Journal articles on the topic 'Water-supply Use studies'
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1
Gill, B. P., P. H. Brooks, and J. L. Carpenter. "Water use by lactating sows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017591.
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There have been few published studies on the water needs of lactating sows under contemporary systems of feeding, housing and management. The literature available indicates that lactating sows provided with an unrestricted water supply show considerable individual variations in daily water consumption. Although ARC (1981) suggest that lactating sows should have access to an unrestricted water supply, an allowance of between 15 and 20 l/day has been recommended to meet the requirements for water. This study investigated the water demands of lactating sows provided with an unrestricted supply of water and to determine the stage of lactation on daily water use.
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Zhang, Shanghong, Jiasheng Yang, Zan Xu, and Cheng Zhang. "Effect of Frequency of Multi-Source Water Supply on Regional Guarantee Rate of Water Use." Water 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2019): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071356.
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Multi-source, combined water supply models play an increasingly important role in solving regional water supply problems. At present, in the area of regional water supply, models are mainly used to study the problem of overall water guarantee rate, and do not take into account the impact of the uncertainty of multi-source water supplies on water supply risk. There is also a lack of research on how changes in multi-source water supplies affect sub-region and sub-user water guarantee rates. To address this knowledge gap, the encounter probability of different frequencies and a refined water resources allocation model of multi-source supplies were used. Using Tianjin as an example, this paper studies the quantitative relationship between the uncertainty of multi-source water inflows and the regional guarantee rate of water use. The objectives of the study are to analyze the changing trend of the water shortage rate and the main body of water supply in each region, and to quantitatively describe the influence of the variation of multi-source water supply on the main body of water supply for users. The results show that under the same requirement of guarantee rate for water use, as the number of water diversion sources increase, the probability of water supply meeting the water use rate increases significantly, and the risk to water supplies decreases. At the same time, suburban areas have a low dependence on external water supplies, while the change in the quantity of external water sources has a great impact on the water supply of the Zhongxinchengqu and Binhaixiqnu areas. The distribution and main body of water supply will change for different water users. Therefore, it is important to ensure a stable supply of external water for maintaining the guarantee rate of regional water use.
3
Lateş, Iustina, Mihail Luca, Gelu Ilie, and Nicoleta Iurist. "Studies on the Implementation of GIS Model in Water Supply Systems." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 10, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pesd-2016-0033.
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Abstract The paper presents research conducted on the optimization of urban water supply networks. One direction of optimization follows the use of GIS models for digitization on components system. The use of water supply system operation depends on the proper functioning of the structural and functional components. In the analysis it was found that the main components of the system are the following: capture, headrace, puming stations, reservoirs, distribution networks. Each component is made up of a multitude of sub-components with specific structural and functional character. Using GIS program it follows to specify custom properties using layers of structural and functional domains. Autocad Civil 3D, GisNet Set, ArcGis Server and Autocad Toolbase programs allowed to obtain thematic maps on specific areas of the system. The model of the study can vary from simple to complex and can be generalized to any water supply system for a specific use (urban area, villages, tourist resorts, shopping complexes etc.).
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Peleshok, M., and M. Petrovska. "Volyn region water supply: the state, problems and ways oftheir solution." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 45 (May 20, 2014): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2014.45.1168.
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The water intake from the natural sources has been analyzed, as well as the structure of its use, the level of encompassing of settlements with the centralized water supply, the volumes of average daily water supplies, the lengths and the technical states of the centralized water supply networks, the volumes and causes of water losses, the results of sanitary chemical laboratory studies of water samples. The measures have been proposed for the improvement of water supplies on the Volyn’ region area. Key words: water supply, water resources, water use, centralized water supply.
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Macharia, Pauline, Norbert Kreuzinger, and Nzula Kitaka. "Applying the Water-Energy Nexus for Water Supply—A Diagnostic Review on Energy Use for Water Provision in Africa." Water 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2020): 2560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092560.
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This work explores the application of the Water-Energy Nexus concept for water supply in the African context, where its operationalization is quite limited compared to developed regions. Furthermore, water supply and demand drivers and their influence on energy use are examined. This study found that there is limited literature available on the operationalization of the concept, and energy use is not considered a key performance indicator by water regulators and utilities. Regionally, most of the studies were carried out in the northern and southern Africa, where energy demand for water supply through desalination is high. An analysis of water supply and demand drivers show diminishing quantities of available freshwater, and increased anthropogenic pollutant loads in some areas are projected. Consequently, utilities will likely consider alternative energy-intensive water supply options. Increased population growth with the highest global urban growth rate is projected, with about 60% of the total population in Africa as urban dwellers by 2050. This implies huge growth in water demand that calls for investment in technology, infrastructure, and improved understanding of energy use and optimization, as the largest controllable input within utilities boundaries. However, it requires a data-driven understanding of the operational drivers for water supply and incorporation of energy assessment metrics to inform water-energy policies and to exploit the nexus opportunities.
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Byrne, J. J., M. Anda, and G. E. Ho. "Water sustainable house: water auditing of 3 case studies in Perth, Western Australia." Water Practice and Technology 14, no. 2 (April 16, 2019): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2019.028.
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Abstract Householders in cities face water-related issues due to the increasing cost and restrictions in water use, especially during drought. They respond in many different ways, ranging from installing water efficient appliances, adopting water-saving behavior and implementing greywater reuse, to being water self reliant (off-mains supply). The latter approach should consider using only rainwater falling on the property boundaries, and if self-supply is from groundwater it should be derived from rainwater falling on the property. Therefore, sustainability depends on the annual rainfall, size of property and availability of storage for water to be used during periods without rainfall. In principle any house can be retrofitted to rely solely on rainwater, because technologies exist to treat subsequent wastewater to any quality desired for reuse. However, the energy requirement and investment needed may negate overall sustainability. Very few studies have assessed water use in households to determine whether relying solely on rainwater is practical or sustainable in the long-term. Three case studies in Perth, Western Australia are reported here, where water auditing has been used for sustainability assessment.
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Shamsutdinov, Ruslan, Irina Trotsenko, Yulia Korchevskaya, and Eduard Nazarkin. "On the use of a beam infiltration water intake structure for water supply purposes." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127304013.
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The object of research in this work is the under-channel waters of the Irtysh River, considered as an alternative source of water supply, necessary for the sustainable provision of high-quality drinking water to the population of cities in emergency situations. In bacteriological and sanitary-hygienic terms, studies have shown that infiltration waters are quite safe. According to the results of the analyzes carried out, infiltration waters are mainly fresh with a salinity of 0.5 to 1 g / l. The most rational scheme from a technical and economic point of view in relation to local conditions are beam water intake structures, which is due to the relatively low thickness of water-bearing rocks. At the same time, infiltration-type water intake structures in the Irtysh river valley should be located at a distance of up to 130 m from the river channel (taking into account the value of hydraulic resistance ∆lн). The distance between wells in a linear row should be taken up to 50 m.
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Loureiro, D., P. Vieira, C. Makropoulos, P. Kossieris, R. Ribeiro, J. Barateiro, and E. Katsiri. "Smart metering use cases to increase water and energy efficiency in water supply systems." Water Supply 14, no. 5 (May 17, 2014): 898–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.049.
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Efficient water and energy use in water distribution systems is being limited by the lack of sufficient data about water and related energy consumption. Therefore, it is crucial to provide updated and continuous feedback information to water users. This paper describes relevant use cases to improve efficient water use and related energy consumption by water utilities and consumers through the use of smart metering technologies. A systematic approach was established to obtain a comprehensive list of possible functionalities, using the concept of use case. For the consumer domain, six high-level and 18 detailed-level use cases were obtained. For the water utility domain, seven high-level and 20 detailed-level use cases were described. The high-level use cases with higher priority to be implemented in the iWIDGET system were also identified based on the contribution of different target audiences. The list of use cases covers a comprehensive range of possible usages that can be built upon the exploitation of data related to water and energy use in water distribution systems and in households, which may be of further use as a guide for similar studies.
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Masmoudi, Rachid, Ahmed Kettab, and Bernard Brémond. "ANALYSIS OF DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION AND LOSS. THE CASE OF WATER SUPPLY NETWORKS WITH LOW LEVEL COUNTING (BISKRA - ALGERIA)." Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering 10, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2016.v10n2.162-168.
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Demand for drinking domestic water is continuously increasing specially in urban centres which experience high demographic expansion. The decrease of water losses in water supply networks can help preserve such a rare resource. Low number of water meters and intermittent supply make it difficult to quantify the leaking volumes of water. This article presents an analysis of the consumption for drinking water based on an extrapolation from a sample of consumers on whom data are available. Comparison of the volumes of water produced allows a determination of the losses in the water supply system. This analysis is completed by measurements of night flows. The results obtained may be relied on for an evaluation of the needs for drinking water in the South of Algeria, and for future regional development. The study indicates a high rate of water losses in the distribution network, reaching about 40%, and over-consumption due to an insufficient number of water meters and discontinuous supply. It is recommended that water meters come into general use and defective parts of the network are rehabilitated. We will try then to make the necessary recommendations in order to better functioning of the water supply systems in Algeria.
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Masmoudi, Rachid, Ahmed Kettab, and Bernard Brémond. "ANALYSIS OF DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION AND LOSS. THE CASE OF WATER SUPPLY NETWORKS WITH LOW LEVEL COUNTING (BISKRA - ALGERIA)." Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering 10, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2016.v10n2.162168.
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Demand for drinking domestic water is continuously increasing specially in urban centres which experience high demographic expansion. The decrease of water losses in water supply networks can help preserve such a rare resource. Low number of water meters and intermittent supply make it difficult to quantify the leaking volumes of water. This article presents an analysis of the consumption for drinking water based on an extrapolation from a sample of consumers on whom data are available. Comparison of the volumes of water produced allows a determination of the losses in the water supply system. This analysis is completed by measurements of night flows. The results obtained may be relied on for an evaluation of the needs for drinking water in the South of Algeria, and for future regional development. The study indicates a high rate of water losses in the distribution network, reaching about 40%, and over-consumption due to an insufficient number of water meters and discontinuous supply. It is recommended that water meters come into general use and defective parts of the network are rehabilitated. We will try then to make the necessary recommendations in order to better functioning of the water supply systems in Algeria.
11
Mangalekar, R. D., and K. S. Gumaste. "Residential water demand modelling and hydraulic reliability in design of building water supply systems: a review." Water Supply 21, no. 4 (January 21, 2021): 1385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.021.
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Abstract The building water supply system is a fundamental unit in water supply systems as it is directly associated with end users. However, the studies available on its efficient design are limited. Water demand estimation continues to be an important issue in water supply systems' design because of its multifaceted nature. Hunter's curve, or Fixture Unit method, is widely used for estimating the load on plumbing. Regardless of its popularity, it has a few drawbacks and is arbitrarily modified in some plumbing codes. Fixture-use probability, a basic entity in the Fixture Unit and some other methods, is a difficult parameter to estimate. Commonly, high-resolution field data is used for stochastic modelling of residential water demand which may not be always available. The paper reviews important residential water demand models in view of their applicability in building water supply system design. The irregular nature of water demand in buildings is due to uncertainty in water-use behaviour of users at fixture level. Use of soft-computing techniques can provide an advantage over the other methods in modelling such behaviour. The paper also discusses reliability of building water supply systems and applicability of some common indices for estimating reliability of building water supply systems.
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Liu, Yang, Yang Yang, Zhijie Wang, and Shaoshan An. "Quantifying Water Provision Service Supply, Demand, and Spatial Flow in the Yellow River Basin." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 15, 2022): 10093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610093.
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Quantifying and spatial mapping the ecosystem services driven by land use change will help better manage land and formulate relevant ecological protection policies. However, most studies to date just focused on water supply services, and ignore water demand services and their supply–demand coupling mechanisms. Ecosystem service flow could be used to evaluate the imbalance between water supply and demand. Therefore, this study takes the Yellow River Basin as the research object to quantify the supply, demand, and spatial flow of water provision services. The results showed that land use and land cover (LULC) played a critical role in the spatial distributions of water supply and demand in the Yellow River Basin. The total water supply was 3.03 × 1011 m3, with a range of 3.29 × 108 m3 to 7.35 × 1010 m3 for different sub-watersheds. The spatial patterns of water supply were strongly different from those in water demand, resulting in obvious spatial mismatches. There was a higher water demand for constructional areas and agricultural lands, which had relatively lower water supply. Most water areas and natural lands provide much more water supply than demand. We used a water flow process to assess the water provision service between water supply side and demand side. The water flow process suggested that the Yellow River Basin had an obvious imbalance between water supply and demand depending on land use and populations, which would help policy makers to manage water resources through optimizing land management in different cities and finally achieving a balance between water supply side and demand site.
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Gazzinelli, Andréa, Márcia Christina C. Souza, Iara Nascimento, Ilcéia Ribeiro Sá, Matilde Meire Miranda Cadete, and Helmut Kloos. "Domestic water use in a rural village in Minas Gerais, Brazil, with an emphasis on spatial patterns, sharing of water, and factors in water use." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 14, no. 2 (April 1998): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1998000200003.
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This paper examines the relationship between domestic water use and socioeconomic, environmental, and spatial parameters at the household level in a small rural village in northern Minas Gerais State. Five methods are used direct observation, household interviews, self-reporting by households, regression analysis, and statistical mapping. Results show that water use is characterized by 1) generally low but widely fluctuating values per person per day, 2) sharing of water sources between households, 3) the use of multiple sources by individual households, 4) avoidance of heavily contaminated stream sites, and 5) predominance of socioeconomic factors in water use. Households owning their own water supply used, on average, 25.3 liters per person/day and those without a supply 9.0 l, with higher use of the local streams among the latter. Water use varied spatially. The socioeconomic factors house quality, latrine ownership, type of water source, and a utility index were significantly correlated with water use. Implications of these simple household water sources and the more deficient sanitary facilities for potential water-borne disease transmission are briefly discussed and suggestions made for further improvements. This study confirms the appropriateness of the application of direct observation, interview, and microgeographical methods for quantitative water use studies.
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Ю.Л., Сколубович,, Примин, О.Г., and Гогина, Е.С. "Problems of engineering systems of water use and scientific research on their solution." Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaia tehnika, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35776/vst.2023.01.01.
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Состояние централизованных систем водоснабжения и водоотведения значительного числа городов и поселений России с точки зрения их износа и надежности вызывает тревогу. Проблемы, которые на сегодняшний день существуют в сфере жилищно-коммунального хозяйства, во многом обусловлены недостаточностью ресурсов, имеющихся у субъектов Российской Федерации и органов местного самоуправления, значительным сокращением фундаментальных и прикладных научных работ в этой сфере. Приведена информация о проблемах и возможных вариантах ее решения, о задачах научных исследований, обсуждаемых Научным советом Российской академии архитектуры и строительных наук «Инженерные системы водопользования», в новый состав которого вошли известные ученые – специалисты в области систем водоснабжения и водоотведения. Отмечено, что в последние годы из-за недофинансирования в сфере коммунального хозяйства происходит опережающий износ сооружений водоподготовки и трубопроводов систем водоотведения, подачи и распределения воды. Показано, что инновационные разработки российских ученых используются крайне незначительно. Этому способствовало то, что до настоящего времени организациям жилищно-коммунального хозяйства более выгодно приобретение готовой зарубежной продукции, нежели участие в развитии собственного производства. The state of public water supply and wastewater disposal systems in a considerable number of cities and towns in Russia in terms of their wear and tear and reliability causes alarm. The problems that exist today in the field of housing and public utilities are largely due to the lack of resources available with the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments, and significant reduction in fundamental and applied scientific work in this area. Information is provided on the problems and possible solutions, on the tasks of scientific research discussed by «Engineering Systems of Water Use», the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences, the new composition of which included well-known scientists – experts in the field of water supply and wastewater disposal systems. It is noted that in recent years, due to underfunding in the field of public utilities, an advanced wear of water treatment facilities and pipelines of wastewater disposal systems, water supply and distribution systems occurs. It is shown that the innovative developments of Russian scientists have been hardly used. This was facilitated by the fact that until now it is more profitable for housing and public utilities companies to purchase finished foreign products than to participate in the development of their own production.
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Zozmann, Heinrich, Alexander Morgan, Christian Klassert, Bernd Klauer, and Erik Gawel. "Can Tanker Water Services Contribute to Sustainable Access to Water? A Systematic Review of Case Studies in Urban Areas." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (September 3, 2022): 11029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141711029.
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Tanker water markets (TWM) supply water services in many urban areas, including those unconnected to public infrastructures. Notwithstanding, they have been associated with outcomes in conflict with sustainability goals of water policy, e.g., through inequitable and unaffordable supply or by contributing to groundwater overexploitation. So far, the literature dedicated to TWM has primarily conducted case studies embedded in diverse local contexts, which impedes the comparison and transfer of insights. In this article, we systematically summarize existing empirical knowledge on TWM and assess to what extent normative claims about the impacts of TWM on sustainability goals are supported by evidence. We use the concept of sustainable access, which combines notions of what constitutes access to water and what characterizes sustainable supply of services. The available evidence suggests that TWM have two key functions in urban water systems: (1) They provide services at otherwise unavailable levels, particularly with respect to the temporal availability and spatial accessibility of the service, and (2) they extend access to areas without or with low-quality network supply, typically low-income communities on the fringe of cities. From the perspective of sustainable access, we find that TWM can provide high service levels and thus fill a specific gap in the landscape of urban water services. Due to comparatively high prices, however, it is unlikely that these services are affordable for all. The combination of heterogeneous access to cheaper (subsidized) piped water and marginal pricing in TWM results in allocation outcomes that are not coherent with existing notions of equitable access to water. However, there is little convincing evidence that TWM necessarily result in unsustainable water use. The literature indicates that urban water governance in the studied areas is frequently characterized by a lack of effective institutions, which impedes the regulation or formalization of TWM.
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Chang, Dong Eil, Do Guen Yoo, and Joong Hoon Kim. "Practical Head-Outflow Relationship Definition Methodology That Accounts for Varied Water-Supply Methods." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 4755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114755.
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Achieving reliable pressure-driven analysis (PDA) results that account for anomalies within water-pipe networks requires a head-outflow relationship (HOR) model that can calculate supply flow rate according to the supply pressure at each node. Many studies have suggested HOR models, but a methodology to define HORs that considers the actual residential environment of users and differing water-supply methods for residential buildings has not yet been proposed. This study considered water-use data from buildings and actual differences in residential environments in a surveyed area (including building heights, topography, and water systems within buildings) and water-supply methods (indirect/direct water supply, existence of a pump within buildings) to develop a methodology and derive a representative HOR for the target area for PDA. Further, a representative HOR was determined for each block by applying the developed methodology for two blocks with similar residential environments but different water-use patterns. It confirmed that the HOR induced through this process could provide high water-supply performance despite a low supply head and needed to reflect the diversity of the water-supply method. The proposed HOR-definition methodology can be easily applied in water-pipe network design and operation processes and ensure objectivity and rationality of HOR selection to yield reliable PDA results.
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Cook, Joseph, Jake Wagner, and Gunnar Newell. "A decision support tool for rural water supply planning." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.017.
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Abstract Over a dozen studies have examined how households who travel to collect water (about one-quarter of humanity) make choices about where and how much to collect. There is little evidence, however, that these studies have informed rural water supply planning in anything but a qualitative way. In this paper, we describe a new web-based decision support tool that planners or community members can use to simulate scenarios such as (1) price, quality, or placement changes of existing sources, (2) the closure of an existing source, or (3) the addition of a new source. We describe the analytical structure of the model and then demonstrate its possibilities using data from a recent study in rural Meru County, Kenya. We discuss some limits of the current model, and encourage readers and practitioners to explore it and suggest ways in which it could be improved or used most effectively.
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Berkman, Mark. "The electricity–water nexus: is a crisis imminent?" Water Policy 17, no. 6 (May 8, 2015): 1163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.060.
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Several recent studies have warned that there will be widespread water shortages in many regions of the USA in the near future largely because of high demand for water in the production of electricity. This study reviews studies addressing electricity generation and water availability and concludes that electricity production is not likely to lead to water shortages in most regions for several reasons. First, the alarmist studies erroneously rely on water withdrawals rather than water consumption to measure gaps between water demand and supply. Second, these studies fail to account for market dynamics, which will lead to improvements in greater water recycling and reuse as well as new resources on the supply side, and conservation and improved efficiency via new technology on the demand side. Electricity is increasingly generated by low water use technologies such as solar and wind. In addition, fossil-fired power plant technologies exist that greatly reduce water withdrawals and consumption. As water prices rise in the face of tighter supplies these technologies will become more attractive. Third, policies designed to overcome market failures related to pricing regulation, water rights, and government boundaries can reduce, if not eliminate, widespread electricity and water shortages.
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Hoekstra, Arjen Y., Ashok K. Chapagain, and Pieter R. van Oel. "Progress in Water Footprint Assessment: Towards Collective Action in Water Governance." Water 11, no. 5 (May 23, 2019): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051070.
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We introduce ten studies in the field of water footprint assessment (WFA) that are representative of the type of papers currently being published in this broad interdisciplinary field. WFA is the study of freshwater use, scarcity, and pollution in relation to consumption, production, and trade patterns. The reliable availability of sufficient and clean water is critical in sustaining the supply of food, energy, and various manufactured goods. Collective and coordinated action at different levels and along all stages of commodity supply chains is necessary to bring about more sustainable, efficient, and equitable water use. In order to position the papers of this volume, we introduce a spectrum for collective action that can give insight in the various ways different actors can contribute to the reduction of the water footprint of human activities. The papers cover different niches in this large spectrum, focusing on different scales of governance and different stages in the supply chain of products. As for future research, we conclude that more research is needed on how actions at different spatial levels and how the different players along supply chains can create the best synergies to make the water footprint of our production and consumption patterns more sustainable.
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Costa, L. Dalla, and G. Gianquinto. "Water stress and watertable depth influence yield, water use efficiency, and nitrogen recovery in bell pepper: lysimeter studies." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 2 (2002): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00133.
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Lysimeters of size 1.5 by 1.5 by 1.5 m, containing a loamy soil, were used to study the effects of both water stress during the reproductive stage and underground water supply on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Continuous water stress treatments were obtained providing irrigation equal to 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, and 120% of maximum evapotranspiration (ET), evenly applied from flowering to end of the season. Another set of treatments involved a transient drought stress imposed by withholding 80 mm of irrigation, based on ET, beginning at 2 growth stages (early fruit set, or mid fruit growth). A well-watered control (irrigated restoring the entire ET) was included for comparison. The underground water supply treatments involved 3 permanent watertable depths (0.40, 0.70, and 1.10 m below soil surface) and one variable depth increasing from 0.40 to 1.30 m. Continuous water stress significantly reduced total fresh weight of fruit, which was linearly related to the water consumption. The highest marketable yield was found at irrigation of 120% ET; the lowest at 40% ET. Marketable yield did not differ among 60%, 80%, and 100% ET. Withholding water during early fruit set restricted fruit yield significantly, whereas plants undergoing drought later in fruit growth yielded as well as the well-watered control. Total fruit yield with a shallow watertable (0.40 m depth) was comparable to above-ground irrigation restoring 100% ET, but marketable yield was significantly reduced. Highest marketable yield was obtained with watertable at 0.7 m depth, but was reduced by lowering watertable depth. The lower yield observed in water shortage conditions was generally due to a reduced fruit number. In most cases, water use efficiency decreased with increasing water consumption, but was not affected by transient drought stress. Crop nitrogen content was the highest when irrigation provided 100% and 120% ET restoration. It was significantly reduced only by both 40% ET and watertable irrigated treatments. Generally, a shallow watertable allowed less nitrogen rescue than a deeper one. The critical period for water was identified between the beginning of fruit set and first maturing fruits when soil water potential should be maintained above –0.02 MPa.
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Burak, Selmin, and Hakan Mat. "Municipal water demand and efficiency analysis: Case studies in Turkey." Water Policy 12, no. 5 (November 19, 2009): 695–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.209.
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The growing demand for municipal water due to population increase and urbanization impels water managers to reconsider the existing traditional supply-sided management approach. Strengthening of water demand management (WDM) policies by improving water use efficiency has been adopted as a key target in arid regions, in particular. Indeed, increasing the added value per m3 of water used is gaining importance, since it is a more environmentally-friendly strategy with regard to water resource management than expanding water infrastructure assets. Monitoring the water use efficiency index is the commonly applied method for assessing the performance of municipal water management that depends on physical (real) losses and non-physical (apparent) losses constituting non-revenue water (NRW). In this paper, the results of the study conducted in three medium-size urban settlements, namely Ordu, Çarşamba and Ceyhan, are presented. Field surveys and evaluation of the data relating to municipal customer service have been carried out. In the light of the findings covering a four-year period between 2004–2007, the origin and reasons for NRW, and the means and tools for reducing it in order to improve water use efficiency are discussed.
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IOJĂ, Andreea Aurelia. "Design of groundwater catchments. Case study: the water supply of Adjud." Annals of the University of Craiova Series Geography 23, no. 1 (October 20, 2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aucsg.23.1.02.
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The use of groundwater to supply water to citizens is an important component of a country's security strategy, as groundwater is less vulnerable to pollution and can be used even in difficult climatic conditions. Groundwater catchments involve additional investment in research, compared to surface water catchments, because they use an underground source that must be identified through geological and hydrogeological research: the aquifer. From the geological and hydrogeological studies that were carried out in the area, the conclusion is that these aquifers can appear at depths between 15 and 120 m and there is a possibility that they manifest themselves artesian.
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Khoruzhy, Victor, Tetіana Khomutetska, and Igor Nedashkovskіy. "MODERNIZATION OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FROM SURFACE SOURCES." Problems of Water supply, Sewerage and Hydraulic, no. 37 (December 12, 2021): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2524-0021.2021.37.74-83.
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Surface water bodies, which are sources of drinking water supply, receive a significant amount of pollution from wastewater. This negatively affects the ecological condition of water resources and poses a threat to the health and sanitary well-being of the population. The main pollutants of surface sources are: sewage of economic-fecal and industrial sewage, which contain organic pollutants, surfactants, heavy metal ions; oil products coming from industrial sites and urban areas; effluents from livestock farms and storage ponds of production waste; washing of mineral fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural lands. Adjustment of surface springs additionally affects the deterioration of water quality in them. Therefore, existing water treatment technologies may not always provide the required degree of drinking water purification. According to monitoring studies, more than 38% of water samples taken at centralized water supply facilities did not meet regulatory requirements. This situation encourages the search for ways that would create conditions for more efficient operation of water supply systems. Modernization of existing water supply facilities and application of new water treatment technologies can help solve the problem. The article illustrates constructive schemes of shore and channel water intake and treatment facilities, the use of which makes it possible to reduce the dirt retention load on the main treatment facilities, increase the reliability of fish fry protection and improve the ecological condition of reservoirs at water intake sites. For effective removal of organic matter at water treatment plants, it is advisable to use bioreactors and contact-clarifying filters. Such solutions allow not only to increase the productivity of the water treatment plant, but also significantly reduce its construction cost, simplify the operation of facilities and reduce annual operating costs.
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Sanaz, Sara Miryousefi Ata, and Bakhrul Khair Amal. "Assessment the Water Supply System of Qom City Based on the Water Safety Plan." Britain International of Exact Sciences (BIoEx) Journal 2, no. 3 (September 21, 2020): 690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/bioex.v2i3.308.
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The existing condition of potable water in the city of Qom and its adjacent villages needs improvement, both for the quantity as well as the quality. On one side, the excess use of wells has decreased the level of underground water, resulting to Penetration of salty water from the neighboring salt lake into the underground water and therefore, lowering the quality of potable water, and on the other side, during the recent years the consumption of water has increased due to growth of the city population. Because of these factors, the improvement of quality and overcoming the shortage of drinkable water in the city of Qom and its adjacent villages, have turned to an urgent need. To respond to the above-mentioned needs, some studies have been carried out by a number of consultants during the past years. In addition, based on such studies, certain projects have been implemented to provide new sources of potable water for the city of Qom.this paper aims at investigating the existing condition of potable water in the city of Qom. The goal of this water treatment is to supply the drinkable water for agriculture and industry and producing the energy.
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Reed, S. C., J. R. Bouzoun, and W. T. Tobiasson. "Water supply and waste disposal on permanent snowfields." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-037.
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The snow and glacial ice on permanent snowfields must serve as both the water source and the receptacle for wastes for any human habitation. In addition, the snow also serves as the support media for any structural foundations and hence the thermal aspects of water supply and waste disposal can be critical. Most activity has occurred on the ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica and has ranged from small transient field parties to large permanent facilities in continuous use for over 25 years. Novel procedures to insure the reliable production of good quality water are described as well as the recommended criteria for water quantity depending on the size and duration of the activity. The various methods of wastewater disposal that have been used at temporary camps and permanent stations are described along with the results from studies that defined the fate of the wastewater following its discharge to the snow. Such definition is important to insure protection of the water supply as well as the thermal integrity of any structural foundation. Key words: water supply, water quality, sewage waste disposal, ice cap, glaciers, snowfields.
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Rezig, N. H., and G. V. Shevtsova. "Traditional water supply systems at lack of water regions and their modern situation (cases of M’zab Valley, Algeria and Miyakojima Island, Japan)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1049, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1049/1/012077.
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Abstract The historical development of water supply systems for portable and irrigation water gathering is traditional for lack of water regions of the world. The diversity of such systems can be observed at Middle East and Asiatic cultures. Some of them are still in use or partly in use now. The study cases of the work are traditional distribution systems of rainwater in the deserted M’zab Valley, Algeria and tropical Miyakojima Island, Japan. The research is aiming to precise the modern situation of traditional water supply systems estimating the possible ways of theirs sustainable development and revitalization. The research conducted on the case grounds mainly with field studies and interview methods. The water supply system of M’zab has been implemented more than eight centuries ago and is still in use. It is a complex hydraulic system based on the principle of total utilization of torrent water and on the equitable division of this water over the entire oasis. Local people now beginning to understand its cultural significance aiming to popularise it. Miyakojima Island medieval water supply underground system consist of the network of cave sources integrated with architecture. Now it is in decay not using like a source of potable water but still preserving some sacral significance with not pointing on popularization. For the sustainability and revitalization of the traditional water supply systems now it is not enough to preserve their initial function but also need to develop the potency of tourist attraction with reservation as cultural property.
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Hoss, Caroline Gabriela, Jorge Manuel Rodrigues Tavares, Ailton João Gonçalves Moreira, Paulo Belli Filho, and Alexandre Matthiensen. "Assessing the Potential for Rainwater Harvesting Use in a Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation Region in the South of Brazil." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 12523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912523.
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Sustainability in intensive animal production is directly linked to water management. The increasing pressure on water resources and the occurrence of increasingly frequent and severe droughts makes it harder to meet the demand for animal husbandry in rural properties and highlights the importance of rational water use and the search for alternative sources of water supply. In the midwest region of Santa Catarina state, south of Brazil, the use of cisterns to store rainwater collected from the roofs of houses that confine animals is an alternative already widely used and encouraged to minimize water scarcity. Studies that deal with the potential for rainwater use in livestock production are still scarce; however, available information provides a concrete basis for further technical and economic feasibility studies. The present study aimed to evaluate, based on local precipitation and available harvesting areas, the potential of the use of rainwater to supply the water demand (r, %) and the water-saving potential (R, m3/year) in swine and poultry Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) in Jacutinga river basin and contiguous sub-basin municipalities, a region with great national importance in this activity. As a result, potential r values of 100% to supply water demand in the poultry sector and between 32.7% and 68.3% in the different production stages of the swine sector were obtained. The potential R value in the study area represented 5.2 million m3 per year. Such results reveal the high potential of rainwater harvesting systems not only for minimizing impacts of drought periods but also as an abundant source of water for supplying the husbandry water demand of rural farms, ensuring water security, and serving as a tool for managing local water resources.
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Lindqvist, Andreas Nicolaidis, Rickard Fornell, Thomas Prade, Linda Tufvesson, Sammar Khalil, and Birgit Kopainsky. "Human-Water Dynamics and their Role for Seasonal Water Scarcity – a Case Study." Water Resources Management 35, no. 10 (July 17, 2021): 3043–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02819-1.
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AbstractEnsuring sustainable management and an adequate supply of freshwater resources is a growing challenge around the world. Even in historically water abundant regions climate change together with population growth and economic development are processes that are expected to contribute to an increase in permanent and seasonal water scarcity in the coming decades. Previous studies have shown how policies to address water scarcity often fail to deliver lasting improvements because they do not account for how these processes influence, and are influenced by, human-water interactions shaping water supply and demand. Despite significant progress in recent years, place-specific understanding of the mechanisms behind human-water feedbacks remain limited, particularly in historically water abundant regions. To this end, we here present a Swedish case study where we, by use of a qualitative system dynamics approach, explore how human-water interactions have contributed to seasonal water scarcity at the local-to-regional scale. Our results suggest that the current approach to address water scarcity by inter-basin water transports contributes to increasing demand by creating a gap between the perceived and actual state of water resources among consumers. This has resulted in escalating water use and put the region in a state of systemic lock-in where demand-regulating policies are mitigated by increases in water use enabled by water transports. We discuss a combination of information and economic policy instruments to combat water scarcity, and we propose the use of quantitative simulation methods to further assess these strategies in future studies.
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Gunnarsdóttir, María J., and Loftur R. Gissurarson. "HACCP and water safety plans in Icelandic water supply: Preliminary evaluation of experience." Journal of Water and Health 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2008.055.
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Icelandic waterworks first began implementing hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) as a preventive approach for water safety management in 1997. Since then implementation has been ongoing and currently about 68% of the Icelandic population enjoy drinking water from waterworks with a water safety plan based on HACCP. Preliminary evaluation of the success of HACCP implementation was undertaken in association with some of the waterworks that had implemented HACCP. The evaluation revealed that compliance with drinking water quality standards improved considerably following the implementation of HACCP. In response to their findings, waterworks implemented a large number of corrective actions to improve water safety. The study revealed some limitations for some, but not all, waterworks in relation to inadequate external and internal auditing and a lack of oversight by health authorities. Future studies should entail a more comprehensive study of the experience with the use of HACCP with the purpose of developing tools to promote continuing success.
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Nohara, Daisuke, and Tomoharu Hori. "Reservoir Operation for Water Supply Considering Operational Ensemble Hydrological Predictions." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 650–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p0650.
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This paper presents approaches and case studies for the introduction of ensemble hydrological predictions to reservoir operation for water supply. Medium-term operational ensemble forecasts of precipitation are employed to improve the real-time reservoir operation for drought management considering longer prospects with respect to future hydrological conditions in the target river basin. Real-time optimization of the water release strategy is conducted using dynamic programming approaches considering ensemble hydrological predictions. A case study on the application of ensemble hydrological predictions to reservoir operation for water use is reported as an example, with a hypothetical target river basin whose hydrological characteristics are derived from an actual reservoir and river basin.
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Bylka, Jedrzej, and Tomasz Mróz. "Exergy Evaluation of a Water Distribution System." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 6221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236221.
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The water supply system is one of the most important elements in a city. Currently, many cities struggle with a water deficit problem. Water is a commonly available resource and constitutes the majority of land cover; however, its quality, in many cases, makes it impossible to use as drinking water. To treat and distribute water, it is necessary to supply a certain amount of energy to the system. An important goal of water utility operators is to assess the energy efficiency of the processes and components. Energy assessments are usually limited to the calculation of energy dissipation (sometimes called “energy loss”). From a physical point of view, the formulation of “energy loss” is incorrect; energy in water transport systems is not consumed but only transformed (dissipated) into other, less usable forms. In the water supply process, the quality of energy—exergy (ability to convert into another form)—is consumed; hence, a new evaluation approach is needed. The motivation for this study was the fact that there are no tools for exergy evaluation of water distribution systems. A model of the exergy balances for a water distribution system was proposed, which was tested for the selected case studies of a water supply system and a water treatment station. The tool developed allows us to identify the places with the highest exergy destructions. In the analysed case studies, the highest exergy destruction results from excess pressure (3939 kWh in a water supply system and 1082 kWh in a water treatment plant). The exergy analysis is more accurate for assessing the system compared to the commonly used energy-based methods. The result can be used for assessing and planning water supply system modernisation.
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Ю.А., Галкин,, Басков, Е.М., Уласовец, Е.А., Обадин, Д.Н., Ермаков, Д.В., and Кнауб, Е.А. "Technology for the treatment and use of mixed domestic and industrial wastewater in the industrial water supply system." Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaia tehnika, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35776/vst.2023.01.05.
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По техническому заданию предприятия черной металлургии «Научно-проектная фирма «ЭКО-ПРОЕКТ» разработала на основе лабораторных исследований и пилотных испытаний физико-химическую технологию очистки смешанных хозяйственно-бытовых и производственных сточных вод. Технология предусматривает использование стоков в системе производственного водоснабжения предприятия, что исключает их отвод в городскую систему хозяйственно-бытовой канализации. С помощью математического моделирования по методике компании «ЭКО-ПРОЕКТ» разработана оптимальная схема использования полученной воды в системе производственного водоснабжения предприятия. Технико-экономическим обоснованием установлена экологическая и экономическая эффективность реализации данного проекта. According to the Terms of Reference of the ironworks, ECO-PROJECT R&D Company developed a physicochemical technology for the treatment of mixed domestic and industrial wastewater based on laboratory studies and pilot tests. The technology provides for reusing the effluent in the industrial water supply system of the ironworks, thus eliminating the discharge into the municipal domestic sewer network. With the help of mathematical modeling according to the methodology of ECO-PROJECT Company, an optimal scheme for using the obtained effluent in the industrial water supply system of the enterprise was developed. The feasibility study proved the environmental and economic efficiency of the implementation of this project.
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Polyakov, A. D., M. Yu Kombarova, and A. A. Salnikov. "Hygienic aspects of water use of the population of the territory in the zone of influence of the Vostochny Cosmodrome." Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2301-03.
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There are presented the results of a hygienic assessment of the water quality of surface water bodies, the catchment basins of which are localized within the territory of the zone of direct influence of the objects of the Vostochny cosmodrome and the quality of drinking water from the distributing water supply network of the centralized water supply of ZATO Tsiolkovsky. Was carried out the analysis of the data of the regional system of socio-hygienic monitoring, including at the pre-operational and initial stages of operation of the Vostochny cosmodrome. The results obtained indicate that there are no excesses in priority pollutants in the water of surface water bodies (UDMH, NDMA, TMT, formaldehyde, oil products). Heavy metals were determined in concentrations significantly lower than the maximum allowable concentration for surface water bodies for cultural and domestic water use. The results of laboratory studies of drinking water in terms of organoleptic indicators corresponded to hygienic standards, with the exception of water at one monitoring point, where color and turbidity indicators increased by 1.8 and 4.8 times were recorded. Studies on the content of metals showed their presence in water at concentrations significantly lower than the hygienic standards approved for drinking water, with the exception of iron and manganese at two monitoring points, which may be due to natural regional factors.
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Subramani, T., and J. Gopi. "Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Natural Tank Management Studies of Salem District." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.10 (July 15, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.10.15642.
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Today the water shortage is one of the highlighted trouble persist in the global which causes several troubles in surroundings. Based on this in our attention we proposed to do research within the natural tank's development which performs the essential position in the garage of water and supply to all human wishes. To study the tank settlements and its utility we use GIS device for mapping and factors affecting. To develop the records on land use/land cover inside the shape of maps and statistical records is very crucial for spatial making plans, control, and utilization of land. Land use change can also influence many natural phenomena and ecological procedures, inclusive of runoff, soil erosion and sedimentation and soil situations. The goals of this examine are to locate land use modifications and different affecting parameter in Salem district purpose of water scarcity.
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Kirkham, M. B. "Techniques for Water-use Measurements of Crop Plants." HortScience 20, no. 6 (December 1985): 993–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.6.993.
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Abstract Horticultural crops use a large amount of good quality water. For example, in the dry west of the United States, nearly one-half of the domestic water supply is applied to lawns and ornamental plants (42, 61). In order not to waste water, it should be applied only when the plants are under drought stress. To determine when supplemental irrigation is required, plant water status needs to be measured. The objective of this paper is to outline instruments now being used to measure the water status of plants. In particular, instruments that monitor water potential, osmotic potential, turgor potential, stomatal resistance (reciprocal of stomatal conductance), and canopy temperature are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of these measurements are described. Previous reviews on instruments for plant-water studies include those by Barrs (2), Monteith (96), Slavik (136), Turner (159), Squire, Black, and Gregory (139), and Hanan (50). Plant-water measurements made on some specific horticultural crops have been detailed. These crops and the references are as follows: citrus (Fortunella, Poncirus, Citrus) (74), apple (Malus) (79), peach (Prunus) (26), grape (Vitis) (137), and small fruits [strawberry (Fragaria, blueberry (Vaccinium), raspberry (Rubus), cranberry (Vaccinium), gooseberry (Ribes), and currant (Ribes)] (35).
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LEME, Ednilse, Maristela DUTRA-CORREA, Paula da Silva RODRIGUES, Welber Senteio SMITH, Maria Martha BERNARDI, and Thiago Berti KIRSTEN. "BILLINGS RESERVOIR (BRAZIL): CHEMICAL STUDIES ON WATER AND CHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ZEBRAFISH GILLS." Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 47 (2021): e649. http://dx.doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305/bip.2021.47.e649.
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Previous study of this research group revealed that water from the Billings reservoir (Brazil) intended for human use (water supply and seafood) has microbiological contamination and causes lethality and brain and behavioral impairments in zebrafish. The objective of this study was to understand what have induced these impairments in the animal model. Chemical analyses on water samples from Rio Pequeno (RP), Rio Grande (RG), and Bororé (BO) rivers, as well as chemical and morphological analyses on zebrafish gills exposed to those waters were performed. Waters samples from RP, RG, and BO presented high levels of phosphorus. BO water and fish gills exposed to this water presented high levels of nitrogen. RG water caused potassium contamination in gills. Phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium are indicators of anthropogenic pollution. RG water and fish gills exposed to this water presented low levels of calcium, which might be an indication of chemical imbalance that could lead to health problems in aquatic animals. RG and BO waters resulted in zirconium contamination in gills. BO water induced respiratory lamellae thickening in the gills, which may be the underlying mechanism for the observed hypoxia. In conclusion, behavioral, brain, and respiratory defects observed previously were induced by chemical and morphologicalb disturbances due to anthropogenic pollution in the Billings reservoir.
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Fernandes, Bruno Damasceno, Guilherme Henrique Cavazzana, Fernando J. Correa Magalhães Filho, and Fernando Jorge Correa Magalhães Filho. "ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES IN ELETRIC MOTORS FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS." Revista AIDIS de Ingeniería y Ciencias Ambientales. Investigación, desarrollo y práctica 14, no. 2 (August 6, 2021): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iingen.0718378xe.2021.14.2.72489.
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<p>The increase of water and electric consumption has caused concerns in relation to scarcity and water stress, while stimulating the development of energy efficiency techniques in water supply systems. However, these techniques can be considered costly and complex, since they use computational equipment and tools that make it difficult to implement into operational practice. In this regard, especially in developing countries, there is a need for progress in energy efficiency measures with low economic dependence on both equipment and tools, guaranteeing necessary environmental and social benefits. This study evaluated energy efficiency measures in a water supply system through the use of (i) a frequency inverter and (ii) replacing the electric motor with a more efficient motor. The first measure did not show economic attractiveness, revealing that frequency inverters do not always have applicability in reducing energy costs. However, the necessity of a soft starter should be noted, as well as suggested studies that have changes in the operating system that can make this measure attractive. The second measure demonstrated economic potential and reinforced the importance of commercial availability and technical regulation of high-efficiency motors, since the payback period was 4 years, with application potential throughout the water supply system.</p>
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Robles Velasco, Alicia, Jesús Muñuzuri, Luis Onieva, and María Rodríguez Palero. "Trends and applications of machine learning in water supply networks management." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 14, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.3280.
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Purpose: This study describes the trends and applications of machine learning systems in the management of water supply networks. Machine learning is a field in constant development, and it has a great potential and capability to attain improvements in real industries. The recent tendency of data storage by companies that manage the water supply networks have created a range of possibilities to apply machine learning. One particular case is the prediction of pipe failures based on historical data, which can help to optimally plan the renovation and maintenance tasks. The objective of this work is to define the stages and main characteristics of machine learning systems, focusing on supervised learning methods. Additionally, singularities that are usually found in data from water supply networks are highlighted.Design/methodology/approach: For this purpose, eight studies which contain real cases from around the world are discussed. From the data processing to the model validation, a tour of the methods used in each study is carried out. Moreover, the trendiest models are briefly defined together with the mechanisms that best suit their performance.Findings: As a result of the study, it was found that the imbalanced class problem is typical of data from water supply networks where only a small percentage of pipes fail. Consequently, it is recommended to use sampling methods to train classifiers, however, it is not necessary if we are training a regression system. Additionally, scaling and transformation of variables has generally a positive impact on the model’s performance. Currently, cross-validation is almost a requirement to obtain reliable and representative results. This technique is employed in all revised studies to train and validate their models.Originality/value: The use of machine learning systems to predict pipe failures in water supply networks is still a developing field. This study tries to define the advantages and disadvantages of different methods to process data from water supply networks, as well as to train and validate the models.
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Ortloff, Charles R. "The Water Supply and Distribution System of the Nabataean City of Petra (Jordan), 300 bc– ad 300." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15, no. 1 (April 2005): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774305000053.
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The water supply and distribution system of the Nabataean city of Petra in southwestern Jordan has been explored and mapped. Analysis of the system indicates exploitation of all possible water resources using management techniques that balance reservoir storage capacity with continuous flow pipeline systems to maintain a constant water supply throughout the year. Nabataean Petra was founded c. 300 bc; urban development progressed with later Roman administration of the city starting at ad 106; Byzantine occupation continued to the seventh century ad. Trade networks that extended throughout much of the ancient Near East and Mediterranean world intersected at Petra, and brought not only strategic and economic prominence, but also impetus to develop water resources fully to sustain demands of increasing population and city elaboration. City development was influenced by artistic, cultural and technological borrowings from Seleucid, Syro-Phoenician, Greek and Roman civilizations; the Petra water-distribution system included hydraulic technologies derived from these contacts as well as original technical innovations that helped to maintain the high living standard of city dwellers throughout the centuries. Analysis of the Nabataean water network indicates design criteria that promote stable flows and use sequential particle-settling basins to purify potable water supplies. They also promote open channel flows within piping at critical (maximum) flow rates that avoid leakage associated with pressurized systems and have the design function to match the spring supply rate to the maximum carrying capacity of a pipeline. This demonstration of engineering capability indicates a high degree of cognitive skill in solving complex hydraulic problems to ensure a stable water supply and may be posited as a key reason behind the many centuries of flourishing city life.
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Carcev, M., D. Gjorgev, F. Tozija, and H. Petanovski. "Content of Fluorine in Drinking Water in FYR Macedonia." Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjdm-2015-0005.
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Abstract From all the methods applied in preventing dental caries, the most significant is the use of fluorides. Nowadays, 6 decades after its massive use, it can certainly be argued that it is the most efficient, cheapest and safest way of preventing dental caries, confirmed by more than 150 longitudinal studies. In order to determine the presence of fluorides in drinking water, in coordination with the Institute for Public Health of the FYR Macedonia in 2009, we conducted a research for determining the presence of fluorides in drinking water from the public water supply in the country. The results from the research showed that concentration of fluorine in drinking water in our country is under 0.3ppm (0.3 mg per litre of water), which indicates a really low amount in accordance to the WHO standards. Optimal concentration was registered in only few water supply facilities in less settled areas, while hyper-fluorinated water was registered in few village wells, which were put out of use after they were located.
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Pradafitri, Wednes Suci, Setyo Sarwanto Moersidik, and Chairil Abdini. "East Canal Flood as PDAM water resource DKI Jakarta." E3S Web of Conferences 74 (2018): 09001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187409001.
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Environmental pollution, resource degradation, and global warming are some examples of environmental problems that have occurred in various countries, including Indonesia. Poor quality, quantity, and continuity of raw water condition make water supply scarce. These problems can be overcome by an intervention to the demand and supply. One of the cities experience this condition is the province of DKI Jakarta. East Flood Canal (BKT) is one of the infrastructure facilities of DKI Jakarta province as a potential source of raw water supply. The study aims to analyze the factors affecting BKT water and the sustainability of BKT water in DKI Jakarta as the raw" water source of PDAM in terms of quality. Analysis of land use and social factors using GIS (Geographic Information System) and questionnaire methods. Analysis of the quality of BKT water using laboratory tests and literature studies. The results of this research are socio-economic activity and land use changes affect the water quality of BKT. The East Canal Flood can become the raw water source of PDAM DKI Jakarta through pre-treatment. This research is very important because it provides a new innovation in overcoming the problem of availability of raw water which is increasingly limited especially in DKI Jakarta.
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Shepeta, Elena, Vladislava Ignatkina, and Luiza Samatova. "Technological studies of the use of modifiers in the flotation of calcium-containing minerals." E3S Web of Conferences 192 (2020): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019202012.
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Using samples of skarn scheelite-sulfide ore from the Vostok-2 deposit, studies were carried out to model combinations of increased dose of inorganic modifiers (sodium carbonate, water glass, sodium sulfide) based on publications by foreign researchers on the achieved positive result in increasing the contrast of the mineral surfaces of scheelite and calcite and their floatability. Testing was carried out according to the standard flowsheet on tap and recycled water. Oxyhydryl collector was sodium oleate of technical acid B-115, dose 250 + 50 g/t. The order of feeding modifiers (sequential supply and combination of a mixture of sodium carbonate (bicarbonate) + water glass), the effect of the temperature of the pulp upon contact, the dose of modifiers and the ratio of components in the mixture were studied. The dose of water glass varied from 350 to 1450 g/t, sodium carbonate (bicarbonate) varied from 0 to 11.5 kg/t, sodium sulfide up to 4.9 kg / t. With increased dose of inorganic modifiers, it was not possible to achieve selective depression of calcite and apatite while maintaining effective scheelite flotation. The use of sodium bicarbonate in comparison with sodium carbonate, at the same flow rates, creates a less alkaline pH in the flotation pulp, which leads to an increase in the concentration of hardness ions [Са2+, Mg2+] and overdose of the collector. Using combinations of reagents: sodium carbonate (bicarbonate) + water glass, sodium sulfide + sodium hydroxide + water glass, even with a slight increase in the dose of water glass in the mixture, after heat treatment, concentrates of lower quality were obtained, with increased losses of scheelite compared to the factory mode according to the Petrov method.
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Hurynovich, Anatoly, and Vitali Baitsou. "Methodological approaches for the state as well as a prospect analysis of the development of city water supply systems." E3S Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 00024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500024.
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The need to develop methodological approaches for an analysis of the state, as well as the prospects for the development, of water supply systems in small towns is due to a comprehensive assessment of problems and the need to solve problems related to the optimization of current costs and investments. The main stages of research are considered, the result of which is the development of measures to optimize and intensify water supply systems. Methodological approaches are proposed that make it possible to obtain mathematical models adequate to the existing hydraulics of the system to the maximum possible extent: the water supply network-pumping stations-water wells. The studies are based on the use of modern information technologies for the collection of data and their processing, as well as the development of technical solutions.
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Rahman, Hayder A. Abdel, Halima A. Al-Farsi, Mushtaque Ahmed, and Matheus F. A. Goosen. "Evaluation of some water saving devices in urban areas: A case study from the Sultanate of Oman." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 22, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol22iss1pp18-26.
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Water Saving Devices (WSDs) sustain demands for potable water, soften impacts on supply systems and inflict a positive effect on wastewater treatment systems. This study evaluated the effect of some WSDs in Oman. A questionnaire survey and some case studies were used. The survey results revealed that the pipe line system network for water supply accounted for about 67.7%, whereas the rest mainly use tankers. Around 37.2% of the participants received consumed 25000 - 45000 liters per household per month. Case studies showed no significant difference in household water usage before and after installation of WSDs due to pre-installed aerators. Toilet bags and dual flush toilets were not effective promoting users to flush. However, WSDs were significantly effective in restaurants, mosques, hotels and government buildings. Water consumption in shopping centres and hospitals slightly decreased. Retrofitting programs that involve replacement of existing plumbing equipment and residential water audit programs are recommended.
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Yehia, Ahmed G., Khaled M. Fahmy, Mahmoud A. S. Mehany, and Gehad G. Mohamed. "Impact of extreme climate events on water supply sustainability in Egypt: case studies in Alexandria region and Upper Egypt." Journal of Water and Climate Change 8, no. 3 (May 12, 2017): 484–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2017.111.
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Water resources in Egypt have become stressed due to changes in climate patterns. Egypt is characterized by two seasons, a mild, wet winter and a hot, dry summer. In recent years, many areas have become vulnerable to the impact of extreme climate events. The impact of these events on water supplies has become more pronounced. This study states that there is a tangible impact of extreme climate events upon both water resources quality and water supplies. The Nile river water turbidity was investigated as an operational indicator for the water treatment plants (WTPs). The results illustrated that an unprecedented increase in average turbidity of raw water in Upper Egypt (from 4 up to 110 NTU) led to a cut in water supplies for up to 100 hours in some areas. While in Alexandria the turbidity did affect WTP operation efficiency, safe water could still be produced. Cuts in water supply would have an impact on hygiene and make people prone to use unsafe water sources. These consequences stimulate water supply bodies to develop action plans to mitigate and/or avoid such potential impacts on public health. This study suggests proposed steps to develop an appropriate plan to face such extreme events.
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Zheng, J. K., G. Sun, W. H. Li, X. X. Yu, C. Zhang, Y. B. Gong, and L. H. Tu. "Impacts of land use change and climate variations on annual inflow into Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 8 (August 11, 2015): 7785–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-7785-2015.
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Abstract. Miyun reservoir, the only surface water source for Beijing city, has experienced water supply decline in recent decades. Previous studies suggest that both land use change and climate contributes the changes of water supply in this critical watershed. However, the specific causes of the decline in Miyun reservoir are debatable in a non-stationary climate in the past four decades. The central objective of this study was to quantify the separate and collective contributions of land use change and climate variability to the decreasing inflow into Miyun reservoir during 1961–2008. Different from previous studies, this work objectively identified breakpoints by analyzing the long-term historical hydrometeorology and land cover records. To effectively study the different impacts of the climate variation and land cover change during different sub-periods, annual water balance model (AWB), climate elasticity model (CEM), and rainfall–runoff model (RRM) were employed to conduct attribution analysis synthetically. We found a significant decrease in annual streamflow (p < 0.01), a significant positive trend in annual potential evapotranspiration (p < 0.01), and an insignificant negative trend in annual precipitation (p > 0.1) during 1961–2008. Combined with historical records, we identified two breakpoints as in 1983 and 1999 for the period 1961–2008 by the sequential Mann–Kendall Test and Double Mass Curve. Climate variability alone did not explain the decrease in inflow to Miyun reservoir. Reduction of water yield was closely related to increase in evapotranspiration rates due to the expansion of forestlands and reduction in cropland and grassland, and was likely exacerbated by increased water consumption for domestic and industrial uses in the basin. Our study found that the contribution to the observed streamflow decline from land use change fell from 64–92 % during 1984–1999 to 36–58 % during 2000–2008, whereas the contribution from climate variation climbed from 8–36 % during the 1984–1999 to 42–64 % during 2000–2008. Model uncertainty analysis further demonstrated that climate warming played a dominant role in streamflow reduction in the 2000s. We conclude that future climate change and variability will further challenge the goal of water supply of Miyun reservoir to meet water demand. A comprehensive watershed management strategy needs to consider the climate variations besides vegetation management.
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R. Potoczek, Natalia. "The use of process benchmarking in the water industry to introduce changes in the digitization of the company’s value chain." Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation 17, no. 4 (2021): 51–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7341/20211743.
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PURPOSE: The review of the literature and numerous online sources, in particular the information platforms of international organizations supporting the activities of the water sector, was aimed at verifying research experiences in the field of digital maturity of enterprises, identifying research approaches used in benchmarking water utilities, and determining the level of interest in the analysis of the water supply industry value chain. It was found that there is no benchmarking methodology that would enable the observation of changes in the business processes of water supply companies under the influence of digital technologies. Therefore, this article presents a framework for benchmarking the digitization of business processes. The article also presents the premises for benchmarking the digitization of processes included in the value chain of a water supply company and the benefits of including digital technologies supporting processes from an economic, social, and environmental perspective. One of the key stages of creating the concept of benchmarking research is creating a matrix of variables relating to the objectives pursued by water supply companies. METHODOLOGY: The proposed concept of benchmarking the digitization of business processes included in the value chain of a water utility company was prepared based on literature studies and analysis of selected internet platforms of international organizations operating in the water sector. FINDINGS: The analysis of the decomposition of the enterprise value chain, the criteria, and levels of process maturity assessment, and the latest digital technologies made it possible to prepare two scenarios of the benchmarking stages of processes and use digital technologies depending on the level of process maturity and benchmarking experience. IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY AND PRACTICE: The proposed model is highly conceptual and requires validation in pilot studies to verify the levels of decomposition of the value chain, to select key digital technologies for research and to determine the scale of digital maturity for each of the technologies included in the study. Organizations conducting benchmarking research can broaden the scope of their research and provide water utilities with information on the latest digital technologies supporting business processes. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: Using value chain taxonomy to assess the support of business processes by digital technologies is an original approach. It enables the acquisition of knowledge about the importance of digital technologies in all processes carried out in the enterprise.
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Mekhantiev, Igor. "Review of research in the field of hygiene safety of recreational and drinking water use of the population of the Top Don basin." Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Inspector), no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2002-08.
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The article provides an overview of regional studies addressing the hygienic safety of recreational and drinking water use of the population of the Upper Don basin, conducted on the territory of the Voronezh region. The results of dissertation research for 1997–2019 and materials of modern scientific publications on the studied problem for 2015–2019, showing priority regional problems of water use of the population of the Upper Don Basin are considered. The data of scientific and practical work and state monitoring on the inconsistency of water quality with current standards in places of recreation at water bodies and drinking water of centralized water supply systems for sanitary and chemical indicators and microbiological safety indicators are presented. A description of the current system for monitoring the state of water resources is presented and attention is drawn to the need for its improvement.
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Ishmuratova, Margarita, Andrey Matveev, Saltanat Tleukenova, Assel Zhumina, and Rosa Musina. "Assessment of water-holding capacity of leaves of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. in the conditions of the Zhezkazgan region (the Central Kazakstan)." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 103, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021bmg3/49-56.
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The expansion of the existing range of tree crops for the greening of settlements is of practical and environmental importance. In the Zhezkazgan industrial region it is necessary to select plants that are resistant to heat, drought, low temperatures and atmospheric pollution, which limits the species composition. In present article studies are conducted to assess the water content in the leaves of Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. during the vegetation season under growing using traditional furrow watering and drip irrigation. The assessment of leaf water content showed maximum parameters in May, a decrease in June and July, and repeated increase in August of 2020–2021. Minimum indicators of water-holding capacity are noted in May, maximum — in June. Leaves of plants grown on drip irrigation had parameters of water-holding capacity 1.3–3.9 % higher than under the traditional irrigation method, which indicates a better moisture supply. In general, the water content of apricot leaves was above 50 %, which shows sufficient water supply. The results showed the resistance of Armeniaca vulgaris plants to heat and drought, so, this species is recommended for use in green construction of the Zhezkazgan industrial region.
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Mukheibir, P., T. Boyle, C. Moy, and S. White. "Estimating the reliable residential water substitution from household rainwater tanks." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.040.
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In Australia, household rainwater tanks have come to be considered as one of the broad potential supply options for meeting household water demands. It has been viewed as an effective way of reducing the supply requirements by water businesses and can potentially defer future capital supply investments. With likely variability of future supplies and demands due to climate change impacts, rainwater tanks also have an important role in building future resilience to shifts in historical trends, and also can potentially play a role in mitigating stormwater damage. The substitution of mains supplied water by rainwater can vary significantly, with the major factors influencing yields being the roof size to capture the rain, water usage regime (having some level of internal water use) and tank size. Tank performance, with respect to reduced substitution as a result of functionality failure, is seldom included in yield calculations however. A review of a number of studies in Australia has illustrated that the vast majority of field studies have produced qualitative responses on the perceptions of the use of rainwater, the structural integrity of their rainwater capture infrastructure and the end-uses connected to the system. It was found that the data required to inform the impact of functionality on substitution is currently largely limited to qualitative responses on the perceptions of the use of rainwater tanks, the structural integrity of their rainwater capture infrastructure and the end-uses connected to the system. There is very little in the way of quantitative assessments. This paper offers an interim approach for overcoming this quantitative information gap on the role and extent of functionality failure.