Journal articles on the topic 'Water-supply – Health aspects – Sydney'
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Lai, E., S. Lundie, and N. J. Ashbolt. "A new approach to aid urban water management decision making using trade-off sacrifice modelled by fuzzy logic." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 8 (October 1, 2007): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.597.
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An approach to aid decision making for urban water management is presented that is based on the concept of trade-off sacrifice level in pairwise comparisons between criteria, modelled using fuzzy logic. This approach is illustrated by a case study – selection of alternative water supplies for a Sydney household. Four key decision making criteria covering health, economic, environment and technical aspects are selected: annual probability of infection, life cycle energy use, life cycle cost and reliability. The decision making problem is to select between cases with different volume and application of recycled greywater and rainwater in light of the four criteria. Decision maker's preference is expressed by five levels of trade-off sacrifice between pairs of criteria. The decision makers can assign their preferences for sacrifice level by linguistic assessment and the output trade-off weight (TOW). Measures of decision makers' perceived trade-off level are modelled by a rule-based fuzzy logic control system. The final analysis shows the performance for each sacrifice class for each case, to aid overall decision making with stakeholders.
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Hutton, Alison, Allison Roderick, and Rebecca Munt. "Lessons Learned at World Youth Day: Collecting Data and Using Postcards at Mass Gatherings." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, no. 3 (June 2010): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00008153.
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AbstractIntroduction:World Youth Day (WYD) and its associated activities were held in Sydney, Australia from 15–20 July 2008. The aims of this research were to pilot the use of postcards at mass gatherings and to collect baseline data of how young people (age 16–25 years) identify factors that may affect their health and safety when attending mass gatherings.Hypothesis:The concerns of young people in relation to their health and safety at mass gatherings are poorly understood. It was decided that postcards would be an effective method of data collection in the mobile mass gathering environment.Methods:The research setting was the Pilgrim Walk at WYD. Participants on this walk were young people. To measure their health and safety concerns, a postcard was developed using a Likert scale to rank their attitudes on a continuum.Results:Young people stated that staying hydrated, having enough to eat, and being safe in a crowd were important to them. They also indicated that they perceived, overcrowding, getting to and from an event, and violent behavior as the greatest risks to their health and safety at a mass gathering.Conclusions:The problems with postcard distribution at a “mobile” mass gathering have been identified. Even so, results gathered showed that young people were focused on “in the moment” aspects of their health; such as access to food and water. They also had concerns for their safety due to potential overcrowding and/or violent behavior.
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Frost, Floyd J., Timothy B. Muller, Christopher K. Fairley, Judith S. Hurley, Gunther F. Craun, and Rebecca L. Calderon. "Serological evaluation ofCryptosporidiumoocyst findings in the water supply for Sydney, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Health Research 10, no. 1 (March 2000): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603120072983.
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Nicholson, Colin. "Delivering an essential and sustainable water plan for Sydney, Australia." Water Supply 12, no. 6 (October 1, 2012): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.044.
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The water supply for Sydney, which is the largest city in Australia, has been affected by variable climate patterns which include long periods of drought. Water resource needs for the future will be significantly affected by climate change and population growth. A ‘Water for Life’ equation has been adopted as a multi-faceted approach to achieving future, sustainable water security. The four parts of the equation are dams, recycling, water efficiency and desalination. Significant achievements have been made over the last 10 years which have allowed us to bolster the demand/supply balance by 50%. In the future, a portfolio approach will be used to select schemes for water supply security. Major factors considered will include construction and operational cost, volume of water saved or produced, public health and environmental risk, customer and community acceptance and political willpower.
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Byleveld, Paul M., Daniel Deere, and Annette Davison. "Water safety plans: planning for adverse events and communicating with consumers." Journal of Water and Health 6, S1 (March 1, 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2008.035.
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A wide range of microbial and chemical characteristics in drinking water have the potential to affect human health. However, it is not possible or practical to test drinking water for all potentially harmful characteristics. If drinking water is contaminated, people may already be exposed by the time test results are available. The ‘boil water alert’ issued in Sydney, Australia in 1998 following the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the finished water supply, highlighted the uncertainties associated with the public health response to test results. The Sydney experience supports the international consensus that a preventive risk-management approach to the supply of drinking water (manifesting as water safety plans (WSPs)) is the most reliable way to protect public health. A key component of a comprehensive WSP is that water suppliers and health authorities must have plans to respond in the case of water contamination and/or outbreaks. These plans must include clear guidance on when to issue warnings to consumers, and how these warnings are to be communicated. The pressure on health authorities to develop clear and systematic boil-water guidance will increase as utilities all over the world develop their WSPs.
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Khanmagomedov, S. G., M. D. Mukailov, N. A. Ulchibekova, and T. N. Ashurbekova. "Sanitary and Hygienic Aspects of Drinking Water Supply Problems." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 979, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/979/1/012036.
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Abstract The subject of the study is sanitary and hygienic state of water resources, the quality of natural water consumed, the justification of priorities for more effective organization and management of the water use system. The arguments and factors that determine the severity of the situation for providing the population with standard high-quality drinking water are given. The materials of the supervisory authorities on the state and types of water pollution with an analytical assessment of chemical and microbiological indicators are summarized and updated, the forms of their impact on public health are given. The main priorities of correction of energy-informational properties of water characterizing its environmental safety for human health, development of the latest technologies of purification and conditioning of drinking water are determined.
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Benedek, Pál. "Water Quality and Health (Review of the Internationaal Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade)." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0420.
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A review is presented of the development of the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD) launched in 1981 and terminated in 1990. Health aspects of drinking water quality in relation to chemical water contamination are investigated and an outlook to the future is presented as far as the tasks of water pollution control are concerned.
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Rante, Yohanis, Westim Ratang, and B. Elita Bharanti. "Analysis on Health Level of Local Government Owned Enterprises (BUMD) toward Papua Regional Income." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 7, no. 2 (July 6, 2016): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v7i2.1302.
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In the effort to carry out the principal functions and duties for the population in Papua, Papua provincial government set up several enterprises (BUMD) purposed to provide services to the public. BUMD is also expected to give contribution on regional income. The objectives of this research are: (1) Determining the health level of Local Government Owned Enterprises in Water Supply Company in Jayapura and Nabire from the financial aspect, (2) the health level of Local Government Owned Enterprises in Water Supply Company in Jayapura from the operational aspect, (3) the health level of Local Government Owned Enterprises in Water Supply Company in Jayapura and Nabire from the administration aspect. The method used in this research is survey research method toward BUMD by distributing questionnaires in several enterprises. The analytical tool used is the analysis on the health level of Water Supply Company on the financial, operational and administration aspects. Jayapura Water Supply Company health level in terms of financial aspects, operations and administration in 2011 to 2013 showed a reduction, but it was still sufficient indication. The total value of these three aspects has decreased in the last two years, 60.49 in 2011, decrease to 59.22 in 2012 and 54.59 by the end of 2013. However, this reduction was still at fairly healthcategory. Nabire Water Supply Company health level based on the financial aspect shows that from 2010 to 2013, the financial performance of Nabire Water Supply Company was experiencing unhealthy condition. Service aspect of the rate of complaints solving in 2010 to 2013 was always above 100%, it means that Nabire Water Supply Company have solved the problem of water services and other complaints that come from customers or not customer. The next indicator is water quality was 0% from 2010 to 2013. It means that they have not been able to serve the customers with the drinking water quality as provided in Ministry of Health Regulationnumber 492/MENKES/PER/IV/ 2010.
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Duarte, Victor Magalhães, Luciano Matos Queiroz, Ednildo Andrade Torres, and Asher Kiperstok. "Energetic aspects and opportunities for reusing water on offshore platforms in Campos Basin, Brazil." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 12, no. 5 (August 23, 2017): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2121.
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In the drilling and production of oil at sea, a large quantity of potable water used is most commonly transported to oil platforms using offshore supply vessels (OSVs). Sea water desalination is used as well, but only in a few oil platforms. To minimize energy consumption, water supply options were studied. The desalination of seawater and the reusing of streams of grey water and black water were evaluated and compared with the characteristics of the current supply via OSVs. In both desalination and OSV water supply options an electrolytic wastewater treatment plant is used. The objective of this study was to analyze the current situation regarding water supply on offshore platforms located in the Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to propose measures to take advantage of opportunities to reuse water and reduce energy expenditure. Two alternative scenarios were developed that involved the reuse of water that comes from the effluent of a biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Information on the logistics of supplying water to platforms was obtained through direct consultation with companies and sources in the literature. The results show that annual energy consumption (uptake, treatment, transportation, use and waste water treatment) of water on offshore platforms is currently 1.89 GWh, and that a reduction of 1.8 GWh of the energy consumed can be achieved using advanced reuse treatments. Energy consumption in the water reuse treatment is more competitive than those of transport by OSVs or seawater desalination.
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Lourenço, M., A. Silva-Afonso, and C. Pimentel-Rodrigues. "Performance Indicators for Water Supply in Buildings." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 18 (October 4, 2022): 1115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2022.18.106.
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Drinking water is a vital resource for the population’s quality of life and health. The satisfaction of their needs is increasingly demanding, essentially associated with the growth of the population's income and the possibility of improvements in terms of comfort, quality, and safety at lower costs. However, despite the accuracy of engineering design, the functional performance of the building's water networks does not always match the expectations because it can be subjected to failures, which can compromise other infrastructures and cause a lot of inconvenience to the residents or users. In this case, we can say that the water supply system is no longer reliable. In the study presented in this article, profiles were developed that make easier the assessment of the reliability of the installation, specifying key aspects involved, which may be called performance indicators. The indicators combined in a balanced way according to their importance make it possible to translate the relevant aspects regarding the operation of the water supply systems in the building and their reliability. In this sense, it is expected to contribute to the improvement and durability of building installations, regarding the water supply's performance, security, and quality.
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Dura, Gyula, Tamás Pándics, Mihály Kádár, Katalin Krisztalovics, Zoltánné Kiss, Judit Bodnár, Ágnes Asztalos, and Erzsébet Papp. "Environmental health aspects of drinking water-borne outbreak due to karst flooding: case study." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 3 (January 29, 2010): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.099.
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Climate change may increase the incidence of waterborne diseases due to extreme rainfall events, and consequent microbiological contamination of the water source and supply. As a result of the complexity of the pathways from the surface to the consumer, it is difficult to detect an association between rainfall and human disease. The water supply of a Hungarian city, Miskolc (174,000 inhabitant), is mainly based on karstic water, a vulnerable underground water body. A large amount of precipitation fell on the catchment area of the karstic water source, causing an unusually strong karstic water flow and flooding, and subsequent microbiological contamination. The presence of several potential sources of contamination in the protective zone of the karstic water source should be emphasized. The water supplier was unprepared to treat the risk of waterborne outbreak caused by an extreme weather event. Public health intervention and hygienic measures were taken in line with epidemiological actions, focusing on the protection of consumers by providing safe drinking water. The contamination was identified, and measures were taken for risk reduction and prevention. This case study underlines the increasing importance of preparedness for extreme water events in order to protect the karstic water sources and to avoid waterborne outbreaks.
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Yeazdani, SMG. "State of drinking water and its management aspects in Dhaka city." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 50, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v50i1.22865.
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The population of Dhaka city is now assumed to be around 20 million. The city dwellers are facing acute shortage of water. Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) and Directorate of Public Health and Engineering (DPHE) are distributing water in Dhaka city. The present water demand is 2,474 MLD but the production is 2087.5. The DWASA is supplying water through 661 deep tube wells to the inhabitants of the city and more than 2000 private tube wells are abstracting water from different depths. This paper focuses on the demand and supply gap, collection pattern of water, its supply chain and wastages by different groups of people, finding alternative options to meet the crisis management etc. The DWASA needs to collect surface and rainwater and distribute after treatment. We recommend reducing the dependency on groundwater to maintain satisfactory underground level of water. The authority should replace the old supply chain by a new one, installing more number of new pumps with high capacity and establishing more number of overhead tanks. Industry and tannery should be relocated outsight the city to avoid water contamination and ensuring the availability of quality water. The Government should encourage the entrepreneurs by providing SME loan to establish more number of bottle/jar drinking water factories outskirts of Dhaka city and near the river bank under the close monitoring of Bangladesh Standard Testing Institute (BSTI), DWASA and DPHE to provide safe drinking water.
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Rahman, Md Bayzidur, Tim Driscoll, Mark Clements, Bruce K. Armstrong, and Christine T. Cowie. "Effects of tap water processing on the concentration of disinfection by-products." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 3 (April 26, 2011): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.155.
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Aim: This study examined the effects on disinfection by-product (DBP) concentrations of common household methods for processing drinking water. Methods: We investigated the effects of refrigerator storage, jug filtering, boiling in an electric kettle, and supply from an instant boiling water unit, with or without filtering, on four species of trihalomethanes (THMs) and nine species of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in water ready for consumption in Sydney, Australia. Water samples were processed in such a way as to simulate real life conditions for drinking filtered water or hot water drinks prepared from tap water drawn from public water supply systems. Results: There was a large reduction in total THMs in kettle-boiled water, instant boiled water, jug-filtered water and instant boiled-filtered water (reductions of 85.8, 93.5, 92.6 and 87.8% of their concentration in tap water respectively). Refrigerator storage did not appear to have a consequential effect on THMs or HAAs. Jug-filtering and instant boiling and filtering resulted in large decreases (77–94%) in all species of HAAs in tap water. Conclusion: This study suggests that different methods of processing tap water can change DBP concentration to an extent that would have a meaningful impact on exposure assessment in epidemiological studies.
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Shrestha, Kishor Kumar. "Water Quality in Pokhara: A Study with Microbiological Aspects." Technical Journal 2, no. 1 (November 11, 2020): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tj.v2i1.32852.
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Obviously, water management is challenging issue in developing world. Dwellers of Pokhara use water from government supply along with deep borings and other sources as well. Nowadays, people are also showing tendency towards more use of processed water. In spite of its importance, quality analysis of water has been less emphasized by concerned sectors in our cities including Pokhara. The study aimed for qualitative analysis of water in the city with focus on microbiological aspects. For this purpose, results of laboratory examination of water samples from major sources of government supply, deep borings, hospitals, academic institutions as well as key water bodies situated in Pokhara were analyzed. Since water borne diseases are considered quite common in the area, presence of coliform bacteria was considered for the study to assess the question on availability of safe water. The result showed that all the samples during wet seasons of major water sources of water in Pokhara were contaminated by coliform bacteria. Likewise, in all 20 locations of Seti River, the coliform bacteria were recorded. Similar results with biological contamination in all samples were observed after laboratory examination of more than 60 locations of all three lakes: Phewa Lake, Begnas Lake and Rupa Lake in Pokhara. The presence of such bacteria in most of the water samples of main sources during wet seasons revealed the possibilities of spreading water related diseases. Again, microbiological contamination observed from significant number of bottled water samples as well as boring sources clearly alarmed the preoccupied belief in such supply of water. On the other hand, fluctuating water quality of academic institutions and hospitals questioned on the priority of the management and seriousness against possible spreading of water borne diseases. For obtaining the safe water, various treatment options have been recommended from World Health Organization (WHO) with chlorination in top priority due to affordability and simplicity. Urgent execution of such option could be important with due consideration of negative aspects from the possible byproducts. However, proper implementation of filtration technique and planning of further advanced technology could be valuable for fulfilling the need of metropolitan dwellers to get wholesome water for their daily consumption.
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Soares, S. R. A., and R. S. Bernardes. "Water supply and sanitation planning model: a management tool for large Brazilian cities." Water Supply 3, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2003): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0140.
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The sanitary problems promoted by the rapid urbanization process in developing cities are usually resulted from the absence of planning, high population concentration and inadequate water and wastewater infrastructure for low income people. Because the provision and planning of water supply and is a complex task, a modeling approach was used to enhance the understanding of the process and the aspects involved. In the development of a model, not only the technical aspects were taken into account, but other aspects related to the provision of drinking water and the water resources protection were also analyzed, such as institutional, financial, socioeconomic, environmental and public health. In the modeling process two different methods of conceptualization were used to describe the urban water flow through the water and wastewater systems linked to various aspects related to their implementation in large developing cities. The urban water systems of five large metropolitan areas in Brazil were also evaluated for the complete model. It is expected that the modeling approach developed in this paper consists of a valuable methodology for water supply and sanitation planning in Brazilian cities, and other developing cities with the same characteristics. The suggested conceptual model could, at least, provide more than a starting point for a useful urban water management tool.
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Crișan, Oana-Adriana, Corina Bîrleanu, Horea-George Crișan, Marius Pustan, Violeta Merie, and Florina Șerdean. "Eco-Innovation Analyses in the Management of Drinking Water Provided by the Main Suppliers in Romania." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 6232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126232.
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The transition to a circular economy with an emphasis on eco-innovation is just beginning both in Europe and in Romania, as a member country of the European Union. The whole economic system in which people operate must be circular, which means that it must eliminate conflicting aspects related to regulation, collaboration, governance, supply chain dynamics, and data transparency. However, the barriers to the transition to a circular economy are substantial, and it is up to states to work together to find innovative solutions to society’s problems. This article focuses on aspects related to eco-innovation in the field of drinking water quality in all administrative regions of Romania. In this regard, a study was undertaken, and the main objective pursued in was to identify and highlight the degree of eco-innovation of drinking water suppliers in seven underdeveloped regions of Romania. Starting from an analysis of the water management framework through the OECD Principles on Water Governance, it was possible to develop a study on drinking water supply companies in Romania. This study was performed based on specific indicators grouped by categories, and it aimed in two directions: on the one hand, the identification of drinking water distributors with a high degree of eco-innovation, which leads to quality certification of the drinking water supplied and which has the impact of encouraging household consumers to mainly use this type of supplied water to the detriment of PET bottled water (which has well-known major disadvantages in relation to environmental pollution and user health); on the other hand, the identification of drinking water supply companies with a low degree of eco-innovation, which is proof of the need for mandatory measures to improve drinking water quality, measures that can be taken at the supplier level but especially with support from the administrative and political environment.
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Kharmylliem, Bankerlang, and Ngamjahao Kipgen. "Assessing the Sustainability of Urban Water Supply Systems in Shillong, India." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 20, no. 3 (August 12, 2021): 251–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341594.
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Abstract This article examines urban water supply systems by using indicators such as quantity, quality, accessibility, and reliability. Shillong city is divided into numerous localities, each governed by both formal (municipal) and informal (non-municipal) institutions. This study focuses on domestic water aspects in non-municipal areas and argues that water inequity is more prominent and widespread, and the role of local institutions in water governance is greater and more significant. The article underscores the complementarity between water distribution and water governance rendered by the local institutions.
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Azizova, Nodira Mannapovna, and Lobarkhon Kadirjanovna Azizova. "IMPLICATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ON RURAL WOMEN’S WELFARE: CASE OF UZBEKISTAN." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 4, no. 5 (October 27, 2020): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2020/4/5/13.
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Background. Lack of water supply and sanitation infrastructure in rural areas affects people’s health, welfare and living conditions, negatively impacts the rural environment, and can stall rural development and prosperity. Improving equitable and sustainable access to safe and improved water supply and sanitation in rural areas is therefore an important national development objective. This article presents to what extend the welfare level of the rural women in Uzbekistan correlates with socio-economic factors such as access to water supply and sanitation services in Uzbekistan. Methods. This article is based on comparative analysis of the gender aspects of welfare of rural women in Bukhara region. The gender aspects assessment of the water supply and sanitation sector identifies that rural women experience the unequal access to infrastructure in comparison with urban population and urban women. The utilizing of the concept of analysis based on identification of inequalities by going “beyond income, beyond averages and beyond today” demonstrates that there is no direct impact of the socio-economic factors on poverty rate of the family [1;6].
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Islam, Md Shafiqul, Han Antonius Heijnen, Deepthi Sumanasekera, Vivien Walden, Michel Roulet, and Abdul Sattar Yoosuf. "Panel 2.8: Water, Sanitation, Food Safety, and Environmental Health." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20, no. 6 (December 2005): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00003034.
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AbstractThis is a summary of the presentations and discussion by the panel that addressed issues with Water, Sanitation, Food Safety, and Environmental Health during the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Phuket, Thailand, 04–06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to water, sanitation, food safety, and environmental health as pertain to the responses to the damage created by the Tsunami. It is presented in the following major sections: (1) needs assessments; (2) institutional capacity and coordination; (3) what was done wel well, and what could have been done better?; and (4) capacity building and preparedness. Topics discussed in the needs assessment section included: (1) water supply; (2) hygiene; and (3) lessons learned. Topics discussed realated to capacity building and preparedness included: (1) waste and vector-bor borne diseases; (2) food safety; (3) nutrition; and (4) environmental health.
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Bailey, I. W., and L. Archer. "The impact of the introduction of treated water on aspects of community health in a rural community in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0031.
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A project was designed by Umgeni Water (funded by the Water Research Commission of South Africa) to monitor the implementation of water reticulation in Vulindlela and evaluate the Water Supply Scheme from a community and environmental health perspective. The findings would hopefully contribute toward the development of criteria for Health Impact Assessment on Water Reticulation Projects. One objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of diarrhoeal disease as opposed to other health indicators for water-associated diseases. The innovative methodology followed in the study, a “stepped wedge design”, compared four discrete areas of water reticulation implementation in Vulindlela over a 15-month period. Five surveys, including a baseline and four follow-ups at each household, were carried out. Analysis (microbiological, chemical) was carried out of samples from the household drinking water and from the source of the water. Each survey included health questionnaires, the respondent being the head of the household in each case. Overall, there was no direct correlation proved between water quality and diarrhoea per se. However, there was a marked decrease in diarrhoea with the introduction of the new water supply. There was definite correlation between hygiene behaviours and diarrhoea. Diarrhoea would seem to be the health impact associated with water, of choice.
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Budiyono, Budiyono, Citrandy Pamungkas, and Yusniar Hanani Darundiati. "The Customer Satisfaction of the Drinking Water in the Coastal of Semarang and the Risk Management." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 05015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020205015.
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The water supply system is vital for inhabitants living in the coastal area. The water supply system in the coastal of Semarang 60% served by private. There is no information related to the private service of deep groundwater supply and customer satisfaction. This was an observational research with a cross-sectional. The samples were 40 of the service providers of deep groundwater and 40 customers obtained by accidental sampling. Data were collected by observation and interviewed by using questionnaires. Statistical analysis used the Chi-Square test with an estimated error of 5%. The results showed that the overall aspects of the service of deep groundwater supply in the good category were 22.5%. The overall perception of customer satisfaction showed in the satisfied category was 55 %. There was a significant association between the less good service of deep groundwater supply and the less satisfaction of the customer under the aspect of quality (p=0.006), quantity (p=0.001), continuity (p<0.001), and the overall of the service aspects (p=0.027). There was no significant association between affordability and the poor perception of customer satisfaction (p=0.736). The research concluded the less good service of deep groundwater supply and less satisfied with the customer in the coastal of Semarang. The quality, quantity, and continuity of drinking water may risk in health customers.
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Alderwish, Ahmed M., and Fayad A. Alderwish. "Environmental Aspects of the Accelerated Urbanization in Sana’a, Yemen." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 16 (December 1, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol16iss0pp1-12.
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From an environmental viewpoint, the prevailing health problems must be a “first priority” in all major development projects. Public water supply provides only 36% of domestic water. Disinfection of public water supply from the south well field is essential to avoid health problems. About 60% of the drinking water sold by ‘hygienic’ stations is of questionable quality. Expansion and upgrading in hospitals, pharmacies and industries (waste producers) will have an immediate impact on the amount of hazardous waste that will have to be disposed of. To achieve a sustainable urban development and to avoid environment/resources degradation, care should be taken now to monitor and improve handling and management of hazardous waste. Initiating management programs for reducing or preventing the generation of waste during production processes or other operations would be the first step to an economically and environmentally sound way of dealing with hazardous wastes. As complete elimination cannot be realized, ways to recycle the wastes should be sought. Major air pollutants in Sana’a include dust and SPM, carbon monoxide, photochemical oxidants, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, sulfur oxides and hydrocarbons. The main sources of pollution in the cities are the mobile sources. The emissions of gases from oil consumption are exceeding the permissible level and it is essential that the gases be monitored, at least in the congested areas of the cities. Integration of environmental concerns with economic growth in Yemen should occur at the planning stage, adopting a positive approach and focusing on improvement in the health and welfare of the residents of the program area. Mitigating measures relating to the protection of the urban environment and improving public health must be primary objectives of EIA investigation for any upgrading project within urban areas and any other projects impacting on an urban environment.
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van der Hoek, J. P., B. J. Dijkman, G. J. Terpstra, M. J. Uitzinger, and M. R. B. van Dillen. "Selection and evaluation of a new concept of water supply for “IJburg” Amsterdam." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 5 (March 1, 1999): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0219.
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The city of Amsterdam is going to build a new housing estate: IJburg. About 18,000 houses will be built and finally 45,000 people will live in IJburg. An important objective is to realize a sustainable housing estate: the design is focused on water and energy saving, and the use of sustainable building materials. An alternative water supply system, in which household water is used besides drinking water, may be an important contribution to this ambition. Household water can be used for toilet flushing, for washing clothes or for both. Amsterdam Water Supply developed five scenarios for such an alternative water supply system. Water saving and supply of two types of water are key elements in these scenarios. Based on a comprehensive selection in which public health aspects, technical feasibility, legislation, acceptance by the public, costs and environmental impact were used as criteria, the optimum scenario was chosen: a dual water system, supplying drinking water from the existing drinking water production plants, and supplying household water for toilet flushing and washing, produced from a local surface water, the IJ-lake.
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Novikova, Yuliya A., O. L. Markova, and K. B. Fridman. "MAIN ASPECTS OF MINIMIZATION OF POPULATION HEALTH RISKS CAUSED BY PHARMACEUTICAL POLLUTION OF SURFACE SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY." Hygiene and sanitation 97, no. 12 (December 15, 2018): 1166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-12-1166-1170.
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Introduction. The list of ecological problems has recently enlarged by another one: environment pollution, and first of all, of surface water basins, by so-called «emerging contaminants». Based on the findings of research centers in RF, European countries and in the USA an independent class of human-environment pollutants of anthropogenic origin named «Pharmpollutants», was identified. Discussion. It can be related to the growing scale of world pharmaceutical production output (average annual growth about 4.6 %), to the development of up-to-date technologies in animal and poultry breeding, as well as to increased use of pharmaceuticals among the population. Systematization and analysis of data on the effect of unsanctioned and uncontrolled medical product disposal on quality of surface sources of drinking water supply, development of recommendations for health risk minimization among population exposed to potential intake of pharmaceutical traces contained in surface water basins and drinking water, based on available findings, and defining priority areas for the development of statutory-regulatory and procedural documents, - were the objectives of our study. Development of the recommendations can improve regulatory and procedural base and will contribute to the development of specific measures to prevent the transfer of medicinal products into the environment. Conclusion. National and foreign research findings on the topic of interest are reviewed, and potential routes of pharmaceuticals transfer into environmental objects are described. The scope of problems is outlined, ways of coping with problems of water reservoir pollution by pharmpollutants and health risk minimization for population exposed to pharmaceuticals present in drinking water, are suggested; recommendations for minimization of population health risks caused by environmental pharmaceuticals have been prepared.
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Mathis, Paul, Henning Freitag, Daniela Hegemann, Martin Schmidt, and Dirk Müller. "New concepts for the ventilation of shopping centers: Reducing air change rate, applying active chilled beams and elevating cold water supply temperature." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 2 (January 5, 2017): 208–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x16677571.
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New concepts of removing the cooling loads in shopping centres are presented in a multi-disciplinary study. In air-quality experiments, we found that the air change rate (ACR) in shops can be reduced significantly, while still maintaining acceptable air quality. Dilution curves of typical odour-intensive retail goods were measured, which show that ACRs can be reduced down to 1.75 h−1 without impacting odour perception significantly. Then, the standard ventilation systems were replaced by air–water systems, namely active chilled beams, which allow for a combined supply of fresh air and heat removal via the water circuit. To realize low ACRs in the shops, experimental studies for developing high-induction active chilled beam systems are presented. Finally, CFD simulations were conducted in a generic shop. Aspects like room air flow, odour propagation and thermal comfort were investigated. The cold water supply was assumed to be generated in a renewable way, leading to high cold water supply temperatures. Feasible ventilation configurations with ACRs as low as 1.1 h−1 have been identified without deteriorating either air quality or thermal comfort. Primary energy consumption was assessed according to German standards and was reduced by up to 67% with the presented approach.
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Sorlini, Sabrina, Michela Biasibetti, Alessandro Abbà, Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, and Silvestro Damiani. "Water Safety Plan for drinking water risk management: the case study of Mortara (Pavia, Italy)." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 12, no. 4 (June 28, 2017): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2102.
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The Water Safety Plan (WSP) approach is an iterative method focused on analyzing the risks of water contamination in a drinking water supply system, from catchment to consumer, in order to protect human health. This approach is aimed at identifying and drastically reducing water contamination in the entire drinking water system, through the identification and mitigation or, if possible, elimination of all factors that may cause a chemical, physical, microbiological and radiological risk for water. This study developed a proposal of WSP for the drinking water supply system (DWSS) of Mortara, Italy, in order to understand which are the preliminary evaluation aspects to be considered in the elaboration of a WSP. The DWSS of Mortara (a town of 15,500 inhabitants, located in northern Italy) consists of three drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), considering the following main contaminants: arsenic, iron, manganese and ammonia. Potential hazardous events and associated hazards were identified in each part of the water supply system. The risk assessment was carried out following the semi‑quantitative approach. The WSP proposal for Mortara was very useful not only as a risk mitigation approach, but also as a cost-effective tool for water suppliers. Furthermore, this approach will reduce public health risk, ensure a better compliance of water quality parameters with regulatory requirements, increase confidence of consumers and municipal authorities, and improve resource management due to intervention planning. Further, some new control measures are proposed by the WSP team within this work.
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Mooney, C., and D. Farrier. "A micro case study of the legal and administrative arrangements for river health in the Kangaroo River (NSW)." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0391.
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Kangaroo Valley is a drinking water supply catchment for Kangaroo Valley village, parts of the Southern Highlands and Sydney. It is also a popular recreation area both for swimming and canoeing. Land use has traditionally been dominated by dairy farming but there has been significant and continuing development of land for hobby farms and rural residential subdivision. Dairy industry restructuring has affected the viability of some farms in the Valley and created additional pressure for subdivision. River health is a function of flows, water quality, riparian vegetation, geomorphology and aquatic habitat and riverine biota. River flows in the Kangaroo River are affected by water extraction and storage for urban water supply and extraction by commercial irrigators and riparian land holders which have a significant impact at low flows. Current water quality often does not meet ANZECC Guidelines for primary contact and recreation and the river is a poor source of raw drinking water. Key sources of contaminants are wastewater runoff from agriculture, and poorly performing on-site sewage management systems. Riparian vegetation, which is critical to the maintenance of in-stream ecosystems suffers from uncontrolled stock access and weed infestation. The management of land use and resulting diffuse pollution sources is critical to the long term health of the river. The Healthy Rivers Commission of New South Wales Independent Inquiry into the Shoalhaven River System Final Report July, 1999 found that the longer term protection of the health of the Kangaroo River is contingent upon achievement of patterns of land use that have regard to land capability and also to the capability of the river to withstand the impacts of inappropriate or poorly managed land uses. This micro case study of Kangaroo Valley examines the complex legal and administrative arrangements with particular reference to the management of diffuse pollution for river health. In the past, diffuse pollution has fallen through the gaps in legislation and its administration. Although water pollution legislation is broad enough to embrace diffuse pollution, in practice the Environment Protection Authority has focused on regulating point sources. Water legislation has traditionally been concerned with issues of water quantity rather than water quality. Legislation which allows agency intervention in relation to land degradation has grown from soil conservation roots, neglecting the flow-on effects upon water quality. Under the land use planning system existing land uses are protected from new regulatory requirements. A number of recent developments in NSW law and its administration have set the scene for addressing this past neglect. Water planning provisions in the Water Management Act 2000 have the potential to enable community based Water Management Committees to move away from a narrow focus on water quantity to the broader issues of river health, including water quality. Improved management of on-site sewage management systems is expected as a result of the Local Government (Approvals) Amendment (Sewage Management Regulation) 1998. A draft Regional Environmental Plan prepared for the Sydney Catchment Authority aims to improve the assessment of new development in terms of its impact on drinking water quality. It also moves away from an exclusive concern with controlling new development towards grappling with existing uses. Proposed amendments to the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act, 1979 as detailed in the White Paper, Plan First (2001) include the integration of imperatives derived from catchment strategies and water management plans into local land use plans.
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Morena, Yenita, Suprasman, Gussyafri, and Ewis Oktareza. "The analysis of health aspects in housing type 45, Panorama Indah residence, Pekanbaru." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 06032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927606032.
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Healthy housing is one of the needs that must be completed in order to support the householders to obtain an optimal degree of welfare for their living. The aim of this research is to determine how far the housing type 45, Panorama Indah Residence, Pekanbaru, qualified as a healthy house according to the Directorate General of Human Settlements, Department of Public Works of 1986. The criteria of a healthy house are divided into four (4) aspects, namely: amenities, health, building intensity, and affordability. The parameters of a healthy house, particularly health aspects, include adequacy of lighting, ventilation, and the supply of clean and drinking water; the disposal of household waste water, rain drainage, and household waste; also all parts of the house, including floors and walls, must not be humid, and be unaffected by pollution from dirty water and air. This research used synchronising the regulations method with the real condition by conducting a direct field survey and was analysed by design document. The results of this research indicated that the housing type 45 has not met all the demands of a healthy house requirement, particularly the health aspect. This included the lighting, lack of ventilation and unavailable trash cans in the area of the housing.
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Rahman, Muhammad Muhitur, Alireza Aghajani Shahrivar, Dharmappa Hagare, and Basant Maheshwari. "Impact of Recycled Water Irrigation on Soil Salinity and Its Remediation." Soil Systems 6, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems6010013.
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Continuous use of recycled water (treated wastewater) over a long period of time may lead to the accumulation of salt in the root zone of the soil. This is due to the relatively higher levels of salt contained in the recycled water compared to a town water supply. The increase in salt concentration in the soil can adversely influence the amount of water a plant can uptake from the soil due to the osmotic effect. Despite significant benefits, recycled water may deteriorate soil health in terms of increased salinity and sodicity. Although several studies in the past have highlighted the increase of soil salinity due to recycled water irrigation, the phenomenon depends on the variability of soil characteristics. In this study, the impact of using three different types of irrigation water (with electrical conductivity 0.2, 0.8, and 2.0 dS/m) on the mechanism of salt accumulation in the soil was investigated. To contribute to the addition of the existing knowledge of soil salinisation, soil from two paddocks (i.e., D33 and Yarramundi) in Western Sydney, Australia were analysed, and relationships among parameters associated with salt accumulation were evaluated using the results from continuous column studies. Results show that if the irrigation is conducted with high saline water, there is a possibility for salinisation of soil to occur. To prevent this from occurring, one of the solutions could be to use a normal town water supply for irrigation at some intervals. This will allow for the leaching of excess salt accumulated in the soil to deeper layers.
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Cellura, Maurizio, Maria Anna Cusenza, Sonia Longo, Le Quyen Luu, and Thomas Skurk. "Life Cycle Environmental Impacts and Health Effects of Protein-Rich Food as Meat Alternatives: A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 16, 2022): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020979.
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The food sector is responsible for a considerable impact on the environment in most environmental contexts: the food supply chain causes greenhouse gas emissions, water consumption, reduction in cultivable land, and other environmental impacts. Thus, a change in food supply is required to reduce the environmental impacts caused by the food supply chain and to meet the increasing demand for sufficient and qualitative nutrition. Large herds of livestock are inappropriate to achieve these goals due to the relevant impact of meat supply chain on the environment, e.g., the land used to grow feed for animals is eight times more than that for human nutrition. The search for meat alternatives, especially for the intake of critical nutrients such as protein, is a consequent step. In the above context, this paper summarizes the health aspects of protein-rich food alternatives to meat and carries out a literature review on the life-cycle environmental impacts of this alternative food.
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Chew, Chun Ming, and K. M. David Ng. "Feasibility of solar-powered ultrafiltration membrane water treatment systems for rural water supply in Malaysia." Water Supply 19, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1758–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.050.
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Abstract According to the World Bank's collection of development indicators, in 2017 approximately 25% of Malaysia's population were living in rural villages. Some of these villages are currently without electricity from the national grid and public piped water supply. In this study, a solar-powered ultrafiltration membrane water treatment system was installed at a rural village in Perak, Malaysia, to identify its feasibility. The ultrafiltration system was evaluated and compared with a conventional sand/media filtration water treatment system at the same location. Various aspects of both systems such as operational parameters, life-cycle cost and carbon emissions have been analyzed under this study. The distinct advantages of the ultrafiltration system include better filtrate turbidity quality (below 0.4 NTU), and lower operational cost and carbon emission. By utilizing a cross-flow filtration operation mode, the UF system does not require a daily intermittent backwash sequence, unlike the conventional system, to further simplify the daily operational routine. Accessibility of clean water supply for all has been heavily emphasized by the United Nations General Assembly (under sustainable development goal number 6) to ensure public health. This comprehensive study highlights the feasibilities of solar-powered ultrafiltration membrane water treatment systems for rural villages in Malaysia.
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Rakhmanin, Yuri A., and Gennadiy G. Onishchenko. "Hygienic assessment of drinking water supply of the population of the Russian Federation: problems and the way their rational decision." Hygiene and sanitation 101, no. 10 (October 23, 2022): 1158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-10-1158-1166.
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Introduction. The issues of the water quality and sanitary protection of water bodies in the Russian Federation are constantly in the zone of increased scientific and practical attention. The purpose of the work is a hygienic assessment and determination of ways to improve the drinking water supply of the population in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. analysis of materials from annual state reports on the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, data literature, dissertation, and own researches, development of proposals for improving the drinking water supply of the population. Results. A hygienic assessment of the current state of the water supply of the population is presented in terms of the compliance of water with the main criteria, indicators, and regulatory parameters of the water and sanitary legislation of the country is presented. Updated problems and measures to improve the quality of water sources and water used for household and drinking purposes are noted. The problematic issues of improving federal laws and technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union in the field of providing the population with high-quality drinking water are outlined. The terminological, conceptual and essential aspects of the assessment of drinking water as the main food product in terms of the mass consumption of the population are considered. Conclusion. Despite the high level of domestic water legislation, it is necessary to constantly improve it, understanding that water, on the one hand, is the only cleaning liquid on the planet, which is why it is the accumulator of all pollution entering the environment, and, on the other hand, is the most significant according to the average daily mass of consumption, a food product that affects health to the extent that a person spoils it.
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Paudel, Sushila, Pankaj Kumar, Rajarshi Dasgupta, Brian Alan Johnson, Ram Avtar, Rajib Shaw, Binaya Kumar Mishra, and Sakiko Kanbara. "Nexus between Water Security Framework and Public Health: A Comprehensive Scientific Review." Water 13, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13101365.
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Water scarcity, together with the projected impacts of water stress worldwide, has led to a rapid increase in research on measuring water security. However, water security has been conceptualized under different perspectives, including various aspects and dimensions. Since public health is also an integral part of water security, it is necessary to understand how health has been incorporated as a dimension in the existing water security frameworks. While supply–demand and governance narratives dominated several popular water security frameworks, studies that are specifically designed for public health purposes are generally lacking. This research aims to address this gap, firstly by assessing the multiple thematic dimensions of water security frameworks in scientific disclosure; and secondly by looking into the public health dimensions and evaluating their importance and integration in the existing water security frameworks. For this, a systematic review of the Scopus database was undertaken using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A detailed review analysis of 77 relevant papers was performed. The result shows that 11 distinct dimensions have been used to design the existing water security framework. Although public health aspects were mentioned in 51% of the papers, direct health impacts were considered only by 18%, and indirect health impacts or mediators were considered by 33% of the papers. Among direct health impacts, diarrhea is the most prevalent one considered for developing a water security framework. Among different indirect or mediating factors, poor accessibility and availability of water resources in terms of time and distance is a big determinant for causing mental illnesses, such as stress or anxiety, which are being considered when framing water security framework, particularly in developing nations. Water quantity is more of a common issue for both developed and developing countries, water quality and mismanagement of water supply-related infrastructure is the main concern for developing nations, which proved to be the biggest hurdle for achieving water security. It is also necessary to consider how people treat and consume the water available to them. The result of this study sheds light on existing gaps for different water security frameworks and provides policy-relevant guidelines for its betterment. Also, it stressed that a more wide and holistic approach must be considered when framing a water security framework to result in sustainable water management and human well-being.
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Khan, Salman, Yiqing Guan, Farhan Khan, and Zeeshan Khan. "A Comprehensive Index for Measuring Water Security in an Urbanizing World: The Case of Pakistan’s Capital." Water 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010166.
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Growing population, increasing urbanization, and rural to urban migration, coupled with the ongoing climate change, threaten the sustainability of cities, particularly in developing countries. Previous studies indicate numerous deficiencies in the water supply and sewage systems of Islamabad; however, a comprehensive insight into the water security assessment has not been carried out. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the urban water security of Islamabad by taking both human and environmental aspects into consideration. In principle, we achieve this objective by implementing the Water Security Assessment Framework, using five distinct parameters to calculate an urban water security index. The water supply dimension incorporates availability, accessibility, affordability, and the quality of drinking water in the city, whereas, sanitation and health dimension measures access to improved drainage systems as well as the state of overall hygiene of the city inhabitants. Furthermore, the water economy dimension includes water productivity and investment aspects in the study area, while the environment and ecosystem dimension looks into the current state of natural water bodies. Similarly, overall management and public support for freshwater resources are measured in the society and governance dimension. In general, we attempt to better comprehend water-security nexus in the federal capital considering it as a prerequisite to ensure a sustainable future for the city dwellers.
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Brown, R. R., and P. Davies. "Understanding community receptivity to water re-use: Ku-ring-gai Council case study." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.119.
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This social research project investigated community receptivity to using rainwater and greywater as alternative domestic water sources. It was focused in the Ku-ring-gai local government area in northern Sydney, and involved a household questionnaire followed by community leader interviews and resident focus groups. Trends, such as a prolonged drought and increasing population, compound the current crisis and concern facing Sydney's available water supply. Substitution of domestic potable water has been promoted as part of the solution. The research results revealed that community receptivity was highest for external uses, such as watering gardens and flushing toilets, and progressively decreased with increasing personal contact. Receptivity to greywater reuse fell more rapidly with the community believing there was a higher health risk associated with its use. Gender and cultural background were revealed as significant variables and give insight into the design of strategies to target these demographic groups. This evidence provides a reliable stocktake of current receptivity revealing that the community has good awareness and positive association with water reuse for many household activities. This now needs to be harnessed through programs targeted at developing skills, resources and motivation for new water reuse practices and technologies across diverse social groupings.
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Holik, Dubravka, Atila Bezdan, Monika Marković, Želimir Orkić, Andrea Milostić-Srb, Štefica Mikšić, and Aleksandar Včev. "The Association between Drinking Water Quality and Inflammatory Bowel Disease—A Study in Eastern Croatia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 8495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228495.
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The incidence rate of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is becoming a global health problem that could be caused by changes in environmental and lifestyle habits. The study aimed to identify the association between the quality of drinking water, i.e., physiochemical and biological aspects of the phenotype and activity of IBD in Eastern Croatia. The study included 312 patients (63.4% ulcerative colitis, UC, and 36.6% Crohn’s disease, CD) from the area of Eastern Croatia. The data were collected by questionnaires and the analysis of the water safety, based on 65 samples of drinking water by the patient’s water supply method (public supply, rural water supply, and private well). IBD was active in 38.0% patients (34.0% CD and 40.0% UC). Significant differences (p = 0.001) were observed in the distribution of patients, according to counties in which they lived in. The largest deviation was noted in coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and enterococci bacteria, Fe, Al, and nitrate in rural water supply and private wells, although, without significant impact on IBD phenotype and activity. The hazard quotient (HQ) simulations showed that children are a sensitive group, regarding exposure to nitrates in drinking water over a long period of time, so there is a need for further monitoring and analysis of this issue.
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Young, G., S. Demuth, A. Mishra, and C. Cudennec. "Hydrological sciences and water security: An overview." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 366 (April 10, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-366-1-2015.
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Abstract. This paper provides an introduction to the concepts of water security including not only the risks to human wellbeing posed by floods and droughts, but also the threats of inadequate supply of water in both quantity and quality for food production, human health, energy and industrial production, and for the natural ecosystems on which life depends. The overall setting is one of constant change in all aspects of Earth systems. Hydrological systems (processes and regimes) are changing, resulting from varying and changing precipitation and energy inputs, changes in surface covers, mining of groundwater resources, and storage and diversions by dams and infrastructures. Changes in social, political and economic conditions include population and demographic shifts, political realignments, changes in financial systems and in trade patterns. There is an urgent need to address hydrological and social changes simultaneously and in combination rather than as separate entities, and thus the need to develop the approach of ‘socio-hydrology’. All aspects of water security, including the responses of both UNESCO and the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) to the concepts of socio-hydrology, are examined in detailed papers within the volume titled Hydrological Sciences and Water Security: Past, Present and Future.
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Hsu, Joy, Maria C. del Rosario, Erica Thomasson, Danae Bixler, Loretta Haddy, and Mary Anne Duncan. "Hospital Impact After a Chemical Spill That Compromised the Potable Water Supply: West Virginia, January 2014." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 11, no. 5 (March 6, 2017): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.193.
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AbstractIn January 2014, a chemical spill of 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol and propylene glycol phenyl ethers contaminated the potable water supply of approximately 300,000 West Virginia residents. To understand the spill’s impact on hospital operations, we surveyed representatives from 10 hospitals in the affected area during January 2014. We found that the spill-related loss of potable water affected many aspects of hospital patient care (eg, surgery, endoscopy, hemodialysis, and infection control of Clostridium difficile). Hospital emergency preparedness planning could be enhanced by specifying alternative sources of potable water sufficient for hemodialysis, C. difficile infection control, and hospital processing and cleaning needs (in addition to drinking water). (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:621–624)
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Żabnieńska–Góra, Alina, and Edyta Dudkiewicz. "Analysis of water flow velocity criteria for the selection of copper pipes on the example of production buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 46 (2018): 00007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184600007.
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The article presents different aspects of application of copper pipes in water supply system, which have importance on properly work of installation and people health safety. The article analyses the water flow velocity criteria and their influence on the operation of the installation. It is particularly dangerous for copper pipes to exceed the permissible water flow velocity, as this results in corrosive processes. It is also not recommended that the flow velocity be too low, as it affects the development of biofilm and multiplication of bacteria.
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Cunha, Livianny S. B., José F. F. Gomes, and Rosiane F. N. Rosa. "Dental Caries and Fluoretation of Public Supply Waters: The Reality of Northern Brazil." European Journal of Dental and Oral Health 2, no. 5 (September 15, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdent.2021.2.5.92.
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The aim of this study is to carry out a literature review covering conceptual and epidemiological aspects associated with dental caries disease in Northern Brazil. A survey of specialized literature was carried out in the SciELO, PubMed, Virtual Health Library, and Google Scholar databases, using the following descriptors: fluoride, fluoridation, dental caries, and epidemiology. Dental caries is a chronic and multifactorial disease, influenced by the human diet and by social, economic, cultural, and behavioral determinants. There is a disparity in oral health when comparing the poorest regions of Brazil, with a lack of fluoridation of water for human consumption.
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Cunha, Livianny S. B., José F. F. Gomes, and Rosiane F. N. Rosa. "Dental Caries and Fluoretation of Public Supply Waters: The Reality of Northern Brazil." European Journal of Dental and Oral Health 2, no. 5 (September 15, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdent.2021.2.5.92.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is to carry out a literature review covering conceptual and epidemiological aspects associated with dental caries disease in Northern Brazil. A survey of specialized literature was carried out in the SciELO, PubMed, Virtual Health Library, and Google Scholar databases, using the following descriptors: fluoride, fluoridation, dental caries, and epidemiology. Dental caries is a chronic and multifactorial disease, influenced by the human diet and by social, economic, cultural, and behavioral determinants. There is a disparity in oral health when comparing the poorest regions of Brazil, with a lack of fluoridation of water for human consumption.
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Castilho, Lia Silva de, Efigênia Ferreira e. Ferreira, Leila Nunes Menegasse Velásquez, Lucia Maria Fantinel, and Edson Perini. "Beliefs and attitudes about endemic dental fluorosis among adolescents in rural Brazil." Revista de Saúde Pública 44, no. 2 (April 2010): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102010000200005.
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OBJECTIVE: To understand beliefs and attitudes about fluorosis among young people living in a rural area. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: Qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews with 23 adolescents with dental fluorosis, 14 teachers and three health authorities in the city of São Francisco, Southeastern Brazil, in 2002. Content analysis and social representation theory were applied. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: The organoleptic characteristics of carbonates that affect groundwater (salty flavor, whitish coloration, and turbidity) associated with negative aspects of household use of this water are considered a cause of mottled enamel. Even after contact with researchers who investigated this phenomenon and helped find a solution for this condition, the local population is still unwilling to accept fluoride as the cause of the problem and does not fully agree to use water from other sources because they are afraid of the quality of water. CONCLUSIONS: Misperceptions of the causes of dental fluorosis and water treatment costs compromise the implementation of uncontaminated surface water supplies. Health education strategies are required in parallel with solutions for securing water supply in drought-ravaged areas.
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Deruzhinskiy, Grigoriy, Petr Kurenkov, Eugenia Chebotareva, Irina Solop, and Elena Gerasimova. "The history of oil transportation logistics: the experience of interaction between water and rail transport." E3S Web of Conferences 326 (2021): 00019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132600019.
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The paper reveals the historical aspects of the use of unique schemes for the delivery of oil cargo. The authors also consider the experience of modern transport and technological systems for oil transportation, developed by the expansion of logistics tools and principles of logistic. The study of schemes for the transportation of petroleum products in polymodal transport systems in a historical context gives the idea of the uniqueness of certain methods of cargo delivery. The modern development of logistics, technologies and infrastructure in the supply of oil and cargoes demonstrate a completely different level of industrial and environmental safety.
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Mollah, Kabirul A., and Toshiya Aramaki. "Social-epidemiological study for evaluation of water supply and sanitation systems of low-income urban community in Dhaka, Bangladesh." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 1 (November 9, 2009): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.201.
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This study aims at quantification of health losses, considering social and environmental factors. Morbidity and mortality cases of diarrhoea for children under five years old were used to estimate the disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost for the target households in low-income communities in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Water supply facilities and sanitation systems, along with hygiene practices and their health outcomes, were studied at community level. Demographic, socio-economic and socio-cultural aspects were also studied to support the research findings and give a better understanding of the local conditions. The four selected communities, Ward 60 (W60), Ward 61 (W61), Ward 62 (W62) and Ward 65 (W65), all had different existing urban services such as water supply, sanitation, garbage management and drainage facilities. All of these services existed in W62, but W60 did not have any of the services; W61 had sanitation and drainage coverage, whereas W65 had only a water supply facility. The results conclusively showed that, compared with the null (absence of services) scenario (W60), the other three scenarios (W61, W62 and W65) showed a substantial decrease of diarrhoea (1.219, 1.284 and 2.052 DALYs/household/year, respectively) reported for children under five years old. Besides urban services, other socio-economic characteristics might also influence the prevalence of diseases.
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Lennon, M. A., S. Jones, and S. M. Woodward. "Some Operational Aspects of School-Milk Fluoridation in St. Helens, Merseyside, UK." Advances in Dental Research 9, no. 2 (July 1995): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374950090020601.
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St. Helens is a small industrial town situated about 20 km east of Liverpool. It lies in an area of social deprivation and, by UK standards, dental caries experience is high (e.g., dmft at 5 years = 2.8; DMFT at 12 years = 2.7). Water fluoridation is an important part of the government's strategy for improving oral health in such areas; however, in large parts of St. Helens, implementation of water fluoridation is complicated by reason of the multiple sources of water supply. The aims of the St. Helens study are therefore to examine the technical, organizational, and legal aspects of the fluoridation of school milk as an alternative public health approach. In the UK, children attending nursery units (kindergartens) from ages 2-4 years and infant schools from ages 4-7 years are eligible for 189 mL of milk to be consumed each day at school. These two schemes are funded or subsidized by the Departments of Health (UK) or the European Community, respectively. A preliminary review of the possibility of using school milk as a vehicle for fluoride has been published recently (Jones et al., 1992). The current paper will review progress over the past 12 months, including the response of schools, dairies, and other organizational considerations.
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Oron, Gideon. "Management modeling of integrative wastewater treatment and reuse systems." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0666.
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An integrative approach for wastewater treatment and reuse projects is exemplified. The approach is based on management modeling for optimal wastewater treatment, disposal and reuse. Management modeling takes into account regional and national aspects. These considerations include treatment levels and control, water supply and demand, transportation and storage requirements, technical capabilities and social issues. Attention is also given to environmental pollution and health risks aspects and purpose of wastewater application. The model is based on defining an objective (cost) function to be optimized. The optimum of the objective function is evaluated subject to a series of technological, social, health and environmental constraints. The results provide information regarding the system layout and related optimal investment and operational expenses.
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Syahriani, Nurul, Sukri Palutturi, Agus Bintara Birawida, and Healthy Hidayanty. "Clean Water Supply as an Indicator for Healthy Island in Makassar City." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, E (February 24, 2022): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8350.
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BACKGROUND: Concepts and indicator for a healthy island have existed and are widely used in developed countries. In the context of developing countries, in which the environmental, social, economic, and culture were in contrast with developed countries, these healthy island concepts cannot be simply applied. Moreover, there were still no indicators for a healthy island in Indonesia. Indonesia still conforms to the Healthy Regency/City indicator. AIM: This research aims to identify the provision of clean water as an indicator for a healthy island. METHODS: This research was descriptive research using the qualitative method. Data collection was done by in-depth interviews, participation observation, and secondary data from sub-health centers and data from urban villages in the islands. The number of informants was five persons. RESULTS: This study found that the provision of clean water is an indicator of a healthy island by looking at three aspects of clean water sources, water reservoirs, and drinking water treatment. The source of clean water in the archipelago is drilled well water. Tub, drums, and bucket are used as the water container. Treatment of drinking water by cooking using water from the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) purchased from the city as well as drinking water from processed saltwater into freshwater using special tools stored in gallons and then selling it to people in the archipelago. CONCLUSION: There needs to be a policy that governs the necessity of a steady supply of clean water in the archipelagic area, even though in several areas there are many methods to meet the demand for clean water in archipelagic areas.
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Rácz, Dalma Emese, and László Radócz. "The impact of applying foliar fertilizers on the health condition of maize." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/3769.
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The nutrient supply of plants is becoming more important in plant protection since the appropriate condition of plants can be ensured by optimal and satisfactory nutrient supply to avoid nutritional deficiency diseases. Due to the extreme weather conditions, plants are forced to face several stress factors, which leads to deterioration of the plant health. The increasing occurrence of droughts poses threat to nutrient uptake through the roots since all the nutrients can be accessible to the plants only if they are in dissolved form in the soil – which is not possible in the absence of water. Therefore, the importance of foliar fertilizer is becoming a more and more significant part of the nutrient supply, because with the help of this technology the development of any nutrient deficiency can be prevented.
In this experiment, we focused on the efficiency of two different foliar fertilizers on maize. Foliar fertilizers were applied two times, once in the stage with 8 leaves and tasseling phenophase of the maize. To verify the efficiency of the foliar fertilizers, the chlorophyll content of untreated and treated plant’s leaves was measured after each application. Moreover, the length and diameter of maize cobs, thousand kernel weight, protein, oil and starch content were also measured, and the results were compared to the untreated (control) ones. According to the results, in all aspects significant differences were observed and due to the laboratory analysis of leaves, in the case of magnesium and zinc supply the foliar fertilizers were able to prevent the development of nutrient deficiency.
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Sänger, Nathalie, Christine Heinzel, and Simone Sandholz. "Advancing Resilience of Critical Health Infrastructures to Cascading Impacts of Water Supply Outages—Insights from a Systematic Literature Review." Infrastructures 6, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6120177.
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The current understanding of critical health infrastructure resilience is still dominated by a technical perspective. Reality however is different, as past events including the COVID-19 pandemic have revealed: emergency situations are only rarely exclusively technical in nature. Instead they are a product of prior circumstances, often linked to natural hazards, technical mishaps, and insufficient social and organizational preparedness structures. However, experiences and lessons learned from past events are still largely overlooked and have not sufficiently found their way into conceptual understandings of critical health infrastructure resilience. This paper addresses this gap by challenging the one-sided and technically oriented understanding of resilience in the context of critical health infrastructure. Based on a systematic literature review, it assesses real-world cases of water supply failures in healthcare facilities, a serious threat largely overlooked in research and policy. The results underscore the need for targeted organizational strategies to deal with cascading impacts. The overall findings show that addressing technical aspects alone is not sufficient to increase the overall resilience of healthcare facilities. Broadening the dominant resilience understanding is hence an important foundation for healthcare infrastructures to improve risk management and emergency preparedness strategies to increase their resilience towards future disruptions.
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Su, Qingmu, Hsueh-Sheng Chang, Xiang Chen, and Jingjing Xiao. "Metacoupling of Water Transfer: The Interaction of Ecological Environment in the Middle Route of China’s South-North Project." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 10555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710555.
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At present, nearly half of the population of China live in water-deficient areas where water needs to be transferred from surrounding or remote water sources to meet local water demands. Although the water transfer project has alleviated the demands for water in the water-deficient areas, and brought water-supply income to water source regions, it has also posed some cross-regional negative impacts, including the changes in the original ecology within the water source, the impacts on the downstream water demands, and the risk of biological invasion in the distant water receiving areas. Therefore, it can be seen that the impact of water transfer is complicated and will be manifested in various aspects. The Middle Route of China’s South–North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP-MR), as the world’s largest cross-watershed water transfer project, exerts particularly important effects on regional sustainable development; however, it also produces complex interactions within the ecological environment itself, downstream and in the distant water receiving cities. Thus, this work attempts to apply a metacoupling analysis framework of water transfer to explore the ecological interaction of water transfer in SNWTP-MR on each system. The metacoupling framework can be divided into intracoupling, pericoupling and telecoupling. This study focuses on the analysis of the causes and effects of the intracoupling, pericoupling and telecoupling of SNWTP-MR from the perspective of ecological values and ecological risks. We found that the coupling of water transfer brings about 23 billion yuan of ecological service value to the water source annually, but also increases the internal ecological risk index by 9.31%, through the calculation of changes in land use; secondly, the power generation benefit significantly increases, and the flood control standards have shifted from once-in-20 years to once-in-a-century. However, the ecological risks are also significant, such as poor water quality, eutrophication of water resources, competition for water between industry and agriculture, deterioration of waterway shipping, and threats to biodiversity, etc. Considering only water supply, the population carrying capacity of the water resource in distant water receiving cities is increased by 16.42 million people, which enhances the value of water resources and creates a cross-regional green ecological landscape belt. Nevertheless, the biological invasion and water pollution have greatly affected the safety of water supply. It can be seen that the cross-regional water transfer does not always damage the interests of the sending system and the spillover system while benefiting the receiving system; its impacts are complex and variable. Through this paper, it is hoped to provide a reference for the analysis of the ecological compensation, resource development and allocation in SNWTP-MR by revealing the metacoupling relationship of SNWTP-MR. This paper will provide new ideas for researching the metacoupling relationship, thereby offering valuable reference for the study of the interaction generated by large-scale water transfer.