To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Water tank.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Water tank'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Water tank.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Winder, Philip Newton. "An acoustic water tank disdrometer." Thesis, University of Hull, 2010. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3469.
Full textAbstract:
Microwave engineers and geomorphologists require rainfall data with a much greater temporal resolution and a better representation of the numbers of large raindrops than is available from current commercial instruments. This thesis describes the development of an acoustic instrument that determines rain parameters from the sound of raindrops falling into a tank of water. It is known as the acoustic water tank disdrometer (AWTD).There is a direct relationship between the kinetic energy of a raindrop and the acoustic energy generated upon impact. Rain kinetic energy flux density (KE) is estimated from measurements of the sound field in the tank and these have been compared to measurements from a co-sited commercial disdrometer.Furthermore, using an array of hydrophones it is possible to determine the drop size and impact position of each raindrop falling into the tank. Accumulating the information from many impacts allows a drop size distribution (DSD) to be calculated.Eight months of data have been collected in the eastern UK. The two methods of parameter estimation are developed and analysed to show that the acoustic instrument can produce rain KE measurements with a one-second integration times and DSDs with accurate large drop-size tails.
2
Rodrigues, Maria. "PID Control of Water in a tank." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för elektronik, matematik och naturvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-9611.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis assignment was to build a PID control that was able to control two tanks of water. The system had to be capable of read a certain value, the value that we speak is the high of the water. There for, the system should fill the corresponding tank with water, of course, until the high that was chosen. A PID control uses tree essentials values to be able to control with precision, they are usually called: P, I and D. These values can be found by applying some procedures; in this thesis two procedures were applied. So at the end, we get two values for each constant (PID). In this thesis these two values are compared in order to choose which method was the accurate.
3
Artiola, Janick F., Channah Rock, and Gary Fix. "Water Storage Tank Disinfection, Testing, and Maintenance." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/255333.
Full text
4
Hrubý, Ladislav. "Nejlepší dostupné prvky pro vodojemy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372246.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis deals with analysis of particular elements of ground water storage tanks, their comparison and describtion of their characteristic. Basic information of designing volume of accumulation tank is included in the first part followed by a key section where particular construction parts and elements are described. In the next section, new types of water tanks are mentioned. In the final section of this thesis, study of 5 existing water tanks was accomplished. A technical recommendation is summed up in the final part that can be taken into account when constructing a new water storage tank.
5
Khalafalla, Mazin. "Aperiodic Control for Quadruple Water tank system over WSAN." Thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-91752.
Full text
6
Häggström, Sara, and Karin Thunman. "Redesign of a water tank : – from metal to plastic." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101096.
Full textAbstract:
Detta examensarbete har genomförts i samarbete med Coffee Queen AB i Arvika för att ta fram ett konstruktionsunderlag för en förbättrad vattentank. Tidigare var tanken tillverkad i rostfritt stål, men för att minska kostnaderna var företaget intresserade av att ta fram en konstruktion i plast. Vattentanken, som sitter i en färskbryggande kaffemaskin, kokar vattnet som sedan blandas med kaffe, te eller choklad. Den första delen av examensarbetet bestod i att ta reda på vilken tillverkningsmetod som är lämpligast att använda. Efter en inledande undersökning inom området bestämdes det att formsprutning var den bästa tillverkningsmetoden då vattentankens form är relativt komplex. Det var även den billigaste metoden, då totalpriset fördelas över totalt 48 000 detaljer som ska tillverkas de kommande åtta åren. Den andra delen av examensarbetet bestod i att utveckla ett konstruktionsunderlag för Coffee Queens fortsatta utvecklingsarbete. Områdena som ingick i konstruktionsunderlaget var verktygslösningen , förslutningen av locket, avtappningsrören, överfyllnadsskyddet, kallvatteninloppet , nivåsensorn samt elkabeldragningen . En omfattande litteraturstudie genomfördes tillsammans med ett antal studiebesök och intervjuer hos plasttillverkande företag. Koncept utvecklades och utvärderades för alla ovan nämnda områden och sattes sedan samman till en slutgiltig helhetslösning samt rekommendationer. Den slutgiltiga helhetslösningen som valdes av författarna bestod av en plasttank och ett plastlock. Tanken ska tillverkas i ett vertikalt verktyg med alla avtappningsrör på framsidan samt med en packning som är spänd runt kanten på tanken. Både överfyllnadsskyddet och kallvatteninloppet består av enkla rör av plast på framsidan av tanken. Snäppfästena och nivåsensorn integreras i plastlocket, vilket gör att flera komponenter kan uteslutas samt att monteringen blir enklare. Elkabelhålen är rundade och termostaten är roterat 90 ° . Denna konstruktion anses vara det bästa valet då det är enklast, billigast och snabbast att montera. Det är rekommenderat att testa ett plastlock innan det används för att ta reda på hur bra plasten tål värmen. De integrerade plastsnäppfästena måste också testas med avseende på värmetålighet.This Master of Science thesis has been carried out in collaboration with Coffee Queen AB in Arvika, Sweden, to develop a construction basis for an improved water tank. From the beginning, the water tank was manufactured in metal. To reduce the costs, the company was interested in a plastic construction. The water tank, which is located inside a fresh brewing coffee machine, is used to boil water which later is mixed with coffee, tea or chocolate. The first part of the project was to find out which manufacturing method to use. After some research in the area, it was decided to use injection moulding since the water tank is relatively complex. Also, it was the cheapest method since the total cost is divided over the production of 48 000 details in the coming eight years. The second part of the project was to develop a construction basis for Coffee Queen to use in further development. Areas included in the construction basis was the tool solution, the water tank construction , the sealing of the tank, the outlet pipes, the overfilling protection, the cold water inlet , the level indicator and the electrical cables . An extensive literature study was made together with a number of company visits at plastic manufacturing companies. Concepts were developed and evaluated for all of the mentioned areas above and then put together into a final choice and recommendations. The final choice of the authors consists of a plastic tank and a plastic lid. The tank should be made in a vertical tool with all outlet pipes in the front and the gasket stretched around the top edge of the tank. Both the over filling protection and the cold water inlet are plain pipes sticking out on the front of the tank. The snap fasteners and the level indicator are integrated in the plastic lid, which excludes several components and makes the assembly easier. The cable holes are rounded and the thermostat has been rotated by 90 ° . This plastic construction is considered to be the best choice since it is the simplest, cheapest and fastest solution to assemble. It is recommended that to test a plastic lid before use to find out how well the plastic manages the heat. Also, heat testing of the integrated plastic snap fasteners has to be done.
7
Dahal, Purna Prasad. "Dynamic Analysis of a Frame-Supported Elevated Water Tank." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1206.
Full textAbstract:
Elevated water tanks are widely used to store water for drinking as well as for fire extinguishing purposes. After a severe earthquake, the need of water for drinking as well as fire control will increase dramatically. To ensure that water tanks remain functional after an earthquake, proper analysis method should be followed in order to calculate the response of a structure for earthquake. In this study, the lateral forces developed during earthquake are investigated from commercially available SAP2000 software and the results are compared with the 2006 edition of the ACI standard "Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures and Commentary" (ACI 350.3-06). The elevated concrete tank is modeled for full, half-full and empty conditions. Linear modal time history analysis is performed using scaled ground motions. Three-directional ground motion records from five different earthquakes have been scaled to the design level and applied to the structure. Sloshing behavior of water inside the tank and the effect of vertical ground motion on the columns have been investigated. It is found that, vertical ground motions can increase the axial forces in columns by up to 20 %, and the ACI 350.3-06 design method is not always conservative. As seismic response depends on both the dynamic properties of the structure and the spectral characteristics of ground motions, more research is needed to understand and model the seismic response of elevated water tanks.
8
Khastagir, Anirban, and anirban khastagir@rmit edu au. "Optimal use of rainwater tanks to minimize residential water consumption." RMIT University. Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081203.143250.
Full textAbstract:
Melbourne, the capital of Victoria Australia leads the world in having the highest quality drinking water. The Victorian State Government has set targets for reducing per capita water consumption by 15%, 25% and 30% by 2010, 2015 and 2020 respectively and has announced stringent water restrictions to curtail water demand. In this resource constraint environment it is opportune to look for alternative sources of water to supplement Melbourne's traditional water supply. In Melbourne, legislation has been changed to make it possible to use rainwater harvested from domestic tanks for non potable purposes. The annual rainfall in Melbourne's metropolitan area varies from 450mm in the West to 850mm in the East to over 1000mm in the North East mountain ranges. The objectives of the current study are to develop a methodology to estimate the optimal size of the rainwater tank at a particular location considering the local rainfall, roof area, demand for water and the reliability of supply (supply security) required; to quantify the rainwater volume that could be harvested at site using domestic rainwater tanks to minimise pressure on the potable water supply secured from traditional catchment sources until the desalination plant is commissioned in 2013; to analyse the efficacy of rainwater tanks to reduce the stormwater runoff and improve the quality of the stormwater that will otherwise flow into urban drains and to estimate the cost effectiveness ratio and payback period of inst alling rainwater tanks. A simple water balance model was developed to calculate the tank size based on daily rainfall, roof area and the expected demand. The concept of 'reliability' was introduced to measure supply security. Rainfall data from 20 rainfall stations scattered around Melbourne were used to determine the variation in the rainwater tank size dependent on the above stated parameters. It was observed that to achieve the same supply reliability (90%) and to meet a specific demand (toilet and garden use), the tank size required in the western side of Melbourne is as high as 7 times as that required in the north-east side. As a result, the
9
Hebert, Kevin D. "Site Investigation of Underground Storage Tank Contamination." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296431.
Full textAbstract:
From the Proceedings of the 1990 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 21, 1990, Arizona State University, Tempe, ArizonaNew regulations concerning the management of underground storage tanks (USTs) have resulted in increased awareness of environmental contamination resulting from leaking USTs. The objective of the typical underground storage tank investigation is to determine if any subsurface contamination has occurred as a result of tank or product line leakage, fuel spills or overfills. Soil contamination at underground storage tank sites is usually discovered during the removal and replacement of USTs. Techniques that can be used to detect the presence of soil contamination adjacent to existing USTs include soil vapor analysis, exploratory boring, and soil and ground water sampling. The lateral and vertical extent of contamination must be determined at any site which contains detectable quantities of contamination. Two common methods for determining the extent of contamination are over-excavation and borehole drilling and sampling. Boring design and location considerations include number of borings, borehole depth and spacing, and site sub -surface conditions. Differentiation between perched sub -surface water and aquifers is critical. Once an appropriate boring plan has been established, then a sampling and analysis plan must be adopted that meets the needs of the particular investigation. The determination of the extent of contamination at an underground storage tank site is the first step leading to site closure and remediation.
10
Journell, Scot. "Site Remediation of Underground Storage Tank Contamination." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296432.
Full textAbstract:
From the Proceedings of the 1990 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 21, 1990, Arizona State University, Tempe, ArizonaRemedial techniques for sub-surface soil and water contamination are dependent on the lateral and vertical extent of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination and the type of petroleum hydrocarbons which have been released into the sub-surface. Specific remedial technologies are required for diesel fuel and heavy oils compared to the more volatile gasoline compounds. Available remedial technologies for vadose zone contamination include excavation and treatment; soil vapor extraction and possible vapor burning; bioremediation; and chemical treatment. Remedial technologies for ground-water contamination include water recovery, contaminant volatilization, carbon adsorption, bioremediation and water reinjection. Specialized apparatuses are utilized when petroleum hydrocarbon product floating on the water table surface must be separated from the ground water. A number of hydrologic considerations must be evaluated prior to any remediation scenario. These considerations include geologic characterization of the sub-surface soil matrix, and aquifer.
11
Polorigni, Christian Leprince. "Primary sedimentation tank model with characterized settling velocity groups." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32526.
Full textAbstract:
Primary sedimentation involves the separation of solids and liquid in primary settling tanks (PSTs) of wastewater treatment systems. These physical processes are described by various settling conditions such as discrete and flocculent settling, along with other phenomena such as flocculation, coagulation, ammonification or hydrolysis. The modelling of primary sedimentation has often been overlooked because (i) it involves various intricacies that are difficult to replicate and (ii) primary sedimentation has been assumed to be an input to most of the main unit process models, including the activated sludge (AS) system and the anaerobic digestion (AD) models. Though there has been a wide range of proposed mathematical models to describe how PSTs function, the need to correctly disaggregate the total suspended solids (TSS) into realistic fractions of unbiodegradable particulate organics (UPO), biodegradable particulate organics (BPO) and inorganic settleable solids (ISS), remains. This is because PST models that are unable to correctly split the TSS into its characteristic components make incorrect assumptions. These assumptions lead to inconsistencies in predicting the compositions of the primary sludge (PS) that is fed to the AD unit and the settled wastewater (settled WW) that is treated in the AS system. Hence, it becomes difficult to correctly simulate the entire system (plant-wide) towards a holistic evaluation of system strategies. In this study, a realistic PST model was developed, with characterized settling velocity groups, within a plant-wide setting, for municipal wastewater. This involved the improvement of a current TSS-based model into a more accurate and realistic model that could account for the settling of raw wastewater particles. The model was therefore expected to predict the composition of the PS that is treated in the AD system and the composition of the settled WW that is going to the AS unit processes. This could be achieved by splitting the TSS into UPO, BPO and ISS fractions. In developing preparation of such a realistic PST model, the following objectives were established: 1. Disaggregate the TSS into realistic UPO, BPO and ISS fractions, by means of discrete particle settling modelling (Kowlesser, 2014) and the particle settling velocity distribution (PSVD) approach of Bachis et al. (2015). 2. Verify that the model is internally consistent with wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) data, by means of mathematical material mass balances and other specific scenarios. 3. Demonstrate the application and impact of such a model by performing steady state plant-wide simulations. Using the discrete particle settling approach of Kowlesser (2014), a discrete particle settling model was developed in Microsoft Excel and implemented into a dynamic PST framework in WEST® (Vanhooren et al., 2003). The discrete particle settling model was described using steady state and dynamic calculations and the insights obtained from these calculations were implemented in the current TSS-based PST model of Bachis et al. (2015). This was performed towards developing the University of Cape Town Primary Sedimentation Unit (UCTPSU). The influent raw wastewater TSS was fractionated into UPO, BPO and ISS fractions and settling proportions of these fractions were assigned to five settling velocity groups. In addition, a distinct settling velocity was assigned to each settling velocity group. Previous studies data from WRC (1984) and Ekama (2017), were used in the discrete particle settling model, which was able to reproduce PS and settled WW outputs, through steady state and dynamic calculations and under strict material mass balances. As a result, UPO, BPO and ISS settling proportions as well as settling velocities, were extracted from these calculations and used as input parameters into the UCTPSU model. This dynamic model was rigorously verified to be internally consistent with regards to strict material mass balances. The verification scenarios also included variations of high and low settling velocities as well as a combination of both high and low velocities and checking that the model was behaving as expected. The application and impact of the UCTPSU model were demonstrated using plant-wide scenarios in proposing a preliminary integration, under steady state conditions. It showed how incorrect disaggregation of the TSS into UPO, BPO and ISS fractions can lead to incorrect predictions in terms of the settled WW composition, the AS system capacity, the effluent quality, as well as the energy consumption and generation in the AS system and AD unit respectively. The investigation also revealed the need to measure key wastewater parameters such as particle settling velocities and the unbiodegradable particulate COD fraction, when it comes to realistically modelling of primary sedimentation of municipal wastewater, with the view of optimizing plant operations and tactical decision making. The study thereafter recommended the need to conduct an extensive experimental campaign to measure in-situ diurnal data, mainly in terms of settling velocities and settling proportions of UPO, BPO and ISS. It was also suggested to use the settleometer as a tool to extract these settling velocities and settling proportions, after performing biodegradability tests. As such, the data collected from the experimental campaign and the biodegradability tests could be used in calibrating the UCTPSU model and validation could be undertaken by means of full plant scale data.
12
Hogan, Patrick Lynn. "Changes in Septic Tank Effluent Due to Water Softener Use." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35332.
Full textAbstract:
The compatibility of home water softeners and septic tanks is of concern for the on-site wastewater treatment community. Research has shown that high sodium levels in activated sludge plants can lead to deflocculation and poor effluent quality. Therefore, it is logical to assume that high sodium levels that result from the exchange of calcium and magnesium for sodium in home softeners could give rise to poor effluent quality from septic tanks, leading to shortened lives of drain fields. Additionally, the release of regeneration discharges to the septic tank might further damage performance. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect home ion-exchange softeners have on septic tank performance. A column study was set up and varying levels of sodium were added to wastewater influent and these were fed to columns that contained solids collected from operating septic tanks. In addition, slug influent solutions, which mimic regeneration flow, with varying amounts of excess sodium were investigated. To reinforce the lab column experiments, data were obtained from private septic tanks to determine the effluent quality from septic tanks both diverting and receiving the regeneration flow. Also utilized were graduated cylinder experiments, where the effect of sodium on grease flocculation was determined, and batch anaerobic digestion studies, which determined the effect sodium has on the production of gases and the degradation of solids.
The study showed that the addition of sodium to septic tanks is likely to impact the effluent quality of sewage discharged from a septic tank to a drain field. The common way of measuring ion concentrations for comparison in this study was to obtain the monovalent to divalent ratio (M/D Ratio). This is simply the concentration of the sodium ions in solution divided by the concentrations of magnesium and calcium, on an equivalent weight basis (all other monovalent and divalent ions were negligible). Slug solutions of high levels of salts (Septic Tank Effluent M/D = 11), mimicking regeneration wastes from water softeners with an inefficient regeneration cycle, increased the effluent solids, COD and BOD. However, if the regeneration wastes contained the same amount of calcium and magnesium, but a smaller amount of sodium (Septic Tank Effluent M/D = 5), the negative effect on these effluent characteristics was greatly lessened. In an optimum case with a regeneration solution containing a minimal amount of excess sodium (Septic Tank Effluent M/D = 3), the effluent characteristics were often actually more favorable than in similar situations where the regeneration wastes were diverted (Septic Tank Effluent M/D = 2). The case studies reinforced these data, showing that sodium concentrations correlated with an increased discharge of solids to the drain field. The studies on grease flocculation as well as anaerobic digestion suggest that these processes are not affected by the sodium level. Overall, it appears that the use of home softeners with septic tanks may have an effect on solids discharge to the drain field and the level of impact will depend on the level of hardness in the water, whether the regeneration waste is discharged to the septic tank, and the amount of excess sodium present in regeneration wastes.
Master of Science
13
Schafer, Cynthia Anne. "Impact of Tank Material on Water Quality in Household Water Storage Systems in Cochabamba, Bolivia." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3596.
Full textAbstract:
The importance of water as a mechanism for the spread of disease is well recognized. This study conducted household surveys and measured several physical, chemical, and microbial water quality indicators in 37 elevated storage tanks constructed of different materials (polyethylene, fiberglass, cement) located in a peri-urban community near Cochabamba, Bolivia. Results show that although there is no significant difference in physical and chemical water quality between polyethylene, fiberglass and cement water storage tanks there is a difference in microbial contamination as measured by E. Coli counts (p = 0.082). Evidence points toward elevated water temperatures that increase along the distribution system (from 10.6°C leaving the treatment plant) to within the black polyethylene storage tank (temperatures as high as 33.7°C) as the most significant factor in promoting bacterial growth. Results indicate that cleaning frequency may also contribute to microbial water quality (p = 0.102).
14
Perez, Huertas Daniel. "Cyber-Security and Safety Analysis of Interconnected Water Tank Control Systems." Thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-55972.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last few years, wireless sensor networks have become an interesting tool for controlling processes. Their use in this field has significantly increased based on recent technological advances which permit higher computational power, smaller size and lower cost. This makes them very suitable for integration in large networks of hundreds of interconnected motes that work together being spread in huge areas. However, the wireless nature of these systems make them susceptible to remote attacks, for example by hackers. That is, the wireless devices can be externally manipulated to disturb the correct behavior of the process. In some critical facilities, such as, power plants, hospitals, factories using dangerous materials it is very important to ensure the resiliency and safety of the control system even if a hacker takes full control of some wireless nodes.
15
Howard, Samuel Clarence. "The effect of three holding tank chemicals on anaerobic wastewater treatment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45158.
Full textAbstract:
Sewage-holding tanks aboard recreational boats store human wastes, thereby preventing the direct discharge of wastewater to the aquatic environment. Water-conserving toilets and limited holding tank volumes produce a highly concentrated waste that must be periodically dumped to a wastewater treatment system. Prior to disposal, many boat operators add commercial preparations to control odors produced in their chemical toilets and holding tanks.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of three holding-tank chemicals on anaerobic wastewater treatment. Specifically, septic-tank performance with respect to effluent total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was evaluated. Potential drain-field failure was the concern that led to the selection of TSS and COD. Drain-field failure could result from high solids carry-over or from a high concentration of COD in the effluent which would promote excessive bio-mat growth and clog the system. Laboratory septic tanks were constructed and operated for this evaluation.
Methanol, paraformaldehyde and formaldehyde were each listed as an active ingredient in one of three chemical compounds used by recreational boat owners to deodorize sewage-holding tanks. septic-tank effluent TSS concentrations were not adversely effected by the shockloading with wastewater containing these chemicals. Concentrations expected to be achieved by dilution (20 and 50 percent of the recommended additive dose) resulted in septic-tank effluent COD within an acceptable range, which was determined by operation of a control system. Wastewaters containing these concentrations were not detrimental to the septic-tank treatment system. However, the full manufacturers' recommended dose of the odor control chemicals disrupted the system's ability to degrade COD. At full strength, the para formaldehyde and formaldehyde deodorants were particularly detrimental; no recovery occurred after the two-day shock-dose was completed.Master of Science
16
Ibrahim, Idowu David. "Development of Smart Parabolic Trough Solar Collector for Water Heating and Hybrid Polymeric Composite Water Storage Tank." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASG049.
Full textAbstract:
Les sources d’énergies utilisées pour le chauffage de l’eau dans les bâtiments commerciaux et résidentielles sont multiples. Ces ressources sont essentiellement électriques dans les milieux urbains et utilisent le bois dans les milieux ruraux. Le pourcentage de l’énergie solaire utilisé reste assez faible. Les méthodes les utilisées pour produire l’eau chaude sont pour basés pour l’essentielle sur l’utilisation des résistances électrique ou des capteurs solaire plat. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse est basé sur l’utilisation des concentrateurs solaires pour chauffer des collecteurs d’énergie. Le rendement est augmenté par le développement de nouveau matériaux pour le stockage.La structure pour le support du collecteur a été conçue et analysée utilisant le logiciel Solidworks®. Les forces agissant sur les éléments de la structure sont simulées pour assurer la fiabilité du support lors des différentes conditions de fonctionnement. L’analyse par la méthode des éléments finis a permis la vérification de la structure utilisée pour le réflecteur et son support.Les performances énergétiques ont été simulées pour cinq ans d’opération utilisant le logiciel Matlab Simulink®. Cette simulation a été basée sur l’utilisation de trois données différentes. La première est une base de données météorologique de cinq ans en Afrique du Sud dans la Ville de Tshwane. La deuxième est un profil d’utilisation pour un foyer type. La troisième est le coût de complément de chauffage en électricité dépendant de l’heure de l’utilisation. Cette simulation a permis la validation des choix de dimensions de différents éléments du système de chauffage.Cette étude a permis le développement d’une approche pour la conception d’un système de chauffage solaire en optimisant les dimensions des différents éléments pour un foyer type et une région spécifique.De plus, nous avons conçu un autre réservoir d’eau chaude. Nous avons démontré que l'utilisation de matériaux polymères et d'autres matériaux comme le polyuréthane, le sel et l'aluminium est possible pour le développement d'un réservoir de stockage d'eau chaude en fonction de leurs propriétés inhérentes.L'extension des résultats de cette thèse améliorera encore les conceptions des technologies de concentrateurs solaires et des systèmes de chauffage solaire de l'eau. Par conséquent, certaines recommandations et suggestions sont mises en évidence afin d'améliorer la conception, l'analyse et les performances globales du systèmeIn recent years, various energy sources and methods have been used to heat water in domestic and commercial buildings. The known sources for water heating include electrical energy and solar radiation energy in the urban regions or burning of firewood in the rural areas. Several water heating methods may be used such as electrical heating elements, solar concentrators, flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors. This thesis focuses on ways to further improve the system’s performance for water heating through the combined use of solar energy and solar concentrator technique. Furthermore, the study proposed an alternative design method for the hot water storage tank.The solar collector-supporting frame was designed and analysed using Solidworks®. The forces acting on the structural members were simulated to determine the capacity of the frame to sustain the load, and the possible regions on the supporting frame, which could potentially fail while in operation.Energy performance was simulated for five years of operation using Matlab Simulink® software. This simulation was based on the use of three different data. The first is a five-year weather database of the City of Tshwane in South Africa. The second is a hot water consumption profile for a typical household. The third is the cost of additional heating with electricity depending on the time of use. This simulation allowed the validation of the choices of the different elements of the heating system.This study allowed the development of an approach for the design of a solar heating system by optimising the dimensions of the different elements for a typical household and a specific region.In addition, the use of polymeric materials and other materials like polyurethane, salt and aluminium is possible for the development of a hot water storage tank based on their inherent properties.Extending the findings in this thesis will further improve the designs for solar concentrator technologies and solar water heating systems. Therefore, some recommendations and suggestions are highlighted in order to improve the overall system design, analysis and performance
17
Upton, Ethan A. "Sinkhole Lake Infiltration of Contaminants of Emerging Concern from Onsite Water Treatment Systems." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7977.
Full textAbstract:
The advancement in synthetic chemicals commonly referred to as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and their application has led to an increase in environmental pollution. The use of septic tanks otherwise referred to as onsite water treatment systems (OWTS), promotes the introduction of CECs into the environment while allowing little in the way of remediation. In order to study the impacts of CECs from OWTS as they infiltrate the environment and the aquifer system, water, sediment, and vegetation samples were collected around a sinkhole lake surrounded by residential housing using OWTSs. The main question of this research project is what is the fate of CECs from OWTSs effluent within the catchment of a sinkhole lake? Liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry was used to analyze the samples for the presence of CECs. It was found that the relative quantity of CECs in the individual constituents is dependent upon 1) the hydrophobicity and polarity of the individual compound, 2) the specific sampling site, 3) the topography gradient, and 4) for vegetation the connectedness of the sample type to the sediment. The implications derived from this study can be applied in environmental engineering, urban and suburban planning, environmental monitoring, and should be considered when residents use well water as their source of potable water.
18
Zhang, Aibin. "CFD Modeling and Optimization of Primary sedimentation tank." Thesis, KTH, Vattendragsteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217116.
Full textAbstract:
In this project, the flow field characteristics of the simplified 2D rectangular primary sedimentation tank in Syvab wastewater treatment plant were achieved by a transient water-air two phases finite-volume method, applying Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) model. RNG k-ε turbulence model was also employed to calculate the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate. The undesired hydraulic phenomenon for solid sedimentation was detected in original tank. To reduce the velocity and turbulence intensity of the influent, two categories of optimization methods were proposed, which are installing the baffle and changing the velocity inlet. The modifying effects of different methods were compared by the velocity profiles and the contours of kinetic energy. It turns out that both ways provide a preferred condition for particle settling. In the end, further research was forecasted and the work direction were given.I detta projekt uppnåddes 2D modellering av avloppsflödesfältets karaktär hos en förenklade och rektangulär primära sedimenteringsbassäng, Syvab avloppsreningsverk, genom en transient-tvåfas-finita-volymmetoden med vatten och luft, som tillämpades med Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) modellen. RNG k-ε turbulensmodellen användes även för att beräkna den kinetiska energin av turbulas och dess dissipationshastighet. Detta för att oönskade hydrauliska fenomen har uppmärksammats hos sedimenteringsbassängen hos avloppsreningsverket. För att minska flödeshastigheten och turbulens föreslås två optimeringsmetoder, vilket är att installera skärm och att ändra inloppets hastighet. Eeffekterna av de olika metoderna jämförs med hjälp av hastighets- och kinetisk energiprofiler. Det visar sig att båda metoderna kan ge gynsammare tillstånd för sedimentering av partikelar. Som avslutning ges prognos för den fortsatta forskningen och arbetsriktningen inom ämnet.
19
Rönneke, Johanna. "Water as a common resource - Whose responsibility? : A Study on the Efficiency of Community Involvement in Water Management in India." Thesis, University of Kalmar, University of Kalmar, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-2076.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of community involvement on management of water tanks in the Arkavathi sub-basin in the state of Karnataka, South India. Water management was analysed from a socio-environmental perspective, with emphasis on village-level stakeholders’ roles and perceived responsibility. The efficiency of community participation was investigated by comparing two villages having undergone the same World Bank launched program to restore water bodies traditionally used to sustain the livelihood of the rural population. In one village there was a resistance towards how the implementation of the tank rejuvenation project had been performed, in the other there was no local involvement.
A minor field study was conducted by visiting the two villages. Qualitative interviews were held with village-level stakeholders of three age groups, to analyse changes over time in knowledge and attitudes. Additionally, ocular observation and photo documentation were made of the study areas. Some informal interviews were carried out with members of an external non-governmental organisation and locals in the study villages. The collected data were analysed by comparing the results for the two villages, as well as the results of the different age groups and genders.
There were significant differences in awareness and sense of responsibility, but not knowledge, between the two villages. In the village with a community involvement resisting the governmental scheme for tank renovation, this involvement had proved to be of some advantage to the local community. Contrary to the guidelines, the governmental implementation of the water management strategy did not include local stakeholders’ participation, nor were the tanks restored. Overall, the villagers considered the tank management to be the responsibility of external authorities. There were generally no significant differences between the age groups or men and women, though there were indications of a lower level of knowledge and awareness in women. Absence of effective institutions for water management on all levels as well as difficulties in mainatining efficient village level leadership for community participation are factors causing a major gap between planning and implementation.
20
Balsemin, Antonio. "Applications Oriented Input design for MPC: An analysis of a quadruple water tank process." Thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102154.
Full textAbstract:
Model predictive control (MPC) has become an increasingly popular control strategy thanks to its ability to handle multivariable systems and constraints. This control technique makes use of a model of the system, therefore performances are highly dependent on the accuracy of the model chosen. The process of obtaining the model is often costly, for this reason system identi cation for MPC is an important topic. Applications oriented optimal input design enables optimization of the system identi cation experiments, leading to a set of models with the necessary accuracy for the intended application. In this thesis a method of system identi cation for MPC applications is simulated on a multivariable nonlinear system consisting of four interconnected water tanks. An analysis of the impact of MPC settings, such as active or no active constraints and dierent weight settings, is carried out. The initial hypothesis is that d erent MPC settings inuence the obtained set of models. Simulations show that the hypothesis is correct and the result give rise to some interesting interpretations.
21
Carra, Sylvia. "Active vibration control of a flexible wall of an empty and water-filled tank." Paris, CNAM, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CNAM0589.
Full textAbstract:
027404978L'application du contrôle actif de vibrations sur une place mince, qui représente une paroi flexible d'un réservoir épais en Plexiglas, est analysée dans cette étude pour différents niveaux d'eau contenus dans la cuve. L'approche était surtout expérimentale, au début en réalisant plusieurs identifications modales et puis en appliquant le contrôle actif sur la plaque avec cinq actionneurs piézo-électriques (PZT) en présence de perturbation sinusoïdale ou sur une large bande (0-400 Hz), en utilisant les procédures de contrôle IMC, FXLMS et DVF. Une partie numérique a été aussi développée, en réalisant des modèles par éléments finis du systéme. Au début, la plaque toute seule a été modéliséss, on a donc inclus toute la cuve (en absence d'eau) dans le modèle et ensuite l'effet de prédéformation de la plaque produit par la pression hydrostatique de l'eau a été inclus. Enfin, une mesure expérimentale des imperfections géométriques de la plaque a été réalisée
In this study, the application of actve vibration control on a thin plate , representing a flexible wall of a thick Plexiglas container, has been analysed for different levels of water in the tank. The approach has been mainly experimental : at the beginning, several modal analyses have been realized; then, active control has been applied to the plate by using five piezoelectric actuators (PZT) in presence of sinusoidal or broadland (0-400 Hz) perturbation. Different control techniques (IMC, FXLMS and DVF) have been tested. A numerical study has been also carried out, by realizing some finite-elements models of the system. Firstly, the plate (without the tank) has been modelled; after, all the tank (in absence of water) has been included in the model and then the effect of the predeformation of the plate, produced by the hydrostatic pressure of the water, has been also considered. Finally, an experimental measurement of the geometrical imperfections of the plate has been realized
22
Haberkorn, Matt. "HYDROGEOMORPHIC AND BOTANICAL ASSOCIATIONS OF BAJADA EPHEMERAL DRAINAGES IN THE WHITE TANK MOUNTAINS, SONORAN DESERT." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621700.
Full textAbstract:
Ephemeral drainage plant communities of the Sonoran Desert compose a highly significant yet relatively unexplained portion of the ecosystem. Eighty-one percent of all southwestern and 94% of Arizona drainages are categorized as ephemeral drainages (Levick et al. 2008). Small but significant portions of the bajada environment are also composed of ephemeral drainages. These drainages carry out important landscape scale functions in water movement, groundwater recharge, nutrient movement and cycling, sediment transportation, geomorphology, plant habitat, seed disbursement, as well as wildlife habitat and corridors. In decades past, Sonoran Desert bajada research relating the physical earth sciences to ecology has focused on explaining upland plant community patterns along this landform (Yang and Lowe 1956, Phillips and MacMahan 1978, Key et al. 1984, McAuliffe 1994, Parker 1995, McAuliffe 1999). This body of research, however, has very little information pertaining to ephemeral drainages dissecting the upland bajada environment. The bajada geomorphic environment is a composition of geomorphic surfaces of varying soil development proceeding away from a mountain (Peterson 1981, McAuliffe 1994). Each of these geomorphic surfaces is characterized by a unique lithology, slope, age and degree of argillic and caliche soil horizon development. Generally, geomorphic surfaces containing highly developed argillic or caliche soil horizons are found near the mountain while surfaces of undeveloped soils are furthest away from the mountain. Depending on the bajada, local geomorphic history, however, may result in different landscape scale patterns of geomorphic surfaces and soil development. This physical environment forms the template from which the ephemeral drainage develops its channel morphology, hydrology and botanical associations. It was expected that the various geomorphic surfaces composing the bajada found at the study sites would determine the specific channel morphology, hydrology and plant community associations of the examined ephemeral drainage. The goal of this study was to explain (1) channel morphology, (2) hydrology or ephemeral flow patterns and (3) plant communities found along the ephemeral drainage. Plant communities of drainages were also compared to upland communities. These factors were
then utilized to give an overall explanation for the distribution of hydrogeomorphic and botanical associations found along the bajada ephemeral drainage.
23
Vins, Wesley J. "Residential Septic Tank Effluent Treatment by Disturbed Darien Soil." Connect to resource online, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1266610669.
Full text
24
Shrestha, Manish M. "Feasibility of Satellite Water Tanks for Urban Areas in Developing Countries." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353342510.
Full text
25
李仲付 and Zhongfu Li. "Investigation on a solar powered absorption air-conditioning system with partitioned hot water storage tank." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31242030.
Full text
26
Li, Zhongfu. "Investigation on a solar powered absorption air-conditioning system with partitioned hot water storage tank /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23295144.
Full text
27
Armstrong, Peter Michael. "Enhancing the energy storage capability of electric domestic hot water tanks." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:af140a2c-aab4-4fc9-8709-6f9474079cd5.
Full textAbstract:
Electric hot water tanks play a pivotal role as demand response assets within the UK's energy system by storing heat when energy is inexpensive and delivering domestic hot water when it is required. This role will become increasingly important if non-dispatchable renewable energy sources are to play a bigger part in the energy mix. Historically, the design standards relating to hot water tanks have focused primarily on minimising heat losses. However, in addition to preserving energy, a hot water tank should preserve the availability of heat above a useful temperature for as long as possible to avoid energy usage during peak times when it is costly or carbon intensive. To do this, thermal stratification within hot water tanks must be promoted. Unfortunately, thermal stratification leads to conditions that are conducive to bacterial growth due to the hospitable temperatures that arise during operation. For this reason, question marks have arisen over the extent to which more flexible control strategies, designed to allow for increasing penetrations of intermittent renewable energy sources, might lead to the growth of pathogenic bacteria within hot water tanks. The objective of the work discussed in this thesis was to understand the extent to which there is a conflict between thermal stratification and bacterial growth in practice, whether this conflict can be resolved and the potential implications for electric hot water tanks operating on a time of use tariff. A small field study demonstrated that there is prolific bacterial growth within conventional electric cylinders and that this can be attributed to thermal stratification with a confidence of (P<0.01). Fitting a de-stratification pump, to enhance sanitary performance, resulted in a 19% decrease in the recovery of useable hot water above 43°C. Given that the tanks tested during the field study were made of copper, the consequences of alternative material choices on thermal performance were explored. It was found that the rate of useable hot water loss, due to de-stratification associated with thermal diffusion across the thermocline, could be reduced by a factor of 2.7 by making the tank liner wall from stainless steel instead of copper. Further numerical work indicated that this improvement in stratifying performance was most significant for small tanks with high aspect ratios. In addition to de-stratification that arises due to vertical conduction, de-stratification due to inlet mixing was reduced by up to 30% by installing a spiral diffuser into the base of a test cylinder. In addition, by lowering the immersion heating element to ensure there is sufficient heat transfer to the base of the cylinder, sterilising temperatures could be attained throughout the stored volume of water in the tank during heating. This showed that the conflict between thermal and sanitary performance within electric tanks could potentially be resolved. A bespoke tank, made from stainless steel and fitted with a diffuser, was built and subjected to typical draw cycles that reflect real world operation. These tests showed that more useable hot water could be delivered in comparison to a commercial off the shelf copper tank and consequently the utilisation of the Economy 7 time of use tariff would be enhanced.
28
Bakeev, Emil Almazovich. "The risk of tank geometry on the performance of dissolved air flotation in portable water treatment." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268363.
Full text
29
Mcknight, James. "Water and Health in the Nandamojo Watershed of Costa Rica: Community Perceptions towards Water, Sanitation, and the Environment." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5273.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding the relationships between human health, water, sanitation, and environmental health is a requirement to understanding the challenges that face researchers when it comes to addressing global health relating to water and sanitation. Access to improved water and sanitation is not only a precondition to health, but to all aspects of daily living. Target 7.C of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) addresses worldwide disparities in access to improved water and sanitation by calling for the reduction in "half of the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation by 2015". Over 90% of the population of Costa Rica has access to improved water and sanitation, thus exceeding the water and sanitation targets for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Despite having access to water and sanitation, little is known whether communities are only interested in access or if quality and quantity of water and sanitation systems are as equally as important. Target 7.c of the MDGs does not include water quality in the definition of safe water. Furthermore, the use of the words "safe" and "improved" in the target are often interchanged and can be misleading, especially when considering the impact of water quality on population health. In Costa Rica, households in the Nandamojo watershed have access to improved water and sanitation; it is unclear whether the drinking water is potable with respect to Costa Rican and the World Health Organization (WHO) water quality standards. The impact of leaking septic systems on human and environmental health is also unknown.
Illnesses associated with recreational water are an increasing public health problem, causing a great burden of disease in bathers every year. The global health impact of infectious diseases associated with recreational water exposure has been estimated at around three million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per year, resulting in an estimated economic loss of around twelve billion dollars per year. Fecal and chemical contamination of recreational water is a concern, especially in areas of non-point source pollution. Health-based water monitoring is often conducted in recreational waters as a tool for assessing risk. In Costa Rica, recreational water sampling is conducted at coastal beach areas only, neglecting other surface waters used by residents and tourists. Community perspectives regarding recreational water use and the associated risks are limited. Understanding these perspectives will enable public health professionals to better target community needs, such as education and to address the concerns of participating communities.
This dissertation was divided into three chapters. The first chapter explored community perceptions on improved water and sanitation, the second chapter assessed community water systems and the risk of acute diarrheal disease, and the third chapter captured community perceptions on recreational water use and the risk of waterborne illness. Methodologies for water sampling and analyses were used to assess water quality, while household interviews and focus groups were conducted to capture qualitative data.
Results from the first chapter showed participants had positive perceptions towards their improved water and sanitation systems. Household interviews revealed almost half of the
respondents had concerns with water quality, while less than 25% did not think their septic tanks leaked or overflowed during rain events. Focus group discussions revealed common themes. Participants identified water quality, health, pipes, water scarcity, odors, insects, and overflow/infiltration of water and sanitation to be important issues. Participants revealed convenience, improved health and safety and the lack of odors to be themes directly related to customer satisfaction of improved water and sanitation.
Results from the second study revealed 57% of household samples had total coliform bacteria above the Costa Rican standard for safe drinking water exceeding the single standard limit of zero, while 61% failed the World Health Organization standard for fecal coliforms exceeding the single standard limit of zero. AGII was identified in 41 of the 378 household residents (11%). The odds ratio for AGII among household residents with a water sample positive for total coliforms was 1.88 (0.81-3.17). Fecal coliforms were statistically significant for those with AGII (OR = 3.19, 1.43-7.12). Regression modeling analyses revealed individuals with AGII and household drinking water positive for fecal coliforms to be statistically significant (OR = 3.01, 1.33 - 6.84), while other covariates (total coliforms, gender, treated water, and families) also had odds ratios greater than one, but were not significant.
Results from the third chapter indicated most respondents felt recreational water sources, such as streams and rivers were contaminated with human, animal, and chemical wastes. Focus group participants also stated they did not use inland waters for recreational purposes for these reasons. However, many did admit using marine water for recreational bathing and felt these areas were not contaminated. These beliefs did coincide with the water quality results from freshwater sources, but not marine sources. Fecal coliform contamination was widespread throughout the watershed in freshwater sources. Marine water samples failed the World Health Organization (WHO) and Costa Rican recreational water standards for fecal coliform and enterococci in 36% and 6% of the samples, respectively.
The overall results of this dissertation suggest that the definitions of improved water and sanitation have to include, at a minimum, water quality, water quantity, proper construction and containment of storage tanks, and oversight and maintenance of these systems. Given the challenges facing communities in the Nandamojo watershed regarding water and sanitation, it is essential for scientists, researchers, policy makers, water committees, health providers, and community members to design and implement strategies in water resource management and proper waste management. Communities and water committees would also be best served if they worked with government agencies to conduct concurrent testing of both recreational water and drinking water, especially since both them target many of the same parameters.
30
Seenivasan, R. "Law, technology and water conflicts in developing societies : a case study of tank systems in Tamil Nadu." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2014. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9897x/law-technology-and-water-conflicts-in-developing-societies-a-case-study-of-tank-systems-in-tamil-nadu.
Full textAbstract:
The study examines the relationship between law, technology and water conflicts from colonial days to the present in traditional (water) tank systems in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Tanks are man-made water systems developed for irrigation and many other purposes in semi-arid areas. The thesis adopts a historical approach to study the development of law, particularly property rights, and takes an empirical approach to investigate the tank conflicts. Archival documents on irrigation development, Case laws, Focus Group Discussions, Open ended Interviews and Field visits to selected tank chains are used as source material for the discussion. Case studies of conflicts are described and analyzed at three levels - Vaigai river basin for a macro level, Kothai Anicut system in Cauvery basin for a meso level, and twenty other interconnected tanks for a micro-level. The thesis deviates from the conventional understanding that tanks as traditional systems as simple and local technologies but considers them to be complex. It argues that the use of commonly held systems such as tanks within the colonial and post colonial laws as state ownership has been the source of many conflicts. In particular, it finds most tank conflicts are a product of progressive and absolute state control over water and the systems established using colonial land revenue administrative law. The law continues to treat tanks as pieces of landed property held by state and the individuals rather than as technology systems that presupposed the regime of property rights introduced after the colonial times. The modern interventions in water including the reservoir building, and altering the hydraulics of rivers and streams aggravate tank conflicts and lead to their further detriment. The study brings the focus to ground realities, and offers new perspectives on understanding tank systems in dynamic ways.
31
Hennessey, Thomas V. (Thomas Vincent) III. "The design and construction of an open channel recirculating water tank for the study of biological hydrocarbons." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32890.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2005.This project chronicles the design and construction of a small scale recirculating water tank for the purpose of studying biological hydrodynamics. Currently available systems were analyzed and studied prior to developing a new, cost effective design that provides laminar flow through a two foot test section. Construction details provide the information for duplicating a low cost water tank for fluid flow and visualization.
by Thomas V. Hennessey, III.
S.B.
32
Smith, Everhardus Johannes. "A numerical analysis of the hydrodynamic mixing characteristics of a rectangular versus a cylindrical mixing crystallizer tank for a membrane distillation apparatus." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2827.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.A membrane distillation crystallization (MDC) experimental setup was designed, constructed and commissioned with rectangular mixing crystallizer tanks. The advantages and disadvantages of a rectangular mixing tank are compared to the traditional cylindrical mixing tank with baffling by means of a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis in Ansys Fluent. The effect of tank configuration and geometry on the hydrodynamic and mixing characteristics for efficient momentum, solid suspension, heat and mass transfer were investigated. The hydrodynamic conditions in a crystallizer-mixing tank determine the quality of fluid mixing essential for optimal crystallization. Forty-five degree pitched blade turbines (PBT) were used to provide the agitation in the stainless steel rectangular jacketed tanks. Clear polycarbonate replicas of the rectangular tanks were manufactured to visually observe the mixing process in the tanks. Silica particles were used to represent the calcium carbonate crystals in the experiment. The data gathered from these experiments showed that the tanks should be operated between 600 to 750 rpm in the CFD simulations to simulate partial to complete suspension. In the numerical simulations a rectangular tank was compared to a cylindrical tank with baffling of the same volume. The partial differential equations solved in the numerical simulation were the conservation of mass (continuity), conservation of momentum and additional turbulence equations. In order to solve the turbulent fluid flow characteristics, the industry standard two-equation model, namely the K-epsilon model was used. This model was refined by the addition of the Wen-Yu drag model, the Simonin turbulent dissipation and the Simonin et al. turbulence interaction models. The RANS based RNG (k-ε), derived from the instantaneous Navier-Stokes equation was selected as the preferred model to analyse the hydrodynamic flow fields in the tanks. The 3D sliding mesh method was used to compute a time accurate solution. The Eulerian-granular multiphase model was used to predict the degree of solids suspension in the tanks. The efficiency of mixing within the tank was measured by the tank’s ability to keep the crystals in suspension and preventing any particle from settling at the bottom for more than 1-2 second(s). The mixing tanks were initially loaded with 5% v/v, which equates to a loaded height of approximately 10 mm. The simulations were done with the use of the volume fraction function to visually observe the cloud height and gauge the homogeneity and distribution of the particulates within the fluid flow fields. The results from the experimental setup were compared to the CFD simulations to qualify the use of CFD simulations for the comparison of the geometrically different tanks. Lastly, the findings from the CFD simulations were used to compare the tanks and determine if the rectangular tank built for the MDC experiment perform satisfactorily to replace a standard cylindrical tank with baffling for this application.
33
Lippa, Edoardo. "Application of Phase Change Materials for heat storage in water tanks." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20183/.
Full textAbstract:
I PCM (Phase Change Materials) mostrano un'elevata entalpia di fusione con la capacità, in un volume relativamente piccolo, di immagazzinare o rilasciare grandi quantità di energia come calore latente durante la fusione e la solidificazione. Inoltre, i PCM in pratica richiedono che le loro temperature di transizione di fase superiore e inferiore siano all'interno dell'intervallo di temperatura operativa per una data applicazione e posseggano un'elevata conducibilità termica per un efficiente trasferimento di calore con un comportamento di scambio di fase congruente per evitare la separazione irreversibile dei loro costituenti.
Durante lo sviluppo dei PCM, sono stati studiati molti gruppi diversi di materiali, tra cui composti inorganici (sale e idrati salini), composti organici come paraffine, acidi grassi e persino materiali polimerici come il PEG.
La relazione tra la struttura fondamentale e le proprietà di immagazzinamento dell'energia di questi PCM è stata esaminata negli anni per determinare i meccanismi di accumulazione/emissione di calore con riferimento alle loro caratteristiche finali di immagazzinamento dell'energia.
La tesi mira a studiare l'applicazione dei Phase Change Materials in un serbatoio d'acqua per aumentare la capacità di accumulo termico negli impianti di riscaldamento degli edifici. La possibilità di utilizzare l'acqua come acqua calda sanitaria è stata esclusa dallo studio, per cui si è ipotizzato di utilizzarla solo per il riscaldamento o il raffreddamento a pavimento.
34
Rodriguez, Henry. "A Comparison of Rainwater Harvesting Tank Sizing Methods: Optimizing to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions versus Maximizing System Reliability." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo151577155419202.
Full text
35
Nguyen, Khac Hoang. "Sezónní akumulátor tepla." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417854.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the thesis to explain the functionality of seasonal accumulation with an in-depth view on rock bed accumulator. The computational model is based on the project located in Attenkirchen, Germany. After the technical analysis of the model is carried out an economical review can be realized. To conclude the thesis an evaluation is made comparing an accumulation system with a more traditional one.
36
Charles, Katrina Civil & Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Quantitative microbial risk assessment: a catchment management tool to delineate buffer distances for on-site sewage treatment and disposal systems in Sydney??s drinking water catchments." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Civil & Environmental Engineering, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43397.
Full textAbstract:
On-site sewage systems, such as septic tank-absorption trenches, are used by approximately 20 000 people who live within the catchments that supply Sydney??s drinking water. These systems discharge sewage, treated to varying degrees depending on the system type and level of maintenance, to the environment. This can result in contamination of drinking water supplies if systems are not designed or managed appropriately. The aim of the project was to develop a methodology to define appropriate buffer distances between on-site sewage systems and waterways in Sydney??s drinking water catchments, to ensure the protection of drinking water quality. Specific objectives included: identifying the current status of on-site sewage management; assessing the effluent quality and treatment performance of septic tanks, aerated wastewater treatment systems (AWTS) with disinfection and an amended material sand mound; and development of an appropriate methodology for delineating buffer distances and assessing development applications. Viruses were used as a focus for delineating the buffer distances due to their mobility and robustness in the environment, and the potential health consequences of their presence in drinking water. A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) model was developed to calculate the cumulative impact of the on-site sewage systems in the Warragamba catchment based on data from literature and experiments, with consideration of virus loads from sewage treatment plants within the catchments. The model enabled consideration of what was a tolerable impact in terms of the resulting infections within the community. The QMRA the tolerable loads of viruses from the Warragamba catchment were 108 viruses per year in raw water and 104 viruses per year in treated water. A log reduction method was developed to facilitate individual site development assessments. This method was compared to other management approaches to development assessment: fixed minimum buffer distances of 100m, reducing failure rates to zero, and the use of a preferred system. Each of these methods had a limit for how much they could reduce virus loads to the catchment due to either failure or short buffer distances at some sites. While the log reduction method is limited by the failure rates, the method provides a quantitative measure of risk by which maintenance inspections can be prioritised.
37
Jiang, Boxi. "Performance Analysis and Tank Test Validation of a Hybrid Wave-Current Energy Converter with a Single Power Takeoff." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99211.
Full textAbstract:
Marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) energy, including ocean waves, tidal current, ocean current and river current, has been recognized as a promising power source due to its full-day availability and high energy potential. At this stage, ocean current energy, tidal energy and ocean wave energy are currently the most competitive sourves among all the categories of MHK. The state of art MHK energy harvesting technology mainly focus on harvesting either ocean wave energy or current energy, but not both. However, a significant amount of ocean waves and tidal/ ocean current coexist in many sites and traditional devices that harvest from a single form of MHK energy, cannot make full use of the coexisting ocean energy. Furthermore, MHK energy harvesting devices need to advance to be cost-effective and competitive with other energy sources. This is difficult to achieve. Ocean wave excitation is irregular, which means that ocean wave height and wave periods are unpredictable and excitation forces on energy harvesting devices can have large variance in amplitude and frequency.
Such problems/ restrictions can be possibly addressed by the concept of a hybrid energy converter. In this sense, a hybrid wave-current ocean energy conveter (HWCEC) that simutaneously harvests energy from current and wave with one single power takeoff (PTO) is designed.The wave energy is extracted through relative heaving motion between a floating buoy and a submerged second body, while the current energy is extracted using a marine current turbine (MCT). Energy from both sources are integrated by a hybrid PTO whose concept is based on a mechanical motion rectifier (MMR).
In this study, different working modes are investigated together with switching criteria.Simulations were conducted with hydrodynamic coefficients obtained from computational fluid dynamics analysis and boundary element method. Tank tests were conducted for a HWCEC under co-existing wave and current inputs. For comparison, separate baseline tests of a turbine and a two-body point absorber, each acting in isolation, are conducted. Experimental results validate the dynamic modeling and show that a HWCEC can increase the output power with a range between 29-87 percent over either current turbine and wave energy converter acting individually, and it can reduce by up to 70 percent the peak-to-average power ratio compared with the wave energy converter on the tested conditions.Such results demonstrate the potential of the HWCEC as an efficient and cost-effective design.Master of Science
Ocean energy has been recognized as a promising power source due to its full-day availability and high energy potential. At this stage, ocean current energy, tidal energy and ocean wave energy are currently the most competitive sourves among all the categories of ocean energy. The state of art ocean energy harvesting technology mainly focus on harvesting either ocean wave energy or current energy, but not both. However, a significant amount of ocean waves and tidal/ ocean current coexist in many sites and traditional devices that harvest from a single form of ocean energy, cannot make full use of the coexisting energy resource. Furthermore, MHK energy harvesting devices need to advance to be cost-effective and competitive with other energy sources. This is difficult to achieve. Ocean wave height and wave periods are unpredictable and excitation forces on energy harvesting devices can have large variance in amplitude and frequency. Such restrictions can be possibly addressed by the concept of a hybrid energy converter. In this sense, a hybrid wave-current ocean energy conveter (HWCEC) that simutaneously harvests energy from current and wave with one single power takeoff (PTO), which consists of ball screw, gearbox, and generator, is designed.The wave energy is extracted through relative heaving motion between a floating buoy and a submerged second body, while the current energy is extracted using a marine current turbine (MCT). Energy from both sources are integrated by a hybrid PTO whose concept is based on a mechanical motion rectifier (MMR). In this study, different working modes are investigated together with switching criteria.Simulations were conducted with hydrodynamic coefficients obtained from computational fluid dynamics analysis and boundary element method. Tank tests were conducted for a HWCEC under co-existing wave and current inputs. For comparison, separate baseline tests of a turbine and a two-body, wave-energy-harvesting sructure, each acting in isolation, are conducted. Experimental results validate the dynamic modeling and show that a HWCEC can increase the output power with a range between 29-87 percent over either current turbine and wave energy converter acting individually, and it can reduce by up to 70 percent the peak-to-average power ratio compared with the wave energy converter on the tested conditions.Such results demonstrate the potential of the HWCEC as an efficient and cost-effective design.
38
Anh, Pham Nguyet. "Study on household wastewater characterization and septic tanks' function in urban areas of Vietnam." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/192229.
Full text
39
Ståhlberg, Camilla. "Local Cooperation in Water Management : A Minor Field Study from South India." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5859.
Full textAbstract:
Decentralized development approaches have in recent years gained wide acceptance in policy circles. In India the national and the state
governments have for a long time undertaken the primary responsibility for water management. In recent years however, there has been a clear shift of policy towards increased reliance on the local communities. This thesis deals with the capacity of rural communities in India to manage their water resources in a sustainable way.
Through a case study of water management in a South Indian village opportunities and barriers for rural communities in India to manage their water resources in a sustainable way is analysed. The thesis deals with both formal and informal institutions involved in the water management.Factors that can promote and obstruct locals’ contribution in water management are discussed. Also the role of external actors such as NGOs, the Panchayats and the government is dealt with, and how they may facilitate a development towards sustainability and increased locals’ contribution in order to achieve a sustainable community bases water management.
Theories on collective action and the commons have been used in the analysis. These theories deal with how to get people to cooperate regarding the management of common resources such as water in order to achieve higher collective benefits. The study is primarily based on 66 semistructured qualitative interviews with local water users in a village in Andhra Pradesh.
Decentralized development approaches have in recent years gained wide acceptance in policy circles. In India the national and the state
governments have for a long time undertaken the primary responsibility for water management. In recent years however, there has been a clear shift of policy towards increased reliance on the local communities. This thesis deals with the capacity of rural communities in India to manage their water resources in a sustainable way.
Through a case study of water management in a South Indian village opportunities and barriers for rural communities in India to manage their water resources in a sustainable way is analysed. The thesis deals with both formal and informal institutions involved in the water management.Factors that can promote and obstruct locals’ contribution in water management are discussed. Also the role of external actors such as NGOs, the Panchayats and the government is dealt with, and how they may facilitate a development towards sustainability and increased locals’ contribution in order to achieve a sustainable community bases water management.
Theories on collective action and the commons have been used in the analysis. These theories deal with how to get people to cooperate regarding the management of common resources such as water in order to achieve higher collective benefits. The study is primarily based on 66 semistructured qualitative interviews with local water users in a village in Andhra Pradesh.
The ISRN in the pdf-file is incorrect. The correct ISRN is shown below.
40
Caliguri, Ryan P. "Comparison of Sensible Water Cooling, Ice building, and Phase Change Material in Thermal Energy Storage Tank Charging: Analytical Models and Experimental Data." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1627666292483648.
Full text
41
Fotso, Simo Eugene. "Development of a Dynamic Simulation Model for Equalization Tanks." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33714.
Full textAbstract:
The influent to a water and resource recovery facility (WRRF) generally exhibits significant diurnal variations in flow rate and load concentration. This makes determining the operating parameters and subsequently the overall operation of plants difficult, especially in developing countries due to the lack of highly skilled operators. Hence, there is an incentive for the control and operation of WRRFs in developing countries to be improved. Flow equalization tanks were identified as a potential method to attenuate the diurnal variations in flow rate and load concentration into plants. The main aim of this research was to develop a viable dynamic simulation model for the operation of flow equalization tanks, within a plant-wide framework (to allow for the evaluation of design and control strategies). The next aim was to determine the benefits of equalization tanks towards design and optimised operation of future WRRFs via scenario analyses. Finally, the effects of the equalization tank on the performance of various unit processes in a WRRF were to be investigated. The model was developed in three steps; i) the development of the required equations to model equalization tanks, ii) mass balance throughout the model for internal consistency and iii) scenario analyses to determine if the model generated reasonable and scientifically sound outputs. The model was developed using Microsoft Excel Visual Basic (VBA) and WEST®. Two scenarios were considered to assess the equalization tank modelled. Scenario One involved the comparison of the capital cost, unit process sizes and total footprint of a balanced sludge age Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) system with and without an equalization tank. Scenario Two compared the plant performance of the MLE system designed in Scenario One with and without a flow equalization tank. A dynamic simulation model replicating equalization tanks was successfully developed. From scenario analyses, it was determined that using an MLE system and only considering equalization of flow, there was a reduction in the size of several unit processes by 8-9% (primary settling tank, biological reactors, secondary settling tank, flotation unit, anoxic-aerobic digester), due to the less conservative design values that could be used as the variations of the influent were decreased. Despite this, a 13% overall increase in the footprint of the WRRF was observed due to the addition of the equalization tank. The attenuation of diurnal flow variations also resulted in reduction of various plant parameters by up to 50% (flow, OUR, VSS flux). Finally, there was a 10% improvement in the performance of various unit processes due to the presence of the equalization tank. In conclusion, the inclusion of equalization tanks in WRRFs has significant positive effects. These results were obtained with equalization of flow only. Some other limitations were experienced during the project resulting in the following recommendations: further research will be needed to validate and calibrate the model, As the model was not successfully incorporated in a plant-wide framework, further developments in that direction are required, as well as including the equalization of load in the model.
42
O, Brien Olivia. "Domestic water demand for consumers with rainwater harvesting systems." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86514.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus of the study is to theoretically assess tank-water demand and employ methods to establish the actual tank-water demand at selected houses in a case study area. This study also examines the influence of domestic rainwater harvesting systems when used in combination with a municipal water distribution system. The case study comprises of 410 low cost housing units in the Western Cape. The system demand patterns of low cost housing units are uncharacteristic, when compared with suburban system demand patterns, and cannot be defined by traditional models. Similarly, the use of rainwater harvesting systems in these areas follows an unconventional routine that is yet to be defined. A stochastic end-use model for water demand is developed which produces temporal profiles for water supplied from both sources, namely the water distribution system and the rainwater harvesting system. The model approximates a daily system and tank-water demand pattern for a single domestic household, using @RISK software. The demand estimation methodology is clarified through application on a particular case study site where harvested rainwater is frequently utilized. Estimates of the parameter values are based on consumer surveys and previous studies on the case study area, where the household size was defined in the form of a probability distribution. The results confirm the atypical system demand patterns in low cost housing units units. Although two clear peaks exist in the morning and in the evening, a relatively constant average flow is present throughout the day. A sensitivity analysis of all the model parameters verified that the household size has the most substantial influence on the tank-water demand pattern. The system and tank-water demand patterns were compared to published average daily water demand guidelines, which confirmed that increased water savings could be achieved when the rainwater source is accessible inside the household with minimal effort. The stochastic demand profiles derived as part of this research agree with the metered system demand in the same area. The results of this study could be incorporated into the future development of national standards.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus van die studie is om die tenkwater-aanvraag teoreties te ontleed en metodes in werking te stel om die werklike tenkwater-aanvraag vas te stel by geselekteerde huise in ‘n gevallestudie area. Hierdie studie ondersoek ook die invloed van plaaslike reënwater-herwinningstelsels wanneer dit gebruik word in kombinasie met ‘n munisipale waterverspreidingstelsel. Die gevallestudie bestaan uit 410 laekoste behuisingseenhede in die Wes-Kaap. Die stelsel-aanvraagpatrone van laekoste behuisingseenhede is verskillend wanneer dit met voorstedelike stelsel-aanvraagpatrone vergelyk word en kan nie gedefinieer word deur tradisionele modelle nie. Soortgelyk volg die gebruik van reënwater-herwinningstelsels in hierdie areas ‘n onkonvensionele roetine. ‘n Stogastiese eindgebruikmodel vir water-aanvraag is ontwikkel, wat tydelike profiele genereer vir water wat van beide bronne verskaf word, naamlik die waterverspreidingstelsel en die reënwater-herwinningstelsel. Die model bepaal by benadering ‘n daaglikse stelsel- en tenkwater-aanvraagpatroon vir ‘n enkele plaaslike huishouding, deur @RISK sagteware. Die aanvraag-beramingstegnieke word verduidelik deur toepassing op ‘n spesifieke gevallestudie, waar herwinde reënwater gereeld gebruik word. Die parameter waardeberamings is gebaseer op verbruikers-opnames en vorige studies oor die gevallestudie-gebied, waar die grootte van die huishoudings bepaal was in die vorm van 'n waarskynlikheidsverspreiding. Die resultate bevestig die atipiese stesel aanvraagpatrone in laekoste behuisingseenhede eenhede. Alhoewel twee duidelike pieke in die oggend en die aand voorkom, is ‘n relatiewe konstante vloei dwarsdeur die dag teenwoordig. ‘n Sensitiwiteitsanalise van al die modelparameters bevestig dat die grootte van die huishouding die grootste beduidende invloed op tenkwater- aanvraagpatrone het. Die stelsel- en tenkwater-aanvraagpatrone was vergelyk met gepubliseerde gemiddelde daaglikse water-aanvraag riglyne wat bevestig dat meer waterbesparings bereik kan word waar die reënwaterbron binne die huishouding beskikbaar is met minimale moeite. Die stogastiese aanvraagprofiele, wat as deel van hierdie navorsing afgelei was, stem saam met die gemeterde stelsel-aanvraagpatroon van dieselfde area. Die resultate van hierdie studie kan in die toekomstige ontwikkeling van nasionale standaarde opgeneem word.
43
Icardi, Keely Marie. "The Microbial Community Composition of Cincinnati Wastewater Treatment Plants and Eutrophic Freshwater Lakes." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1547061201437937.
Full text
44
Jönsson, Mattias [Verfasser]. "Particle image velocimetry of the undercarriage flow of downscaled train models in a water-towing tank for the assessment of ballast flight / Mattias Jönsson." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1126298352/34.
Full text
45
Krishnamoorthy, Sreenidhi. "Experimental Testing and Mathematical Modeling of a Thermoelectric Based Hydronic Cooling and Heating Device with Transient Charging of Sensible Thermal Energy Storage Water Tank." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1227299540.
Full text
46
Issa, Hayder Mohammed. "Characterization and improvement of a surface aerator for water treatment." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/10672/1/issa.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
A new surface aeration system for water and wastewater treatment has been studied. Its uniqueness lies in its ability to operate in two modes: aeration or simply blending (mixing) by just reversing the direction of rotation. An experimental plant has enabled to focus on mass transfer performance and hydrodynamics. The flow pattern and the velocity field measurements inside the agitated tank were performed by both the Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) and the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques for the single phase (Mixing) mode and for the two phases (Aeration) mode. The oxygen mass transfer occurs both in the water bulk and in the spray above water surface and has been independently investigated. Different configurations and operational conditions were tested during the experimental part in order to interpret phenomenon effect of the draft tube and RTP propeller, rotational speed, turbine blades submergence and else on the flow field and the oxygen mass transfer in the agitated system that produced mainly by a cone shape turbine. The experimental part dealing with hydrodynamics and flow field shows that the down-pumping operation mode with the draft tube has the most convenient results in the mixing mode with respect to turbulent flow field and mixing time. Whilst for the up-pumping aeration mode the hydrodynamics experimental results show the whole system configuration is the most convenient with regarded to mean velocities, turbulent flow intensity and mixing time. For the oxygen mass transfer experimental part, it is found that the highest standard liquid bulk aeration efficiency is achieved (SAEb = 2.65 kgO2 kw-1h-1) when the whole system configuration is used. The highest standard aeration efficiency at 20°C for the water spray zone is accomplished ((Esp)20 = 51.3 %) with the whole system configuration. Several correlations models have been derived for the oxygen mass transfer in water bulk and spray zones, power consumption and mixing time, on the basis of experimental results. They can be used as tools to estimate these parameters for geometrical and dynamical similar systems at industrial scales.
47
Marco, Pontus. "Design & optimization of modular tanksystems for vehicle wash facilities." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-79009.
Full textAbstract:
Clean and safe water is important for the well being of all organisms on earth. Therefore, it is important to reduce harmful emissions from industrial processes that use water in different ways. In vehicle washing processes, water is used in high-pressure processes, as a medium for detergents, and for rinsing of vehicles. The wastewater produced by these functions passes through a water reclamation system. A water reclamation system has two main functions, to produce reusable water to be used in future washing cycles, and to separate contaminants and purify the wastewater so it can be released back into the commercial grid. The reclamation system achieves this by using a combination of different water handling processes, these include: sludge tanks, an oil-water separator, a water reclamation unit, buffer tanks, and a water purification unit. The two components that stand for the more advanced cleaning processes are the water reclamation unit and the water purification unit. In this thesis, in collaboration with the company Westmatic, the water reclamation unit consists of cyclone separators that use centrifugal forces to separate heavy particles and ozone treatment to break up organic substances and combat bad odors. The Purification unit of choice is an electrocoagulation unit that, by a direct current, creates flocculants of impurities that rises to the surface and can be mechanically removed in a water volume inside the unit. This purification process is completely chemical-free thus making the process more environmentally friendly than other purification processes used in other circumstances. This master thesis aimed to develop a dynamic design tool for a modular solution of the different parts in the water reclamation system. This design tool uses specific user input to produce construction information for each instance. As an additional sub-aim, this design tool was linked with a computer-aided design program to produce parametric 3D models with underlying blueprints. This to produce a light solution, that has a short manufacturing time and that are highly customer adjusted. The first course of action was to mathematically define the complete water reclamation system and its components. These sections were described in a flowchart that shows how the different parts interact and operate. From the wash station, wastewater runs trough a course- and fine-sludge tank. From the fine sludge tank, the wastewater is directed in two different directions. Firstly, the water is pumped to the water reclamation unit and to one or multiple buffer tanks to finally be used in the wash station as reclaimed water. Secondly, the water travels to an oil separator, pump chamber, and water purification unit. In the purification unit, 99% of the inlet mass is directed out of the system as purified water. The remaining 1% is directed to a depot that acts like the end stage of the whole system. After all equations were defined and the design was related to the user-defined input flow the design tool was structured. The program of choice to house the design tool is Microsoft Excel. In this Excel document, a user interface with navigation was constructed and the intended user is directed through a series of input pages where input data is defined. This data is used in a normally hidden page where constructional dimensions are calculated. The constructional dimensions are displayed to the user on the second last page. At this stage the Excel document can be connected to a CAD program and 3D models with blueprints can be opened that depend on the output from the Excel file. Additionally, a pipe calculator is provided on the last page of the Excel document where pipe dimensions for different cases can be found. With this solution, glass fiber tanks are molded according to the resulting blueprints that are customer specific. In this way the solution is more adaptive and easier to handle. Additionally, the provided design tool enables an easier and more well-defined methodology when deriving the different needed volume and accompanied constructional dimensions for an arbitrary water reclamation system.
48
Smolík, Lukáš. "Vodohospodářské řešení zásobního objemu nádrže v podmínkách změny klimatu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409734.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis is processed from several partial steps. The first step is to calibrate and validate the hydrological model using real meteorological and hydrological data using the balance hydrological model in Runoff Prophet. Furthermore, using the corresponding statistical downscaling in the LARS WG program. Create climatological data sets considering climate change. Hydrological transformation of climatological data by hydrological model to compile sets of hydrological series for Vlára river basin. Recalculate the hydrological data to the body of the dam for the tributary of the Vlára River, including water transfers from the basins of the Sviborka and Smolinka streams. The last step of the work is to analyze the storage volume and its respective improved water outflow from the tank and to assess the impact of climate change on the storage volume of the tank.
49
Piyaratna, Nelson, of Western Sydney Nepean University, and Faculty of Science and Technology. "Radiotherapy X-ray dose distribution beneath retracted patient compensators." THESIS_FST_XXX_Piyaratna_N.xml, 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/363.
Full textAbstract:
Computer designed missing tissue and dose compensators have been produced and dosimetrically tested under a linear accelerator 6MV X-ray beam. Missing tissues compensators were developed to correct for patient external contour change only. Target dose compensators were developed to achieve a uniform dose throughout the target volume. With compensators present in the beam, data acquisition was repeated in a water phantom and an Anthropomorphic phantom. Clinically acceptable dose uniformity was achieved within these phantoms. For external contour compensation flat isodose curves were obtained giving an even dose in the region of interest. The dose difference found was within plus/minus 3% only. For the phantoms containing inhomogeneities dose uniformity to target volume was achieved within plus/minus 7%. Prediction of radiation dose was made using a GE Target Series 2 Treatment Planning Computer for each of the phantoms. Validation of the computer predicted dose was carried out using diode and TLD measurements. The measured data in the water tank was consistent with the computer data within plus/minus 2% for external contour changes and for inhomogeneities. The TLD measured results in the anthropomorphic phantom agreed with the planning computer results within 6%. Up to 4% of the difference is explainable due to supra-linearity and scatter effectsMaster of Science (Hons) (Physics)
50
Jönsson, Mattias [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Rung. "Particle image velocimetry of the undercarriage flow of downscaled train models in a water-towing tank for the assessment of ballast flight / Mattias Jönsson ; Betreuer: Thomas Rung." Hamburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Hamburg-Harburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1127744097/34.
Full text