Academic literature on the topic 'Water-supply – Health aspects – Sydney'
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Journal articles on the topic "Water-supply – Health aspects – Sydney"
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Lai, E., S. Lundie, and N. J. Ashbolt. "A new approach to aid urban water management decision making using trade-off sacrifice modelled by fuzzy logic." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 8 (October 1, 2007): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.597.
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An approach to aid decision making for urban water management is presented that is based on the concept of trade-off sacrifice level in pairwise comparisons between criteria, modelled using fuzzy logic. This approach is illustrated by a case study – selection of alternative water supplies for a Sydney household. Four key decision making criteria covering health, economic, environment and technical aspects are selected: annual probability of infection, life cycle energy use, life cycle cost and reliability. The decision making problem is to select between cases with different volume and application of recycled greywater and rainwater in light of the four criteria. Decision maker's preference is expressed by five levels of trade-off sacrifice between pairs of criteria. The decision makers can assign their preferences for sacrifice level by linguistic assessment and the output trade-off weight (TOW). Measures of decision makers' perceived trade-off level are modelled by a rule-based fuzzy logic control system. The final analysis shows the performance for each sacrifice class for each case, to aid overall decision making with stakeholders.
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Hutton, Alison, Allison Roderick, and Rebecca Munt. "Lessons Learned at World Youth Day: Collecting Data and Using Postcards at Mass Gatherings." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, no. 3 (June 2010): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00008153.
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AbstractIntroduction:World Youth Day (WYD) and its associated activities were held in Sydney, Australia from 15–20 July 2008. The aims of this research were to pilot the use of postcards at mass gatherings and to collect baseline data of how young people (age 16–25 years) identify factors that may affect their health and safety when attending mass gatherings.Hypothesis:The concerns of young people in relation to their health and safety at mass gatherings are poorly understood. It was decided that postcards would be an effective method of data collection in the mobile mass gathering environment.Methods:The research setting was the Pilgrim Walk at WYD. Participants on this walk were young people. To measure their health and safety concerns, a postcard was developed using a Likert scale to rank their attitudes on a continuum.Results:Young people stated that staying hydrated, having enough to eat, and being safe in a crowd were important to them. They also indicated that they perceived, overcrowding, getting to and from an event, and violent behavior as the greatest risks to their health and safety at a mass gathering.Conclusions:The problems with postcard distribution at a “mobile” mass gathering have been identified. Even so, results gathered showed that young people were focused on “in the moment” aspects of their health; such as access to food and water. They also had concerns for their safety due to potential overcrowding and/or violent behavior.
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Frost, Floyd J., Timothy B. Muller, Christopher K. Fairley, Judith S. Hurley, Gunther F. Craun, and Rebecca L. Calderon. "Serological evaluation ofCryptosporidiumoocyst findings in the water supply for Sydney, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Health Research 10, no. 1 (March 2000): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603120072983.
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Nicholson, Colin. "Delivering an essential and sustainable water plan for Sydney, Australia." Water Supply 12, no. 6 (October 1, 2012): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.044.
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The water supply for Sydney, which is the largest city in Australia, has been affected by variable climate patterns which include long periods of drought. Water resource needs for the future will be significantly affected by climate change and population growth. A ‘Water for Life’ equation has been adopted as a multi-faceted approach to achieving future, sustainable water security. The four parts of the equation are dams, recycling, water efficiency and desalination. Significant achievements have been made over the last 10 years which have allowed us to bolster the demand/supply balance by 50%. In the future, a portfolio approach will be used to select schemes for water supply security. Major factors considered will include construction and operational cost, volume of water saved or produced, public health and environmental risk, customer and community acceptance and political willpower.
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Byleveld, Paul M., Daniel Deere, and Annette Davison. "Water safety plans: planning for adverse events and communicating with consumers." Journal of Water and Health 6, S1 (March 1, 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2008.035.
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A wide range of microbial and chemical characteristics in drinking water have the potential to affect human health. However, it is not possible or practical to test drinking water for all potentially harmful characteristics. If drinking water is contaminated, people may already be exposed by the time test results are available. The ‘boil water alert’ issued in Sydney, Australia in 1998 following the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the finished water supply, highlighted the uncertainties associated with the public health response to test results. The Sydney experience supports the international consensus that a preventive risk-management approach to the supply of drinking water (manifesting as water safety plans (WSPs)) is the most reliable way to protect public health. A key component of a comprehensive WSP is that water suppliers and health authorities must have plans to respond in the case of water contamination and/or outbreaks. These plans must include clear guidance on when to issue warnings to consumers, and how these warnings are to be communicated. The pressure on health authorities to develop clear and systematic boil-water guidance will increase as utilities all over the world develop their WSPs.
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Khanmagomedov, S. G., M. D. Mukailov, N. A. Ulchibekova, and T. N. Ashurbekova. "Sanitary and Hygienic Aspects of Drinking Water Supply Problems." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 979, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/979/1/012036.
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Abstract The subject of the study is sanitary and hygienic state of water resources, the quality of natural water consumed, the justification of priorities for more effective organization and management of the water use system. The arguments and factors that determine the severity of the situation for providing the population with standard high-quality drinking water are given. The materials of the supervisory authorities on the state and types of water pollution with an analytical assessment of chemical and microbiological indicators are summarized and updated, the forms of their impact on public health are given. The main priorities of correction of energy-informational properties of water characterizing its environmental safety for human health, development of the latest technologies of purification and conditioning of drinking water are determined.
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Benedek, Pál. "Water Quality and Health (Review of the Internationaal Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade)." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0420.
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A review is presented of the development of the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD) launched in 1981 and terminated in 1990. Health aspects of drinking water quality in relation to chemical water contamination are investigated and an outlook to the future is presented as far as the tasks of water pollution control are concerned.
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Rante, Yohanis, Westim Ratang, and B. Elita Bharanti. "Analysis on Health Level of Local Government Owned Enterprises (BUMD) toward Papua Regional Income." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 7, no. 2 (July 6, 2016): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v7i2.1302.
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In the effort to carry out the principal functions and duties for the population in Papua, Papua provincial government set up several enterprises (BUMD) purposed to provide services to the public. BUMD is also expected to give contribution on regional income. The objectives of this research are: (1) Determining the health level of Local Government Owned Enterprises in Water Supply Company in Jayapura and Nabire from the financial aspect, (2) the health level of Local Government Owned Enterprises in Water Supply Company in Jayapura from the operational aspect, (3) the health level of Local Government Owned Enterprises in Water Supply Company in Jayapura and Nabire from the administration aspect. The method used in this research is survey research method toward BUMD by distributing questionnaires in several enterprises. The analytical tool used is the analysis on the health level of Water Supply Company on the financial, operational and administration aspects. Jayapura Water Supply Company health level in terms of financial aspects, operations and administration in 2011 to 2013 showed a reduction, but it was still sufficient indication. The total value of these three aspects has decreased in the last two years, 60.49 in 2011, decrease to 59.22 in 2012 and 54.59 by the end of 2013. However, this reduction was still at fairly healthcategory. Nabire Water Supply Company health level based on the financial aspect shows that from 2010 to 2013, the financial performance of Nabire Water Supply Company was experiencing unhealthy condition. Service aspect of the rate of complaints solving in 2010 to 2013 was always above 100%, it means that Nabire Water Supply Company have solved the problem of water services and other complaints that come from customers or not customer. The next indicator is water quality was 0% from 2010 to 2013. It means that they have not been able to serve the customers with the drinking water quality as provided in Ministry of Health Regulationnumber 492/MENKES/PER/IV/ 2010.
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Duarte, Victor Magalhães, Luciano Matos Queiroz, Ednildo Andrade Torres, and Asher Kiperstok. "Energetic aspects and opportunities for reusing water on offshore platforms in Campos Basin, Brazil." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 12, no. 5 (August 23, 2017): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2121.
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In the drilling and production of oil at sea, a large quantity of potable water used is most commonly transported to oil platforms using offshore supply vessels (OSVs). Sea water desalination is used as well, but only in a few oil platforms. To minimize energy consumption, water supply options were studied. The desalination of seawater and the reusing of streams of grey water and black water were evaluated and compared with the characteristics of the current supply via OSVs. In both desalination and OSV water supply options an electrolytic wastewater treatment plant is used. The objective of this study was to analyze the current situation regarding water supply on offshore platforms located in the Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to propose measures to take advantage of opportunities to reuse water and reduce energy expenditure. Two alternative scenarios were developed that involved the reuse of water that comes from the effluent of a biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Information on the logistics of supplying water to platforms was obtained through direct consultation with companies and sources in the literature. The results show that annual energy consumption (uptake, treatment, transportation, use and waste water treatment) of water on offshore platforms is currently 1.89 GWh, and that a reduction of 1.8 GWh of the energy consumed can be achieved using advanced reuse treatments. Energy consumption in the water reuse treatment is more competitive than those of transport by OSVs or seawater desalination.
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Lourenço, M., A. Silva-Afonso, and C. Pimentel-Rodrigues. "Performance Indicators for Water Supply in Buildings." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 18 (October 4, 2022): 1115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2022.18.106.
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Drinking water is a vital resource for the population’s quality of life and health. The satisfaction of their needs is increasingly demanding, essentially associated with the growth of the population's income and the possibility of improvements in terms of comfort, quality, and safety at lower costs. However, despite the accuracy of engineering design, the functional performance of the building's water networks does not always match the expectations because it can be subjected to failures, which can compromise other infrastructures and cause a lot of inconvenience to the residents or users. In this case, we can say that the water supply system is no longer reliable. In the study presented in this article, profiles were developed that make easier the assessment of the reliability of the installation, specifying key aspects involved, which may be called performance indicators. The indicators combined in a balanced way according to their importance make it possible to translate the relevant aspects regarding the operation of the water supply systems in the building and their reliability. In this sense, it is expected to contribute to the improvement and durability of building installations, regarding the water supply's performance, security, and quality.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water-supply – Health aspects – Sydney"
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Adam, Hassan Ali. "A solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography method for estimating the concentrations of chlorpyrifos, endosulphan-alpha, edosulphan-beta and endosulphan sulphate in water." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/899.
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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 2003The monitoring of pesticide contamination in surface and groundwater is an essential aspect of an assessment of the potential environmental and health impacts of widespread pesticide use. Previous research in three Western Cape farming areas found consistent (37% to 69% of samples) pesticide contamination of rural water sources. However, despite the need, monitoring of pesticides in water is not done due to lack of analytical capacity and the cost of analysis in South Africa. The Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) sampling method has been developed over the last decade as a replacement for solvent-based analyte extraction procedures. The method utilizes a short, thin, solid rod of fused silica coated with an absorbent polymer. The fibre is exposed to the pesticide contaminated water sample under vigorous agitation. The pesticide is absorbed into the polymer coating; the mass absorbed depends on the partition coefficient of the pesticide between the sample phase and the polymeric coating, the exposure time and factors such as agitation rate, the diffusivity of the analyte in water and the polymeric coating, and the volume and thickness of the coating. After absorption, the fibre is directly inserted into the Gas Chromatograph (GC) injection port for analysis. For extraction from a stirred solution a fibre will have a boundary region where the solution moves slowly near the fibre surface and faster further away until the analyte is practically perfectly mixed in the bulk solution by convection. The boundary region may be modelled as a layer of stationary solution surrounded by perfectly mixed solution.
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Gusha, Siyabulela Stability. "Productions of high quality wastewater final effluents remain a challenge in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/489.
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Water is an indispensible and yet a difficult resource to be renewed, thus water scarcity has become one of the major challenges faced worldwide, with the Southern regions of Africa being the most impacted and affected, especially the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa where rural communities depend on receiving waterbodies that are often negatively impacted by wastewater final effluents. This present study was conducted between August and December 2010 to assess the physicochemical and microbial qualities of the final effluents of peri-urban and rural communities based wastewater treatment plants in the Eastern Cape Province. The physicochemical parameters were determined on site and in the laboratory, while bacteriological qualities were determined using culture based techniques. The virological qualities were determined by molecular methods using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the target RNA virus and the conventional polymerase chain reaction for the target DNA virus. For both wastewater treatment plants, the physicochemical parameters ranged as follows: chemical oxygen demand (5.95-45 mg/L); total dissolved solids (114.5-187.0 mg/L); salinity (0.12-0.20 psu); temperature (14.2-25.7oC); pH (6.0-7.6); nitrate and nitrites (1.55-6.7 mg/L and 0.023-1.15 mg/L respectively); biological oxygen demand (3.5-7.8 mg/L); turbidity (1.49-6.98 NTU); and chlorine residual (0-2.97 mg/L). Feacal indicator bacteria counts ranged as follows: feacal coliforms (0-1.25×104 cfu/100 ml); total coliforms (0-3.95×104 cfu/100 ml); and enterococci (0-5.0×103 cfu/100 ml). xviii Seventy five percent of the rural community based plant and 80 percent of the peri-urban community based plant were positive for coxsackie A virus, while hepatitis A virus was detected in all the rural community based plant 80 percent of the peri-urban community based plant. This study suggests the need for intervention by appropriate regulatory agencies to ensure regular monitoring of the qualities of final effluents of wastewater treatment facilities in the Eastern Cape Province and ensure compliance to established guidelines.
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Kang, Ki Sung. "The effects of using a cation exchange water softener on blood pressure." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37929.
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Water in 70 percent of the cities in the United
States is hard enough that softening is either required or
recommended. It is estimated that approximately 30
percent of all homes in the United States use water
softeners. Water softeners, the cation exchange types
suited for residential use, exchange sodium for the
calcium and magnesium in water. The increase in sodium
levels in the softened water caused by cation exchange
softening is a direct function of the hardness level of
the untreated water. For people who use groundwater,
which has a relatively high level of naturally occurring
sodium, magnesium and calcium, the additional sodium from
cation exchange water softeners may create health hazards
for the general population and could adversely affect those
who are sensitive to salt or on low sodium diets. To
prevent potential health hazards for the general
population, no consumption of softened water by cation
exchange water softeners should be recommended. If soft
water is needed for some practical reasons, a "Separate
Water Line System" should be recommended for homeowners.Graduation date: 1991
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Musonda, Kennedy. "Issues regarding sustainability of rural water supply in Zambia." Diss., 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1243.
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The purpose of this dissertation was to identify factors that contribute to the sustainability of rural water supply facilities (WSFs). Twenty-four interviews were conducted: 16 from rural communities and 8 from water supply agencies. Key findings are that in order to achieve sustainability of WSFs, there is need to ensure that (1) there is an effective community organisation; (2) communities have the ability to operate and maintain WSFs; (3) communities are able to raise adequate user fees for purchasing spare parts; and (4) that there is a strong backup support at the district level to carry out major repairs. Major threats to the sustainability of WSFs include high poverty levels in communities, weak institutional framework and inability of communities to handle major breakdowns.Social Work
M.A. (Social Work)
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Archer, Lynette Deborah. "Identifying the prevalence of and pathways to diarrhoeal disease in rural KwaZulu-Natal and the implications for evaluating the impact of water supply schemes on community health." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4946.
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Since the establishment of a democratic South Africa in 1994, a number of rural
water supply schemes have been implemented. A specific aim of these schemes is
to improve the health of the population. The underlying assumption is that a supply
of reticulated water will improve the quality of water used by the community, reduce
the exposure of the community to contaminated water supplies, and reduce water
related diseases, in particular diarrhoea.
This research thesis focuses on two rural water supply schemes in KwaZulu-Natal:
Mpolweni and Vulindlela, both being developed by Umgeni Water, the regional water
utility. These communities depended variously on rivers, rain harvesting, and
springs for their water supply. For sanitation, the majority of people used
unimproved pit latrines.
This research thesis is based on information gathered from the communities prior to
the installation of the water supply schemes. It focuses on the linkage between water
supply and health by examining diarrhoeal morbidity as a measurable disease
outcome and by identifying possible pathways to the prevalence of diarrhoea.
Questionnaire and observational surveys were undertaken of 181 households in
Mpolweni and 100 households in Vulindlela. From these surveys, the prevalence of
diarrhoea in Vulindlela households was found to be 40.4% and in Mpolweni to be
49%. Children under the age of five years old are the most vulnerable, with 20.1% of
children in Mpolweni and 21 .3% of children in Vulindlela reported as having had
diarrhoea in the recall period prior to the surveys.
The Mpolweni study considered eighty exposure variables, finding an association
between diarrhoeal disease and sixteen of these variables (p value < 0.05). The
Vulindlela study considered fifty-five exposure variables, of which eight were
considered significant (p value < 0.05). In regard to water and diarrhoea:
• no association was found between the prevalence of diarrhoea and the source of
water in either Mpolweni or Vulindlela.
• using water to wash nappies was associated with diarrhoeal disease in Vulindlela.
However, it is postulated that it is the faecal contamination in the nappy, rather than
the water, that is problematic. No association between water use and diarrhoea
was established in Mpolweni.
• poor disinfection of stored water supplies was associated with diarrhoeal disease in
both Mpolweni and Vulindlela. In addition, the use of plastic storage containers to
store water at the household provided additional risk in Mpolweni. However, once
the reticulated system is installed, the communities are likely to continue to store
water due to a distrust of the reliability of water supply.
The above surveys form the baseline for additional studies currently being
undertaken by Umgeni Water that are intended to measure the effectiveness of the
water supply schemes on community health.
However, from this thesis, it is concluded that many of the risk factors associated
with diarrhoeal disease in both Vulindlela and Mpolweni will not directly be addressed
by the introduction of the water supply schemes.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2000.
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Hay, Tristan Ryan. "Medical radionuclides and their impurities in wastewater." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29342.
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NCRP report No.160 states that medical exposure increased to nearly half of the total radiation exposure of the U.S. population from all sources in 2006 (NCRP 2009). Part of this increase in exposure is due to the rise in nuclear medicine procedures. With this observed growth in medical radionuclide usage, there is an increase in the radionuclide being released into wastewater after the medical procedures. The question then arises: what is the behavior of medical radionuclides and their impurities in the wastewater process? It is important to note that, often, medical radionuclides are not exactly 100% radionuclide pure, but they meet a certain standard of purity. Of particular interest are the longer lived impurities associated with these medical radionuclides. The longer lived impurities have a higher chance of reaching the environment. The goal of this study is to identify the behavior of medical radionuclides and their impurities associated with some of the more common radiopharmaceuticals, including Tc-99m and I-131, and locate and quantify levels of these impurities in municipal wastewater and develop a model that can be used to estimate potential dose and risk to the public.Graduation date: 2012
Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from May 24, 2012 - May 24, 2014
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Mahlangu, Themba Oranso. "Design and evaluation of a cost effective household drinking water treatment system." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6293.
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M.Sc.The world is focusing on increasing the number of people who have access to safe drinking water due to the ascending numbers of drinking water related illnesses reported annually in rural areas where water is not treated before consumption. To meet this goal, household water treatment has to be introduced especially in places where homes are wide apart making centralised water treatment improbable. Most readily available household water treatment systems (HWTS) such as membrane filters may not be affordable in rural areas due to power requirements and degree of ability to use and maintain them. This study was therefore aimed at designing and constructing HWTS using readily available material such as sand, gravel, zeolites and clays. Five HWTS were designed, built, evaluated and compared based on their ability to remove chemical contaminants such as iron, arsenic and fluorides from drinking water. The types of filters that were used during this study are the biosand filter (BSF), a modified biosand filter with zeolites (BSFZ), a silver impregnated porous pot (SIPP) filter, a ceramic candle filter (CCF) and a bucket filter (BF). Effectiveness of the filters in reducing physical parameters such as turbidity and visual colour was also assessed. The water treatment devices had the following flow rates; 1.74 L/h – 19.20 L/h (BSFZ), 0.81 L/h – 6.84 L/h (BSF), 0.05 L/h – 2.49 L/h (SIPP) and 1.00 L/h – 4.00 L/h (CCF). The flow rates were high at the early stages of filter use and decreased with increase in the volume of water filtered through. The flow rates of the filters were affected by the turbidity of intake water which was between 1.74 NTU – 42.93 NTU and correlated to chlorophyll a concentrations. The household water treatment technologies reduced turbidity to levels less than 1 NTU (> 90% reduction) in the following order SIPP > BSFZ > BSF > CCF > BF. The filters achieved greater than 60% retention of calcium, magnesium, iron and arsenic. These contaminants with the exception of arsenic were reduced to acceptable levels of the South African National Standard of drinking water (SANS 241, 2004). Compared to the other filters, the BSFZ performed better in removing nitrates, phosphates and fluorides although the overall retention efficiency was low. Total organic carbon was removed greatly by the CCF (39%) and the least removal was by the BF. The overall performance of the filters in reducing contaminants from drinking water was in the order BSFZ > BSF > SIPP > CCF > BF. Filter washing vi resulted in an overall increase in the flow rates of the filters but negatively affected turbidity reduction. The filters still removed contaminants after total cumulative volumes of 1200 L (BSFZ, BSF, CCF and BF) and 300 L (SIPP) were filtered through the devices. The five evaluated filters have several advantages to the readily available technologies and the advantages include ease of construction, operation and maintenance. The filters are gravity driven and work independent of temperature. These HWTS incorporate safe storages fitted with spigots to eliminate recontamination of water when it is drawn for use. The filters can produce enough drinking and cooking water for a family of six members due to their high flow rates. The BSFZ, BSF, SIPP, CCF and BF may therefore be considered for treating contaminated water at household scale in places where water is taken directly from the source without treatment.
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Padayachee, Silverani. "Experiences of Laotian teachers of the Human Values Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education training programme." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/8763.
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Access to safe water and improved sanitation remains threatened by the ever increasing
demand in urbanised cities of the world. Adequate management of this problem could
not be achieved through technical and regulatory methods alone. A human values-based
education approach, namely the Human Values Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
Education (HVWSHE) programme, was considered a suitable intervention strategy to
bring about the desired changes in attitude and behaviour by the water users.
This research involves an empirical case study approach that explores the experiences
of Laotian teachers as adult learners of the HVWSHE intervention as well as a literature
study on adult education, adult learning facilitation, human values-based education and
teacher beliefs. Focus group meetings, lesson observations, participant observation,
field notes and a researcher journal was used to collect data.
This study revealed that the HVWSHE training programme had a positive effect on the
adult learners’ attitude and behaviour towards a better water-use and sanitation-friendly
ethic.Educational Studies
M. Ed. (Adult Education)
Books on the topic "Water-supply – Health aspects – Sydney"
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Abou-Ali, Hala. Water and health in Egypt: An empirical analysis. [Göteborg, Sweden]: Dept. of Economics, School of Economics and Commercial Law, Göteborg University, 2003.
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1947-, Feachem Richard G., and Rahaman M. Mujibur, eds. Evaluating health impact: Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene education. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre, 1986.
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Mike, Magee. Healthy waters: What every health professional should know about water. Bronxville, N.Y: Spencer Books, 2005.
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Healthy waters: What every health professional should know about water. Bronxville, N.Y: Spencer Books, 2005.
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Interlacing water and human health: Case studies from South Asia. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2012.
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Wasserhygienetage (13th 2005 Bad Elster, Germany). Die Wasserversorgung in der Umwelt: Vorträge und Fachgespräche. [Gelsenkirchen]: Verein für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene, 2005.
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Germany), WaBoLu-Wasserkurs (2004 Berlin. WaBoLu-Wasserkurs Berlin: Fortbildungstagung für Wasserfachleute : Vorträge und Fachgespräche. [Gelsenkirchen]: Verein WaBoLu, 2005.
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L' envers d'un urbanisme social: Les problèmes socio-sanitaires posés par l'eau consommée dans les quartiers périphériques de Pointe-Noire au Congo. [Dakar]: Union pour l'étude de la population africaine, 1994.
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Pombo, Alberto. Tijuana: Agua y salud ambiental (sus estrategias). Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 2004.
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Listorti, James A. Environmental health components for water supply, sanitation, and urban projects. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1990.
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Plant, Jane A., and Barry Smith. "Environmental Geochemistry on a Global Scale." In Geology and Health. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162042.003.0028.
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Recent population growth and economic development are extending the problems associated with land degradation, pollution, urbanization, and the effects of climate change over large areas of the earth’s surface, giving increasing cause for concern about the state of the environment. Many problems are most acute in tropical, equatorial, and desert regions where the surface environment is particularly fragile because of its long history of intense chemical weathering over geological timescales. The speed and scale of the impact of human activities are now so great that, according to some authors, for example, McMichael (1993), there is the threat of global ecological disruption. Concern that human activities are unsustainable has led to the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development Our Common Future (Barnaby 1987) and the establishment of a United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development responsible for carrying out Agenda 21, the action plan of the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Considerable research into the global environment is now being undertaken, especially into issues such as climate change, biodiversity, and water quality. Relatively little work has been carried out on the sustainability of the Earth’s land surface and its life support systems, however, other than on an ad-hoc basis in response to problems such as mercury poisoning related to artisanal gold mining in Amazonia or arsenic poisoning as a result of water supply problems in Bangladesh (Smedley 1999). This chapter proposes a more strategic approach to understanding the distribution and behavior of chemicals in the environment based on the preparation of a global geochemical baseline to help to sustain the Earth’s land surface based on the systematic knowledge of its geochemistry. Geochemical data contain information directly relevant to economic and environmental decisions involving mineral exploration, extraction, and processing; manufacturing industries; agriculture and forestry; many aspects of human and animal health; waste disposal; and land-use planning. A database showing the spatial variations in the abundance of chemical elements over the Earth’s surface is, therefore, a key step in embracing all aspects of environmental geochemistry. Although environmental problems do not respect political boundaries, data from one part of the world may have important implications elsewhere.
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Mir, Sajad Hussain, and Attiya Baddar. "Association between Urinary Bisphenol A Concentration and Obesity Prevalence in Children and Adolescents." In Handbook of Research on Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Plastic Pollution, 214–45. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9452-9.ch012.
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Bisphenol A is an organic compound that serves as a building block of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Being the world's highest-volume chemicals in use today in the form of medical devices, water and infant bottles, food cans, kitchen utensils, water supply pipes, compact devices, etc., this compound—after gaining an access to the body of an individual by way of leaching into food and water supplies—acts as an obesogen and disrupts the body weight regulation by either promoting adipogenesis or triggering the differentiation of fibroblasts into adipocytes. The other adverse effects of bisphenol A include insulin resistance, adipocyte differentiation or aromatase-mediated transformation of androgen into estrogen, cardiovascular diseases, liver function abnormalities, alterations in the circulating thyroid hormone levels, association with diabetes and carcinogenic effect. Its other aspects on health individually as well as in combination with other chemicals are worth mentioning.
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Riaz, Sakhawat, Arslan Ahmad, Rimsha Farooq, Nasir Hussain, Tariq Riaz, Khadim Hussain, and Muhammad Mazahir. "Citrus: An Overview of Food Uses and Health Benefits." In Advances in Citrus Production and Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106420.
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Citrus species is a category of fruit that contains a variety of bioactive components throughout the plant. Citrus fruits (and items made from them) are among the most widely eaten fruits in the world, and their supply continues to increase. Oranges, pomelos, limes, tangelos, mandarins, lemons, kumquats, grapefruits, and other Citrus fruits are among them. They are frequently employed in the culinary, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sectors due to their fragrance and taste. Vitamin C, pectin, limonene, phenolics, iso-limonene, flavanones, and nonanal are the main bioactive components present, and they provide a variety of health advantages. Pharmacological studies have shown that the fruit has numerous nutraceutical benefits, including a strong antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-hypertensive, anticancerous, antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, and cardioprotective. It should also be highlighted that all Citrus fruits are an excellent source of minerals, which are required to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Citrus fruit-eating has been linked to a range of health advantages in recent research. This chapter presents an overview of the nutritional aspects of Citrus as well as its health benefits, which will be detailed.
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Grabowski, Gabriel. "Sustainability in renewable energy businesses." In Sustainability and sustainable development, 251–56. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-074-6/iv6.
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The sustainable development goal 7 (affordable and clean energy) seeks to ensure that energy is clean, affordable, available and accessible to all (SD Goals, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators). Replacing fossil fuel-based energy sources with renewable ones, which include: bioenergy, direct solar energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, wind and ocean energy (tide and wave), would gradually help the world achieve the idea of sustainability. Renewable energy technologies provide an excellent opportunity for mitigation of greenhouse gas emission and reduce global warming through substituting conventional energy sources (Panwar, Kaushik, & Kothari, 2011; Owusu & Asumadu-Sarkodie, 2016). Nevertheless, investment costs, as well as political environment and market conditions, have become barriers preventing countries from full utilisation of the potential to improve the quality of air or water. The aim of the chapter is to initiate discussion on the importance of renewable energy as well as its environmental and society-related health aspects. Two short case studies presented in the text allow to describe projects concerning solar installations. In the first case, it is educational institution investing in thermal solar panel systems to supply heat for domestic hot water. The results of research conducted by Filho et al. (2019) on a small sample of universities from around the world indicate that in more than half of them, only a small share of energy consumption comes from renewable sources, whilst the European Union policy has identified promotion of energy efficiency in buildings, including educational ones, as a key objective of its energy and climate policy (EPBD Recast, 2010). In the second case study, thoughts on photovoltaic systems installed to supply buildings with electricity are contained and the problem of public resource support forms for that purpose are discussed.
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Hollander, Rachelle D. "Expert Claims and Social Decisions: Science, Politics, and Responsibility." In Acceptable Evidence. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089295.003.0014.
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Concern for relationships among ethics, values, policy, and science and engineering is prominent in modern society. The existence of a program called Ethics and Values Studies in an agency of the U.S. government, the National Science Foundation, provides some evidence of this (Hollander 1987a, 1987b; Hollander and Steneck 1990). The bills introduced in the U.S. Congress to support bio(medical) ethics centers through the National Institutes of Health also provide evidence (U.S. Senate 1988). New initiatives support research and related activities in areas of biomedical ethics in the National Center for Nursing Research and the Office of Human Genome Research in the National Institutes of Health. In July 1988, the Board of Radioactive Waste Management of the National Research Council devoted one day of a four-day retreat to considering the ethical and value aspects of that issue (BRWM 1988). In this chapter I shall attempt to show why such issues occupy particular attention now. My thesis is that a new acknowledgment of our collective moral responsibility is needed because of the political and social context in which science now operates. This context requires more sophisticated scientific and ethical analysis, as well as scientists, engineers, policymakers, interested scholars, and others working together to determine not just acceptable risk but also acceptable evidence. To provide perspective on these matters, we should note that interactions of science, technology, and society have raised these kinds of problems for a long time. A play by Henrik Ibsen, An Enemy of the People, written in 1882, raises all these concerns. An Enemy of the People is a story about the possibility of contamination in the water supply that feeds a town's new mineral baths. The baths attract the summer visitors that have rejuvenated the community. A Dr. Thomas Stockmann has investigated and discovered the problem; he has documented it, and he is delighted to have made the discovery. He, after all, had warned the town fathers about the problem when they designed the water supply, and they did not listen. Now he presents the truth as he sees it—and he sees it in the worst possible light—to his brother Peter, the mayor, who had organized the efforts to construct the baths.
Conference papers on the topic "Water-supply – Health aspects – Sydney"
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Hadi, Sriyanta, M. Junaida Hoodi, Sing Tat Ting, Setia Dana, and Sabestiano Mike Atet. "Water Injection Operation Readiness of BB Field Redevelopment." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21788-ms.
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Abstract BB field complex redevelopment is an integrated development under PETRONAS Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) project. BB fields are producing fields operated by PETRONAS Carigali Sendirian Berhad (PCSB). The BB fields redevelopment is a project to redevelop both B1 and B2 fields and to enable EOR implementation in the B1 field. The B1 redevelopment includes the EOR implementation through immiscible water alternating gas (IWAG), infill drilling, and safeguarding of no further activity (NFA) production. The B1 redevelopment also incorporates some provisions for the B2 field to secure gas supply for B1 IWAG. The B2 redevelopment focuses on safeguarding B2 NFA production. The redevelopment consists of three main elements, 1) EOR IWAG that involves injector well drilling at a new IWAG injection wellhead platform, 2) infill drilling at existing platforms and 3) safeguarding of NFA. Surface facilities scope includes installing a new Central Processing Platform (CPP) for B1 field, wellhead platforms, and intra-field pipelines. The CPP includes 60 kbpd water injection plant capacity, gas compression, gas-liquid separation, and produced water treatment. Modification in the B2 field is to flow gas from the B2 field to the B1 field. Operational readiness is crucial to ensure that the integrated project is executed smoothly. Two cases for changes are new technology deployment for water injection module (WIM) and people capability. It is a big challenge to achieve an effective start-up with minimum delay. There are some important aspects considered includes operation philosophy, Health Safety and Environment (HSE), and collaborative working environment (CWE) implementation. It is important to ensure improving oil recovery through infill and IWAG. Best practices in operation readiness of an integrated project that have many challenges that include process, people, and technology. These best practices may be replicated in any other projects by other companies/operators.
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Lonia, B., N. K. Nayar, S. B. Singh, and P. L. Bali. "Techno Economic Aspects of Power Generation From Agriwaste in India." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-170.
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The agricultural operations in India are suffering from a serious problem of shortage of electrical power on one side and economic and effective disposal of agriwaste stuff on the other. India being agriculture based country, 70% of its main income (share in GDP) comes from agriculture sector. Any enhancement of income from this sector is based upon adequate supply of basic inputs in this sector. Regular and adequate power supply is one such input. But, the position of power supply in our country defies both these characteristics. With a major portion of power produced being sent to the industrial and urban consumers, there is a perennial shortage of power in the agriculture sector. Consequently, there is an emergent need to produce more power in order to fulfil the needs of this sector effectively. One way of accomplishing this is setting up captive, preferably rural based, small power generation plants. In these power plants, instead of water-head, diesel oil or coal, we can use agri-residue to produce electricity. One such power plant (1–2 MW capacity) can satisfy the power need of 25 to 40 nearby villages. The agriwaste like rice straw, sugarcane-trash, coir-pith, peanut shells, wheat stalks & straw, cottonseed, stalks and husk, soyabean stalks, maize stalks & cobs, sorghum. Bagasse, wallnut shells, sunflower seeds, shells, hulls and kernels and coconut husk, wastewood and saw dust can be fruitfully utilized in power generation. This stuff is otherwise a waste and liability and consumes a lot of effort on its disposal; in addition to being a fire and health hazard. Agriwaste stuff which at present is available in abundance and prospects of its utilization in producing energy are enormous. This material can be procured at reasonably low rates from the farmers who will thus be benefited economically, apart from being relieved of the responsibility of its disposal. Agri-residue has traditionally been a major source of heat energy in rural areas in India. It is a valuable fuel even in the sub-urban areas. Inspite of rapid increase in the supply of, access lo and use of fossil fuels, agri-residue is likely to continue to play an important role, in the foreseeable future. Therefore, developing and promoting techno-economically-viable technologies to utilize agri-residue efficiently should be a persuit of high priority. Though there is no authentic data available with regard to the exact quantity of agricultural and agro-industrial residues, its rough estimate has been put at about 350 mt per annum. It is also estimated that the total cattle refuse generated is nearly 250 mt per year. Further, nearly 20% of the total land is under forest cover, which produces approximately 50 mt of fuel wood and with associated forest waste of about 5 mt.(1). Taking into account the utilization of even a portion (say 30%) of this agri-residue & agro-industrial waste as well as energy plantation on one million hectare (mha) of wastelands for power generation through bioenergy technologies, a potential of some 18000 MW of power has been estimated. From the foregoing, it is clear that there is an enormous untapped potential for energy generation from agri-residue. What is required is an immediate and urgent intensification of dedicated efforts in this field, with a view to bringing down the unit energy cost and improving efficiency and reliability of agri-waste production, conversion and utilisation, leading to subsequent saving of fossil fuels for other pressing applications. The new initiatives in national energy policy are most urgently needed to accelerate the social and economic development of the rural areas. It demands a substantial increase in production and consumption of energy for productive purposes. Such initiatives are vital for promoting the goals of sustainability. cleaner production and reduction of long-term risks of environmental pollution and consequent adverse climatic changes in future. A much needed significant social, economic and industrial development has yet to take place in large parts of rural India; be it North, West, East or South. It can be well appreciated that a conscious management of agri-residue, which is otherwise a serious liability of the farmer, through its economic conversion into electric power can offer a reasonably viable solution to our developmental needs. This vision will have to be converted into a reality within a decade or so through dedicated and planned R&D work in this area. There is a shimmering promise that the whole process of harvesting, collection, transport and economic processing and utilisation of agri-waste can be made technically and economically more viable in future. Thus, the foregoing paras amply highlight the value of agri-residue as a prospective source of electric power, particularly for supplementing the main grid during the lean supply periods or peak load hours and also for serving the remote areas in the form of stand-alone units giving a boost to decentralised power supply. This approach and option seems to be positive in view of its potential contribution to our economic and social development. No doubt, this initiative needs to be backed and perused rigorously for removing regional imbalances as well as strengthening National economy. This paper reviews the current situation with regards to generation of agriwaste and its prospects of economic conversion into electrical power, technologies presently available for this purpose, and the problems faced in such efforts. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to devise ways and means for generating electrical power from agriwaste; keeping in mind the requirements of cleaner production and environmental protection so that the initiative leads to a total solution.
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Alema´n, Miguel A´ngel, Ramiro Bermeo, Andre´s Mendiza´bal, and Wong Loon. "Successful Social Environmental Management Model, Implemented in Ecuador to Overcome Impacts From a Heavy Crude Oil Spill." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31179.
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On February 25, 2009, OCP Ecuador S.A. faced its first incident; an oil spill consisting of 11,700 barrels of heavy crude oil in an area of high biodiversity in eastern Ecuador. An earth movement caused stress in the pipeline causing its breakage. The temporarily impacted area covered 30 hectares of soil and gravel along 180 kilometers of three rivers that form the high watershed of the Amazon River; these rivers are the Santa Rosa, Quijos and the Coca. During the emergency, while workers rallied to contain the spill and clean the affected area, other workers took safety precautions regarding the health of the inhabitants of the area. Consequently, 1,258 residents from the Gonzalo Pizarro and Orellana cantons received medical assistance in order to rule out patients with pathologies related to the oil spill. OCP executed a joint effort with the Emergency Operations Committee (COE) stationed in Coca in order to supply water for the citizens that reside in the affected area. OCP responded to the requirements claimed by residents, all of which were approved by the COE. Communities affected by the event participated in cleaning efforts through the creation of temporary jobs for them. OCP strictly adhered to the regulations passed by the Ministry of the Environment and those of internationally accepted best practices for these types of events. The media and the citizenry were kept continuously abreast of developments. In addition, all corresponding works and reliability tests were performed on March 4 in order to restart pumping activities. On September 30th, 2009, and following a rigorous process of cleaning and remediation (L&Rr—in Spanish) activities, all tasks were completed in all affected areas prior to an inspection and a walking tour of the area performed by governmental authorities, community members and independent observers. For the collective benefit of affected communities, the environment and OCP, local authorities and international auditors recognized the model established during the event. OCP created a taskforce charged with the execution of the Environmental Remediation Program (PRA—in Spanish) and environmental authorities prepared and approved this program. The Environmental Remediation Taskforce (UPRA) covered the following aspects related to the incident: legal, environmental, cleaning and remediation technical aspects, as well as social, environmental, financial, insurance, internal and external communication aspects, along with a rigorous oversight of contractors. The model implemented is the first of its kind deployed in Ecuador. National and international regulations in force validated the methodology used to remediate the soil, riverbanks and surface water contaminated with the oil caused by the incident. The application of this methodology, aptly deployed in response to the distress situation present at the various affected areas, allowed a reduction in a short period, of the total hydrocarbon concentrations established in the environmental standard, to equal or lower values than those previously indicated for sensitive ecosystems. OCP developed and implemented a technical, environmental and economic matrix that allowed the Company to choose and justify the remediation methods used in affected areas.
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Pribyl, Barbara, Satinder Purewal, and Harikrishnan Tulsidas. "Development of the Petroleum Resource Specifications and Guidelines PRSG – A Petroleum Classification System for the Energy Transition." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205847-ms.
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Abstract The Petroleum Working Group (PWG) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) has developed the Petroleum Resource Specifications and Guidelines (PRSG) to facilitate the application of the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC) for evaluating and classifying petroleum projects. The UNFC was developed by the Expert Group on Resource Management (EGRM) and covers all resource sectors such as minerals, petroleum, renewable energy, nuclear resources, injection projects, anthropogenic resources and groundwater. It has a unique three- dimensional structure to describe environmental, social and economic viability (E-axis), technical feasibility and maturity (F-axis) and degree of confidence in the resource estimates (G-axis). The UNFC is fully aligned to holistic and sustainable resource management called for by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda). UNFC can be used by governments for integrated energy planning, companies for developing business models and the investors in decision making. Internationally, all classification systems and their application continue to evolve to incorporate the latest technical understanding and usage and societal, government and regulatory expectations. The PRSG incorporates key elements from current global petroleum classification systems. Furthermore, it provides a forward-thinking approach to including aspects of integrity and ethics. It expands on the unique differentiator of the UNFC to integrate social and environmental issues in the project evaluation. Several case studies have been carried out (in China, Kuwait, Mexico, Russia, and Uganda) using UNFC. Specifically, PRSG assists in identifying critical social and environmental issues to support their resolution and development sustainably. These issues may be unique to the country, location and projects and mapped using a risk matrix. This may support the development of a road map to resolve potential impediments to project sanction. The release of the PRSG comes at a time of global economic volatility on a national and international level due to the ongoing impact and management of COVID-19, petroleum supply and demand uncertainty and competing national and international interests. Sustainable energy is not only required for industries but for all other social development. It is essential for private sector development, productive capacity building and expansion of trade. It has strong linkages to climate action, health, education, water, food security and woman empowerment. Moreover, enduring complex system considerations in balancing the energy trilemma of reliable supply, affordability, equity, and social and environmental responsibility remain. These overarching conditions make it even more essential to ensure projects are evaluated in a competent, ethical and transparent manner. While considering all the risks, it is also critical to reinforce the positive contribution a natural resource utilization project provides to society. Such an inquiry can focus on how the project contributes to the quality of life, environment, and the economy – the people, planet, and prosperity triad. Such an approach allows consistent, robust and sustainable investment decision making and energy policy development.