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1
Grant, Duncan. "The politics of water supply: the history of Cape Town's water supply 1840-1920." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29964.
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This dissertation examines the development of Cape Town's water supply between 1840 and 1920. The thesis examines the effect that the augmentation water supply had on municipal politics and the development of the municipality of Cape Town. It is argued that the high cost of water supply, arising out of Cape Town's geographic situation, had a major impact on its municipal government. In the nineteenth century the dominant class was divided between merchants who wanted water and the rentier classes who had to pay for it. In the subsequent political struggle for control of the municipality, the working class, which supported the rentier class were alienated. As a result, they resisted municipal improvement, delaying a solution to the water problem until the twentieth century. Chapter One examines the period from 1840 to 1900 where water supply was related to attempts to bring about municipal and sanitation reform. While this succeeded, by the late 1890's ratepayers reacted against excessive municipal spending, ultimately to the detriment of planned water schemes in the hinterland. Chapter Two argues that in the period between 1900 and 1910 businessmen attempted to link water supply to the unification of the municipalities of the Cape Peninsula. This resulted in a struggle between the city and the suburbs for over the control of the water resources of the hinterland. Chapter Three examines municipal unification in 1913 and the repercussions it had for water supply. The focus falls on a municipal referendum in 1917 in which the class divisions of half a century were a factor in the choice of a hinterland water scheme. The dissertation concludes that water is important for explaining class divisions in municipal politics. It is suggested that the impact of water on municipal history is not unique, but in Cape Town's experience it was prolonged and intense. A further conclusion is that it affected the process of municipal unification between 1902 and 1913, shaping the form of the modern city. A wide range of sources were used including municipal archive material and government reports and commissions. Newspapers and cartoons have been used extensively as they were instruments in the struggle for reform. Comparisons are drawn with the experience of overseas cities in an attempt to provide a coherent model for understanding the place of water supply in urban history. The dissertation represents an attempt to provide a better understanding of Cape Town's history during this period and therefore relates municipal history to wider political, economic and social changes taking place. It also complements recent histories on sanitation, race and municipal politics which fall in this period.
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Diawuo, Felix. "Water Supply of Accra, with Emphasis on Sachet Water." Thesis, KTH, Vattenförvaltning, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-99333.
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This project seeks to assess the impact of the sachet water industry on the health, socio-economic and the environmental situation of the inhabitants of Accra, the capital city of Ghana. In addressing the situation, the driving forces which have fuelled the shift of consum-er taste from the normal tap water and the traditional hand-tied-ice water products to the plastic sachet water (commonly known in as "Pure Water") are identified. Lack of access to continuous flow of improved water and the perceived poor quality of the urban water supply system as results of poor management structure are identified as some of the factors for the shift in consumers’ taste for plastic sachet and bottled drinking water. The quality of the plastic sachet is also assessed through the review of previous research results. These are confirmed by laboratory analysis of about six brands of plastic sachet water and two brands bottled drinking water. The laboratory analysis carried out assessed the microbial, physical and chemical quality of the various samples. To assess the health impacts of the products, the results from the analysis are compared with WHO guideline values and other international guideline values. Questionnaires are also administered to ascertain the socio-economic impacts of the products on the life of the young men and women as well sachet water manufacturers. From this, some measures are suggested as to how to mitigate the activities of the sachet water business to reduce its negative effects on the health, the environment and the socio-economic status of the inhabitants of the city.
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Chiu, Man-fat. "An analysis of the possible privatisation of water supplies in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21037784.
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Regli, Philip Warner. "Residential demand for water in the Phoenix metropolitan area." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_160_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Coppola, Emery A. "Optimal pumping policy for a public supply wellfield using computational neural network with decision-making methodology." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2000. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_2000_395_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Pineda, Pablos Nicolás. "Urban water policy in Mexico : municipalization and privatization of water services /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Furey, Sean. "Fogwater harvesting for community water supply." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4727.
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Fogwater Harvesting has been demonstrated to be able to provide water for small rural communities in arid and semi-arid regions. Fog droplets coalesce on mesh screens and flow by gravity into a supply network. The technology is simple and can be maintained and managed by the users. The challenge is identifying suitable communities, environmental conditions and ensuring the system meets user demand sustainably. Following the First International Conference on Fog and Fog Collection (19-24 July 1998), a general project cycle for fogwater harvesting for domestic water supply is proposed and discussed. Methodologies and examples are reviewed and placed in an interdisciplinary project framework.
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Dabi, Daniel Davou. "Water use in the rural economy of a semi-arid environment : a northern Nigeria case study /." *McMaster only, 1998.
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Juhna, Talis. "Aspects of drinking water supply in areas of humic water." Doctoral thesis, Luleå, 2002. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2002/27/index.html.
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Connarty, M. C. "Optimum water pricing and capacity expansion of water supply systems /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc7523.pdf.
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Steele, Andres. "Factors impacting on the appropriateness of water treatment and supply processes for post-emergency water supply systems." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520478.
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Oggins, Cy R. "Identifying and protecting community values in western water a survey of community leaders' perceptions towards rural-to-urban water transfers /." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1990_662_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Byakika, Stephen Nyende. "Modelling of Pressurised Water Supply Networks that May Exhibit Transient Low Pressure - Open Channel Flow Conditions." Thesis, Vaal University of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/421.
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D. Tech. (Department of Civil Engineering and Building, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of Technology<br>Growing demand for water due to increasing populations, industrialisation and water consuming lifestyles puts stress on existing water supply systems. To cater for the rising demand, water distribution networks are expanded beyond their design capacities and this creates transient “low-pressure-open-channel flow” (LPOCF) conditions. Current water supply models use “demand driven approach” (DDA) methodology which is not able to simulate transient LPOCF conditions, that poses an impediment to management/analysis of pressure-deficient networks.
With a case study of the water supply network of Kampala City, LPOCF conditions were studied in this research. A “pressure/head driven approach” (PDA/HDA) was used in order to determine what demand is enabled by particular nodal pressures. Conversion of free surface to pressurised flow was analysed and modelled, with a view to clearly understanding occurrence of this phenomenon.
The research demonstrated that if adequate pressures and flows are to be maintained, effectiveness of the water distribution network should be given as much attention as water production capacity. The research also indicated that when network pressures are low, the head-driven approach to water distribution modelling gives more accurate results than the traditional demand-driven methodology. Coexistence of free-surface and pressurised flow in networks prone to LPOCF conditions was confirmed and modelled.
Results obtained highlighted the advantages of developing fully dynamic and transient models in the solution of transient LPOCF conditions in water distribution networks. Models developed allow application of PDA/HDA and DDA methodologies in systems that may exhibit LPOCF conditions thus enabling identification, understanding and analysis of the status of all sections of the network. These culminated in the development of a DSS to guide operational decisions that can be made to optimise network performance.
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Hansen, Allison Jean. "Water quality analysis of the piped water supply in Tamale, Ghana." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90019.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2014.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 55-56).<br>The United Nation's Millennium Development Goal Target 7.C is to "halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water". While the UN claimed to have met this goal, studies have shown that the "improved" sources used as a metric to track progress do not always supply safe water. One example of these improved sources is the piped water in Tamale, Ghana, which is an intermittent system. The question raised and goal of this research is to determine whether this water source is indeed safe. The Ghana Water Company Ltd. in Tamale had handwritten notebooks containing almost ten years of water quality sample data. This data was entered into a computer database so it could be analyzed for seasonal and geographic trends as well as to gain an understanding of overall water quality. From this analysis, it was concluded that seasonal trends do impact the pH and turbidity of source water which influences the water provided to consumers. In addition, 42% of samples did not comply with accepted World Health Organization guidelines for residual free chlorine concentrations. Total coliform was present in 2% of samples. Observations of environmental factors made during field work in Tamale found five "no" answers to a sanitary survey indicating at least a medium contamination risk. Overall, these observations indicate that water from the piped network in Tamale is not always safe. Contamination also happens very readily during storage due to high usage of unsafe storage containers in Tamale combined with the low chlorine residuals.<br>by Allison Jean Hansen.<br>M. Eng.
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Wu, Sophia(Sophia W. ). "Understanding the effect of intermittent water supply on drinking water quality." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131001.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, February, 2021<br>Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 78-82).<br>There are nearly 1 billion people who obtain their drinking water through piped distribution networks that operate intermittently. Intermittent Water Supply (IWS) operations allow for periods of stagnation and depressurization that create conditions favorable for biofilm growth on pipe surface. Biofilms are complex microbial communities that are likely sources of opportunistic waterborne pathogens and can cause disease outbreaks. Flushing of the water pipes and re-pressurization, which occur at the start of each IWS supply cycle, cause the erosion of the biofilm and its transport into the bulk water, which can potentially contaminate the drinking water. This thesis describes the development and proof-testing of an experimental pipe testbed installed on the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) campus in Singapore.<br>The testbed comprises an array of 100 mm diameter PVC pipes, supplied from a water tank with flow paths controlled through a set of valves, and water samples obtained at up to 7 pipe outlets. Data are presented from an initial program of tests that compare the effects of priming for two pipe sections: 1) with continuous laminar flow (Continuous Water Supply, CWS) under pressure; and 2) IWS, where the pipe section is flushed during re-pressurization (supply period) and then allowed to drain and stagnate for the remainder of the daily cycle. The change of the water quality from both the inlet and outlet was evaluated by determining the microbial load using flow cytometry (with Live/Dead staining), together with physical and chemical water parameters measured on a time series of water samples.<br>The data compare the response of the CWS pipe section for steady laminar flow, with the transient response following a step-change in flow rate (turbulent conditions) with transient behavior during flushing of the IWS section. Initial filling of the IWS section cause a significant increase in total and live cell counts, confirming that erosion of biofilm can contribute to biomass transported in the bulk water. Further tests are in progress to validate and replicate these results.<br>by Sophia Wu.<br>S.M. in Technology and Policy<br>S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program
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Bhaduri, Anik. "Transboundary water sharing between an upstream and downstream country." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1051258611&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Amano, Teruyoshi. "The Effectiveness Evaluation of Urban Water Supply." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/126743.
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Collins-Webb, Jason. "Decision support for sustainable water supply management." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250879.
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Li, Huipeng. "Hierarchical risk assessment of water supply systems." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2007. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/2735.
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Water supply systems are usually designed, constructed, operated, and managed in an open environment, thus they are inevitably exposed to varied uncertain threats and conditions. In order to evaluate the reliability of water supply systems under threatened conditions, risk assessment has been recognised as a useful tool to identify threats, analyse vulnerabilities and risks, and select proper mitigation measures. However, due to the complexity and uncertainty of water supply systems and risks, consistent and effective assessments are hard to accomplish by using available risk techniques. With respect to this, the current study develops a new method to assess the risks in complex water supply systems by reconsidering the organisation of risk information and risk mechanism based on the concepts of object-oriented approach. Then hierarchical assessments are conducted to evaluate the risks of components and the water supply system. The current study firstly adopts object-oriented approach, a natural and straightforward mechanism of organising information of the real world systems, to represent the water supply system at both component and system levels. At the component level, components of a water supply system are viewed as different and functional objects. Associated with each object, there are states transition diagrams that explicitly describe the risk relationships between hazards/threats, possible failure states, and negative consequences. At the system level, the water supply system is viewed as a network composed of interconnected objects. Objectoriented structures of the system represent the whole/part relationships and interconnections between components. Then based on the object states transition diagrams and object-oriented structures, this study develops two types of frameworks for risk assessment, i.e., framework of aggregative risk assessment and framework of fault tree analysis. Aggregative risk assessment is to evaluate the risk levels of components, subsystems, and the overall water supply system. While fault trees are to represent the cause-effect relationships for a specific risk in the system. Assessments of these two frameworks can help decision makers to prioritise their maintenance and management strategies in water supply systems. In order to quantitatively evaluate the framework of aggregative risk, this thesis uses a fuzzy evidential reasoning method to determine the risk levels associated with components, subsystems, and the overall water supply system. Fuzzy sets theory is used to evaluate the likelihood, severity, and risk levels associated with each hazard. Dempster-Shafer theory, a typical evidential reasoning method, is adopted to aggregate the risk levels of multiple hazards along the hierarchy of aggregative risk assessment to generate risk levels of components, subsystems, and the overall water supply system. Although fuzzy sets theory and Dempster-Shafer theory have been extensively applied to various problems, their potential of conducting aggregative risk assessments is originally explored in this thesis. Finally, in order to quantitatively evaluate the cause-effect relationships in a water supply system, fuzzy fault tree analysis is adopted in this study. Results of this analysis are likelihood of the occurrence for a specific event and importance measures of the possible contributing events. These results can help risk analysts to plan their mitigation measures to effectively control risks in the water supply system.
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Braimah, Clifford Abdallah. "Management of small towns water supply, Ghana." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8303.
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Delivering improved water services in small towns in low-income countries encompasses particular challenges. Often considered too large to be effectively community managed , small towns may also be too small, with too limited economies, to benefit from utility style professionalism and economies of scale. The most recent paradigm, that financially sustainable water services will be best achieved through the Demand Responsive Approach , has been complemented in Ghana, the focus of this study, through the development of a variety of management models, community, local government, national utility and private providers, to deliver DRA. Taking advantage of this unusual situation, in having a wide range of different functioning models in one country at the same time, this research has sought to investigate these management models with respect to effectiveness, equity, financial sustainability and efficiency of services delivery. However, the context in which all of these models operate relates to consumers effective demand, key to delivering a demand responsive approach. A second objective, necessary to validate any results relating to management models, has therefore been to investigate households actual demand for improved and alternative sources of water. Data for the research was gathered from examples of the four management models in use in Ghana, from eight small towns spread across the length and breadth of the country. The methodology incorporated key-informant interviews, user observations, household surveys and an analysis of relevant documents of operators and policy makers. The fieldwork was undertaken in two separate periods, designed to ensure that any effects of dry and wet season variations, which influence water supply delivery as well as demand, were adequately captured. The research found that none of the management models in use in small towns in Ghana could be considered to be significantly more effective than any other; overall, households demonstrated a limited demand for water supply with even this demand distributed among a number of sources, both formal, improved and alternative, traditional sources; this demand was not so much a function of affordability, rather a clear choice as to where to use limited resources mobile phone access absorbing three times the amount spent on water. Whilst certain management characteristics were found to make a difference, leadership in particular, no one model was able to influence the overarching water source effect, that is the cost of formal supply (surface water costing approximately three times more than ground water), relative to access to alternative, free supplies in the context of limited overall demand for water.
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Coelho, Sergio Carvalho de Matos Teixeira. "Performance assessment in water supply and distribution." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1297.
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Correia, Daniel Fortuna. "Management and Control of Water Supply Systems." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13834.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica<br>The fast increase in the energy’s price has brought a growing concern about the highly expensive task of transporting water. By creating an hydraulic model of the Water Supply System’s (WSS) network and predicting its behaviour, it is possible to take advantage of the energy’s tariffs, reducing the total cost on pumping activities. This thesis was developed, in association with a technology transfer project called the E-Pumping. It focuses on finding a flexible supervision and control strategy, adaptable to any existent Water Supply System (WSS), as well as forecasting the water demand on a time period chosen by the end user, so that the pumping actions could be planned to an optimum schedule, that minimizes the total operational cost. The OPC protocol, associated to a MySQL database were used to develop a flexible tool of supervision and control, due to their adaptability to function with equipments from various manufacturers, being another integrated modular part of the E-Pumping project. Furthermore, in this thesis, through the study and performance tests of
several statistical models based on time series, specifically applied to this problem, a forecasting tool adaptable to any station, and whose model parameters are automatically refreshed at runtime, was developed and added to the project as another module. Both the aforementioned modules were later integrated with an Graphical User Interface (GUI) and installed in a pilot application at the ADDP’s network. The implementation of this software on WSSs across the country will reduce the water supply companies’ running costs, improving their market competition and, ultimately, lowering the water price to the end costumer.<br>O rápido aumento dos preços da electricidade tem provocado um aumento na preocupação com a tarefa extremamente dispendiosa de transporte de água. Através da criação de modelos hidráulicos de redes de Sistemas de Fornecimento de Água, e da previsão do seu comportamento, é possível tirar vantagem das diferentes tarifas horárias de consumo de energia, reduzindo desta forma os custos totais do bombeamento de água. Esta tese foi desenvolvida em associação com o projecto de transferência de tecnologia denominado E-Pumping. Foca-se na procura de uma estratégia de supervisão e controlo flexível e adaptável a qualquer Sistema de Fornecimento de Água existente, bem como na previsão do consumo de água durante um período escolhido pelo utilizador final, o objectivo final é permitir o planeamento de um horário óptimo que minimize o custo do consumo de energia eléctrica. O Protocolo OPC, associado a uma Base de Dados MySQL, foi usado para o desenvolvimento da ferramenta de supervisão e controlo flexível, constituindo no seu conjunto um módulo do Projecto E-Pumping. A escolha
baseou-se em ambas as tecnologias serem adaptáveis a equipamentos de diferentes fabricantes. Esta tese produziu ainda uma ferramenta de previsão do consumo de água, adaptável a qualquer estação, constituindo um segundo módulo do projecto. Esta ferramenta foi obtida através do estudo e testes de performance a variados modelos baseados em séries temporais, especificamente aplicadas a este problema. Os parâmetros do modelo de base desta ferramenta são automaticamente actualizados a cada execução do programa. Ambos os módulos referidos foram integrados com uma Interface Gráfica (GUI) e implementados numa aplicação piloto instalada na rede de abastecimento de água da empresa Águas do Douro e Paiva (ADDP). A implementação deste software em Sistemas de Abastecimento de Água por todo o país reduziria os seus custos de funcionamento, melhorando a sua capacidade de competição no mercado e, em última instância, diminuindo os preços da água para o consumidor final.
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Larsson, Robert W. "Water supply and Dracunculus medinensis in Africa." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1994. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6763.
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The thesis examines control and eradication of Guinea worm in West Africa and investigates factors, especially water supply, related to the incidence of Guinea worm. The study was carried out in North Zou, Benin between 1987 and 1990 and in Nigeria between 1989 and 1993 during water supply and Guinea worm eradication programme execution. About 5% of villages in Nigeria, located in one half the LGAs were infected. The number of annual cases in a region was related to the previous year's cases, although 5-10% of the regions changed between infected and non-infected. Cases were not statically focused in villages. The relative risk of infection in a village based on the previous year's infection was 1.74 in North Zou. Incidence varied inversely and endemicity varied directly with village population. Villages of all sizes were infected. Prevalence varies seasonally by region. Incidence was low at high altitudes, in sandy and alluvial soils, in areas with high or low annual rainfall and in densely populated areas. Incidence was not otherwise related to rainfall, vegetation, altitude, soils, geology or distance to rivers. Incidence among Muslims and Christians was the same but varied by ethnic group. Incidence in an area was strongly related to the ratio of females to males. School attendance in endemic areas fell during the transmission period. Losses in Nigeria in 1990/91 were £16 million. Provision of improved water supply lowered incidence by 50%. Endemicity was 20% lower in villages in North Zou with water supply but endemicity did not fall immediately following provision and a difference was not seen in Nigeria. Water supply to all infected villages in Nigeria identified in 1990/91 would cost £23 million. Three possible water supply strategies were examined. Ten water supply options were considered and roof rainwater catchment was found the most promising. Factors that reduce the effective use of water supply were examined. Water supply coverage in endemic countries is 27%. The countries are among the poorest and least developed in the world. The lack of static focus of cases in villages, the low impact of water supply, and the difficulty of supplying water to all endemic areas make Guinea worm eradication by 1999 unlikely.
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Artiola, Janick, and Kristine Uhlman. "Arizona Well Owners' Guide to Water Supply." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146296.
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80 pp.<br>Arizona: Know Your Water. A consumer's guide to water source, quality, regulations and home water treatment.<br>This well owners guide presents detailed sections to assist the reader in becoming familiar with water quality concepts, drinking water guidelines and water testing. The reader can also become familiar with Arizona specific aquifers, conditions and activities that determine ground water quality. Well owners can also review and become familiar with well construction, components and maintenance needed for the safe and proper function of their wells. Finally, a section on water treatment technologies and selection, based on water quality conditions is presented. Well owners will be able to refer to this section for the selection of water treatments, should they choose to improve the water quality of their wells. Includes numerous illustrations.
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Olson, Steven L. "A Planning Process for Water Supply Development." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296428.
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From the Proceedings of the 1989 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 15, 1989, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada<br>Arizona's Groundwater Management Act has changed the perspective that water providers must use when planning to meet growing water demands. The goal of safe-yield in the Active Management Areas and the requirements of both the Second Management Plan and the Assured Water Supply provisions will require all water providers to consider other options besides additional groundwater development when expanding their water supply plans. A simplified process will be presented that stresses the need for well thought-out, cost-effective water resource planning to meet management requirements for both public and private water providers. The process relies on an initial projection of water demand, an analysis of demand reduction potential, an examination of supply alternatives, and a discussion of the characteristics that must be considered when weighing the demand reduction and supply alternatives for implementation. Development of water supply plans that meet existing and future needs for growing service areas will be increasingly important to water providers in Arizona and throughout the and West.
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Alayoubi, Mzayan. "Risk Analysis for Intermittent Water Supply Systems." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234554.
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Intermitted Water Supply strategy is implemented commonly in some developing countries nowadays in order to minimize the water scarcity problems. Unstable hydraulic conditions in the distribution system, low pressure, high risk of water contamination, wasting water, rising costs paid by consumers and water providers, failures and problems with consumption metering and inconvenience to consumers are some of the consequences. Risk Analysis Methodology is developed to handle with intermittent water supply systems in developing countries conditions that include undesired events identification; risk estimation and risk evaluation and reduction plan, the catalogue list of potential undesired events (UE) which may occur in these types of systems have been also developed using the HAZard and OPerability technique (HAZOP). The developed methodology is implemented and tested in this research on one of the potential undesired events UE _ Low operational pressure
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Wutich, Amber Yoder. "The effects of urban water scarcity on sociabilty [sic] and reciprocity in Cochabamba, Bolivia." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013898.
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Tong, Woon-ming. "The privatization of water supply in Hong Kong : prospects and problems /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25139496.
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Gurung, Thulo Ram. "Influence of Water Efficiency and Diversified Water Supply Schemes on Urban Water Infrastrucrure Planning." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367485.
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Water security is increasingly becoming a cause of concern in Australia with population growth and climate change set to exacerbate the variability of supply in both rural and urban regions. During recent drought conditions in Queensland there was a strong emphasis on water restrictions to reduce residential consumption, as well as water policy strategies such as modifying building codes to require all new residential and commercial buildings to conserve and/or substitute potable water. Additionally, there was a heightened emphasis on having an Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) approach to water management.
IUWM involves the use of alternative water supplies and demand management practices to ensure a sustainable approach to water management by integrating both the demand and supply-based management approaches. Within Queensland, mandatory regulations required residents to save on household water consumption by using alternative water measures in order to offset mains (potable) demand. The installation of rainwater tanks and the reuse of greywater, connected to toilets, cold water laundry and outdoor use, were some approaches adopted by householders to achieve the water saving targets. In addition, current mandatory regulations require new households to install minimum efficient rated water appliances to contribute to water savings.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Griffith School of Engineering<br>Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology<br>Full Text
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Naoum, Sherif Tsanis Ioannis K. "A hydroinformatic approach to basin/coastal water management /." *McMaster only, 2003.
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Sedikila, Pheladi Sherly. "Rural water supply services cost recovery mechanisms in Limpopo Province : a case study of Greater Tubatse Local Municipality." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/645.
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Elbag, Mark A. "Impact of surrounding land uses on surface water quality." Link to electronic thesis, 2006. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-050306-155834/.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.<br>Keywords: Conductivity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, UV absorbance, Source Water, Surface Water, Dissolved Organic Carbon, Total Organic Carbon, Particle Counts, Turbidity, E. coli, Fecal Coliforms, West Boylston Brook, Wachusett Reservoir, source water protection, surface water protection Includes bibliographical references (p.73-77).
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Kumwenda, Moses. "Pre-paid water metering: social experiences and lessons learned from Klipheuwel pilot project, South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6015_1190193452.
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<p>This thesis examined a pre-paid water metering pilot project which was implemented in Klipheuwel , Cape Town, South Africa in 2001. It was anticipated that the implementation of pre-paid water meters would help improve the management of water service delivery in the Cape Metropolitan Area. However, just four years after its implementation the project has collapsed.</p>
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陳冠良 and Koon-leung Jeffrey Chan. "Environmental and management considerations in the design and operation of water supply facilities." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252771.
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Balakrishnan, Nandini Kavanal. "Application of artificial neural networks and colored petri nets on earthquake resilient water distribution systems." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Balakrishnan_09007dcc805e9237.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008.<br>Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed January 21, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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Douglas, Karen Manges. "Upstream, downstream, mainstream and rural : a case study approach for understanding the Edwards Aquifer debates /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Nguyen, Vinh T. T. "Rural water supply in the Virginia coalfield counties." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01262010-020317/.
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Tucker, Adrienne Janel LaBranche. "Water Supply Planning for Landscape Irrigation in Virginia." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37810.
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A water supply plan approach was used to investigate irrigation application on landscaped areas in Virginia with a focus on turfgrass. The economically-important turfgrass industry in Virginia should be proactive in conserving drinking water supplies to meet human consumption needs, especially in drought times. This thesis investigates current irrigation water supplies, water supply sustainability, and alternative water sources to meet irrigation demands and offers an insight on how potable water is unnecessarily consumed for non-potable irrigation needs.
A Virginia evapotranspiration website was developed to offer a scientifically based source for efficient irrigation scheduling. The website was developed using a collaborative and user-centered design method, which included potential users in the process. The final website is hosted on the Virginia Tech website at http://www.turf.cses.vt.edu/Ervin/et_display.html and utilizes data from weather stations throughout the state.
Evapotranspiration-based irrigation was tested at three case study sites in Blacksburg, Williamsburg and Norfolk, Virginia to assess potential water conservation. In Williamsburg, a 55% water savings was reported with evapotranspiration-based irrigation. In Blacksburg, slightly more water was applied on research greens irrigated based on evapotranspiration demand. Significantly less water was applied in Norfolk, compared to the evapotranspirationbased irrigated plots. The study also uncovered increased confidence to alter irrigation systems and the need to conduct irrigation audits when irrigating based on evapotranspiration.
Evapotranspiration-based irrigation, reclaimed water and harvested rainwater were investigated to determine feasibility for meeting irrigation demands, while reducing potable water consumption at four case study sites in Blacksburg, Fairfax, Williamsburg and Norfolk, Virginia. Due to the limited collection potential at the Blacksburg site, reclaimed water and harvested rainwater was not feasible. However, the on-site weatherstation could offer a unique opportunity to calculate evapotranspiration. In Fairfax, all three alternative water sources could be integrated to supply enough water to irrigate a soccer field and adjacent athletic fields and save an estimated $7,000 per season in potable water costs. Harvested rainwater at the Williamsburg site could supplement the irrigation pond and reduce reliance on groundwater. In Norfolk, reclaimed water use is economically feasible, but rainwater harvesting could meet the irrigation needs, while evapotranspiration-based irrigation is too labor intensive for homeowners.<br>Ph. D.
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Ukoli-Onodipe, Grace. "Designing optimal water supply systems for developing countries." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5fnum=osu1054719439.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 164 p.; also contains graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Allan Randall, Dept. of Agricultural, Environmental & Development Economics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-157).
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Kaytan, Emre. "An Investigation Of Water Supply In Roman Ankara." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610143/index.pdf.
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The existence of two baths, if not more, in Roman Ankara reveals that a
considerable amount of water was needed at least for the working of these
baths. However, how and from where this water was supplied is not so clear
because of the lack of both archaeological and historical evidence. In this
regard, by bringing together all the archaeological data so far discovered and
the available published information regarding the water supply scheme in
order to see all this data collectively in a single picture, this thesis tries to
investigate how and from where the water was supplied to Roman Ankara. In
addition, this thesis reviews the available water potential of Ankara
considering geography and hydrology of the site and also contains an analysis
of how water was supplied in the more recent history of the city which is
believed to contain invaluable information regarding the ancient water supply
scheme of the city especially when the archaeological data is very scarce.
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Krishnamurthi, Sushma. "Water supply aspects of river authorities in Texas." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4443.
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Price has been noted to be an important ingredient in any evaluation of future
water demands, since it is a signal of cost administered by water wholesalers or retailers.
The purpose of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of rates and ratesetting
strategies adopted by the river authorities of Texas, and the relevance of
economic efficiency for wholesale purveyors of water. Methods employed to accomplish
the objectives include collecting sample water supply contracts, surveying rate
structures, and surveying authorities' rate-setting objectives.
In its current form the economic theory of pricing emphasizes price
establishment by retail water suppliers. There are certain distinctions between wholesale
suppliers and retail distributors of water that question the adequacy of the existing theory
in its universal application. This calls for a different theory of pricing for wholesale
suppliers of water. Therefore, an efficiency-seeking pricing theory for wholesale water
purveyors is explored here.
Out of the fifteen existing river authorities in Texas, ten have wholesale supply
operations. This study finds that out of the ten authorities that have wholesale operations,
some authorities charge the same uniform rate to all their customers, while some charge a different rate to each of their customers. The fact that some river authorities charge
different rates to different categories of customers for the same water is considered
economically inefficient. Another element that lends itself to economic inefficiency is
the usage of the block rates.
Through a questionnaire, the study finds that river authorities rank revenue
sufficiency highest among six objectives pertaining to rate-setting processes. Legality is
ranked second and economic efficiency is ranked third among these six goals. Though
there are ten river authorities that supply water on a wholesale basis, only eight valid
questionnaires responses could be used for the study.
All river authorities involved with the wholesale supply of water commit most of
their water supplies to municipal, agricultural, and industrial uses and customers through
water supply contracts that contain legal agreements, which are dealt with before the
river authority supplies the water to the customer. This study discusses the various
similarities and differences between contracts of the ten river authorities that are
involved in wholesale supply of water. Out of the ten river authorities, nine responded
with their wholesale water supply contracts. One river authority responded with two
contracts, therefore there were ten contracts that were studied.
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Ari, Ismu Rini Dwi. "Participatory Approach to Community Based Water Supply System." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/151959.
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Germanopoulos, George. "Modelling and operational control of water supply networks." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7746.
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Sauer, Johannes. "The economics and efficiency of water supply infrastructure." Berlin Logos-Verl, 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2748306&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Nyanue, William Grear. "A manual-pneumatic pump for rural water supply." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_128_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Morris, Joanne Pamela. "Wells and water supply in New Kingdom Egypt." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437502.
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Cox, Chad W. (Chad Wayne) 1970. "Water supply enhancement in Cyprus through evaporation reduction." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80585.
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Murtaugh, Katharine A. (Katharine Ann). "Analysis of sustainable water supply options for Kuwait." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34582.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-84).<br>This thesis considers several options for improving the sustainability of Kuwait's water supply system. The country currently relies heavily on desalination and brackish groundwater extraction. The options considered for increasing the flux of potable water into Kuwait include expanding the desalination capacity, importing water from other countries, expanding the uses of reclaimed wastewater, and rainfall harvesting. Options for water storage are also considered, including both aquifer and surface systems. Case studies are presented which demonstrate the potential for indirect potable use of Kuwait's highly purified wastewater, and the importance of a storage reservoir as part of such a system. In order to assess the feasibility of rainfall harvesting, a model was constructed to simulate the runoff processes in the Rawdhatain drainage basin in northern Kuwait. Due to the coarse resolution of the input data, reasonable results could not be obtained using the input parameters gathered from available data.<br>(cont.) However, through sensitivity analysis, it was discovered that relatively minor variations in soil properties throughout the watershed could produce significant volumes of runoff during extreme rain events. Storage was considered for the small lens of fresh groundwater beneath the Rawdhatain basin or in a surface reservoir constructed in the drainage depression there. All of these options should continue to be considered as Kuwait attempts to expand its water supply in a sustainable manner, though further study will be needed especially in order to understand the hydrologic system at Rawdhatain more thoroughly.<br>by Katharine A. Murtaugh.<br>M.Eng.
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Zhang, Xin Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Modeling transient flow in intermittent water supply System." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111551.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2017.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 91-96).<br>Water distribution systems in cities throughout South Asia (and many other countries) only supply water on an intermittent basis (currently averaging less than 5hrs/day in most Indian cities). Intermittent Water Supply (IWS) creates inequities in water availability and carries public health risks associated with the ingress of contaminants from the surrounding ground through flaws in the aged piping systems. It is a major challenge to upgrade from intermittent to continuous water supply (CWS) as this involves an increase in the operating water pressures which promotes higher rates of leakage. There are currently no reliable computational models for characterizing the transient hydraulic behavior of IWS systems (including pipe filling and draining events) and hence, it is difficult to understand and control IWS systems. In a recent PhD thesis, Lieb (2015) developed an open-source code to solve the dynamics of IWS pipe networks through finite volume solution of the governing 1-D Saint Venant equations using the Preismann slot approximation. The current thesis extends and refines the algorithms proposed by Lieb to enable more robust simulations for pipe networks. Specific modification include algorithms for dry pipes and three-pipe junctions. The thesis proposes a new algorithm for representing the conservation of fluid mass, momentum and energy at a three-pipe junction which is validated by comparing computed loss coefficients with measured data reported in the literature. The research also validates predictions of mixed flow conditions (open-channel and pressured pipe flow conditions) with results from laboratory model tests. The proposed formulation has been applied to simulate a skeletonized pipe network (at a test site in Delhi), where simulations are compared with water pressures during intermittent water supply periods. The proposed analysis represents a first step towards comprehensive modeling of IWS that can be used to improve understanding and control of these systems and to manage the upgrading process for CWS operations.<br>by Xin Zhang.<br>S.M.
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Sumadi, Pungky. "Privatization of the water-supply industry in Indonesia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70229.
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