Journal articles on the topic 'Water-supply Thailand'
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Orvichian, Sawasdi, Prasert Chuaphanich, and Susumu Kawamura. "Improving Water Supply in Thailand." Journal - American Water Works Association 80, no. 6 (June 1988): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1988.tb03054.x.
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Lowatanatrakul, Wanchai. "The Provincial Water Supply in Thailand and the Water Decade." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0419.
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In order to comply with the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Plan (1981-1990), the Thai Government has set up a target that by the year 1990 not less than 95 percent of the Thai population, or more than 50 million persons, will be served with clean water, compared with 40 percent at the outset of the Decade. However, in 1985, due to several constraints, the Provincial Waterworks Authority (PWA) revised its own target to cover only about 70% by the end of 1990. In 1988 it was estimated that about 2.883 million people in PWA's service areas or about 58.0 percent can be served by PWA's systems. If the number of population in service areas increases by 2.5% per year, PWA has to increase the number of connections at the rate of 12.62% per year for the remaining two years of the Decade in order to meet the 7 0% coverage target in 1990. A budget of about 7,485 million baht (US $299 million) was allocated in FY 1980-89 for the expansion of water supply systems and services. It was estimated that the budget in 1990 should not be less than 1,950 million baht if the same target is to be accomplished. At any rate, there are still many constraints that could hamper the achievement, such as:–inadequate water resources, both in terms of quantity and quality due, to a great extent, to deforestation and pollution from factories and farming activities, etc.–inadequate manpower and equipment,–inadequate budget.–inadequate tariff, since the present tariff only covers operating expenditure but not future capital investments.
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Okadera, Tomohiro, Jaruwan Chontanawat, and Shabbir H. Gheewala. "Water footprint for energy production and supply in Thailand." Energy 77 (December 2014): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.03.113.
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Munsin, Ronnachart, Pracha Yeunyongkul, Nawee Nuntapap, Jirasak Panya, Surapin Promdan, Sawat Kesai, Rawat Kumwan, et al. "Feasibility Study of Atmospheric Water Harvesting by Direct Cooling in Thailand." Journal of Technical Education Science, no. 74 (January 16, 2023): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54644/jte.74.2023.1332.
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The objective of this work is to assess the potential of the atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) by direct cooling under the climate of Thailand. The assessment was considered from water scarcity, meteorological data and engineering analysis, including moisture harvesting index (MHI), water capability and energy cost. The meteorological data between 2012-2021 were used as primary data for engineering analysis. The results showed that Thailand has the potential to supply freshwater by using AWH with direct cooling. The average MHI of Thailand is 0.548 which is comparable with high potential of global assessment. 71 cities from 77 cities in Thailand have MHI over 0.50, which is the favorable condition for AWH by direct cooling. From the calculation under Thailand conditions, the water harvesting rates by direct cooling could be in the range of 0.97-1.30 L/h with energy costs as low as 0.047 USD/L for 71 cities in Thailand.
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Muttamara, S., and H. P Ricarte. "Sanitation Program Development for Rural Thailand in Relation to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0273.
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The sanitation level in the villages of Thailand is still generally low despite the past efforts of the Sanitation Division of the Department of Health. Consequently, the Royal Thai Government (RTG) is embarking on a national sanitation program with a view to minimizing the occurrence of excreta-related diseases in the rural communities, which will be implemented together with the rural water supply program, so as to produce the optimum effects on health. This dual program, otherwise known as the “Thailand Decade Plan,” will be initiated in 1985 and will continue until the end of 1991. The realization of this plan will serve as Thailand's commitment to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD). With only 2.8 million pour-flush (PF) latrines installed up to the end of 1983, accounting for 44.3% of the total number of households, the plan calls for the provision of an additional 2.5 million PF latrines in order to achieve the target, which is to provide 75% of households with PF latrines by the end of 1991. Considering the attitudes and economic status of the Thai rural people, the proposed strategies for the implementation of the sanitation program will be the provision of material subsidies and/or “revolving funds,” with strong support from such activities as health education, especially for women and children, and the necessary training of personnel. Implementation of the plan will require an investment of approximately Baht 1,792.6 million (roughly U.S.$ 66.4 million).
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Tunyavanich, Nongluk, and Kevin Hewison. "Rural water supply, sanitation and health education in Thailand: can success follow success?" Waterlines 8, no. 3 (January 1990): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1990.002.
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Saisinchai, Somsak. "Glass Sand Processing Techniques in the Rayong Area, Thailand." Advanced Materials Research 858 (November 2013): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.858.254.
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This article discusses the beneficiation of glass sand at Rayong province in the eastern part of Thailand . The process consists of revolving screen, hydrocyclone, attrition scrubber, tank classifier, spiral concentrator, wet high intensity magnetic separator and closed loop water recycling system. There are 13 glass sand processing plants in this area with the overall capacity 2 million tons per year and supply glass sand to float glass and flat glass industry, glassware industry, glass packaging industry, ceramic industry and chemical industry in Thailand. Keywords: Glass sand, Revolving screen, Hydrocyclon, Attrition scrubber, Tank classifier, Spiral concentrator, Wet high intensity magnetic separator, Closed loop water recycling system.
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Banomyong, Ruth, and Puthipong Julagasigorn. "The potential role of philanthropy in humanitarian supply chains delivery: the case of Thailand." Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management 7, no. 3 (December 4, 2017): 284–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhlscm-05-2017-0017.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework on how strategic philanthropy can be included in humanitarian supply chains delivery. This framework explains the modalities where strategic philanthropy can be successful when collaborating with key humanitarian supply chain actors. Design/methodology/approach A philanthropy delivery framework is developed based on the literature related to strategic philanthropy and humanitarian supply chains. The delivery framework is further validated with the real-life case study of a multinational firm during the 2011 Thai floods. Findings Procter and Gamble (P&G) was involved in the Thailand flood 2011 relief efforts in three phases: preparation, immediate response, and reconstruction phase. The company supported and distributed a water purifier through a non-governmental relief agency, the Princess Pa Foundation, under the Thai Red Cross Society, that enabled P&G to not only gain the trust of the targeted community during all the phases but in the continued usage of their water purifier after the event. Community leaders and P&G’s modern trade retailers played an important role in collaborating in this humanitarian supply chain to enable the successful delivery and usage of the donated water purifier. Research limitations/implications This proposed delivery framework is appropriate for in-kind products and services philanthropy. The case study describes how strategic philanthropy can be implemented in a specific case, i.e. flood disaster. Practical implications Academia, practitioners, and companies who are involved in humanitarian reliefs may adopt and adapt this framework in order to enable a win-win situation for all stakeholders in the humanitarian supply chain. Originality/value The delivery framework suggests that firms can develop successful strategic philanthropy through systematic humanitarian supply chain collaboration. It explains how a company can operate its philanthropic programs through collaboration with others as well as describes how these different actors can work together.
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Olapiriyakul, Sun. "Assessing Water Consumption of S-PVC Resin Manufacturing Process by Life Cycle Assessment." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.619.
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The rapid growth of industry has resulted in increased severity of water scarcity in the Eastern region of Thailand over the past decade. The assessment of water use by industrial manufacturing processes located in areas experiencing water stress is necessary to ensure a sustainable water resources management. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of life cycle assessment as a tool for assessing water use in an industrial manufacturing process. A case study of S-PVC resin manufacturing process located in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Rayong province, Thailand, is presented. The studying results indicate that the amount of water used to produce 1 Kg of S-PVC resin is 14.72 liters, of which 6.22 liters are withdrawn from local water resources. Additionally, the direct and indirect water use along the production supply chain is accounted for in a streamlined life cycle assessment.
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Shrestha, Sangam, Kshitij Parajuli, Mukand S. Babel, Shobhakar Dhakal, and Victor Shinde. "Water–energy–carbon nexus: a case study of Bangkok." Water Supply 15, no. 5 (April 10, 2015): 889–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.046.
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An understanding of the nexus between water and energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is essential for sustainable water resources management. While a number of such studies on understanding this nexus have been carried out in the recent past, there have been virtually no studies that have done so for Asian cities. This study aims to plug this gap by analyzing the water–energy–carbon (WEC) nexus for Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand. Using mostly secondary data, and through interactions with concerned stakeholders, the study revealed that more than 335 GWh of energy is used per year for water supply (0.22 kWh of energy to drive 1 m3 of water from source to tap). About 276 million litres of water is consumed for total power production in Thailand; almost 16% of water supplied annually by the Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (MWA). Of this, 0.625 million litres is consumed by electricity, utilised for water supply in Bangkok. In addition 82.2 billion kgCO2-eq is emitted by the power sector annually and energy associated with water emits 187 million kgCO2-eq/year, equal to 0.11 kgCO2-eq of GHG emission from each 1 m3 of water supplied by the MWA. This study provides information on the WEC nexus in cities as evidenced by Bangkok, which can contribute to the formulation of a policy in water and energy sectors to fulfil the objective of reducing GHG emissions.
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Brzesowsky, W. J., and A. E. M. Van Vilsteren. "An economic evaluation of sugar cane production under different water supply systems in Thailand." Agricultural Water Management 13, no. 1 (April 1988): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(88)90134-5.
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Puangkaew, Nattapong, and Suwit Ongsomwang. "Remote Sensing and Geospatial Models to Simulate Land Use and Land Cover and Estimate Water Supply and Demand for Water Balancing in Phuket Island, Thailand." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (November 9, 2021): 10553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112210553.
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Currently, Phuket Island is facing water scarcity because water demand for consumption was approximately 51 million m3/year, whereas water supply was only about 46 million m3/year. Thus, the study of water supply, demand and balancing are important for effective water resources management. This study aims to simulate the LULC data using the CLUE-S model, estimate water supply using the SWAT model, and calculate water demand using a water footprint basis for water balancing on the Island. In addition, tourist water demand was separately estimated under normal and new normal conditions (COVID-19 pandemic) to fit with the actual situation at national and international levels. Water balance results with the consideration of ecological water requirements suggest that a water deficit occurs every year under the dry year scenario in normal and new normal conditions. In addition, the monthly water balance indicates that a water deficit occurs in the summer season every year, both without and with the consideration of ecological water requirements. Consequently, it can be concluded that remote sensing data with advanced geospatial models can provide essential information about water supply, demand, and balance for water resources management, particularly water scarcity, in Phuket Island in the future. Additionally, this study’s conceptual framework and research workflows can assist government agencies in examining water deficits in other areas.
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Phanthuna, Nattapong, and Teerachai Lumnium. "Design and Application for a Smart Farm in Thailand Based on IoT." Applied Mechanics and Materials 866 (June 2017): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.866.433.
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This article was studied and designed to merge the IoT (Internet of Thing) technology in an agricultural technology. The IoT technology will use the sensor and transducer technology to measure and record agricultural parameters for monitoring and controlling many orchards automatically and simultaneously. All measured data (such as ambient temperature, pressure of water supply system, water level in a clarifier, water quality for watering, and etc.) will be send via 3G into the internet network and shown on user smart phone. Therefore, any users will be able to monitor their farm status from anywhere all the time. The experimental result verifies that this proposed water management system can actually work following controller’s conditions and all data can be sent via the internet network in real time.
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Zhao, Yue, Feng-ping Wu, Fang Li, Xiang-nan Chen, Xia Xu, and Zhi-ying Shao. "Ecological Compensation Standard of Trans-Boundary River Basin Based on Ecological Spillover Value: A Case Study for the Lancang–Mekong River Basin." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031251.
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Ecological compensation is an effective means to solve the conflict of interests among trans-boundary river basin countries. How to determine the ecological compensation standard is the core of ecological compensation. On the basis of the emergy synthesis method, we developed an emergy-water resources ecological footprint model for trans-boundary river basin countries. Based on the calculation of ecosystem service value and consumption ecological value of trans-boundary river basin countries, the ecological spillover value of each basin country is obtained. From the perspective of supply and consumption, the ecological compensation standard in basin countries is determined by judging the supply and consumption status of ecological services and combining with the willingness to pay for ecological compensation. Taking the Lancang–Mekong River Basin as an example, the results show that (1) the ecosystem service value of the Lancang–Mekong River Basin countries from high to low is Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, China, Vietnam, and Myanmar; (2) in terms of ecosystem service value consumption, the order from high to low is Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Laos, and Myanmar; and (3) Thailand and Vietnam, located in the lower reaches of the basin, belong to the consumers of ecological services, and based on the actual willingness to pay, they need to pay $46.913 billion and $1.699 billion, respectively.
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Wong, Shue Tuck. "Source Choice Perception and Sustainable Rural Water Supply Development:A Case Study of Ban Thadindam, Lopburi, Thailand." Water International 25, no. 4 (December 2000): 586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060008686874.
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Zaki, Saeed, and A. T. M. Nurul Amin. "Does Basic Services Privatisation Benefit the Urban Poor? Some Evidence from Water Supply Privatisation in Thailand." Urban Studies 46, no. 11 (September 15, 2009): 2301–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098009342902.
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Farcy, Michel, and Abdoulaye Doucouré. "Membrane Systems for the Fight against Water-Borne Contaminants in Small Communities and Remote Areas from the Developing World: Accomplishments in Thailand and Some New Development in Sénégal and Mali." Open Biology Journal 3, no. 1 (September 8, 2010): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18741967010030100074.
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Pressure-driven membrane processes such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are increasingly used to produce clean water for a broad range of domestic and industrial applications. This article outlines some key features of these membrane-based technologies and describes how they can be adapted to supply safe drinking water in remote communities and rural regions from the developing world. Three case studies are reported in Asia (Thailand) and Africa (Sénégal and Mali) where we investigate the feasibility of removing microorganisms and some dissolved pollutants from water with commercial pressure-driven filtration pilots. The convincing success of the Thailand study established that Pall transportable MF/UF units could help local residents meet their demand in high quality water. This case study provided some rationale for testing a similar concept in West Africa. Given the technological efficacy, robustness and modularity of these membrane systems, we see them as innovative tools for implementing a cost-effective and sustainable strategy to stop the emergence of water borne and vector borne infectious diseases not only in the developing world but also in regions severely affected by natural disasters.
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Kwanhian, Wiyada, Treenate Jiranantasak, Aleeza T. Kessler, Bryn E. Tolchinsky, Sarah Parker, Jirarat Songsri, Suebtrakool Wisessombat, et al. "Investigation of Melioidosis Outbreak in Pig Farms in Southern Thailand." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7010009.
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Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a potentially life-threatening infection that can affect humans and a wide variety of animals in the tropics. In December 2017, a swine melioidosis case was discovered during a meat inspection at a privately-owned slaughterhouse in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province in southern Thailand. The infection, which continued for several months, caused a dispute about where the disease began. An environmental investigation into two farms—both involved in raising the first infected pig—ensued. Through genetic analysis, the investigation revealed that a contaminated water supply at one farm was the probable source of infection. The three local sequence types identified in the investigation were types 51, 298 and 392.
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Imjai, Thanongsak, Kamon Thinsurat, Pakorn Ditthakit, Warit Wipulanusat, Monthian Setkit, and Reyes Garcia. "Performance Study of an Integrated Solar Water Supply System for Isolated Agricultural Areas in Thailand: A Case-Study of the Royal Initiative Project." Water 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2020): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092438.
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This article presents a field-performance investigation on an Integrated Solar Water Supply System (SWSS) at two isolated agricultural areas in Thailand. The two case-study villages (Pongluek and Bangkloy) have experienced severe draughts in recent decades, and, therefore, water supply has become a major issue. A stand-alone 15.36 kW solar power and a 15 kW solar submersible pump were installed along with the input power generated by solar panels supported by four solar trackers. The aim is to lift water at the static head of 64 and 48 m via a piping length of 400 m for each village to be stored in 1000 and 1800 m3 reservoirs at an average of 300 and 400 m3 per day, respectively, for Pongluek and Bangkloy villages. The case study results show that the real costs of electricity generated by SWSS using solar photovoltaic (PV) systems intergraded with the solar tracking system yield better performance and are more advantageous compared with the non-tracking system. This study illustrates how system integration has been employed. System design and commercially available simulation predictions are elaborated. Construction, installation, and field tests for SWSS are discussed and highlighted. Performances of the SWSS in different weather conditions, such as sunny, cloudy, and rainy days, were analysed to make valuable suggestions for higher efficiency of the integrated solar water supply systems.
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Otaki, Y., M. Otaki, P. Pengchai, Y. Ohta, and T. Aramaki. "Micro-components survey of residential indoor water consumption in Chiang Mai." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 1, no. 1 (August 5, 2008): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-1-17-2008.
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Abstract. The direct measurement of the micro-components of water consumption (i.e., consumption by each residential activity, such as toilet-, laundry-, bath-, and kitchen-use), both in the dry season and in the rainy season, was conducted in Chiang Mai, Thailand. It was expected that rainfall differences between the dry and rainy season would influence awareness for water resources so that water consumption in the dry season would be smaller than that in the rainy season. In addition, it was examined whether the differences in water resources such as public waterworks or non-public waterworks (i.e., community waterworks, mountainous water and groundwater), affected the amount of water use. A small-sized accumulative water meter was developed for measurement. This survey provides important information for water demand estimations and water supply planning in middle-developed countries where water consumption is expected to increase in future.
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Otaki, Y., M. Otaki, P. Pengchai, Y. Ohta, and T. Aramaki. "Micro-components survey of residential indoor water consumption in Chiang Mai." Drinking Water Engineering and Science Discussions 1, no. 1 (February 8, 2008): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwesd-1-45-2008.
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Abstract. The direct measurement of the micro-components of water consumption (i.e., consumption by each residential activity, such as toilet, laundry, bath, and kitchen) both in the dry season and in the rainy season was conducted in Chiang Mai, Thailand. It was expected that rainfall differences between the dry and rainy season could influence awareness for water resources so that water consumption in the dry season may be smaller than that in the rainy season. It was also examined that whether the differences in water resources such as public waterworks or non-public waterworks like community waterworks, mountainous water and groundwater, affect the water use amount. A small-sized accumulative water meter was developed for measurement. This survey can provide the important information for water demand estimation and water supply planning in middle-developed countries where their water consumption should be expected to increase from here on.
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Xiao, Xuhuan, Guilin Han, Jie Zeng, Man Liu, and Xiaoqiang Li. "Geochemical and Seasonal Characteristics of Dissolved Iron Isotopes in the Mun River, Northeast Thailand." Water 14, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14132038.
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Dissolved iron (Fe) isotopes in river water have a pivotal role in understanding the Fe cycle in the surficial environment. A total of 13 samples of river water were collected from the Mun River to analyze the Fe isotopes and their controlling factors in river water, such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and different supply sources. The results showed that dissolved Fe (DFe) concentrations ranged from 21.49 μg/L to 232.34 μg/L in the dry season and ranged from 10.48 μg/L to 135.27 μg/L in the wet season, which might be ascribed to the dilution effect. The δ56Fe of the dry season (−0.34 to 0.57‰, with an average 0.09‰) was lower than that of the wet season (−0.15 to 0.48‰, with an average 0.14‰). Combined with the δ56Fe and DFe/DAl ratios, the end-members of DFe were identified, including rock weathering (high δ56Fe and low DFe/DAl ratio), anthropogenic inputs (high δ56Fe and high DFe/DAl ratio) and groundwater inputs (low δ56Fe and low DFe/DAl ratio). The relationship between δ56Fe and DOC concentrations suggested that the chelation of organic matter with heavy Fe isotopes was one of the important sources of heavy Fe isotopes in river water.
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Suwatthikul, Jittiwut, Rangsarit Vanijjirattikhan, Unpong Supakchukul, Kumpee Suksomboon, Rungtip Nuntawattanasirichai, Jirayut Phontip, Udom Lewlomphaisarl, Kanokvate Tangpimolrut, and Sirichete Samranyoodee. "Development of Dam Safety Remote Monitoring and Evaluation System." Journal of Disaster Research 16, no. 4 (June 1, 2021): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2021.p0607.
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More than 4,000 dams are constructed in Thailand for several purposes, including water supply, flood control, irrigation, and hydropower generation. Among these dams, 14 large dams are operated by the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). As a dam operator, EGAT is committed to ensuring dam safety by regularly conducting dam inspections and maintenance. This paper presents the development and practical applications of the Dam Safety Remote Monitoring System (DS-RMS). The objective of DS-RMS is to enhance the EGAT’s implementation of its dam safety program in terms of dam monitoring by instrumentation to satisfy international recommendations. DS-RMS consists of five subsystems: Dam Behavior, Reservoir Operation, Earthquake Monitoring, Expert System and Public Communication. DS-RMS has been deployed at 14 large EGAT-operated dams across the country since 2016. Results show that the novel features of DS-RMS enable faster and more reliable dam safety monitoring and evaluation processes.
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Phomsoupha, Xaypaseuth. "Hydropower Development Plans and Progress in Lao PDR." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 4 (May 24, 2009): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v4i0.1816.
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Laos is a mountainous country with very favorable conditions of hydropower development. Rainfall is considered high. It has 26,000 MW of theoretical potential. The Laos Govt. has a strategy to use hydropower to eradicate poverty. It has continuously made numbers of agreements with the neighboring country Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia for increased power export. The companies developing and exporting hydropower also has a system to include importing company as equity share holder of the company. It will supply 7000 MW and 5000 MW to Thailand and Vietnam respectively by 2020. It has set a target to increase domestic electrification from present 60% to 90% by 2020. The participation of private sector is sought and promoted through Build-Own-Operate-Transfer approach. The exports of power sector amounts to 30% of all Laos export Levels.Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue No. 4, January, 2009 Page 15-17
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Islam, Md Shafiqul, Han Antonius Heijnen, Deepthi Sumanasekera, Vivien Walden, Michel Roulet, and Abdul Sattar Yoosuf. "Panel 2.8: Water, Sanitation, Food Safety, and Environmental Health." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20, no. 6 (December 2005): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00003034.
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AbstractThis is a summary of the presentations and discussion by the panel that addressed issues with Water, Sanitation, Food Safety, and Environmental Health during the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Phuket, Thailand, 04–06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to water, sanitation, food safety, and environmental health as pertain to the responses to the damage created by the Tsunami. It is presented in the following major sections: (1) needs assessments; (2) institutional capacity and coordination; (3) what was done wel well, and what could have been done better?; and (4) capacity building and preparedness. Topics discussed in the needs assessment section included: (1) water supply; (2) hygiene; and (3) lessons learned. Topics discussed realated to capacity building and preparedness included: (1) waste and vector-bor borne diseases; (2) food safety; (3) nutrition; and (4) environmental health.
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Ruchusatsawat, Kriangsak, Jongkonnee Wongpiyabovorn, Chonthicha Kawidam, Laddawan Thiemsing, Somchai Sangkitporn, Sayaka Yoshizaki, Masashi Tatsumi, Naokazu Takeda, and Koji Ishii. "An Outbreak of Acute Hepatitis Caused by Genotype IB Hepatitis A Viruses Contaminating the Water Supply in Thailand." Intervirology 59, no. 4 (2016): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000455856.
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Chaiwongsaen, Nikhom, Parisa Nimnate, and Montri Choowong. "Morphological Changes of the Lower Ping and Chao Phraya Rivers, North and Central Thailand: Flood and Coastal Equilibrium Analyses." Open Geosciences 11, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 152–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0013.
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Abstract The Chao Phraya River flows in the largest river basin of Thailand and represents one of the important agricultural and industrial areas in Southeast Asia. The Ping River is one major upstream branch flowing down slope southwardly, joining the Chao Phraya River in the low-lying central plain and ending its course at the Gulf of Thailand. Surprisingly, the overflow occurs frequently and rapidly at the Lower Ping River where channel slope is high, and in particular area, sand-choked is extensively observed, even in normal rainfall condition. In contrary, at the downstream part, the erosion of river bank and shoreline around the mouth of Chao Phraya River has been spatially increasing in place where there should be a massive sediment supply to form a delta. Here we use Landsat imageries taken in 1987, 1997, 2007 and 2017 to analyze geomorphological changes of rivers. Results show that both rivers have undergone the rapid decreasing of water storage capacity and increasing of sand bar areas in river embayment. The total emerged sand bar area in the Lower Ping River increases from 1987 to 2017 up to 28.8 km2. The excessive trapped bed sediments deposition along the upper reaches is responsible for the shallower of river embankment leading to rapid overflow during flooding. At the Chao Phraya River mouth, a total of 18.8 km2 of the coastal area has been eroded from 1987 to 2017.This is caused by the reducing of sediment supply leading to non-equilibrium in the deltaic zone of the upper Gulf of Thailand. There are several possibility implications from this study involving construction of weir, in-channel sand mining, reservoir sedimentation and coastal erosion management.
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Kaewthong, Natapon, and Pakorn Ditthakit. "Effects of climate change on agriculture water demand in lower Pak Phanang river basin, southern part of Thailand." MATEC Web of Conferences 192 (2018): 03043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819203043.
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The aim of the research is to analyse the effects on agricultural water demand in the Lower Pak Phanang River Basin area due to climate change. The climate data used in the analysis were rainfall, maximum, minimum, and average temperatures. The climate datasets were obtained from statistical downscaling of global circulation model under the CMIP5 project by means of bias correction with Optimizing Quantile Mapping implemented by the Hydro and Agro Informatics Institute. To determine agriculture water demand, reference evapotranspiration (ETo) based on Hargreaves method was calculated for both baseline climate data (1987-2015) and forecasted climate data in 2038. For agriculture water demand in the Pak Phanang river basin, we considered paddy field, palm oil, rubber, grapefruit, orchard, vegetable, ruzy and biennial crop, based on land use data of the Land Development Department of Thailand in 2012. The results showed that forecasted agriculture water demand in 2038 with existing land use data in 2012 will be increased with the average of 18.9% or 61.78 MCM as compared to baseline climate condition. Both water demand and supply management measures would be suitably prepared before facing unexpected situation.
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Intaraburt, Weeraya, Jatuwat Sangsanont, Tawan Limpiyakorn, Piyatida Ruangrassamee, Pongsak Suttinon, and Benjaporn Boonchayaanant Suwannasilp. "Feasibility Study of Water Reclamation Projects in Industrial Parks Incorporating Environmental Benefits: A Case Study in Chonburi, Thailand." Water 14, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14071172.
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Financial feasibility is usually a concern in water reclamation projects. Aside from internal benefits, water reclamation in industrial parks delivers health and environmental benefits not normally considered in cost–benefit analyses (CBA). This study investigated the influence of environmental benefits on the feasibility of water reclamation projects with flow rate scenarios in accordance with industrial parks in Chonburi, Thailand. CBAs of water reclamation plants for industrial water supply, consisting of ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO), with flow rates of 5200, 10,000, 15,000, and 25,000 m3/day and discount rates of 3%, 5%, 7%, 9% and 11% were conducted. Considering only the direct costs and benefits, none of the projects were financially feasible. However, when the environmental benefits were included, the projects became profitable in all cases except those with a flow rate of 5200 m3/day and discount rates of 5%, 7%, 9%, and 11% and those with flow rates of 10,000 and 25,000 m3/day and an 11% discount rate. Further, CBAs of water reclamation projects in industrial parks for irrigation were conducted with post-treatment processes consisting of sand filtration and chlorine disinfection for flow rates of 240, 480, 2400, 3600, and 4800 m3/day. The projects are profitable, regardless of environmental benefits.
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Pumipuntu, Natapol, and Sangkom Pumipuntu. "Detection of antimicrobial resistance genes of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Escherichia coli isolated from the water supply of smallholder dairy farms in Saraburi and Maha Sarakham, Thailand." January-June 6, no. 1 (2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/ijoh.2020.1-5.
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Background and Aim: The problem of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in both humans and animals is an important public health concern globally, which is likely to increase, including in Thailand, where carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), such as Escherichia coli, are of particular concern. They are pathogens found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other animals as well as in the environment. They may cause opportunistic infection and are often resistant to antibiotics in various fields especially in animal husbandry, such as pets or livestock farms. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of carbapenem-resistant E. coli from water samples of smallholder dairy farms in Saraburi and Maha Sarakham, Thailand. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four water samples were collected from 32 dairy farms in Kaeng Khoi district, Muak Lek district, and Wang Muang district of Saraburi Province, and Kantharawichai district and Mueang district of Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand. All samples were cultured and isolated for E. coli by biochemical tests. All E. coli isolates were tested for drug susceptibility using imipenem, meropenem, and drug resistance genes of carbapenemases such as blaNDM, blaIMP, and blaOXA48 of drug-resistant E. coli isolates detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Results: A total of 182 E. coli isolates were found (140 and 42 isolates from Saraburi and Maha Sarakham, respectively). Drug sensitivity tests found that two isolates of E. coli from water in Kaeng Khoi were resistant to imipenem; therefore, the incidence of E. coli resistance to carbapenem was 1.43% of Saraburi Province. On the other hand, there was no incidence of drug-resistant E. coli in Maha Sarakham. In addition, the detection of the drug-resistant gene of E. coli in both isolates by PCR showed the expression of blaNDM. Conclusion: This study reports E. coli resistance to antimicrobial drugs on livestock farms. It can be considered to be the first report of E. coli CRE detection in a dairy farm at Saraburi, which should be the subject of further extended study.
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Sriworamas, Krit, Anongrit Kangrang, Teerawat Thongwan, and Haris Prasanchum. "Optimal Reservoir of Small Reservoirs by Optimization Techniques on Reservoir Simulation Model." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (June 15, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6625743.
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Reservoir rule curves are essential rules for store activity. This investigation connected the Genetic Algorithm, Firefly Algorithm, Bat Algorithm, Flower Pollination Algorithm, and Tabu Search Algorithm associated with the store reproduction model to look through the ideal supply standard bends, utilizing the Huay Ling Jone and Huay Sabag supplies situated in Yasothorn Province, Thailand, as the contextual investigation. Memorable inflow information of the two repositories were utilized in this investigation, and 1,000 examples of engineered inflows of stores were utilized to recreate the repository activity framework for assessing the acquired principle bends as displayed as far as water circumstances. Circumstances of water lack and abundance water appeared as far as the recurrence extent and length. The outcomes demonstrated that GA, FA, BA, FPA, and TS associated with the reservoir simulation model could give the ideal principle bends which better moderate the drought and flood circumstances contrasted and current guideline bends.
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Srisuksomwong, Pawalee, and Jeeraporn Pekkoh. "Artificial Neural Network Model to Prediction of Eutrophication and Microcystis Aeruginosa Bloom." Emerging Science Journal 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2020-01217.
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Maekuang reservoir is one of the water resources which provides water supply, livestock, and recreational in Chiangmai city, Thailand. The water quality and Microcystis aeruginosa are a severe problem in many reservoirs. M. aeruginosa is the most widespread toxic cyanobacteria in Thailand. Difficulty prediction for planning protects Maekuang reservoirs, the artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is a powerful tool that can be used to machine learning and prediction by observation data. ANN is able to learn from previous data and has been used to predict the value in the future. ANN consists of three layers as input, hidden, and output layer. Water quality data is collected biweekly at Maekuang reservoir (1999-2000). Input data for training, including nutrients (ammonium, nitrate, and phosphorus), Secchi depth, BOD, temperature, conductivity, pH, and output data for testing as Chlorophyll a and M. aeruginosa cells. The model was evaluated using four performances, namely; mean squared error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), sum of square error (SSE), and percentage error. It was found that the model prediction agreed with experimental data. C01-C08 scenarios focused on M. aeruginosa bloom prediction, and ANN tested for prediction of Chlorophyll a bloom shown on M01-M09 scenarios. The findings showed, this model has been validated for prediction of Chlorophyll a and shows strong agreement for nitrate, Log cell, and Chlorophyll a. Results indicate that the ANN can be predicted eutrophication indicators during the summer season, and ANN has efficient for providing the new data set and predict the behavior of M. aeruginosa bloom process.
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Sridhar, Venkataramana, Syed Azhar Ali, and David J. Sample. "Systems Analysis of Coupled Natural and Human Processes in the Mekong River Basin." Hydrology 8, no. 3 (September 12, 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8030140.
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The Mekong River Basin is one of the world’s major transboundary basins. The hydrology, agriculture, ecology, and other watershed functions are constantly changing as a result of a variety of human activities carried out inside and by neighboring countries including China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam in order to meet increased food and water demands for an increasing population. The Mekong River, which provides irrigation and fishing for a population of over 60 million people, also has an estimated 88,000 MW of untapped hydropower potential. The construction of dams for energy supply has a wide-ranging impact on downstream reservoir regions, resulting in unprecedented changes in hydrologic functions, the environment, and people’s livelihoods. We present a holistic view of how external stressors such as climate change and variability, land cover, and land-use change affect supply and demand. We present an integrated modeling framework for analyzing the supply–demand scenarios and tradeoffs between different sectors. Specifically, we evaluated the impacts of future climate on irrigation, hydropower, and other needs in the basin through a feedback loop. We focused on hydrologic extremes to evaluate their impacts on the reservoir operations during flood and low flow events. The inflow is projected to change by +13% to −50% in the future, while a 0.25% (15.24 billion m3) reduction is projected for the net irrigation water requirement (NIWR). A unit percentage increase in irrigation demand will reduce energy generation by 0.15%, but climate change has a beneficial impact on dam performance with a predicted increase in energy generation and supply to all sectors. Flood events will cause excessive stress on reservoir operation to handle up to six times more flow volumes; however, the low-flow events will marginally affect the system. While the flow and storage rule curves consider both supply and demand, changing human water use comes second to changing climate or other biophysical considerations. This paper emphasizes the importance of considering feedback between climate–water–human society in the systems modeling framework in order to meet societal and ecological challenges. The findings will provide information on the risks and tradeoffs that exist in the water, energy, and food sectors of the basin.
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Rattanapunya, Siwalee, Aomhatai Deethae, Susan Woskie, Pornpimol Kongthip, and Karl R. Matthews. "Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus spp. in Orange Orchards in Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010246.
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Background: The widespread indiscriminate application of antibiotics to food crops to control plant disease represents a potential human health risk. In this study, the presence of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci associated with workers and orange orchard environments was determined. A total of 20 orchards (orange and other fruits) were enrolled in the study. Trees in the orange orchards were treated with ampicillin on a pre-determined schedule. Environmental samples (n = 60) included soil, water, and oranges; 152 hand and nasal samples were collected from 76 healthy workers. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined for all staphylococcal isolates. Results: This investigation revealed that of the total Staphylococcus spp. recovered from the orange orchard, 30% (3/10) were resistant to erythromycin, 20% (2/10) were resistant to ampicillin, and 20% (2/10) resistant to both erythromycin and ampicillin. Conclusion: The application of antibiotics to orange trees in open production environments to halt the spread of bacterial disease presents risks to the environment and creates health concerns for Thai farmers using those agents. ARB on crops such as oranges may enter the global food supply and adversely affect public health.
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Park, Dong Hak, Prakriti Kashyap, and Chettiyappan Visvanathan. "Comparative assessment of green supply chain management (GSCM) in drinking water service industry in Lao PDR, Thailand, and South Korea." Desalination and Water Treatment 57, no. 59 (June 20, 2016): 28684–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1194232.
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Zhao, Baoxu, Dawen Yang, Shuyu Yang, and Jerasorn Santisirisomboon. "Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Droughts and Their Propagation during the Past 67 Years in Northern Thailand." Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020277.
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Droughts grow concurrently in space and time; however, their spatiotemporal propagation is still not fully studied. In this study, drought propagation and spatiotemporal characteristics were studied in northern, northeastern, and central Thailand (NNCT). The NNCT is an important agricultural exporter worldwide, and droughts here can lead to considerable pressure on the food supply. This study investigated meteorological drought and soil drought in northern Thailand and identified 70 meteorological drought events and 44 soil drought events over 1948–2014. Severe droughts (droughts with long trivariate return periods) mainly occurred after 1975 and were centered in northern and northeastern Thailand. Meteorological drought and soil drought that occurred during 1979–1980 had the longest trivariate return periods of 157 years and 179 years, respectively. The drought centers were mainly located in the Chao Phraya River basin and the Mun River basin. The mean propagation ratios of all drought parameters (duration, area, severity) were lower than 1, indicating that the underlying surface can serve as a buffer to alleviate water deficits. Most of the probability distribution coefficients and all drought propagation ratios of the three drought parameters were found to change significantly based on a moving-window method, indicating that the drought parameters and propagation from meteorological drought to soil drought were non-stationary. Significant increasing trends were detected in mean values of most drought parameters, ranging from 2.4%/decade to 16.6%/decade. Significant decreasing trends were detected in coefficients of skewness (Cs) of all drought parameters and coefficients of variation (Cv) of most drought parameters, ranging from −3.3 to −12.4%/decade, and from −5.5 to −19.4%/decade, respectively. The propagation ratios of all drought parameters showed significant increasing trends, indicating that the function of the underlying surface as a buffer has become weaker. The drought propagation ratios were found to be positively related to two climate indices, the phase index (PI) and the climate seasonality index (CSI). These findings will help to develop a better understanding and management of water resources in Thailand.
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Otaki, Y., M. Otaki, P. N. Bao, T. T. V. Nga, and T. Aramaki. "Micro-component survey of residential water consumption in Hanoi." Water Supply 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.029.
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Daily total water consumption per capita has been used as a basic unit for the future planning of water supply for domestic use. However, for innovative water utilization designs that consider various scenarios, including the effects of policy direction and global warming, and more strategic and efficient water use, it is absolutely essential to consider water usage divided by residential activities, such as toilet flushing, cooking, clothes washing, and bathing. We collected micro-component data by direct measurement from each household outlet, and developed small accumulative meters. Measurements were conducted at 56 households for 2 months in Hanoi, Vietnam, and the average consumption was 18.6 L/p/d for toilet, 16.2 L/p/d for laundry, 10.4 L/p/d for bath, and 15.7 L/p/d for kitchen. We then analyzed the representative values and the distribution of water consumption for every usage from social and economic perspectives. In addition, we compared the results in Hanoi with those in Chiang Mai, Thailand, where we investigated water consumption a few years ago, and their value seemed similar except for bathroom use, but the substance was different. One distinct outcome of our investigation was the recognition of the cultural and methodological challenges to end-use assessment of water consumption in modernizing Asian communities.
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Thaipichitburapa, P., C. Meksumpun, and S. Meksumpun. "Province-based self-remediation efficiency of the Tha Chin river basin, Thailand." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 594–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.293.
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The Tha Chin River Basin located in the great central basin of Thailand is used for water supply, aquaculture, transportation, and recreation as well as a sink for wastewater discharges. Because of gradual deterioration of water quality and fishery resources, this study aimed to explain recent status of the river self-remediation efficiency that was influenced by nutrient inputs and outputs from the river system. Field surveys were carried out during May 2007 (early rainy season) and October 2007 (late rainy season) within the Tha Chin River located in 4 provinces; Chainat, Suphan Buri, Nakhon Pathom, and Samut Sakhon. The nutrient budgets in each province section were analyzed. Results indicated that the river was in eutrophic condition all year round. High nitrogen and phosphorus loads from surrounding agricultural land use, agro-industry, and community continuously flew into the river system. Those nutrient concentrations were higher in the early rainy season than the late rainy season. The lowest river zone (in Samut Sakhon province) indicated highest dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and orthophosphate phosphorus (P) discharges of 145.54 and 36.14 tons/day, respectively. The highest remediation efficiency of the river (ca 60% of the total input) was found in the uppermost area of Suphan Buri province. The lowest remediation efficiency (ca 12%) was found in Samut Sakhon province. From the overall view, long term monitoring of river and estuarine DIN and P should be conducted. To make better condition of aquatic environment and fishery resource in each province-based section, the controls of DIN and P remediation efficiencies (e.g. by effective management of flow speed) at 20 and 50%, respectively, were recommended.
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Keithmaleesatti, Sarun, Rongrong Angkaew, and Mark Gregory Robson. "Impact of Water Fluctuation from a Dam on the Mekong River on the Hatching Success of Two Sandbar-Nesting Birds: A Case Study from Bueng Kan Province, Thailand." Water 14, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 1755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14111755.
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Dam construction for the provision of hydropower and a stable water supply poses a major threat to freshwater biodiversity. Water fluctuation due to dam management has adverse effects on local people and biodiversity in downstream areas, including sandbar-nesting birds. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of water levels controlled by upstream dams on the breeding success of two sandbar-nesting birds, the little ringed plover, Charadrius dubius, and little pratincole, Glareola lacteal, along the Mekong River in Bueng Kan Province, Thailand. During January–May 2018, we found 160 active nests of only two species, the little ringed plover (n = 26 nests, 288 exposure days) and the little pratincole (n = 134 nests, 890 exposure days). Their nest success rates were 19.49 ± 7.52% and 5.54 ± 1.61%, respectively. Predation was a major cause of nest failure for both species (n = 82), followed by flooding (n = 44). We found a significantly increased probability of nest flooding when the water level was higher than when the nest was initiated for those located closer to the water, particularly during March and April, when water levels fluctuated. Our results indicate that dams threaten sandbar-nesting species.
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Ehrenman, Gayle. "Engineering with a Conscience." Mechanical Engineering 126, no. 04 (April 1, 2004): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2004-apr-3.
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Volunteers are using low-tech engineering to have a high impact in developing communities. Volunteer teams of civil and environmental engineering students from the University of Colorado at Boulder and their professor installed a water delivery system that used no electricity. Engineers Without Borders (EWB) pairs professionals with volunteer engineering students to design and build an infrastructure project that a developing community has identified as a pressing need to help provide training, and to improve the quality of life for people in developing communities. In Santisuk, Thailand, EWB-USA volunteers installed a multipart filtration system, a covered spring box and new leach fields to clean up the contaminated water supply. Making more progress on the organizational level is the current goal of EWB-USA. The non-profit enterprise is working on getting a baseline organization in place that’s funded, so it can adequately control the quality of its project.
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Taweelarp, Sutthipong, Morrakot Khebchareon, and Schradh Saenton. "Evaluation of Groundwater Potential and Safe Yield of Heterogeneous Unconsolidated Aquifers in Chiang Mai Basin, Northern Thailand." Water 13, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040558.
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Chiang Mai basin has an escalating population growth resulting in high demand for water consumption. Lack of surface water supply in most parts of the basin gives rise to the increasing use of groundwater which leads to a continuous decline in groundwater level in the past decades. This study is the first long-term groundwater monitoring and modeling study that aims at developing a transient, regional groundwater flow model of heterogeneous unconsolidated aquifers based on the MODFLOW program. Long-term groundwater monitoring data from 49 piezometers were used in model calibration and validation. The pilot points technique was used to account for the spatial variability of hydrogeologic parameters of heterogeneous aquifers. The simulation results and statistics showed that most sensitive and significant model parameters were spatially variable hydraulic conductivities and recharge rates. The Chiang Mai basin’s unconsolidated aquifers do not have high potential. The water table and/or potentiometric surface in the southeast and southwest areas of Chiang Mai city were continuously decreasing with no sign of recovery indicating critical groundwater condition and careful management must be considered. Safe yield calculation, based on a 2-m average drawdown threshold, suggested that unconsolidated aquifers of the Chiang Mai basin can sustain overall abstraction rates up to 51.2 Mm3/y or approximately 214% of the current extraction rates.
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Takizawa, S., T. Takeda, A. Wongrueng, and S. Wattanachira. "Child-education program for the reduction of health risks due to fluoride in water sources in the Chiang Mai Basin, Thailand." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 9 (May 1, 2010): 2391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.058.
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Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in Lamphun Province in the Chiang Mai Basin, Thailand. However, groundwater contains high fluoride up to 16 mg F/L, which has caused dental and skeletal fluorosis. Although Thai Government installed RO membrane plants for the removal of fluoride from groundwater; and delivers RO-filtered bottled water that contains less fluoride than the Thai Standard of 0.7 mg F/L, it was found that the urinary fluoride levels are still high among the residents. To find the major sources of fluoride intake, fluoride contents in various water sources, such as village water supply, shallow and deep groundwaters, rain water and bottled water, were measured, and the local people's behavior on water uses was recorded by interview and questionnaire study. As a result, it was found that the highest risk of fluoride ingestion comes from cooking rice with fluoride-containing water because of a lack of knowledge on fluoride sources and fluoride chemistry. To reduce the health risks arising from fluoride intake, a hands-on educational program on the sources and risks of fluoride in water was developed and implemented in the local schools. The participatory educational program promoted active involvement of schoolchildren, but it was found that the effectiveness of education varied depending on the questions we asked. Therefore, it needs to be improved by an iterative and interactive educational program. In conclusion, it was found that the benefits of providing safe drinking water using such advanced technology as RO membrane can be maximized only when it comes along with a participatory educational program on fluoride sources and health risks.
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Kangrang, Anongrit, Haris Prasanchum, and Rattana Hormwichian. "Development of Future Rule Curves for Multipurpose Reservoir Operation Using Conditional Genetic and Tabu Search Algorithms." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6474870.
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Optimal rule curves are necessary guidelines in the reservoir operation that have been used to assess performance of any reservoir to satisfy water supply, irrigation, industrial, hydropower, and environmental conservation requirements. This study applied the conditional genetic algorithm (CGA) and the conditional tabu search algorithm (CTSA) technique to connect with the reservoir simulation model in order to search optimal reservoir rule curves. The Ubolrat Reservoir located in the northeast region of Thailand was an illustrative application including historic monthly inflow, future inflow generated by the SWAT hydrological model using 50-year future climate data from the PRECIS regional climate model in case of B2 emission scenario by IPCC SRES, water demand, hydrologic data, and physical reservoir data. The future and synthetic inflow data of reservoirs were used to simulate reservoir system for evaluating water situation. The situations of water shortage and excess water were shown in terms of frequency magnitude and duration. The results have shown that the optimal rule curves from CGA and CTSA connected with the simulation model can mitigate drought and flood situations than the existing rule curves. The optimal future rule curves were more suitable for future situations than the other rule curves.
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Hinthong, Woranich, Natapol Pumipuntu, Sirijan Santajit, Suphang Kulpeanprasit, Shutipen Buranasinsup, Nitat Sookrung, Wanpen Chaicumpa, Pisinee Aiumurai, and Nitaya Indrawattana. "Detection and drug resistance profile of Escherichia coli from subclinical mastitis cows and water supply in dairy farms in Saraburi Province, Thailand." PeerJ 5 (June 13, 2017): e3431. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3431.
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Subclinical mastitis is a persistent problem in dairy farms worldwide. Environmental Escherichia coli is the bacterium predominantly responsible for this condition. In Thailand, subclinical mastitis in dairy cows is usually treated with various antibiotics, which could lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. E. coli is also a reservoir of many antibiotic resistance genes, which can be conveyed to other bacteria. In this study, the presence of E. coli in milk and water samples was reported, among which enteropathogenic E. coli was predominant, followed by enteroaggregative E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli, which was found only in milk samples. Twenty-one patterns of antibiotic resistance were identified in this study. Ampicillin- and carbenicillin-resistant E. coli was the most common among the bacterial isolates from water samples. Meanwhile, resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was the pattern found most commonly in the E. coli from milk samples. Notably, only the E. coli from water samples possessed ESBL phenotype and carried antibiotic resistance genes, blaTEM and blaCMY-2. This indicates that pathogenic E. coli in dairy farms is also exposed to antibiotics and could potentially transfer these genes to other pathogenic bacteria under certain conditions.
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Nantasaksiri, Kotchakarn, Patcharawat Charoen-amornkitt, Takashi Machimura, and Kiichiro Hayashi. "Multi-Disciplinary Assessment of Napier Grass Plantation on Local Energetic, Environmental and Socioeconomic Industries: A Watershed-Scale Study in Southern Thailand." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 13520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413520.
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Napier grass is an energy crop that is promising for future power generation. Since Napier grass has never been planted extensively, it is important to understand the impacts of Napier grass plantations on local energetic, environmental, and socioeconomic features. In this study, the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was employed to investigate the impacts of Napier grass plantation on runoff, sediment, and nitrate loads in Songkhla Lake Basin (SLB), southern Thailand. Historical data, collected between 2009 and 2018 from the U-tapao gaging station located in SLB were used to calibrate and validate the model in terms of precipitation, streamflow, and sediment. The simulated precipitation, streamflow, and sediment showed agreement with observed data, with the coefficients of determination being 0.791, 0.900, and 0.997, respectively. Subsequently, the SWAT model was applied to evaluate the impact of land use change from the baseline case to Napier grass plantation cases in abandoned areas with four different nitrogen fertilizer application levels. The results revealed that planting Napier grass decreased the average surface runoff and sediment in the watershed. A multidisciplinary assessment supporting future decision making was conducted using the results obtained from the SWAT model; these showed that Napier grass will provide enhanced benefits to hydrology and water quality when nitrogen fertilizers of 0 and 125 kgN ha−1 were applied. On the other hand, the benefits to the energy supply, farmer’s income, and CO2 reduction were highest when a nitrogen fertilization of 500 kgN ha−1 was applied. Nonetheless, planting Napier grass should be supported since it increases the energy supply and creates jobs while also reducing surface runoff, sediment yield, nitrate load, and CO2 emission.
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Kordach, A., C. Chardwattananon, K. Wongin, B. Chayaput, and N. Wongpat. "Evaluation on the Quality of Bangkok Tap Water with Other Drinking Purpose Water." E3S Web of Conferences 30 (2018): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183001011.
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The concern of drinking purposed water quality in Bangkok, Nonthaburi, and Samutprakarn provinces has been a problem for over fifteen years. Metropolitan Water Works Authority (MWA) of Thailand is fully responsible for providing water supply to the mentioned areas. The objective of Drinkable Tap Water Project is to make people realize in quality of tap water. Communities, school, government agencies, hotels, hospitals, department stores, and other organizations are participating in this project. MWA have collected at least 3 samples of water from the corresponding places and the samples have to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines level. This study is to evaluate water quality of tap water, storage water, filtered water, and filtered water dispenser. The water samples from 2,354 attending places are collected and analyzed. From October 2011 to September 2016, MWA analyzed 32,711 samples. The analyzed water parameters are free residual chlorine, appearance color, turbidity, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and pathogenic bacteria; E.coli. The results indicated that a number of tap water samples had the highest number compliance with WHO guidelines levels at 98.40%. The filtered water, filtered water dispenser, and storage water were received 96.71%, 95.63%, and 90.88%, respectively. However, the several samples fail to pass WHO guideline level because they were contaminated by E.coli. The result is that tap water has the highest score among other sources probably because tap water has chlorine for disinfection and always is monitored by professional team round-the-clock services compared to the other water sources with less maintenance or cleaning. Also, water quality reports are continuously sent to customers by mail addresses. Tap water quality data are shown on MWA websites and Facebook. All these steps of work should enhance the confidence of tap water quality.
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Asamoto, Shingo, Junya Sato, Shinichiro Okazaki, Pang-jo Chun, Raktipong Sahamitmongkol, and Giang Hoang Nguyen. "The Cover Depth Effect on Corrosion-Induced Deterioration of Reinforced Concrete Focusing on Water Penetration: Field Survey and Laboratory Study." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133478.
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Reinforced concrete bridges were visually surveyed in Japan, Thailand, and Vietnam to study the deterioration caused by internal steel corrosion under different climates, focusing on the concrete cover depth. Spalling or cracking arising from corrosion is likely where water is supplied. According to prior studies and our surveys, a concrete cover depth of more than 40 mm was found to prevent spalling, regardless of environmental conditions and structure age. Because water supply at steel is a key corrosion factor, it was hypothesised that under natural conditions, the water penetration in concrete would remain at a depth of approximately 40 mm. Our laboratory study examined water penetration under drying and wetting conditions. The results also suggested that under periodic rainfall conditions, the threshold of water penetration was not exceeded. The numerical study indicated maximum moisture evaporation to facilitate oxygen diffusion occurred at a depth of approximately 30–40 mm unless the concrete was exposed to continuous drying for more than one month. It was experimentally and numerically concluded that an adequate cover depth of greater than 40 mm could inhibit moisture and oxygen penetration at the steel, which supported the survey findings of cover depth effect on a high resistance to corrosion-induced deterioration despite an increase in service life.
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Komori, Daisuke, Cherry May Mateo, Akane Saya, Shinichiro Nakamura, Masashi Kiguchi, Phonchai Klinkhachorn, Thada Sukhapunnaphan, Adisorn Champathong, Kimio Takeya, and TaikanOki. "Application of the Probability Evaluation for the Seasonal Reservoir Operation on Flood Mitigation and Water Supply in the Chao Phraya River Watershed, Thailand." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 432–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0432.
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This research focuses on dam reservoir operation effective in flood mitigation and water resource reservation on a seasonal scale. Based on the relationship between discharge characteristics in the upper watershed of Chao Phraya River and flood occurrences in the lower watershed, it was clarified that the dam reservoir operation most effective in the rainy season was determining the lowest reservoir volume in August for the Sirikit Dam reservoir and in July for the Bhumibol Dam reservoir, and storing water until November. Furthermore, by the probability evaluation on the free reservoir capacities of both dams estimated from the predetermined lowest reservoir volume and inflow volume in both dams, the dam reservoir operation considering the importance of flood mitigation and water resource reservation on a seasonal scale can be achieved.
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Prasetyadi, Andreas, and Atit Koonsrisuk. "Type and quality of energy and water in a tropical hospital." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 04020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186704020.
Full textAbstract:
A hospital is considered an energy gobbler and a water consumer. The energy and water go for many activities in hospital system. HVAC that includes wet cooling tower is the main energy and water consumer in a hospital due to its continuous operation. Conservation of both resources partially depends on the way nexus is managed at the end user. Mapping the energy and water in term of type and quality is proposed as the starting point in managing both as nexus. This article focuses on that part in purpose of integrating energy and water system in a hospital. SUTH, a 120 beds hospital located in tropical area in Thailand that operates daily with 146 m3 water and 1.5 MW of electricity becomes the case of the study. The input and output of energy and water of each subsystem are exposed in addition to subsystems that are described in some different methods. The results show flows of energy and water as by-product that can be used for other systems. Radiology and HVAC release very low enthalpy heat that could not be managed for other utilization, but hemodialysis releases very low heat that is used for its own process. Autoclaves can releases heat that be used for laundry and its own pre-heating. HVAC release brine and distilled water through blow down system and condensation respectively. Electricity is very dominant energy supply of the hospital.
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Srichaichana, Jamroon, Yongyut Trisurat, and Suwit Ongsomwang. "Land Use and Land Cover Scenarios for Optimum Water Yield and Sediment Retention Ecosystem Services in Klong U-Tapao Watershed, Songkhla, Thailand." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 22, 2019): 2895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102895.
Full textAbstract:
The Klong U-Tapao watershed is the main source of water supply for agriculture, industry, and household consumption of the Songkhla province and it frequently contributes serious problems to lowland areas, particularly flood and soil erosion. Therefore, land use and land cover (LULC) scenario identification for optimum water yield and sediment retention ecosystem services are necessary. In this study, LULC data in 2010 and 2017 were firstly classified from Landsat data using random forests classifiers, and they were then used to predict LULC change during 2018 –2024 under three different scenarios by CLUE-S model. Later, actual LULC data in 2017 and predictive LULC data of three scenarios were further used to estimate water yield and sediment retention services under the InVEST and LULC scenario for optimum water yield and sediment retention ecosystem services were finally identified using the ecosystem service change index (ESCI). The result of the study showed the major increasing areas of LULC types during 2010–2017 were rubber plantation and urban and built-up area while the major decreasing areas of LULC classes were evergreen forest and miscellaneous land. In addition, the derived LULC prediction of three different scenarios could provide realistic results as expected. Likewise, water yield and sediment retention estimation of three different scenarios could also provide expected results according to characteristics of scenarios’ definitions and climates, soil and terrain, and LULC factors. Finally, LULC of Scenario II was chosen for optimum water yield and sediment retention ecosystem services. In conclusion, the integration of remote sensing technology with advanced classification methods and geospatial models can be used as proficient tools to provide geospatial data on water yield and sediment retention ecosystem services from different scenarios.