivity of 3 W/(m °C)) in measuring water temperatures but 6.92~10.12 s/°C faster than the CTD-Diver sensor in measuring air temperatures. In addition, the price of the proposed TS-V1 sensor is only approximately 1 and 0.3 times as much as the established commercial sensors, respectively. The TS-V1 sensor was used to collect surface water temperature and air temperature in the western part of the Pearl River Estuary from July 2022 to September 2022. These data wells captured water and air temperature changes, frequency distributions, and temperature characteristics. Our sensor is, thus, particularly useful for the study of thermal dynamics in estuarine and coastal areas.

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Wang, Zhonghua, Zenggang Yue, Wei Wang, Chenghui Ma, Xiaoguang Li, Changmin Guo, and Yuanbin Zhao. "Anti-Freezing Study of High-Level Water-Collecting Natural Draft Wet-Cooling Tower Based on Its Water Temperature Distribution Characteristics." Energies 17, no. 3 (January 30, 2024): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17030651.

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Thermal power units play a crucial role in the deep peak regulation of power generation. During deep peak regulation, the load of the unit changes significantly, causing fluctuations in the inlet water temperature of the cooling tower and the water temperature in the filler. Therefore, in cold regions in winter, cooling towers have a high risk of freezing, which threatens the economic and safe operation of the unit. This paper establishes a three-dimensional numerical model based on constant heat dissipation and explores the average and minimum water temperatures at the bottom of filler under different water distribution methods, crosswind velocities, and ambient temperatures. The results show that the water distribution method has a significant impact on the water temperature at the filler bottom. Reducing the water distribution area can significantly increase the minimum water temperature at the filler bottom and reduce the risk of freezing. Although the presence of crosswind is not conducive to the cooling performance of the cooling tower, the higher the crosswind velocity, the higher the minimum outlet water temperature at the filler bottom and the lower the risk of freezing. The minimum water temperature at the filler bottom is approximately linearly related to the ambient temperature and is less affected by the unit load at the same temperature.

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Caissie, Daniel, Nassir El-Jabi, and André St-Hilaire. "Stochastic modelling of water temperatures in a small stream using air to water relations." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 250–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-091.

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Stream water temperature is a very important parameter when assessing aquatic ecosystem dynamics. For instance, cold-water fishes such as salmon can be adversely affected by maximum summer temperatures or by those exaggerated by land-use activities such as deforestation. The present study deals with the modelling of stream water temperatures using a stochastic approach to relate air and water temperatures in Catamaran Brook, a small stream in New Brunswick where long-term multidisciplinary habitat research is being carried out. The first step in the modelling approach was to establish the long-term annual component (pattern) in stream water temperatures. This was possible by fitting a Fourier series to stream water temperatures. The short-term residual temperatures (departure from the long-term annual component) were modelled using different air to water relations, namely a multiple regression analysis, a second-order Markov process, and a Box-Jenkins time-series model. The results indicated that it was possible to predict daily water temperatures for small streams using air temperatures and that the three models produced similar results in predicting stream temperatures. The root mean square error (RSME) varied between 0.59°C and 1.68°C on an annual basis from 1990 to 1995, with the warmest year (1994) showing the highest RMSE. Although 1992 was an exceptionally cold summer (coldest in 30 years), good predictions of stream water temperature were obtained, with an RMSE of approximately 1.24°C. Of the three models, the second-order Markov process was preferred based on its performance and its simplicity in development.Key words: small stream, water temperature, model, stochastic, root mean square error, Markov process.

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Baschenko, S. M. "On Raman spectra of water, its structure and dependence on temperature." Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 14, no. 1 (February 28, 2011): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo14.01.077.

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Gavrilin, S. N. "Radiation-temperature dependence of water at microwaves." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2603, no. 1 (October 1, 2023): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2603/1/012014.

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Abstract Pure water radiation-temperature dependence at wavelength 8 mm in the temperature range of 30-50 °C has been experimentally investigated. Measurements were made with the microwave radiometer with central frequency 37.5 GHz (wavelength 8 mm). The absolute method of measuring the intensities of distributed radiation was used. A horn with a 30x30 mm opening was used as an antenna. Calibration of the intensity of the received radiation was carried out by its own radiation of a black body at different temperatures. The equipment had a sensitivity (fluctuation threshold) 0.2 K at a time constant τ = 1 sec. An increment of the radio-brightness contrast is about 3 K in this temperature range. The water radio-emission depends non-linearly on the kinetic temperature. It was measured, that effective temperature of the skin-depth layer increases from 0.28 up to 0.4 °C per degree of water heating. It was shown, that the radiation temperature of the water surface for the 8 mm waves and temperature range 30-50 °C is determined not by the bulk kinetic water temperature, but by the effective temperature of the skin-depth layer formed under the influence of heat exchange with the atmosphere.

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Bonacci, Ognjen, Bojan Đurin, Tanja Roje Bonacci, and Duje Bonacci. "The Influence of Reservoirs on Water Temperature in the Downstream Part of an Open Watercourse: A Case Study at Botovo Station on the Drava River." Water 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 3534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213534.

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The air temperature trends measured at the central meteorological station Varaždin and the water temperature measured at the Botovo station on the Drava River were analyzed from 1 January 1969 to 31 December 2021. Analyses were performed for three different time scales: year, month, and day. Mann–Kendall testing statistically determined the significant trends over the analyzed period and found increasing air and water temperatures. From 1975 to 1989, three reservoirs of different volumes and water surface areas were built. The Botovo water measuring station is 11 km from the third largest reservoir and 28 km from the mouth. Applying the day-to-day (DTD) method, we determined that the variations in the daily air temperatures are significantly higher than the simultaneous variations in the daily water temperatures. Also, the rise in water temperatures at the downstream water measuring station Botovo was influenced by the construction of reservoirs. The commissioning of the second reservoir in 1982 caused a significant rise in water temperature at the Botovo station. Trends in water temperature increase during all months of the year were statistically significant, while air temperature trends were statistically significant during the warm parts of the year.

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Demer, David A., and Josiah S. Renfree. "Variations in echosounder–transducer performance with water temperature." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 6 (April 25, 2008): 1021–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn066.

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Abstract Demer, D. A., and Renfree, J. S. 2008. Variations in echosounder–transducer performance with water temperature. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1021–1035. Electro-acoustic transducers are central components of multifrequency echosounders used in remote-target identification and acoustic surveys for fish and zooplankton. Appreciable changes in echosounder system gains can result from shifts in transducer frequency responses with water temperature. Because it is standard practice to calibrate echosounder systems for fisheries surveys in one environment and apply the resulting gains to interpret data collected over the range of sea temperatures encountered during a survey, the results may be biased. Such biases may be different for estimates derived from each echosounder frequency. In moving to quantify and mitigate these effects, the performances have been measured for ten commonly used survey transducers in water temperatures ranging from ∼1°C to 18°C, using three techniques. Results show that the transducer impedances all change with temperature, potentially changing the signal-to-noise ratio from 5 to >20 dB. The resonance frequencies and quality factors also change with temperature, ranging from ∼0.2% to 2.8% and 2.5% to >130%, respectively. Corresponding directly to changes in the echosounder gains, the transmitting-current and receiver-voltage responses changed 1 dB or less with temperature, except for the Simrad ES120-7, which showed a 2 dB increase. Generally, the magnitudes of frequency-dependent biases in echosounder-system gains depend primarily on the temperature-dependent performances of the survey transducers, the range of temperatures encountered, and whether the operational frequencies are less or greater than the resonance frequency.

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Czachor, Henryk, and Ľubomír Lichner. "Temperature influences water sorptivity of soil aggregates." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2013-0011.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the potential development of water sorptivity of soil aggregates by heating. Soil aggregates were sampled from arable layer of 5 Polish soils: Haplic Luvisol 1 from Czesławice, Haplic Luvisol 2 from Wierzchucinek, Haplic Cambisol from Felin, Gleyic Mollic Cambisol from Chylice, and Haplic Phaeozem from Grabiec. Three aggregates of each soil type with minimum diameter between 4 and 10 mm were heated in the oven for at least 3 hours at temperatures 20, 100, 200, 250, and 360ºC. After each temperature treatment the soil aggregates were conditioned at the room temperature for 16 hours. Laboratory measurements of water sorptivity of soil aggregates were performed under a negative tension h0 = -2 cm using tension infiltrometer. It was found that the exposure to temperatures between 100 and 200°C tends to decrease water sorptivity of aggregates from all the studied soils but one (Haplic Luvisol 1), followed by about two- to four-fold increase in water sorptivity for exposure to temperatures of 250°C (in Haplic Luvisol 1, Haplic Luvisol 2, and Haplic Phaeozem) or 360°C (in Haplic Cambisol and Gleyic Mollic Cambisol).

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Ng, Lee Hong, and Donald Robert Sadoway. "Density measurements in the succinonitrile–water system." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 2428–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-382.

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The variation of density with temperature and composition in the succinonitrile–water system was measured by the direct Archimedean method. At fixed composition, density was found to vary linearly with temperature. At constant temperature, density was found to vary linearly with composition. Along the phase boundary there is a density reversal: at temperatures above 45 °C the water-rich phase is denser; below 45 °C the succinonitrile-rich phase is denser.

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Shinohara, Ryuichiro, Yoji Tanaka, Ariyo Kanno, and Kazuo Matsushige. "Relative impacts of increases of solar radiation and air temperature on the temperature of surface water in a shallow, eutrophic lake." Hydrology Research 52, no. 4 (July 14, 2021): 916–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2021.148.

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Abstract We monitored lake surface water temperatures from 1992 to 2019 in Lake Kasumigaura, a shallow lake in Japan. We hypothesized that increases of shortwave radiation had increased surface water temperatures and heat fluxes more than had the increases of air temperature. We used the heat flux analyses and the sensitivity analyses to test the hypothesis. The fluxes of solar radiation gradually increased during the study period in a manner consistent with the phenomenon of global brightening. The increase was especially apparent in the spring. The rate of increase of surface water temperature was especially significant in May. Air temperature did not significantly increase in May, but it increased significantly in June (0.40 °C decade−1). A sensitivity analysis of the heat fluxes at the lake surface (shortwave radiation, longwave radiation, latent heat flux, and sensible heat flux) revealed that surface water temperature was more sensitive to changes of shortwave radiation than to air temperature during the spring. Although other factors such as inflows of groundwater and river water may also have impacted surface water temperatures, the increase of solar radiation appeared to be the major factor responsible for the increase of surface water temperature during the spring in Lake Kasumigaura.

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Yu, Soon Ju, In Gu Ryu, Min Ji Park, and Jong Kwon Im. "Long-term relationship between air and water temperatures in Lake Paldang, South Korea." Environmental Engineering Research 26, no. 4 (August 24, 2020): 200177–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.177.

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A long-term investigation into the relationship between air and water temperatures was conducted in Lake Paldang, which is the largest water source in South Korea, by studying hysteresis. From 1973 to 2018, the annual mean air temperature increased by 0.05°C/yr (seasonal Sen’s slope). The results of a numerical model (R > 0.86) showed that the ratios of the air and water temperatures increased (0.71‒0.77) in the rising limb and decreased (0.70‒0.76) in the falling limb. However, the intercept values were 0.13–3.52 and 6.62–7.78 in the rising and falling limbs, respectively, and hence there was a 4–5°C increase in temperature. In particular, in 2015, 2016, and 2018, the intercept values in the falling limb were ≥ 7, exhibiting hysteresis, whereby high water temperatures were slow to decline. Lake Paldang showed stronger water temperature hysteresis than its influent rivers and stream. The rising and falling limbs did not show a large difference in the extent of water temperature change (slope). However, the water temperature did not decrease rapidly, and the decrease continued for longer due to hysteresis, which is a type of inertia where the elevated temperature persists if the summer air temperature is significantly increased.

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Savage, D. B., J. V. Nolan, I. R. Godwin, D. G. Mayer, A. Aoetpah, T. Nguyen, N. D. Baillie, T. E. Rheinberger, and C. Lawlor. "Water and feed intake responses of sheep to drinking water temperature in hot conditions." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08056.

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When live-export sheep from Australia arrive in the Middle East during the northern summer months, they may be offered drinking water at temperatures exceeding 40°C. There is little published research to indicate whether drinking water temperature is important in managing heat stress in sheep or its effect on their health and welfare. Three studies were conducted with Merino wethers in climate-controlled rooms to investigate: (i) responses to drinking water temperatures of 20°C, 30°C and 40°C in a cool (20°C) and hot (40°C) environment, (ii) preferences for drinking water temperature at 20°C or 30°C when in a hot or cool environment and (iii) effects of water restriction when offered hot water (40°C) in a hot environment. Sheep assigned to the hot room had significantly higher respiration rates than those assigned to the cool room. In the cool environment, water intakes were the same when water temperatures were 20°C, 30°C or 40°C; however, when the sheep were given a choice between drinking water at 20°C and 30°C, they preferred (P < 0.05) to drink water at 20°C. In the hot environment, water intake increased as drinking water temperature increased, and sheep preferred to drink water at 30°C rather than 20°C. When the availability of 40°C drinking water was restricted (to ~10% of liveweight) in the hot environment, sheep had higher respiration rates than those offered unlimited water.

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Bąk, Joanna. "Measurements of water temperature in fountains as an indicator of potential secondary water pollution caused by Legionella bacteria." E3S Web of Conferences 30 (2018): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183001015.

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At high air temperatures persisting for a long time, water temperature in the fountains may also increase significantly. This can cause a sudden and significant increase in Legionella bacteria, which results in secondary water contamination. This phenomenon with water – air aerosol generated by fountains can be very dangerous for people. During the test, water temperature measurements in fountains in Poland were made. These research tests was conducted in the spring and summer. The research was conducted in order to determine whether there is a possibility of growth of Legionella bacteria. One of the aims of the study was to determine what temperature range occurs in the fountains and how the temperature changes in the basin of the fountain and when the highest temperature occurs. Single temperature measurements were made and also the temperature distribution was measured during daylight hours. The water temperature in most cases was greater than 20°C, but in no case exceed 26°C. The paper presents also the review about the effect of water temperature on the presence and bacterial growth. The study confirmed the existence of the risk of increasing the number of bacteria of the genus Legionella in the water in the fountains.

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Høiseth, Lars Øivind, Jørgen Melau, Martin Bonnevie-Svendsen, Christoffer Nyborg, Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels, and Jonny Hisdal. "Core Temperature during Cold-Water Triathlon Swimming." Sports 9, no. 6 (June 20, 2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9060087.

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Triathlon and other endurance races have grown in popularity. Although participants are generally fit and presumably healthy, there is measurable morbidity and mortality associated with participation. In triathlon, most deaths occur during the swim leg, and more insight into risk factors, such as hypothermia, is warranted. In this study, we measured the core temperature of 51 participants who ingested temperature sensor capsules before the swim leg of a full-distance triathlon. The water temperature was 14.4–16.4 °C, and the subjects wore wetsuits. One subject with a low body mass index and a long swim time experienced hypothermia (<35 °C). Among the remaining subjects, we found no association between core temperature and swim time, body mass index, or sex. To conclude, the present study indicates that during the swim leg of a full-distance triathlon in water temperatures ≈ 15–16 °C, subjects with a low body mass index and long swim times may be at risk of hypothermia even when wearing wetsuits.

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McCabe, Gregory J., David M. Wolock, Gregory T. Pederson, Connie A. Woodhouse, and Stephanie McAfee. "Evidence that Recent Warming is Reducing Upper Colorado River Flows." Earth Interactions 21, no. 10 (December 1, 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-17-0007.1.

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Abstract The upper Colorado River basin (UCRB) is one of the primary sources of water for the western United States, and increasing temperatures likely will elevate the risk of reduced water supply in the basin. Although variability in water-year precipitation explains more of the variability in water-year UCRB streamflow than water-year UCRB temperature, since the late 1980s, increases in temperature in the UCRB have caused a substantial reduction in UCRB runoff efficiency (the ratio of streamflow to precipitation). These reductions in flow because of increasing temperatures are the largest documented temperature-related reductions since record keeping began. Increases in UCRB temperature over the past three decades have resulted in a mean UCRB water-year streamflow departure of −1306 million m3 (or −7% of mean water-year streamflow). Additionally, warm-season (April through September) temperature has had a larger effect on variability in water-year UCRB streamflow than the cool-season (October through March) temperature. The greater contribution of warm-season temperature, relative to cool-season temperature, to variability of UCRB flow suggests that evaporation or snowmelt, rather than changes from snow to rain during the cool season, has driven recent reductions in UCRB flow. It is expected that as warming continues, the negative effects of temperature on water-year UCRB streamflow will become more evident and problematic.

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JIN, ERIC, MARKUS BUSSMANN, and HONGHI TRAN. "An experimental study of smelt-water interaction in the recovery boiler dissolving tank." June 2015 14, no. 6 (July 1, 2015): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.6.385.

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A laboratory apparatus was constructed to simulate the operating conditions of recovery boiler smelt dissolving tanks and used to systematically study the interaction between molten smelt droplets and water. Experiments were performed on synthetic smelt made of 80 wt% Na2CO3 and 20 wt% NaCl at 800°C, 900°C, and 1000°C. The results show that upon contact with water, some smelt droplets explode immediately and break into small pieces, some require a delay time to explode, and others solidify without exploding. The probability of explosion strongly depends on water temperature and to some extent, smelt temperature. At a given smelt temperature, there exists a water temperature range below which explosion always occurs (the lower critical water temperature) and above which there is no explosion (the upper critical water temperature). The lower critical water temperature decreases with increasing smelt temperature, while the upper critical water temperature remains the same at 82°C in all cases. Up to this upper critical water temperature, both the explosion delay time and explosion intensity increase with increasing water temperature. The data was used to construct a Smelt-Water Interaction Temperature (SWIT) diagram that can predict if a molten synthetic smelt droplet will explode in water at different smelt and water temperatures.

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Sita, Ioan Valentin, Petru Dobra, Mirela Dobra, and Vlad Mureşan. "Household Water Tank Temperature Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 436 (October 2013): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.436.417.

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This paper presents an identification solution of the thermal process corresponding to a heating installation of domestic water in a tank and the temperature control. For experimental identification the tangent and Coon Cohen methods were applied, and for control Cohen Coon criterion, Oppelt criterion, respectively modulus criterion. We performed a comparison of the overall performance of each controller.

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Kenyon, Kern E. "Oscillating Temperature Pump for Water." Physics Essays 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/1.3154504.

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Kenyon, Kern E. "Oscillating Temperature Pump for Water." Physics Essays 20, no. 4 (December 2007): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/1.3254504.

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ICHINOSE, Toshiaki. "Urbanization decreases river water temperature ?" Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources 5, no. 4 (1992): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.5.4_27.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water temperature'

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