Journal articles on the topic 'Water Supply, Rural Thailand, Northeastern'
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Tunyavanich, Nongluk, and Kevin Hewison. "Rural water supply, sanitation and health education in Thailand: can success follow success?" Waterlines 8, no. 3 (January 1990): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1990.002.
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Issaragrisil, Surapol, David W. Kaufman, Theresa Anderson, Kanchana Chansung, Paul E. Leaverton, Samuel Shapiro, and Neal S. Young. "The epidemiology of aplastic anemia in Thailand." Blood 107, no. 4 (February 15, 2006): 1299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-01-0161.
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Aplastic anemia has been linked to environmental exposures, from chemicals and medical drugs to infectious agents. The disease occurs more frequently in Asia than in the West, with incidence rates 2- to 3-fold higher. We report updated results of an epidemiologic study conducted in Thailand from 1989 to 2002, in which 541 patients and 2261 controls were enrolled. Exposures were determined by in-person interview. We observed significantly elevated relative risk estimates for benzene (3.5) and other solvents (2.0) and for sulfonamides (5.6), thiazides (3.8), and mebendazole (3.0). Chloramphenicol use was infrequent, and no significant association was observed. Agricultural pesticides were implicated in Khonkaen (northeastern Thailand). There were significant associations with organophosphates (2.1), DDT (6.7), and carbamates (7.4). We found significant risks for farmers exposed to ducks and geese (3.7) and a borderline association with animal fertilizer (2.1). There was a significant association in Khonkaen with drinking other than bottled or distilled water (2.8). Nonmedical needle exposure was associated in Bangkok and Khonkaen combined (3.8). Most striking was the large etiologic fraction in a rural region accounted for by animal exposures and drinking of water from sources such as wells, rural taps, and rainwater, consistent with an infectious etiology for many cases of aplastic anemia in Thailand.
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NAGAO, Y., P. SVASTI, A. TAWATSIN, and U. THAVARA. "Geographical structure of dengue transmission and its determinants in Thailand." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 6 (July 12, 2007): 843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807008990.
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SUMMARYExpansion of dengue has been attributed to urbanization. To test this concept, we examined dengue transmission intensities in Thailand. We used the inverse of mean age of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) cases as a surrogate of dengue transmission intensity (or force of infection). The transmission intensity in Bangkok decreased rapidly since the mid-1990s, to levels that are currently lower than in other regions. Regression analysis revealed that transmission intensity is highest in the Northeastern rural region, mainly due to scarcity of private water wells. Private wells reduce the need for household water containers, the major breeding sites for vectors. Cumulatively, these results show that urbanization is not necessarily associated with intense dengue transmission in Thailand. Paradoxically, the DHF incidence in Bangkok has surpassed other regions despite declines in transmission intensity. This finding implies the existence of endemic stability (i.e. low incidence of a clinical illness in spite of high transmission intensity).
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Muttamara, S., and H. P Ricarte. "Sanitation Program Development for Rural Thailand in Relation to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0273.
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The sanitation level in the villages of Thailand is still generally low despite the past efforts of the Sanitation Division of the Department of Health. Consequently, the Royal Thai Government (RTG) is embarking on a national sanitation program with a view to minimizing the occurrence of excreta-related diseases in the rural communities, which will be implemented together with the rural water supply program, so as to produce the optimum effects on health. This dual program, otherwise known as the “Thailand Decade Plan,” will be initiated in 1985 and will continue until the end of 1991. The realization of this plan will serve as Thailand's commitment to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD). With only 2.8 million pour-flush (PF) latrines installed up to the end of 1983, accounting for 44.3% of the total number of households, the plan calls for the provision of an additional 2.5 million PF latrines in order to achieve the target, which is to provide 75% of households with PF latrines by the end of 1991. Considering the attitudes and economic status of the Thai rural people, the proposed strategies for the implementation of the sanitation program will be the provision of material subsidies and/or “revolving funds,” with strong support from such activities as health education, especially for women and children, and the necessary training of personnel. Implementation of the plan will require an investment of approximately Baht 1,792.6 million (roughly U.S.$ 66.4 million).
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Wong, Shue Tuck. "Source Choice Perception and Sustainable Rural Water Supply Development:A Case Study of Ban Thadindam, Lopburi, Thailand." Water International 25, no. 4 (December 2000): 586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060008686874.
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Rahman, Md Siddikur, Tipaya Ekalaksananan, Sumaira Zafar, Petchaboon Poolphol, Oleg Shipin, Ubydul Haque, Richard Paul, Joacim Rocklöv, Chamsai Pientong, and Hans J. Overgaard. "Ecological, Social and Other Environmental Determinants of Dengue Vector Abundance in Urban and Rural Areas of Northeastern Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 5971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115971.
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Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue globally. The variables that influence the abundance of dengue vectors are numerous and complex. This has generated a need to focus on areas at risk of disease transmission, the spatial-temporal distribution of vectors, and the factors that modulate vector abundance. To help guide and improve vector-control efforts, this study identified the ecological, social, and other environmental risk factors that affect the abundance of adult female and immature Ae. aegypti in households in urban and rural areas of northeastern Thailand. A one-year entomological study was conducted in four villages of northeastern Thailand between January and December, 2019. Socio-demographic; self-reported prior dengue infections; housing conditions; durable asset ownership; water management; characteristics of water containers; knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding climate change and dengue; and climate data were collected. Household crowding index (HCI), premise condition index (PCI), socio-economic status (SES), and entomological indices (HI, CI, BI, and PI) were calculated. Negative binomial generalized linear models (GLMs) were fitted to identify the risk factors associated with the abundance of adult females and immature Ae. aegypti. Urban sites had higher entomological indices and numbers of adult Ae. aegypti mosquitoes than rural sites. Overall, participants’ KAP about climate change and dengue were low in both settings. The fitted GLM showed that a higher abundance of adult female Ae. aegypti was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with many factors, such as a low education level of household respondents, crowded households, poor premise conditions, surrounding house density, bathrooms located indoors, unscreened windows, high numbers of wet containers, a lack of adult control, prior dengue infections, poor climate change adaptation, dengue, and vector-related practices. Many of the above were also significantly associated with a high abundance of immature mosquito stages. The GLM model also showed that maximum and mean temperature with four-and one-to-two weeks of lag were significant predictors (p < 0.05) of the abundance of adult and immature mosquitoes, respectively, in northeastern Thailand. The low KAP regarding climate change and dengue highlights the engagement needs for vector-borne disease prevention in this region. The identified risk factors are important for the critical first step toward developing routine Aedes surveillance and reliable early warning systems for effective dengue and other mosquito-borne disease prevention and control strategies at the household and community levels in this region and similar settings elsewhere.
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Dias, Alexandre Pessoa, Deiviane Calegar, Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa, Maria de Fátima Leal Alencar, Caroline Ferraz Ignacio, Milena Enderson Chagas da Silva, and Antonio Henrique Almeida de Moraes Neto. "Assessing the Influence of Water Management and Rainfall Seasonality on Water Quality and Intestinal Parasitism in Rural Northeastern Brazil." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2018 (July 18, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8159354.
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Introduction. The drought in the Brazilian semiarid region has affected the quality of water. This study assessed the relationships between enteric parasitoses, water management, and water quality, correlating them with pluviometric seasonality.Methods. Cross-sectional surveys were carried out in four rural communities at the beginning of the dry season (n=151), at the end of the dry season (n=184), and in the rainy season (n=199), in order to collect sociodemographic data, human fecal samples, and samples of the water used for human consumption for physicochemical and microbiological analyses. In 2015, water filters were provided to 30 households under study.Results. There was an increasing trend in detection rates of commensal protozoa and theEntamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba disparcomplex at the beginning of the rainy season, with detection rates of 6% in 2014 and 21.6% in 2016.Giardia intestinalisandAscaris lumbricoidespresented distinct temporal distributions, which peaked in 2015: 20.1% and 30%, respectively. The proportion of inhabitants drinking inadequate water was 55% at the beginning of the dry season and 28.8% at the end of the dry season, reaching 70.9% at the beginning of the rainy season. The presence of filters reduced this proportion among those who received the hollow ceramic candle filter.Conclusions. Data suggest that the strategies to increase water supply in the Brazilian semiarid region can be ameliorated in order to improve the quality of drinking water.
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Zhao, Baoxu, Dawen Yang, Shuyu Yang, and Jerasorn Santisirisomboon. "Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Droughts and Their Propagation during the Past 67 Years in Northern Thailand." Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020277.
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Droughts grow concurrently in space and time; however, their spatiotemporal propagation is still not fully studied. In this study, drought propagation and spatiotemporal characteristics were studied in northern, northeastern, and central Thailand (NNCT). The NNCT is an important agricultural exporter worldwide, and droughts here can lead to considerable pressure on the food supply. This study investigated meteorological drought and soil drought in northern Thailand and identified 70 meteorological drought events and 44 soil drought events over 1948–2014. Severe droughts (droughts with long trivariate return periods) mainly occurred after 1975 and were centered in northern and northeastern Thailand. Meteorological drought and soil drought that occurred during 1979–1980 had the longest trivariate return periods of 157 years and 179 years, respectively. The drought centers were mainly located in the Chao Phraya River basin and the Mun River basin. The mean propagation ratios of all drought parameters (duration, area, severity) were lower than 1, indicating that the underlying surface can serve as a buffer to alleviate water deficits. Most of the probability distribution coefficients and all drought propagation ratios of the three drought parameters were found to change significantly based on a moving-window method, indicating that the drought parameters and propagation from meteorological drought to soil drought were non-stationary. Significant increasing trends were detected in mean values of most drought parameters, ranging from 2.4%/decade to 16.6%/decade. Significant decreasing trends were detected in coefficients of skewness (Cs) of all drought parameters and coefficients of variation (Cv) of most drought parameters, ranging from −3.3 to −12.4%/decade, and from −5.5 to −19.4%/decade, respectively. The propagation ratios of all drought parameters showed significant increasing trends, indicating that the function of the underlying surface as a buffer has become weaker. The drought propagation ratios were found to be positively related to two climate indices, the phase index (PI) and the climate seasonality index (CSI). These findings will help to develop a better understanding and management of water resources in Thailand.
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Farcy, Michel, and Abdoulaye Doucouré. "Membrane Systems for the Fight against Water-Borne Contaminants in Small Communities and Remote Areas from the Developing World: Accomplishments in Thailand and Some New Development in Sénégal and Mali." Open Biology Journal 3, no. 1 (September 8, 2010): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18741967010030100074.
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Pressure-driven membrane processes such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are increasingly used to produce clean water for a broad range of domestic and industrial applications. This article outlines some key features of these membrane-based technologies and describes how they can be adapted to supply safe drinking water in remote communities and rural regions from the developing world. Three case studies are reported in Asia (Thailand) and Africa (Sénégal and Mali) where we investigate the feasibility of removing microorganisms and some dissolved pollutants from water with commercial pressure-driven filtration pilots. The convincing success of the Thailand study established that Pall transportable MF/UF units could help local residents meet their demand in high quality water. This case study provided some rationale for testing a similar concept in West Africa. Given the technological efficacy, robustness and modularity of these membrane systems, we see them as innovative tools for implementing a cost-effective and sustainable strategy to stop the emergence of water borne and vector borne infectious diseases not only in the developing world but also in regions severely affected by natural disasters.
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Braga, Ricardo Augusto Pessôa. "As Nascentes como Fonte de Abastecimento de Populações Rurais Difusas (The Springs as Supply Source of Rural Diffuse Population)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 4, no. 5 (February 27, 2012): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v4i5.232762.
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A universalização do abastecimento de água no Brasil ainda é um desafio que se busca suplantar, sobretudo em relação ao atendimento a populações rurais difusas, onde os sistemas convencionais não respondem às demandas das famílias de agricultores dispersas. Nesse contexto, as nascentes de água podem contribuir como solução alternativa para o abastecimento doméstico, por se encontrarem próximas ao consumo e sob o controle do usuário Isto é evidenciado no estudo das nascentes situadas no Assentamento Serra Grande, no município de Vitória de Santo Antão, Zona da Mata de Pernambuco. Foram identificadas, cadastradas e selecionadas nascentes perenes, para caracterização da qualidade e vazão das águas, objetivando avaliá-las para usos múltiplos, com prioridade ao abastecimento doméstico. Evidenciou-se que a vazão, mesmo em períodos de estiagem, possui potencial de atender às necessidades básicas dos agricultores, para beber, preparo de alimentos, banho, lavagem de utensílios e roupas e descarga em sanitários. Quanto à qualidade para uso doméstico, em geral a água atende aos limites sanitários, embora em alguns casos a presença de Escherichia coli exija recuperação da nascente e cloração cuidadosa da água. Pelos resultados, a produção de água em nascentes situadas em solos e clima predominantes na Zona da Mata do Nordeste brasileiro, permite atender às necessidades básicas de abastecimento doméstico de agricultores familiares isolados ou em pequenas vilas rurais, sendo uma alternativa aos sistemas convencionais de abastecimento, já identificada pelo governo federal em seus recentes planos de abastecimento de populações rurais difusas. Palavras-chave: recursos hídricos; gestão ambiental; desenvolvimento rural The Springs as Supply Source of Rural Diffuse Population ABSTRACTThe universalization of the water supply in Brazil is still a challenge that it seeks to be supplant, especially in relation to the service to rural diffuse population, where conventional systems do not respond to the demands of farming families dispersed. In this context, the water springs may contribute as a workaround for domestic supply, because they are close to consumption and under user control. This is evidenced in the study of springs located at Settlement Serra Grande, located in the city of Vitória de Santo Antão, Zona da Mata de Pernambuco. It has been identified, registered and selected perennial springs, to characterize the quality and water flow, aiming to evaluate them for multiple uses with priority to domestic supply. It was evident that the flow even during drought periods, has potential to meet the basic needs of farmers, for drinking, preparing meals, baths, wash utensils and clothes and flushing toilets. As for the quality for home use, generally water meets health limits although in some cases the presence of Escherichia coli, requires careful recovery of the source and chlorination of water. According to the results, the production of water in springs located in soils and climate prevailing in Zona da Mata of Brazilian northeastern, it allows to meet basic needs for domestic supply from family farmers in small villages or isolated rural villages, being an alternative to conventional supply, already identified by the federal government in their recent plans for the supply of rural diffuse population. Keywords: water resources; environmental management; rural development
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Sousa, A. B., O. P. Lopes-Sobrinho, F. R. F. Feitosa, C. T. F. Costa, G. S. Silva, and A. I. S. Pereira. "Water social technologies: case study of the cistern project in a school in the municipality of Barbalha, Ceará." Scientific Electronic Archives 12, no. 6 (December 2, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/1262019932.
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Rainfall in the regions of the northeastern semiarid region presents a poor spatial and temporal distribution. Thus, to minimize the effects of water scarcity, water social technologies were adopted through public policies. The objective of this work was to evaluate, through the case study technique, the potential of the cistern project in the school involving the promotion of water sustainability. The research was developed at the Elementary School Coronel Gregório Callou, located in the municipality of Barbalha, Ceará. It was possible to verify how the water social technologies have the potential to change the water reality of a region, particularly in rural areas, being an effective alternative for the water supply of populations suffering from long periods of drought. The cistern project in the school assumes remarkable relevance, since it corresponds to the improvement in the access to an essential service that is the quality of the water, through the capture and storage of rainwater.
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Lira, Raquele M. de, Ênio F. de F. e. Silva, Marcone da S. Barros, Leandro C. Gordin, Lilia G. Willadino, and Rodrigo F. Barbosa. "Water potential and gas exchanges in sugarcane irrigated with saline waters." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 22, no. 10 (October 2018): 679–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n10p679-682.
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ABSTRACT In Pernambuco, state in the northeastern region of Brazil, in the coastal areas, due to the intrusion of seawater, the waters used for sugarcane irrigation can have high salt contents and cause serious problems to soil and plant. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of irrigation with saline water on the physiology of sugarcane, variety RB867515, irrigated under five salinity levels of 0.5; 2.0; 3.5; 5.0 and 6.5 dS m-1 in a completely randomized design, with four replicates in drainage lysimeters. The study was conducted in the period from December 2014 to June 2015, at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE). Salinity levels were obtained by dissolving NaCl and CaCl2 in water from the local supply system (ECw = 0.5 dS m-1). Leaves were analyzed for stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis at 140, 229 and 320 days after planting (DAP) and for water potential at 137, 243 and 318 DAP. Increase in irrigation water salinity inhibited all variables at the respective plant ages and with greater intensity in the first evaluations (140 and 229 DAP) for stomatal conductance and transpiration. Photosynthesis and water potential showed the greatest linear reductions at the last data collection (320 and 318 DAP), respectively. Increase in salinity of irrigation water hampered water potential and gas exchange in the leaves of RB867515 sugarcane.
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Pinfold, J. V. "Faecal contamination of water and fingertip-rinses as a method for evaluating the effect of low-cost water supply and sanitation activities on faeco-oral disease transmission. I. A case study in rural north-east Thailand." Epidemiology and Infection 105, no. 2 (October 1990): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800047956.
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SUMMARYMost villagers in north-east Thailand carry water to their homes and store it in separate containers depending on its subsequent use. In one village, information on water use was collated with the bacteriological quality of stored water, water sources and fingertip-rinses. Stored water quality was a function of water-related activities rather than quality at source (P<0·0001). Specifically water used for toilet, washing dishes and cooking-related activities was much more contaminated with faecal bacteria than that used for drinking and cooking.Salmonellaspp. was significantly more common in water used for washing dishes than drinking (P<0·05).Escherichia colicontamination of fingertip-rinses was strongly associated with the individual's activity prior to testing (P<0·0001); child care, food and water-related activities produced much higher levels of fingertip contamination than others. Dirty utensils used for cooking and eating were usually left to soak and faecal bacterial growth occurred in this grossly contaminated soak-water. Cross-contamination via water handling was the main mechanism of stored water pollution. These results were used to develop a hygiene intervention study presented in a companion paper.
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Pinfold, J. V. "Faecal contamination of water and fingertip-rinses as a method for evaluating the effect of low-cost water supply and sanitation activities on faeco-oral disease transmission. II. A hygiene intervention study in rural north-east Thailand." Epidemiology and Infection 105, no. 2 (October 1990): 377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800047968.
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SUMMARYAn intervention study was developed from risk-factors associated with faecooral transmission, based on the levels of contamination in stored water and fingertip-rinses from households in rural north-east Thailand. This was designed to improve: (a) handwashing, particularly before cooking/eating and after defecation; (b) washing dishes immediately after use. Verbal messages were administered to two intervention groups, one also received a plastic container with a tap to assist these activities. Indicators of compliance were the direct observation of soaking dishes and the presence of faecal streptococci from fingertip-rinses; the main outcome indicator was Escherichia coli contamination of stored water. The intervention group receiving the container was significantly better than the control for indicators of compliance (P < 0·001 and P < 0·01) and its stored water was significantly less contaminated (P < 0·001). There was no significant improvement to the other intervention group, although some features of the intervention had clearly been made available to the control group. Humidity was significantly correlated with fingertip contamination (r = 0·2; P < 0·001) and with the peak of reported diarrhoea around the beginning of the rainy season.
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Bureekhampun, Suthasini, and Chanida Maneepun. "Eco-Friendly and Community Sustainable Textile Fabric Dyeing Methods From Thai Buffalo Manure: From Pasture to Fashion Designer." SAGE Open 11, no. 4 (October 2021): 215824402110582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211058201.
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The research objective was to study local traditional wisdom of the art of producing fabric dye from fresh buffalo manure (FBM). Data were collected from rural weaving community cooperative (co-op) members and experts in Thailand’s northeastern Mekong River province of Nakhon Phanom. The study’s Method 1 added buffalo dung water, salt, and a mordant together, which was brought to a boil for 30 minutes. Method 2 added buffalo dung water and salt, which was brought to a boil for 10 minutes, after which a mordant agent was added, then boiled for an additional 30 minutes. There were five different formulas for each method using a different mordant. Results revealed that Method 1 had the best dyeing solution and produced a consistent, commercially usable, washable fabric with three-tone coloring and long-lasting yarn. Method 1 also used a hot dyeing technique in which cotton yarn and FBM were disinfected in a boiling vat while natural odor-reducing additives were added. Moreover, Method 1 consisted of either (1) FBM, salt, and lye, (2) FBM, salt, and muddy water, or (3) only salt added to FBM. These three solutions yielded a material in which testing by the Thailand Textile Institute (THTI) using ISO standards was determined to have a moderate degree of lightfastness, as well as an excellent resistance to color fading after washing. The study is important as it adds a wealth of knowledge to the literature concerning eco-friendly eco-fashion, sustainable products, and economically viable traditional handicraft textile production techniques.
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SOUZA, PAULO JORGE DE OLIVEIRA PONTE DE, VIVIAN DIELLY DA SILVA FARIAS, MARCUS JOSÉ ALVES DE LIMA, THAYNARA FERNANDES RAMOS, and ADRIANO MARLISOM LEÃO DE SOUSA. "COWPEA LEAF AREA, BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY UNDER DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES IN CASTANHAL, PARÁ, BRAZIL." Revista Caatinga 30, no. 3 (September 2017): 748–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n323rc.
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ABSTRACT This work evaluated the effect of soil water availability on growth and productivity variables of cowpea in northeastern Pará, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a field of 2,100 m2 at the experimental site of the Federal Rural University of Amazon, during the driest season of the years 2011, 2012 and 2013, in a completely randomised design with two treatments (irrigated and non-irrigated), both with 12 replications in the reproductive phase (2012 and 2013). Growth and productivity data were submitted to analysis of variance with two variation factors (water regime and experimental year) at 5% probability. Student's t -test at 5% probability was used in the means of the stomatal conductance data, since this was monitored only in 2012. Final biomass production presented a reduction of 54.3% in 2012 and 26.4% in 2013 as a result of water deficit (DEF) of 76 and 26 mm, respectively. Mean stomatal conductance was reduced by 73% in the grain-filling stage as a result of the lower water availability during this period. Average cowpea productivity under water deficit reached 1,257 kg ha-1 in 2012 and 1,396 kg ha-1 in 2013. The reduction in water supply over the reproductive period significantly decreased production by 72 and 41% (F test, p < 0.05) in 2012 and 2013, respectively. An accumulated water deficit during the reproductive phase caused a maximum LAI reduction of 47% in 2012 (DEF of 76 mm) and of 13% in 2013 (DEF of 26 mm).
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Farias, Débora Samara Cruz Rocha, Soahd Arruda Rached Farias, and José Dantas Neto. "Avaliação de água de poços tubulares para consumo humano no Município de Boa Vista, Paraíba." Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2016): 08. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v11i5.3943.
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<p>Na Região do Semiárido nordestino a diminuição da disponibilidade dos recursos hídricos superficiais tem levado a população da zona rural a buscar, nos recursos hídricos subterrâneos, a solução de seus problemas de abastecimento, o que tem acarretado um crescimento no número de perfurações de poços tubulares profundos. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade de águas utilizadas para consumo humano em áreas rurais da região de Boa Vista, Paraíba. As amostras de água foram coletadas em poços tubulares, em dois períodos: 4º trimestre de 2014 e 2º trimestre de 2015. As variáveis avaliadas foram: pH, CE, Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO<sub>3 </sub><sup>-</sup>, Cl, alcalinidade e dureza total e SDT. Das águas analisadas 94,55% são consideradas salgadas nas duas amostragens. Em sua maioria os teores de dureza, alcalinidade, cloreto, magnésio, sódio e potássio estão fora do limite estabelecido pela Portaria vigente no país. Com relação ao pH, as amostras se encontram dentro do padrão normal.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Water quality for human consumption in rural communities in the municipality of Boa Vista, state Paraíba</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>In the semi-arid northeastern region of decreasing availability of surface water resources has led to population from the countryside to look for underground water resources to solve their supply problems, which has led to an increase in the number of deep wells drilling. The study aimed to assess the quality of water used for human consumption in rural areas of the region Boa Vista, Paraíba. Water samples were collected from wells in two periods: 4th quarter 2014 and 2nd quarter of 2015. The variables evaluated were: pH, EC, Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, Cl, alkalinity and total hardness and TDS. 94.55% of the analyzed waters are considered cured in the two sampling. Mostly hardness levels, alkalinity, chloride, magnesium, sodium, potassium are beyond the limit set by current Ordinance in the country. Regarding the pH samples are within the normal pattern.<strong></strong></p>
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Gérard-Marchant, P., W. D. Hively, and T. S. Steenhuis. "Distributed hydrological modelling of total dissolved phosphorus transport in an agricultural landscape, part I: distributed runoff generation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 4 (August 22, 2005): 1537–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-2-1537-2005.
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Abstract. Successful implementation of best management practices for reducing non-point source (NPS) pollution requires knowledge of the location of saturated areas that produce runoff. A physically-based, fully-distributed, GIS-integrated model, the Soil Moisture Distribution and Routing (SMDR) model was developed to simulate the hydrologic behavior of small rural upland watersheds with shallow soils and steep to moderate slopes. The model assumes that gravity is the only driving force of water and that most overland flow occurs as saturation excess. The model uses available soil and climatic data, and requires little calibration. The SMDR model was used to simulate runoff production on a 164-ha farm watershed in Delaware County, New York, in the headwaters of New York City water supply. Apart from land use, distributed input parameters were derived from readily available data. Simulated hydrographs compared reasonably with observed flows at the watershed outlet over a nine year simulation period, and peak timing and intensities were well reproduced. Using off-site weather input data produced occasional missed event peaks. Simulated soil moisture distribution agreed well with observed hydrological features and followed the same spatial trend as observed soil moisture contents sampled on four transects. Model accuracy improved when input variables were calibrated within the range of SSURGO-available parameters. The model will be a useful planning tool for reducing NPS pollution from farms in landscapes similar to the Northeastern US.
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Gérard-Marchant, P., W. D. Hively, and T. S. Steenhuis. "Distributed hydrological modelling of total dissolved phosphorus transport in an agricultural landscape, part I: distributed runoff generation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 2 (April 26, 2006): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-245-2006.
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Abstract. Successful implementation of best management practices for reducing non-point source (NPS) pollution requires knowledge of the location of saturated areas that produce runoff. A physically-based, fully-distributed, GIS-integrated model, the Soil Moisture Distribution and Routing (SMDR) model was developed to simulate the hydrologic behavior of small rural upland watersheds with shallow soils and steep to moderate slopes. The model assumes that gravity is the only driving force of water and that most overland flow occurs as saturation excess. The model uses available soil and climatic data, and requires little calibration. The SMDR model was used to simulate runoff production on a 164-ha farm watershed in Delaware County, New York, in the headwaters of New York City water supply. Apart from land use, distributed input parameters were derived from readily available data. Simulated hydrographs compared reasonably with observed flows at the watershed outlet over a eight year simulation period, and peak timing and intensities were well reproduced. Using off-site weather input data produced occasional missed event peaks. Simulated soil moisture distribution agreed well with observed hydrological features and followed the same spatial trend as observed soil moisture contents sampled on four transects. Model accuracy improved when input variables were calibrated within the range of SSURGO-available parameters. The model will be a useful planning tool for reducing NPS pollution from farms in landscapes similar to the Northeastern US.
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DARYONO, BUDI SETIADI, ANNAS RABBANI, and PURNOMO PURNOMO. "Aplikasi Teknologi Budidaya Kelengkeng Super Sleman di Padukuhan Gejayan." Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/bioedukasi-uns.v9i1.3890.
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Longan (<em>Dimocarpus longan</em> L.) is not an indigenous fruit from Indonesia. Thus, the demands for this fruit were supplied by importing them from nearby countries such as Vietnam, Thailand, and China. Longan has been cultivated and developed in Indonesia in order to supply the local needs and to reduce the rapid flows of importing Longan. Recently, a brand new breed of local Longan has been engineered from Sleman District of D.I.Yogyakarta Province, known as <em>Kelengkeng Super Sleman</em> (KSS). The KSS well adapted to medium-high above sea level- terrain, the most typical terrain in Sleman. Some prosperous features of this Longan cultivar were had a short harvesting time (2 years), thicky flesh, low water content, and able to be induced twice per year for flowering (to produce fruits). All of this goodness thus been introduced to rural communities of Padukuhan Gejayan, Desa Condongcatur, Depok, Sleman, D.I.Yogyakarta by a well designed community service programme. The kind of activites that was going on in this programme were workshop, training, and assistance. Workshop was emphasized on the prospectous consequences of planting Longan trees (KSS) for a long term until could be developed into local industrial product (One Village One Product/OVOP concept), basic knowledge on Longan diversity, KSS cultivation technology, basic knowledge on plant physiology, environmental development based on Education for Sustainable Development (EfSD), and potential local market for KSS. Training was mainly focused on KSS seedling production by both apical stem grafting method and medium preparation method, KSS plantation in some villager houses for a pilot project on how to maintain KSS such as health evaluation, health recovery for infested or unhealthy plant, method on lateral branching development, method on hormone-induced flowering, and application of resting period for after-harvesting plant. Assistance has been actively conducted during training to motivates villager to be get involved. Some positive indicators for implementation of this programme are both the great enthusiasm on KSS Longan plantation in communities and “the shifting paradigm” on KSS Longan maintenance for which has been long considered to be both impractical and arduous.
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Vieira, W. A. S., R. J. Nascimento, S. J. Michereff, K. D. Hyde, and M. P. S. Câmara. "First Report of Papaya Fruit Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum brevisporum in Brazil." Plant Disease 97, no. 12 (December 2013): 1659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-13-0520-pdn.
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Papaya fruits (Carica papaya L.) (cv. Golden) showing post-harvest anthracnose symptoms were observed during surveys of papaya disease in northeastern Brazil from 2008 to 2012. Fruits affected by anthracnose showed sunken, prominent, dark brown to black lesions. Small pieces (4 to 5 mm) of necrotic tissue were surface sterilized for 1 min in 1.5% NaOCl, washed twice with sterile distilled water, and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 0.5 g liter–1 streptomycin sulfate. Macroscopic colony characters and microscopic morphology characteristics of four isolates were observed after growth on PDA (2) for 7 days at 25°C under a 12-hr light/dark cycle. Colonies varied between colorless and pale brown in reverse, with orange conidial mass. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical with round ends, slightly flattened, smooth-walled, guttulate, and 13.5 (10.5 to 17.1) μm × 3.8 (2.1 to 4.8) μm (l/w ratio = 3.5, n = 50), typical of Colletotrichum spp. DNA sequencing of partial sequences of actin (ACT) gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA) were conducted to accurately identify the species. Sequences of the papaya isolates were 99% similar to those of Colletotrichum brevisporum (GenBank Accession Nos. JN050216, JN050217, JN050238, and JN050239). A phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian inference and including published ACT and ITS data for C. brevisporum and other Colletotrichum species was carried out (1). Based on morphological and molecular data, the papaya isolates were identified as C. brevisporum. Conidia of the papaya isolates were narrower than those described for C. brevisporum (2.9 to 4.8 μm and 5 to 6 μm, respectively) (1), which may be due to differences in incubation temperature or a typical variation in conidial size in Colletotrichum species (3). Sequences of the isolates obtained in this study are deposited in GenBank (ACT Accession Nos. KC702903, KC702904, KC702905, and KC702906; ITS Accession Nos. HM163181, HM015851, HM015854, and HM015859). Cultures are deposited in the Culture Collection of Phytopathogenic Fungi of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil (CMM 1672, CMM 1702, CMM 1822, and CMM 2005). Pathogenicity testing was conducted with all four strains of C. brevisporum on papaya fruits (cv. Golden). Fruits were wounded at the medium region by pushing the tip of four sterile pins through the surface of the skin to a depth of 3 mm. Mycelial plugs taken from the margin of actively growing colonies (PDA) of each isolate were placed in shallow wounds. PDA discs without fungal growth were used as control. Inoculated fruits were maintained in a humid chamber for 2 days at 25°C in the dark. After 6 days, anthracnose symptoms developed that were typical of diseased fruit in the field. C. brevisporum was successfully reisolated from symptomatic fruits to fulfill Koch's postulates. C. brevisporum was described from Neoregalia sp. and Pandanus pygmaeus in Thailand (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. brevisporum in Brazil and the first report of this species causing papaya fruit anthracnose. References: (1) P. Noireung et al. Cryptogamie Mycol., 33:347, 2012. (2) B. C. Sutton. The Genus Glomerella and its anamorph Colletotrichum. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1992. (3) B. S. Weir et al. Stud. Mycol. 73:115, 2012.
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Soticha, K., Y. Jareeya, K. Sudjit, and P. Prapat. "Assessing Water Quality of Rural Water Supply in Thailand." Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, 2014, 226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/jocet.2014.v2.128.
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Yimrattanabavorn, Jareeya. "ASSESSING URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN NORTHEASTERN THAILAND: WATER QUALITY AND AUTHORITY ORGANIZATION." International Journal of GEOMATE 15, no. 48 (August 1, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.21660/2018.48.7356.
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Pentamwa, Prapat, Benchamaporn Sukton, Tanisa Wongklom, and Sathaporn Pentamwa. "Cancer Risk Assessment from Trihalomethanes in Community Water Supply at Northeastern Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2013, 538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2013.v4.410.
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Wattanachareekul, Pawat, Nutcha Choowong, Santi Pailoplee, and Montri Choowong. "Resilience to unusual flooding after 2021 tropical storms in part of mainland Southeast Asia." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10 (January 4, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.1072993.
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In Southeast Asian countries, flooding is common and occurs a few weeks after tropical storms. In Thailand, the government’s approach to dealing with flooding is focused on the construction of anthropogenic megastructures. The loss of life, property, and ecosystem from flooding still occurs and will likely become increasingly more severe soon due to global climate variation. Here, in this brief report, we show a case study analyzing the cause of unusual flooding that occurred from September to November 2021 during the tropical depression “Dianmu” and the tropical cyclone “Kompasu” that hit the Khorat Plateau, northeastern Thailand. These two tropical storms left behind vast flooded urban and agricultural areas in the upstream part of the Chi River on this, the largest plateau in mainland Southeast Asia. The flood water stagnated for a month and unusually drained downslope in the upstream zone. In this work, a series of free online access satellite images taken by the Sentinel-1 C band GRD and Sentinel-2 available in the Google Earth engine platform was analyzed. As a result, we confirmed that the normal nature of water flow was problematic due to the presence of anthropogenic structures, especially roads. The installation of different design and dimensions of culverts are urgently recommended, particularly in the floodplain zone. The quick responsible idea provided in this paper highlights and simplifies the resilience to future extreme weather events of the rural community and ecosystem.