Relevant bibliographies by topics / Water-supply Thailand

Academic literature on the topic 'Water-supply Thailand'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Water-supply Thailand"

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Orvichian, Sawasdi, Prasert Chuaphanich, and Susumu Kawamura. "Improving Water Supply in Thailand." Journal - American Water Works Association 80, no. 6 (June 1988): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1988.tb03054.x.

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Lowatanatrakul, Wanchai. "The Provincial Water Supply in Thailand and the Water Decade." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0419.

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In order to comply with the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Plan (1981-1990), the Thai Government has set up a target that by the year 1990 not less than 95 percent of the Thai population, or more than 50 million persons, will be served with clean water, compared with 40 percent at the outset of the Decade. However, in 1985, due to several constraints, the Provincial Waterworks Authority (PWA) revised its own target to cover only about 70% by the end of 1990. In 1988 it was estimated that about 2.883 million people in PWA's service areas or about 58.0 percent can be served by PWA's systems. If the number of population in service areas increases by 2.5% per year, PWA has to increase the number of connections at the rate of 12.62% per year for the remaining two years of the Decade in order to meet the 7 0% coverage target in 1990. A budget of about 7,485 million baht (US $299 million) was allocated in FY 1980-89 for the expansion of water supply systems and services. It was estimated that the budget in 1990 should not be less than 1,950 million baht if the same target is to be accomplished. At any rate, there are still many constraints that could hamper the achievement, such as:–inadequate water resources, both in terms of quantity and quality due, to a great extent, to deforestation and pollution from factories and farming activities, etc.–inadequate manpower and equipment,–inadequate budget.–inadequate tariff, since the present tariff only covers operating expenditure but not future capital investments.
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Okadera, Tomohiro, Jaruwan Chontanawat, and Shabbir H. Gheewala. "Water footprint for energy production and supply in Thailand." Energy 77 (December 2014): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.03.113.

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Munsin, Ronnachart, Pracha Yeunyongkul, Nawee Nuntapap, Jirasak Panya, Surapin Promdan, Sawat Kesai, Rawat Kumwan, et al. "Feasibility Study of Atmospheric Water Harvesting by Direct Cooling in Thailand." Journal of Technical Education Science, no. 74 (January 16, 2023): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54644/jte.74.2023.1332.

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The objective of this work is to assess the potential of the atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) by direct cooling under the climate of Thailand. The assessment was considered from water scarcity, meteorological data and engineering analysis, including moisture harvesting index (MHI), water capability and energy cost. The meteorological data between 2012-2021 were used as primary data for engineering analysis. The results showed that Thailand has the potential to supply freshwater by using AWH with direct cooling. The average MHI of Thailand is 0.548 which is comparable with high potential of global assessment. 71 cities from 77 cities in Thailand have MHI over 0.50, which is the favorable condition for AWH by direct cooling. From the calculation under Thailand conditions, the water harvesting rates by direct cooling could be in the range of 0.97-1.30 L/h with energy costs as low as 0.047 USD/L for 71 cities in Thailand.
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Muttamara, S., and H. P Ricarte. "Sanitation Program Development for Rural Thailand in Relation to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0273.

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The sanitation level in the villages of Thailand is still generally low despite the past efforts of the Sanitation Division of the Department of Health. Consequently, the Royal Thai Government (RTG) is embarking on a national sanitation program with a view to minimizing the occurrence of excreta-related diseases in the rural communities, which will be implemented together with the rural water supply program, so as to produce the optimum effects on health. This dual program, otherwise known as the “Thailand Decade Plan,” will be initiated in 1985 and will continue until the end of 1991. The realization of this plan will serve as Thailand's commitment to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD). With only 2.8 million pour-flush (PF) latrines installed up to the end of 1983, accounting for 44.3% of the total number of households, the plan calls for the provision of an additional 2.5 million PF latrines in order to achieve the target, which is to provide 75% of households with PF latrines by the end of 1991. Considering the attitudes and economic status of the Thai rural people, the proposed strategies for the implementation of the sanitation program will be the provision of material subsidies and/or “revolving funds,” with strong support from such activities as health education, especially for women and children, and the necessary training of personnel. Implementation of the plan will require an investment of approximately Baht 1,792.6 million (roughly U.S.$ 66.4 million).
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Tunyavanich, Nongluk, and Kevin Hewison. "Rural water supply, sanitation and health education in Thailand: can success follow success?" Waterlines 8, no. 3 (January 1990): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1990.002.

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Saisinchai, Somsak. "Glass Sand Processing Techniques in the Rayong Area, Thailand." Advanced Materials Research 858 (November 2013): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.858.254.

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This article discusses the beneficiation of glass sand at Rayong province in the eastern part of Thailand . The process consists of revolving screen, hydrocyclone, attrition scrubber, tank classifier, spiral concentrator, wet high intensity magnetic separator and closed loop water recycling system. There are 13 glass sand processing plants in this area with the overall capacity 2 million tons per year and supply glass sand to float glass and flat glass industry, glassware industry, glass packaging industry, ceramic industry and chemical industry in Thailand. Keywords: Glass sand, Revolving screen, Hydrocyclon, Attrition scrubber, Tank classifier, Spiral concentrator, Wet high intensity magnetic separator, Closed loop water recycling system.
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Banomyong, Ruth, and Puthipong Julagasigorn. "The potential role of philanthropy in humanitarian supply chains delivery: the case of Thailand." Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management 7, no. 3 (December 4, 2017): 284–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhlscm-05-2017-0017.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework on how strategic philanthropy can be included in humanitarian supply chains delivery. This framework explains the modalities where strategic philanthropy can be successful when collaborating with key humanitarian supply chain actors. Design/methodology/approach A philanthropy delivery framework is developed based on the literature related to strategic philanthropy and humanitarian supply chains. The delivery framework is further validated with the real-life case study of a multinational firm during the 2011 Thai floods. Findings Procter and Gamble (P&G) was involved in the Thailand flood 2011 relief efforts in three phases: preparation, immediate response, and reconstruction phase. The company supported and distributed a water purifier through a non-governmental relief agency, the Princess Pa Foundation, under the Thai Red Cross Society, that enabled P&G to not only gain the trust of the targeted community during all the phases but in the continued usage of their water purifier after the event. Community leaders and P&G’s modern trade retailers played an important role in collaborating in this humanitarian supply chain to enable the successful delivery and usage of the donated water purifier. Research limitations/implications This proposed delivery framework is appropriate for in-kind products and services philanthropy. The case study describes how strategic philanthropy can be implemented in a specific case, i.e. flood disaster. Practical implications Academia, practitioners, and companies who are involved in humanitarian reliefs may adopt and adapt this framework in order to enable a win-win situation for all stakeholders in the humanitarian supply chain. Originality/value The delivery framework suggests that firms can develop successful strategic philanthropy through systematic humanitarian supply chain collaboration. It explains how a company can operate its philanthropic programs through collaboration with others as well as describes how these different actors can work together.
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Olapiriyakul, Sun. "Assessing Water Consumption of S-PVC Resin Manufacturing Process by Life Cycle Assessment." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.619.

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The rapid growth of industry has resulted in increased severity of water scarcity in the Eastern region of Thailand over the past decade. The assessment of water use by industrial manufacturing processes located in areas experiencing water stress is necessary to ensure a sustainable water resources management. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of life cycle assessment as a tool for assessing water use in an industrial manufacturing process. A case study of S-PVC resin manufacturing process located in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Rayong province, Thailand, is presented. The studying results indicate that the amount of water used to produce 1 Kg of S-PVC resin is 14.72 liters, of which 6.22 liters are withdrawn from local water resources. Additionally, the direct and indirect water use along the production supply chain is accounted for in a streamlined life cycle assessment.
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Shrestha, Sangam, Kshitij Parajuli, Mukand S. Babel, Shobhakar Dhakal, and Victor Shinde. "Water–energy–carbon nexus: a case study of Bangkok." Water Supply 15, no. 5 (April 10, 2015): 889–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.046.

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An understanding of the nexus between water and energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is essential for sustainable water resources management. While a number of such studies on understanding this nexus have been carried out in the recent past, there have been virtually no studies that have done so for Asian cities. This study aims to plug this gap by analyzing the water–energy–carbon (WEC) nexus for Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand. Using mostly secondary data, and through interactions with concerned stakeholders, the study revealed that more than 335 GWh of energy is used per year for water supply (0.22 kWh of energy to drive 1 m3 of water from source to tap). About 276 million litres of water is consumed for total power production in Thailand; almost 16% of water supplied annually by the Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (MWA). Of this, 0.625 million litres is consumed by electricity, utilised for water supply in Bangkok. In addition 82.2 billion kgCO2-eq is emitted by the power sector annually and energy associated with water emits 187 million kgCO2-eq/year, equal to 0.11 kgCO2-eq of GHG emission from each 1 m3 of water supplied by the MWA. This study provides information on the WEC nexus in cities as evidenced by Bangkok, which can contribute to the formulation of a policy in water and energy sectors to fulfil the objective of reducing GHG emissions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water-supply Thailand"

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Sathapornvajana, Kuakul. "Improving community water conservation behavior in Chachoengsao, Thailand." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1607.

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The issue of water supply throughout the world is of concern for many reasons. It is projected that by the year 2025 two-thirds of the world's population will encounter moderate to severe water shortages. As a result of unsustainable development over the past decade, Thailand has faced pollution problems as well as the depletion of many natural resources. These problems have impacted on the country's main rivers (Chaopraya River, Thachine River, and the Bangpakong River), that are crucial to a sustainable economy, society, and culture. There needs to be a concentrated effort at all levels (individual to community) to address this problem. This thesis reports on a collaborative water conservation project undertaken in the Banmai and Bone market communities located on the banks of the Bangpakong River in Chachoengsao province, Thailand. In the first phase a qualitative research paradigm was used to gain an understanding of sixteen Bangpakong River stakeholders' perceptions of the river and to determine the factors motivating or constraining their water conservation behaviour. Information obtained in this phase was used to construct a questionnaire to measure a range of variables associated with water conservation behaviours and to provide a framework for the subsequent phases of the study. The second phase used the information accumulated in phase one and involved twenty community leaders in partial participant action research in order to obtain solutions for solving the water pollution problem, plan an appropriate Water Conservation Campaign and empower the leaders to mobilise community members. The third phase, the community-based Water Conservation Campaign planned by the community leaders in phase two was implemented over a six month period. Prior to the campaign, immediately following the campaign and three months after the completion of the campaign a sample of 110 community members completed a questionnaire designed to assess the effectiveness of the campaign and to determine the factors predicting their intention to conserve water. An additional 109 participants from Bang-Wua, and Bangkhla market community which was not involved in the campaign also completed the questionnaire as a control group. Multiple Regressions and repeated MANCOVA indicated that the Water Conservation Campaign had a significant effect on the participants in the experimental group across times in six aspects; namely Knowledge, Attitudes, Past Behaviour, Perceived Behaviour Control, Situational Supporters, and also the Intention to Conserve Water. However it did not have a significant effect on Subjective Norm or Sense of Community. With the exception of Situational Supporters, similar results were obtained when the leaders were excluded from the analysis. In comparison to the control group, the experimental group scored significantly higher on Water Conservation Knowledge, Intention to Conserve Water, Attitude towards Water Conservation, Subjective Norm, Past Behaviour, Perceived Behavioural Control and Situational Supporters immediately after the campaign. The same results were obtained when leaders were excluded from the analysis. However, three months later, the experimental group (with and without leaders) scored significantly higher only on Water Conservation Knowledge, Subjective Norm and Past Behaviour, and significantly lower on Situational Supporters. These results suggest that community involvement in a water conservation campaign is an effective, empowering and useful approach to address the issue of water pollution in the Bangpakong River.
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Tan, Hongthai. "Sustainable groundwater resource management using an integrated modelling framework : the case of Phuket, Thailand." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708423.

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Sangkhamanee, Jakkrit. "The hydraulics of power and knowledge : water management in northeastern Thailand and the Mekong region." Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150529.

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This thesis explores the dynamic relationship between the production of knowledge and the operation of power in the context of water management In northeastern Thailand and the Mekong region. Employing Weber's ideal types of legitimate authority in exploring the practices of hydrologists, hydro-bureaucratic agencies, and an Isan community, the thesis argues that knowledge and power in water management are omnipresent in different agents, expressed through different forms and mechanisms, and legitimized by different types of authority. This thesis examines three social institutions underpinning water management in Thailand and the Mekong region: the school, the state, and the sacred. The school component explores the history of Thailand's first irrigation school and contemporary practices of trainee hydrologists in the classrooms and laboratories. It shows that the institutionalization of hydrology schools and the construction of the community of water experts are a social process with a close link to regional cooperation and the process of state-making. In addition, in constructing legitimacy for their expertise in water management, different types of authority are socially devised and intermingled beyond the technical features of hydrological science. The state component deals with the implementation of water projects in northeastern Thailand. It argues that the modem Thai state had deployed water development projects as a political apparatus in counter-insurgency and to depoliticize contentious problems that beset its northeastern region. The thesis also explores the local interactions with the state, as seen through an ethnographic study of a village in northeastern Thailand. The ethnography shows that the villagers employed bureaucratic means in order to make the community legible to the state's development programs. The idea of how community is being simplified and reconstructed from within in order to gain benefit from state projects will be explored. outcomes. The sacred component focuses on the villagers' practices of community ceremonies to deal with different types of authority. Drawing on the ethnographic study of the villagers' participation in ceremonies of local government, water-related traditions and festivals and the community worship of ancestral spirit, the thesis argues that power does not belong to one particular agent but needs to be experienced through ritualistic associations with multiple forms of authority. The thesis also shows the ways in which local people manipulate and cooperate with different types of authority to ensure positive community development. In conclusion, the thesis suggests the necessity of looking beyond the conventional academic view of power as being monopolized, rigid, and repressive. Power and knowledge in water management can rather be viewed as hydraulics; that can be circulated, transformed and performed rather than only possessed by one particular agent or institution. This process of hydraulics of power and knowledge can be created through the association with different types of legitimate authority.
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Books on the topic "Water-supply Thailand"

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Thongthap, Chakkrit. Improving food security through sustainable watershed development: A case study in northern Thailand. Weikersheim: Margraf Verlag, 2003.

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Southeast Asia Water Forum (1st 2003 Chiang Mai, Thailand). First Southeast Asia Water Forum: 17-21 November 2003, Chiang Mai, Thailand : strengthening regional capacity through best practices in integrated water resources management : proceedings. Pathumthani, Thailand: Global Water Partnership Southeast Asia Technical Advisory Committee, 2003.

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J, Bandaragoda D., and International Water Management Institute, eds. Water flows up: Excerpts from the proceedings of a Ministerial Roundtable Dialogue on Water-sector Challenges, Policies, and Institutional Development in Asia (Bangkok, Thailand, 22-23 May 2002). Colombo: International Water Management Institute, 2003.

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UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre., Mekong River Commission, United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific., and UNEP Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific., eds. International Consultation on the Transfer and Implementation of Environmentally Sound Technologes for Water Quality Management in the Mekong River Basin: Regional consultation with stakeholders to identify needs and actions : November 14-16, 2000 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, November 20, 2000 in Bangkok, Thailand. Osaka/Shiga: UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre, 2001.

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Country Seminar on Women, Water Supplies, and Sanitation (1989 Chiang Rai, Thailand). Proceedings of the Country Seminar on Women, Water Supplies, and Sanitation: A case study of domestic shallow well water supplies in Thailand under the project "Regional Study on Domestic Shallow Well Water Supplies". [Bangkok: The Dept., 1989.

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Regional Training Seminar on Women's Contribution to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1989 Bangkok, Thailand). Regional Training Seminar on Women's Contribution to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade, Bangkok, Thailand, 23-27 January 1989. [Santo Domingo]: INSTRAW, 1989.

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Sangyōshō, Japan Keizai. Project assistance for private initiative infrastructure project in developing countries in fiscal year 2005: Internet telephony infrastructure in Thailand and neighboring countries. Tokyo]: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2006.

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Thanyawānit, Nonglak, Mahāwitthayālai Mahidon. Khana Sangkhomsāt læ Manutsayasāt., and Thai-Australian Northeast Village Water Resource Project., eds. Water supply, water user behaviour, and attitudes: A follow-up study on the provision of safe drinking water in rural areas of Yasothon Province : a research report. [Bangkok]: Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, 1989.

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Thanyawānit, Nonglak, and Mahāwitthayālai Mahidon. Khana Sangkhommasāt læ Manutsayasāt., eds. Women, water, and sanitation in the rural northeast of Thailand. [Nakornpathom, Thailand]: Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, 1987.

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Thanyawānit, Nonglak, and Mahāwitthayālai Mahidon. Khana Sangkhommasāt læ Manutsayasāt., eds. Research report on the evaluation of the promotion and support for women's participation in a village based water and sanitation project. [Nakornpathom, Thailand]: Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water-supply Thailand"

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Vongtanaboon, Sukanya. "Water Resource Assessment and Management in Phuket, Thailand." In Interlocal Adaptations to Climate Change in East and Southeast Asia, 153–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81207-2_17.

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AbstractWithin the context of climate change, the province of Phuket in Thailand is the only province in Thailand without any large rivers, which means that it is potentially at risk from problems associated with water scarcity in the future. Phuket Island is also the largest island in Thailand with an area of 543 km2 comprised of three districts (Thalang, Muang and Kathu); 77% of the island is mountainous and 23% consists of plains, primarily in the central and eastern regions. Most water is derived from rainfall, which is stored in reservoirs, mine shafts, and groundwater sources. Due to geography, Phuket is a popular tourist destination. Rates of development in the hotel industry and residential areas, as well as the population, have been rapid in recent decades. However, these developments have severely degraded watershed areas. Economic growth and increases in the number of tourists has resulted in an increase in demand for water, and in the year 2020 consumption exceeded 100,000 m3/day (Provincial Waterworks Authority 2020). Moreover, trends of water use in Phuket are expected to increase by 12% annually, and it is forecasted that the water demand for local consumption and tourism will rise to 103.07 million m3/year in 2032 (Patong Municipality 2020). As the water supply in the three major reservoirs (Bang Wad, Bang Niew Dam and Klong Katha) are limited due to long periods of a dry weather (Provincial Waterworks Authority 2020), there are problems of water scarcity in Phuket and other areas with public water systems in the province. The droughts in 2002 and 2019–2020 caused severe water scarcity in Phuket, and this has become an important issue that the province needs to address.
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Srivoramas, Rerkchai, Ponglert Sangkaphet, Chutchai Kaewta, Rapeepan Pitakaso, Kanchana Sethanan, and Natthapong Nanthasamroeng. "Solving a Location-Allocation-Sizing Problem Using Differential Evolution Algorithm: A Case Study of Agricultural Water Resources in North-Eastern Thailand." In Smart and Sustainable Supply Chain and Logistics — Challenges, Methods and Best Practices, 113–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15412-6_7.

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Kajitvichyanukul, Puangrat, Suthatip Sinyoung, and Ruediger Anlauf. "Diffuse pollution and contamination of pesticides in natural water and water supply: case study of Northern Thailand." In Land Use and Water Quality: The Impacts of Diffuse Pollution, 227–40. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789061123_227.

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Lasnier, France, and Tony Gan Ang. "A Comparative Assessment of Photovoltaics and Handpumps for Rural Water Supply: A Case Study for Thailand." In Photovoltaic Engineering Handbook, 475–92. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203743393-19.

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Ortloff, Charles R. "Ancient South-East Asia." In Water Engineering in the Ancient World. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199239092.003.0006.

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Cambodia is situated in southeast Asia on the coast of the Gulf of Thailand and shares borders with Vietnam to the east, Thailand to the west, and Laos to the north. Lake Tonle Sap occupies ~2.5% of Cambodia’s land area and plays a vital role in the rice agriculture of the country. The total cultivatable area is about 2.1 million hectares, of which 1.8 million is devoted to rice agriculture. The growing season is largely coupled to the monsoon cycles: the bimodal wet season starts in May and ends in October with peaks in June and September/ October resulting from diVerent rainfall origins. Rainfall levels vary around the country: although average levels are about 1.5 m, amounts vary from about 1.0m at Svay Check in the western province of Banteay Meanchey to nearly 4.7m in the southern province of Kampot. The Tonle Sap River reverses flow twice each year: from July to October, water flows into Tonle Sap Lake from branches of the Mekong River, swelling its area from 2,600 to 10,500 km<sup>2</sup>; in November when the flow rate of the Mekong River decreases, the Tonle Sap River reverses flow and water flows into the Mekong once again. Since 85% of Cambodia’s land area is included in the Mekong River basin, river water levels coupled to groundwater levels play a role in agricultural systems. The dry season from November to April requires irrigation to support rice agriculture making water storage and high groundwater levels important. Based on recent research (FAO 2005), the net renewable water balance (volume in flows minus volume) is equal to about 120km<sup>3</sup> with about 18 km<sup>3</sup> stored in groundwater reduced by 13 km<sup>3</sup> per year by river drainage. Of the total amount of water withdrawal per year (520_10<sup>6</sup>m<sup>3</sup>), about 94% is devoted to agriculture; given the dependence on rice farming through the ages, it is likely that a similar percentage was used for agriculture in ancient times as now to support like-sized agrarian populations. In the 10th to 14th centuries ce, Angkor’s water supply system was based on four (baray) reservoirs (not all functioning simultaneously) with a total capacity of 100–150_10<sup>6</sup>m<sup>3</sup>.
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Conference papers on the topic "Water-supply Thailand"

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Karuchit, Sudjit, Preeyaphorn Kosa, Jareeya Yimrattanabovorn, Prapat Pentamwa, and Patcharin Racho. "MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN NORTH-EASTERN REGION OF THAILAND." In 47th International Academic Conference, Prague. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.047.008.

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Prum, Sideth, Nalinee Jumnongpol, Chutima Eamchotchawalit, Pisit Kantiwattanakul, Vannee Sooksatra, Thanatip Thanatip Jarearnsiri, and Somsak Passananon. "Guideline for Backfill Material Improvement for Water Supply Pipeline Construction on Bangkok Clay, Thailand." In The 4th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icsect19.152.

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Chankong, Thanatip, Kwansirinapa Thanawong, Nopadon Maneetien, Surachet Srinara, and Krisdha Thanawong. "Developing sustainable solution for village water supply system - A case study of Ban Xia village in Thailand." In 2021 IEEE 9th Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/r10-htc53172.2021.9641537.

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Yukongdi, Pakpadee. "Khao San Dam: The Archaeological Evidence of Burnt Rice Festival in Southern Thailand | ข้าวสารดำา: หลักฐานทางโบราณคดีเกี่ยวกับประเพณีการเผาข้าวในภาคใต้ของ ประเทศไทย." In The SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFACON2021). SEAMEO SPAFA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26721/spafa.pqcnu8815a-08.

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Recently in 2021the 11th office of the Fine Arts Department, Songkhla has reported their annual excavations in Trang Province that archaeologists have found some set of rice while excavation in process namely,1) Khao Kurum Archaeological Site, Huai Yod District and 2) Napala Archaeological Site, Muang District. The artifacts which were found associated with the rice grains on the habitation layer consisted of potsherds, animal bones, grindstone, beads, etc. The grains of rice are short and brown in colour which is examined as carbonized since the beginning at its first left. The primary examination by archaeologists has classified the rice of Napala Archaeological Site as short grain of probably Orysa sativa (Indica or Aus) rice. AMS Radiocarbon dating by Beta Analytic Testing Laboratory shows the AMS standard results and calibration dating of charred material measured radiocarbon age:1440±30BP. Because of their geographical location, both sites are incredibly located on one side of the hill slope, where they were suitable for habitat and plantation, especially tiny paddy fields and farms with sufficient water supply either small stream or well. The found rice, which now still grows uphill, probably called ‘Khao rai’ needs less water or no marsh. Comparative study of ethnographic “Atong” 1 of 12 sub-tribes of the “Garos” Tibeto-Burman in Meghalaya, India which originated slash-and-burnt socio-groups, have shown an interest in growing rice activity. According to their ritual ceremony for planting of paddy, other grain, and seeds takes place. There are many ritualistic offerings of rice such as (1) flattened rice by asking for permission to cultivate the land from the first harvested paddy in May. (2) After the harvesting in September or October, the 1st ceremony of the agricultural year is a thanksgiving ceremony to mark the end of a period of toil in the fields and harvesting of bumper crops, which is probably the most important festival of the Garos locally called “Maidan syla” meant to celebrate the after-harvested festival or burnt rice festival. Their 2nd ceremony is to revive the monsoon clouds. People throw cooked rice on the floor to symbolize hailstones. Noticing the rice, were probably the assemblage of “Khao San Dam” in many activities of these ceremonies, that is the archaeological evidence found in Khao Kurum and Napala Archaeological Sites. In the Southern part of Thailand, once the crops have already cultivated, people celebrate to welcome their outcrops most probably at the end of September to October and mark their end of plantation before the monsoon come. People prepare 4 main rice desserts put together with other necessity stuffs in the “hmrub” special large containers and donate to the ancestors through Buddhist ceremony. Though archaeological evidence shows that southern peninsular was where the migrants from the west especially India origins, who shared same habitat of hillslope, might brought their different traditions through both land trans-peninsular and sea routes then settled down inner western or eastern coast since prehistoric times. The beliefs in animism might belong to some other western migrants and with having “hmrub” is one of their unique cultural characteristic material and tradition remain. Once they settled down then converged to Buddhism, the ritual ceremony may be changed due to religion, but tradition remains the same today, that is, Bun Duean Sib on the 10th of the lunar month or September-October.
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