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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Water supply reliability

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Academic literature on the topic 'Water supply reliability'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 23 August 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Water supply reliability"

1

Griffin, Ronald C., and James W. Mjelde. "Valuing Water Supply Reliability." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 82, no. 2 (2000): 414–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0002-9092.00035.

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Chupin, Victor R., and Aleksei S. Dushin. "Assessment of the reliability of water supply to consumers: water supply reliability indicators." Journal «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 9, no. 3 (2019): 578–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2019-3-578-593.

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Wurbs, Ralph A., and Awes S. Karama. "Salinity and Water-Supply Reliability." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 121, no. 5 (1995): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1995)121:5(352).

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Shamsi, U. M. "Computerized evaluation of water-supply reliability." IEEE Transactions on Reliability 39, no. 1 (1990): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/24.52638.

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Vogel, Richard M. "Reliability Indices for Water Supply Systems." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 113, no. 4 (1987): 563–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1987)113:4(563).

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Okeola, O. G., and S. O. Balogun. "Estimating a municipal water supply reliability." Cogent Engineering 2, no. 1 (2015): 1012988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2015.1012988.

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Wolff, Gary. "Calculating constant-reliability water supply unit costs." Water Policy 10, no. 1 (2007): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.032.

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Water planners facing a choice between water “supply” options (including conservation) customarily use the average unit cost of each option as a decision criterion. This approach is misleading and potentially costly when comparing options with very different reliability characteristics. For example, surface water, desalinated seawater or recycled wastewater and some outdoor demand management programs have very different yield patterns. This paper presents a method for calculating constant-reliability unit costs that adapts some concepts and mathematics from financial portfolio theory. Comparison on a constant-reliability basis can significantly change the relative attractiveness of options. In particular, surface water, usually a low cost option, is more expensive after its variability has been accounted for. Further, options that are uncorrelated or inversely correlated with existing supply sources—such as outdoor water conservation—will be more attractive than they initially appear. This insight, which implies options should be evaluated and chosen as packages rather than individually, opens up a new dimension of yield and financial analysis for water planners.

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Xu, Chengchao, and R. S. Powell. "Water supply system reliability: concepts and measures." Civil Engineering Systems 8, no. 4 (1991): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02630259108970626.

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Matyash, О., and V. Novokhatniy. "INCREASING OF THE RELIABILITY CITY'S WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM THROUGH ZONING." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (2020): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-143-147.

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The article analyzes the topical issue of assessing the reliability of water supply in Kremenchuk, Poltava region, in the zoning of the water supply system. The scheme of the integrated water supply system of Kremenchuk was built to calculate reliability, which reflects the movement of water from the source to the consumers and the main structures of the water supply system. The work of the water supply system of Kremenchuk and its structure is analyzed. In terms of reliability, it is concluded that water pipes are the least reliable element. The statistics on the failures of the water supply systems of the city of Kremenchuk are analyzed. The calculations showed that the actual failure rate for steel pipes d = 1100 mm of water pipes in Kremenchug is 2 failures per 10 km of steel pipe per year, which is 2 times higher than foreign and domestic data. The reliability assessment of both the integrated and district water supply system of Kremenchuk was performed on the failure of water supply systems for both separately connected individual elements. Comparative analysis of reliability of the integrated and district water supply system of Kremenchuk without fail has shown that the zoning significantly increases the reliability of water supply in the Kryukivsky district, and the reliability of water supply of the Avtozavodsky district remains unchanged. In the integrated system in the Kryukiv district, the parameter of the flow of failures was 1/year, that is, about 3 times a year a break in water supply is possible. In the district system, both systems operate independently, which is why everything remains unchanged in the Avtozavodsky district, and the failure flow parameter for the Kryukivsky district is significantly reduced and is: 1/year, which corresponds to a water supply interruption of about once every 2.5 years. Thus, zoning can increase the reliability of water supply in the Kryukovsky district of Kremenchuk approximately 8 times. Keywords: the water supply system, reliability, dependability, zoning.

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Novokhatniy, Valeriy, Oleksandr Matyash, and Sergiy Kostenko. "Municipal Water Supply Systems of Giving-Distributive Complex Reliability with Branched Networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (2018): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14608.

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The basics of the reliability theory of small settlements water supply systems were considered. Methods of the reliability calculation of the supply-distribution complex structures were reviewed: pumping stations, water pipes and branched network. The mathematical reliability model of the water supply technological process to the most distant consumers were constructed according to the water supply selected directions. The real possibility of water supply reliability calculation on an actual example was shown and a graphical representation of the results was performed.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water supply reliability"

1

Chang, Ching-Chiao. "Optimal reliability-based design of bulk water supply systems." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14593.

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Includes bibliographical references.<br>Bulk water supply systems are usually designed according to deterministic design guidelines. In South Africa, design guidelines specify that a bulk storage reservoir should have a storage capacity of 48 hours of annual average daily demand (AADD), and the feeder pipe a capacity of 1.5 times AADD (CSIR, 2000). Nel & Haarhoff (1996) proposed a stochastic analysis method that allowed the reliability of a reservoir to be estimated based on a Monte Carlo analysis of consumer demand, fire water demand and pipe failures. Van Zyl et al. (2008) developed this method further and proposed a design criterion of one failure in ten years under seasonal peak conditions. In this study, a method for the optimal design of bulk water supply systems is proposed with the design variables being the configuration of the feeder pipe system, the feeder pipe diameters (i.e. capacity), and the size of the bulk storage reservoir. The stochastic analysis method is applied to determine a trade-off curve between system cost and reliability, from which the designer can select a suitable solution. Optimisation of the bulk system was performed using the multi-objective genetic algorithm, NSGA-II. As Monte Carlo sampling can be computationally expensive, especially when large numbers of simulations are required in an optimisation exercise, a compression heuristic was implemented and refined to reduce the computational effort required of the stochastic simulation. Use of the compression heuristic instead of full Monte Carlo simulation in the reliability analysis achieved computational time savings of around 75% for the optimisation of a typical system. Application of the optimisation model showed that it was able to successfully produce a set of Pareto-optimal solutions ranging from low reliability, low cost solutions to high reliability, high cost solutions. The proposed method was first applied to a typical system, resulting in an optimal reservoir size of approximately 22 h AADD and feeder pipe capacity of 2 times AADD. This solution achieved 9% savings in total system cost compared to the South African design guidelines. In addition, the optimal solution proved to have better reliability that one designed according to South African guidelines. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated the effects of changing various system and stochastic parameters from typical to low and high values. The sensitivity results revealed that the length of the feeder pipe system has the greatest impact on both the cost and reliability of the bulk system. It was also found that a single feeder pipe is optimal in most cases, and that parallel feeder pipes are only optimal for short feeder pipe lengths. The optimisation model is capable of narrowing down the search region to a handful of possible design solutions, and can thus be used by the engineer as a tool to assist with the design of the final system.

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Crawley, P. D. "Risk and reliability assessment of multiple reservoir water supply headworks systems /." Title page, contents and synopsis only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc911.pdf.

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Akkas, Izzet Saygin. "Reliability Based Water Distribution Network Design." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607830/index.pdf.

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The need of water and the limited sources, force the researchers to find the most economical and feasible solution in the design of a water distribution network. In this study, reliability and optimization of a water distribution network are taken into account together in the design stage of the network. The relationship between reliability of a water distribution network and its cost is examined during the design of a water distribution network. A methodology for deciding the reliability level of the selected design is proposed by examining the reliability-cost relationship. The design alternatives for the case study area are obtained by the aid of a commercially available software WADISO employing partial enumeration optimization technique. The reliability value for each of the design alternative is calculated according to Misirdali (2003)&rsquo<br>s adaptation based on the methodology proposed by Bao and Mays (1990) by the aid of a hydraulic network solver program HapMam prepared by Nohut&ccedil<br>u (2002). For purposes of illustration, the skeletonized form of Ankara Water Distribution Network subpressure zone (N8-1) is taken as the case study area. The methodology in this study, covering the relation between the reliability and the cost of a water distribution network and the proposed reliability level can be used in the design of new systems.

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Papathanasiou, Michael. "Optimal reliability-based design of bulk water supply infrastructure-incorporating pumping systems." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20105.

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The optimal design of a bulk water supply system is centered on two major objectives: cost efficiency and the formation of a design solution that is appropriate for the conditions in which the system is to be implemented. The currently employed CSIR (2000) design guidelines utilise deterministic measures to size system components. The efficiency of following a deterministic approach to bulk water system design, involving pumping systems, was investigated. This was seen as necessary owing to the vast spectrum of influences and the interrelation of parameters that constitute a bulk water supply system. A model developed by Chang & van Zyl (2012) sought to address this inefficiency by optimizing a bulk water supply system, with the core objectives of cost and reliability. The determination of these objectives was achieved by using a capital cost model for cost determination and a stochastic model developed by Van Zyl et al. (2008) for reliability. While this produced workable results, the application was relatively limited, and applied only to non-pumped, gravity-fed flow. As such, the failure mechanisms of the supply system did not include the effects of pump failure, an important influence on overall system reliability. In addition, the costing system was based solely on capital cost and did not take into account the life-cycle cost involved with the implementation of a bulk water supply system. The investigation sought to expand the applicability of the model through the incorporation of pumping systems and life-cycle costing. It was further intended to compare the expanded model to both the model developed by Chang & van Zyl (2012) and the CSIR (2000) guidelines. A sensitivity analysis would also be performed.

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Palmer, Reed Characklis Gregory W. "Reducing the costs of meeting regional water supply reliability goals through risk-based water transfer agreements." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,537.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering." Discipline: Environmental Sciences and Engineering; Department/School: Public Health.

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Makar, Laura Christine. "Voluntary transfers of reclamation water rights: A mechanism for augmentation of urban supply reliability." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1460864.

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Tabesh, Massoud. "Implications of the pressure dependency of outflows of data management, mathematical modelling and reliability assessment of water distribution systems." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314120.

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Afzal, Muhammad. "Changes in climate variability in Scotland and its effect on the reliability of water supply systems." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.730015.

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Bhatkoti, Roma. "Infrastructure Performance and Risk Assessment under Extreme Weather and Climate Change Conditions." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81694.

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This dissertation explores the impact of climate change and extreme weather events on critical infrastructures as defined by US Department of Homeland Security. The focus is on two important critical infrastructure systems – Water and Transportation. Critical infrastructures are always under the risk of threats such as terrorist attacks, natural disasters, faulty management practices, regulatory policies, and defective technologies and system designs. Measuring the performance and risks of critical infrastructures is complex due to its network, geographic and dynamic characteristics and multiplicity of stakeholders associated with them. Critical infrastructure systems in crowded urban and suburban areas like the Washington Metropolitan Area (WMA) are subject to increased risk from geographic proximity. Moreover, climate is challenging the assumption of stationary (the idea that natural systems fluctuate within an unchanging envelope of variability) that is the foundation of water resource engineering and planning. Within this context, this research uses concepts of systems engineering such as 'systems thinking' and 'system dynamics' to understand, analyze, model, simulate, and critically assess a critical infrastructure system's vulnerability to extreme natural events and climate change. In most cases, transportation infrastructure is designed to withstand either the most extreme or close to the most extreme event that will add abnormal stresses on a physical structure. The system may fail to perform as intended if the physical structure faces an event larger than what it is designed for. The results of the transportation study demonstrate that all categories of roadways are vulnerable to climate change and that the magnitude of bridge vulnerability to future climate change is variable depending on which climate model projection is used. Results also show that urbanization and land use patterns affects the susceptibility of the bridge to failures. Similarly, results of the water study indicate that the WMA water supply system may suffer from water shortages accruing due to future droughts but climate change is expected to improve water supply reliability due to an upward trend in precipitation and streamflow.<br>Ph. D.

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Shau, Hong-Min, and 蕭宏民. "Reliability and Optimal Model for Districted Water Supply System." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33085566017510473592.

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博士<br>國立臺灣海洋大學<br>河海工程學系<br>94<br>Abstract In recent years, changes of the global environment and climate have resulted in sudden increase of water turbidity and hence no water supply whenever there is a storm. During the dry season or a drought, on the other hand, there is shortage in water resources. These have emerge a challenge for water supply at water sources. Therefore, this research considers district water supply systems(including the water supply station) in the future to allocate multiple water sources and quickly supply water to different districts or supply water with less quantity and optimal pressure to maintain the basic domestic water consumption of the public. This research applies the concept of system life cycle in developing a stable, diversified and informative water supply system to achieve least water supply risk, highest stability, and lowest cost. The comprehensive problems of water supply and tries to come up with solutions. Methods adopted include (1) Developing and building district water supply systems to mainly accommodate multiple water sources allocation. Two parallel pipes and connecting piping are established on major water supply pipes of the allocation system and two wells are set up in each district piping network to connect with major water supply pipes of different piping. Other parts and tubing or piping outside each district are completely separated. The improved district piping networks can supply water independently and instantly carry out water supply allocation as well as assure efficacy of reasonable supply water pressure. (2) Doing the hydraulic power simulation analysis and establishing an optimal model, taking into consideration the initial piping setup charge, road repair charge and management and operation charge to achieve minimum cost and maximum water supply. Meanwhile, inspired Genetic Algorithm is applied to find the solution and find a more cost-effective design proposal in compliance with design regulations and principles. (3) Mapping out the support system of the multiple water supply station in the district, which in ordinary times supplies users with multi-alternative drinking water (such as magnetized water, and oxygenated water) or meet the basic demand for drinking water of the public in case of emergencies where the station cannot supply water to ensure maximized reliability in water supply. This research analyzes the optimal setup location of the water supply station by Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm for each supply station can make the best use of. (4) We want to look for monitoring stations ,That number and sites of of stations can be obtained by Policy-making model of simulating site selecting of the district urban water network. Then setting monitor systems in districts to exactly control water input and output and the optimal water pressure, minimize water leaks, check on water leaks or water pollution in the districts, and make sure that water pressure and quantity are stable. If the piping network is abnormal or is broken, the leaking spots can be located very quickly and repairs can be made to restore normal water supply in a rapid manner. Analyses show that this method saves water loss as a result of broken pipes by 67% and cuts down leak volume by more than 23.5% when water pressure is controlled at a reasonable level. Through case study and analysis, this research finds that the shortage risk of major water supply pipes and the district piping network itself in a district piping network system management model drop to 0.018 from 0.202 when a monitor system is added; that is, improvement in the district piping network system can result in 1.23 times of increase in water supply reliability. Therefore, if the water within water supply districts is decreased or cannot be supplied completely due to natural disasters or other situations, the improved small district piping network system established in this research (including the water supply station system) could be used to provide the public with basic domestic water and maximize the water supply efficacy in the district. Keyword: Districted Water Supply System , Life Cycle, Optimal Model, Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm, Reliability, Shortage Risk

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Books on the topic "Water supply reliability"

1

Office, California Department of Water Resources Bay-Delta. The State Water Project delivery reliability report: 2002 final. State of California, The Resources Agency, Dept. of Water Resources, Bay-Delta Office, 2002.

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A, Ilʹin I͡U. Raschet nadezhnosti podachi vody. Stroĭizdat, 1987.

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Neitzel, D. A. Improving the reliability of open-cycle water systems. Division of Safety Review and Oversight, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1986.

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Neitzel, D. A. Improving the reliability of open-cycle water systems. Division of Safety Review and Oversight, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1986.

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W, Howe Charles, ed. Urban water supply reliability: Preferences of managers, elected officials, and water users in Boulder, Colorado. Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, Colorado State University, 1990.

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E, Cabrera, Vela Antonio F, and International Course on Improving Efficiency and Reliability in Water Distribution Systems (1994 : Valencia, Spain), eds. Improving efficiency and reliability in water distribution systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995.

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1935-, Yen Ben Chie, and Melching Charles S, eds. Hydrosystems engineering reliability assessment and risk analysis. McGraw-Hill, 2006.

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Partnership, Water Reliability, ed. Facilities reliability program: Phase II : regional system overview. The Partnership, 2000.

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Optimizing reservoir resources: Including a new model for reservoir reliability. Wiley, 1999.

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Providing for consideration of H.R. 2828, Water Supply, Reliability, and Environmental Improvement Act: Report (to accompany H. Res. 711). U.S. G.P.O., 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water supply reliability"

1

Stephenson, David. "Demand Management, Price and Reliability." In Water Supply Management. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5131-3_5.

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Shamir, Uri. "Reliability of Water Supply Systems." In Engineering Reliability and Risk in Water Resources. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3577-8_13.

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Duckstein, Lucien, and Erich J. Plate. "Reliability and Risk in Water Supply Systems." In Engineering Reliability and Risk in Water Resources. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3577-8_12.

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Novokhatniy, Valeriy, Oleksander Matyash, Gulnar Feyziyeva, and Sergiy Sadovyi. "Reliability Comparison Method of Rural Settlements Water-Supply." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17385-1_39.

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Chiba, Toshiaki, and Yoji Shimizu. "Forecasting of Supply Interruption Rate with Widespread Damage to the Water Supply Network." In Probabilistic Structural Mechanics: Advances in Structural Reliability Methods. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85092-9_8.

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Goulter, I. C. "Reliability and Risk in a Water Supply System Emphasising Drought Periods." In Drought Management Planning in Water Supply Systems. Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1297-2_6.

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Colby, Bonnie, Lana Jones, and Michael O’Donnell. "Supply Reliability Under Climate Change: Forbearance Agreements and Measurement of Water Conserved." In Global Issues in Water Policy. Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9081-9_4.

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Postnova, Elena, and Evgeniy Runev. "Mathematical Model for Assessing the Reliability of Water Supply Networks." In International Scientific Siberian Transport Forum TransSiberia - 2021. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96380-4_38.

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Asahi, Chisato, and Kiyoko Hagihara. "Economic Valuation for Improving Supply Reliability: Risk Countermeasures for Water Quantity and Quality in Water Supply Systems." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives. Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55169-0_9.

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Vogel, R. M., and R. A. Bolognese. "The Reliability, Resilience, and Vulnerability of Over-Year Water Supply Systems." In Stochastic and Statistical Methods in Hydrology and Environmental Engineering. Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3081-5_27.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water supply reliability"

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Yoo, D. G., D. S. Kang, and J. H. Kim. "Seismic Reliability Assessment Model of Water Supply Networks." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412947.092.

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Chai, YuTong, and He Liu. "Reliability Analysis of Conventional Island Water Supply System." In 2019 4th International Conference on Mechanical, Control and Computer Engineering (ICMCCE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmcce48743.2019.00070.

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Doumbalsi, Nikolay, Annie Li, and Ahmed Nisar. "Hetch-Hetchy Water Supply Reliability across Sunol Valley." In Lifelines 2022. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484432.043.

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Tabesh, Massoud, Tiku T. Tanyimboh, and Richard Burrows. "Head Driven Simulation Based Reliability Assessment of Water Supply Networks." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)446.

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Baxter, Christopher W., Barbara J. Lence, and Bradley M. Coffey. "Analyzing Operational Risk in Potable Water Supply Using Conditional Reliability." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2003. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40685(2003)83.

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Boryczko, Krzysztof. "Failure Forecast of The Water Supply Network." In Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL). Research Publishing Services, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-2724-3_0079-cd.

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Zimoch, I., and J. Szymik-Gralewska. "Risk assessment methods of a water supply system in terms of reliability and operation cost." In URBAN WATER 2014. WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/uw140051.

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Nebiker, Steven. "Using Risk-Based Forecasts to Improve Water Supply Reliability." In Operations Management Conference 2006. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40875(212)41.

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Romanenko, Sergii, Olha Maliavina, Viktoriia Hrankina, Halina Blahodarna, and Sergii Volik. "Assessment of technological losses of hot water in centralized hot water supply systems." In RELIABILITY AND DURABILITY OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT ENGINEERING STRUCTURE AND BUILDINGS. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0133820.

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Miao, Huiquan, Wei Liu, and Jie Li. "The Seismic Serviceability analysis of Water Supply Networks." In Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Reliability Engineering and Risk Management. Research Publishing Services, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-2726-7_ctc304s4rgs03.

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Reports on the topic "Water supply reliability"

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Warrick, Arthur, Uri Shani, Dani Or, and Muluneh Yitayew. In situ Evaluation of Unsaturated Hydraulic Properties Using Subsurface Points. United States Department of Agriculture, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570566.bard.

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The primary information for accurately predicting water and solute movement and their impact on water quality is the characterization of soil hydraulic properties. This project was designed to develop methods for rapid and reliable estimates of unsaturated hydraulic properties of the soil. Particularly, in situ methodology is put forth, based on subsurface point sources. Devices were designed to allow introduction of water in subsurface settings at constant negative heads. The ability to operate at a negative head allows a direct method of finding unsaturated soil properties and a mechanism for eliminating extremely rapid preferential flow from the slow matrix flow. The project included field, laboratory and modeling components. By coupling the measurements and the modeling together, a wider range of designs can be examined, while at the same time realistic performance is assured. The developed methodology greatly expands the possibilities for evaluating hydraulic properties in place, especially for measurements in undisturbed soil within plant rooting zones. The objectives of the project were (i) To develop methods for obtaining rapid and reliable estimates of unsaturated hydraulic properties in situ, based on water distribution from subsurface point sources. These can be operated with a constant flow or at a constant head; (ii) To develop methods for distinguishing between matrix and preferential flow using cavities/permeameters under tension; (iii) To evaluate auxiliary measurements such as soil water content or tensions near the operating cavities to improve reliability of results; and (iv: To develop numerical and analytical models for obtaining soil hydraulic properties based on measurements from buried-cavity sources and the auxiliary measurements. The project began in July 1995 and was terminated in November 1998. All of the objectives were pursued. Three new subsurface point sources were designed and tested and two old types were also used. Two of the three new designs used a nylon cloth membrane (30 mm) arranged in a cylindrical geometry and operating at a negative water pressure (tension). A separate bladder arrangement allowed inflation under a positive pressure to maintain contact between the membrane and the soil cavity. The third new design used porous stainless steel (0.5 and 5 mm) arranged in six segments, each with its own water inlet, assembled to form a cylindrical supply surface when inflated in a borehole. The "old" types included an "off-the-shelf" porous cup as well as measurements from a subsurface drip emitter in a small subsurface cavity. Reasonable measurements were made with all systems. Sustained use of the cloth membrane devices were difficult because of leaks and plugging problems. All of the devices require careful consideration to assure contact with the soil system. Steady flow was established which simplified the analysis (except for the drip emitter which used a transient analysis).

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