Journal articles: 'Water-supply engineering Developing countries'

1

Olsson, Eskil. "Water supply and drainage in developing countries." Batiment International, Building Research and Practice 16, no. 5 (September 1988): 296–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01823328808726913.

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Van der Bruggen, Bart, Karolien Borghgraef, and Chris Vinckier. "Causes of Water Supply Problems in Urbanised Regions in Developing Countries." Water Resources Management 24, no. 9 (November 7, 2009): 1885–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9529-8.

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Ramos, Helena M., Jorge G. Morillo, Juan A. Rodríguez Diaz, Armando Carravetta, and Aonghus McNabola. "Sustainable Water-Energy Nexus towards Developing Countries’ Water Sector Efficiency." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 13, 2021): 3525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123525.

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Water management and energy recovery can improve a system’s sustainability and efficiency in a cost-effective solution. This research assesses the renewable energy sources used in the water sector, as well as the related water sector performance indicators within Portuguese water management systems. A deep analysis of 432 water entities in Portugal, based on ERSAR data base, was conducted in order to identify factors to be improved regarding the system efficiency. On the other hand, the potential energy recovery developed in the REDAWN project was also used as a reference for the application of micro hydropower (MHP) solutions in the water sector. A water and energy nexus model was then developed to improve the systems efficiency and sustainability. A real case study in Africa, the Nampula water supply system, located in Mozambique, was selected as a promising potential for energy recovery. The application of a pump-as-turbine (PAT) allows the reduction in system costs and environmental impacts while increasing its efficiency. The proposed MHP has a capacity to generate ~23 MWh/year, providing significant savings. The developed economic analysis indicates the project is profitable, with an IRR ~40% depending on the energy selling price. This project can avoid the emission of more than 12 tCO2 to the atmosphere, and it can help to reduce the system’s real losses by more than 10,000 m3/year. Consequently, it creates a total economic benefit of 7604 EUR/year.

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Omer, A. M. "Water resources and supply policy in developing countries with special reference to Sudan." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 52, no. 3 (May 2003): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2003.0021.

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Gadgil, Ashok. "DRINKING WATER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 23, no. 1 (November 1998): 253–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.23.1.253.

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Casadei, W. S. "Water Resources in Developing Countries." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0080.

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Lee, S., D. Cha, and H. Park. "International standards for services activities relating to drinking water supply systems and wastewater systems: Implications for developing countries." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 6 (March 1, 2006): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.174.

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In developing countries, the PPP (Public–Private–Partnerships) programs have been unsatisfied during the last decade. This study analyzed one of the main causes is low quality of the system. That is, no matter what supports developing countries may get through PPP, reforming water systems can be hardly successful without appropriate system quality. With this background, this study introduces service standards of ISO/TC 224 as an option to improve system quality of developing countries. To analyze its effects, system dynamic modeling was conducted. The results indicated that service standards, working with the PPP programs, can benefit all the stakeholders involved in the water systems in developing countries. Also this indicates further that this approach with service standards deserves more detailed study for improving the ailing water systems in developing countries.

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Luketina, D., and M. Bender. "Incorporating long-term trends in water availability in water supply planning." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0670.

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This paper examines factors affecting water availability and hydrological trends of water supply. The relative impacts of the different factors have been assessed on a planning time frame of around 30 years. It is demonstrated that the non-greenhouse processes of multi-decadal climate change and el Niño-la Niña climate change will almost certainly be more significant than greenhouse induced climate change. Further, in developing countries, increased water consumption, population growth, and urbanization are likely to be the dominant factors when considering water availability. The type of responses that a water supply organization can make are discussed.

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Pandit, Aniruddha B., and Jyoti Kishen Kumar. "Clean Water for Developing Countries." Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 6, no. 1 (July 24, 2015): 217–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061114-123432.

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Fewtrell, L., and J. M. Colford. "Water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries: interventions and diarrhoea—a review." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 8 (October 1, 2005): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0244.

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We conducted a search to identify all English language papers (published between 1 January 1985 and 26 June 2003) with evidence on the effectiveness of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in developing countries, in which diarrhoea morbidity in non-outbreak conditions was reported. A total of 39 studies were identified as relevant after an initial review of over 2000 titles. Data were extracted and, where possible, combined using meta-analysis to provide a summary estimate of the effectiveness of specific interventions, including water supply and water treatment. Most of the interventions (including multiple interventions, hygiene and water quality) were found to significantly reduce the levels of diarrhoeal illness, with the greatest impact being seen for hygiene and household treatment interventions (after removal of studies classed as poor quality). Sanitation interventions could not be assessed as only a single study suitable for meta-analysis was identified.

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Unno, H., and S. Yamamura. "International Co-Operation for the Improvement of Environmental Sanitation by Japan." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0276.

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Japan has made remarkable progress in water supply and sanitation during the past 100 years. On the other hand, many developing countries lack adequate water supply and sanitation facilities, which causes high mortality rates. The “International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade” (IDWSSD) has been promulgated by the UN since 1981 to cope with this problem. Japan has made efforts to develop foreign assistance projects in the water supply and sanitation field since 1968. Recently, after the promulgation of IDWSSD, such activities have been expanded. However, there exist many problems in Japanese economic and technical assistance partly because Japan has rather less experience in foreign assistance than other advanced countries. Therefore effective measures should be taken to conduct more appropriate foreign aid programmes.

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Frederiksen, Harald D. "Addressing Water Crisis in Developing Countries." Journal of Environmental Engineering 131, no. 5 (May 2005): 667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2005)131:5(667).

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13

Kreisel, W. "Water Quality and Health." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0416.

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Water quality can affect human health in various ways: through breeding of vectors, presence of pathogenic protozoa, helminths, bacteria and viruses, or through inorganic and organic chemicals. While traditional concern has been with pathogens and gastro-intestinal diseases, chemical pollutants in drinking-water supplies have in many instances reached proportions which affect human health, especially in cases of chronic exposure. Treatment of drinking-water, often grossly inadequate in developing countries, is the last barrier of health protection, but control at source is more effective for pollution control. Several WHO programmes of the International Drinking-Water Supply and Sanitation Decade have stimulated awareness of the importance of water quality in public water supplies. Three main streams have been followed during the eighties: guidelines for drinking-water quality, guidelines for wastewater reuse and the monitoring of freshwater quality. Following massive investments in the community water supply sector to provide people with adequate quantities of drinking-water, it becomes more and more important to also guarantee minimum quality standards. This has been recognized by many water and health authorities in developing countries and, as a result, WHO cooperates with many of them in establishing water quality laboratories and pollution control programmes.

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Ahmad, Shamin. "Development of Environmental Engineering Education in Developing Countries." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1987): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0220.

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Environmental engineering education should include appropriate curricula, courses and subject materials relevant to the needs of the society. Emphasis on environmental engineering should be laid at the undergraduate level, but to develop local capabilities both for the present and the future it is essential to develop post-graduate education and training for young engineers and a continuing education programme for senior engineers. Research work should be encouraged and financed so as to develop local expertise and know-how for solving environmental engineering problems. Students should be exposed to the concept of appropriate technologies, however simple these may appear. Many of the concepts developed in advanced countries in connection with environmental protection need modification before application. These may not be directly applicable to the conditions found in the region in which many of the developing countries are located. Necessary incentives, rewards, security of job and opportunities for professional development should be provided to attract engineers to the environmental engineering profession.

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Mancy, Khalil H. "A New Perspective on Rural Water Supply and Sanitation." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 9 (May 1, 1993): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0172.

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It is claimed that the United Nations International Decade for Water Supply and Sanitation of the 1980s, has served to provide more than 1.3 billion people with capabilities tor adequate water supplies, and about 750 million with sanitation. The principle impact has been in rural communities of developing countries. Unfortunately, a considerable portion of these facilities are abandoned and inoperative. While completely manageable in the rich industrialized countries, water related diseases, e.g. infant mortality, child diarrhoea, and cholera epidemics persist in the poor countries of South America, Africa and Asia. The situation has been exacerbated by explosive population growth in the poor countries of the world. Despite national and international commitment, water supply and sanitation services are not keeping up with the demand, and many investments have not been sustained. It is clear now that the major constraint, in the less developed countries, has not been the lack of funds or water supply and sanitation technology, but rather an absence of a capacity to develop, utilize and sustain the available resources. Capacity building in a given country must come from within and it is basically a social-political process. The commitment of a country for capacity building of the water sector should be approached on two levels. On the national level this may entail changes in water related policies, establishment of legal, regulatory, and information systems, and the involvement of citizen groups and national professional organizations. On the local level, it is imperative to strengthen local institutional resources, technical, managerial and financial capabilities, and community involvement. Integration of water supply and sanitation agencies with local irrigation districts is frequently advantageous where water reclamation options are feasible. Examples from Egypt are presented.

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Garfì, Marianna, and Laia Ferrer-Martí. "Decision-making criteria and indicators for water and sanitation projects in developing countries." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.543.

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Water and sanitation projects for solving the needs of small communities in developing countries are complex in nature and involve complex decision-making, which must consider technical, socio-economic and environmental dimensions. Multicriteria analysis (MCA) is a suitable decision-aid method that scores a finite number of options on the basis of a set of evaluation criteria. The main challenge in MCA is choosing the appropriate criteria and evaluation indicators to use for assessment. The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive and wide list of criteria and evaluation indicators as a guideline in MCA of water and basic sanitation projects in small rural communities of developing countries. First, the paper details the general criteria to be considered in all the projects, which are classified in to 4 main groups: technical (e.g. local resources use, appropriate management); social (e.g. local community participation, overcoming discrimination of conflict); economic (e.g. low cost, employment of local staff) and environmental criteria (e.g. atmospheric emissions, water pollution). Then, it describes technical criteria to be additionally considered in each specific type of project: water supply (e.g. water needs, independent access), water treatment (e.g. constant resource availability, flexibility of use for different types of water) and basic sanitation projects (e.g. maximum number of people per system, effluent quality).

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Lloyd, B. J., D. C. Wheeler, and M. Pardon. "The Relationship between Water-Related Disease and Water Quality with Particular Reference to Urban Water Supply in a Developing Country." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 6-7 (June 1, 1989): 579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0260.

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The problems of urban water supply and water related disease in the Americas are examined in the context of population growth and geographical features. The debate concerning the transmission of potentially water-borne pathogens is discussed. The factors affecting the quality of water supply services in a large metropolitan area (Lima) are described and the epidemiological characteristics of water-related disease summarised and compared with data from Africa (Lesotho). A water quality additive index is proposed in order to identify the level of risk for each metropolitan district. This incorporates the presence of faecal coliforms and the absence of chlorine residual. A water-related disease product index (DPI) is also proposed which incorporates the incidence of typhoid, hepatitis and diarrhoea. The indices were matched for all districts, where adequate data were available, and a strong correlation was noted. The water quality index was divided into categories (A,B,C) and it was observed that these were generally dependent upon the water supply service levels. It is concluded that disinfection control is grossly deficient in most developing countries but essential for the control of water-borne disease.

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Yokoo, Kazunobu. "Current Situation and Problems of Japanese International Cooperation in the Field of Water Supply and Waste Management." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0418.

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In order to improve public health in developing countries, the United Nations General Assembly decided to launch the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade in 1980. But in the first half of the Decade, only 1/3 of the minimum funds required to achieve the Decade target was invested. Therefore, advanced countries, including Japan, are required to expand international cooperation more widely. In Japan, international cooperation, such as Official Developing Assistance (0DA), is expanding rapidly, and a further interim target was set in the meeting of the ministers related to executing ODA in June 1988. In this target Japan will provide more than 50 billion dollars in total during five years from 1988 to 1992. In addition to investment, in order to promote the Decade, it is necessary to find solution of problems, for example, raising funds for operation/management cost, development of human resources in developing countries, study of appropriate technology, and training of experts.

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19

Katko, T. S. "Cost Recovery in Water Services." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0802.

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The objective of the study was to find out to what extent water charges could be used in the developing world. This paper presents a cost recovery model primarily for water supply and discusses its implications for sewerage services. The model has four key elements: benefits and costs, predictability of consumer contributions, water tariffs, and fee collection and financial management. The study shows that water charges are a necessity in developing countries, as in the developed world, and consumers are more able and willing to pay than has been thought. Adequate sewerage and sewage charges should be introduced universally.

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Lloyd, B. J., D. C. Wheeler, and M. Pardon. "The Relationship between Water-Related Disease and Water Quality with Particular Reference to Urban Water Supply in a Developing Country*." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0107.

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The problems of urban water supply and water related disease in the Americas are examined in the context of population growth and geographical features. The debate concerning the transmission of potentially water-borne pathogens is discussed. The factors affecting the quality of water supply services in a large metropolitan area (Lima) are described and the epidemiological characteristics of water-related disease summarised and compared with data from Africa (Lesotho). A water quality additive index is proposed in order to identify the level of risk for each metropolitan district. This incorporates the presence of faecal coliforms and the absence of chlorine residual. A water-related disease product index (DPI) is also proposed which incorporates the incidence of typhoid, hepatitis and diarrhoea. The indices were matched for all districts, where adequate data were available, and a strong correlation was noted. The water quality index was divided into categories (A,B,C) and it was observed that these were generally dependent upon the water supply service levels. It is concluded that disinfection control is grossly deficient in most developing countries but essential for the control of water-borne disease. * The full version of this article will appear in Water Science and Technology, 21(6/7), 579-591 (1989).

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Kelman, J. "Effective subsidies in developing countries." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0415.

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During the last decades, significant subsidies have been allocated to government-owned water and sewerage enterprises in developing countries. However, water and sewerage coverage is still far from desirable and the poor are particularly affected by the shortage of these services. The truth is that a considerable part of these subsidies have been used up to build huge infrastructure works that would make some construction firms happy, while often decreasing the service costs for the richer. The costs associated of delivering water and sanitation services to the poor are significantly higher, as they often live in slums or irregular urban developments without urban infrastructure. It is possible, and desirable, to improve government's effectiveness through the use of appropriate economic incentives. The Brazilian River Basin Pollution Abatement Program, based on the “output-based aid” concept, is a good example of how this can be achieved. The Program is a success story that shows that the quality of expenditures on sanitation can be considerably improved if governments of developing countries refrain from contracting sanitation infrastructure works and start paying for results, not for promises.

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Persson, P. O. "Refrigeration and the world's food supply — especially in developing countries." International Journal of Refrigeration 9, no. 3 (May 1986): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(86)90064-2.

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Seabloom, Robert W., and Dale A. Carlson. "Evolution of Low Technology Waste Water Disposal in the Developed Countries and Its Implication for the Developing Nations." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0274.

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The majority of people in developing countries are without reasonable access to safe drinking water and are forced to live without proper sanitation. This lack of safe water and poor sanitation is the major cause of untold misery, disability, disease and death. The United Nations declared the 1980's as the “International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade” with the lofty goal of safe water and adequate sanitation for all by 1990. Realizing it required about 150 years for sanitation systems to evolve in the developed nations, it is important that the developing nations learn from their mistakes. The future sanitation systems for developing countries must use appropriate low cost technologies, rather than the conventional high cost water carriage sewerage technology of the developed nations. These low cost solutions when properly sited, designed, constructed and maintained are no less prestigious and as the overall environmental impacts become understood are in many instances the preferred solution.

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Ujang, Z., M. Henze, T. Curtis, R. Schertenleib, and L. L. Beal. "Environmental engineering education for developing countries: framework for the future." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 8 (April 1, 2004): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0473.

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This paper presents the existing philosophy, approach, criteria and delivery of environmental engineering education (E3) for developing countries. In general, environmental engineering is being taught in almost all major universities in developing countries, mostly under civil engineering degree programmes. There is an urgent need to address specific inputs that are particularly important for developing countries with respect to the reality of urbanisation and industrialisation. The main component of E3 in the near future will remain on basic sanitation in most developing countries, with special emphasis on the consumer-demand approach. In order to substantially overcome environmental problems in developing countries, E3 should include integrated urban water management, sustainable sanitation, appropriate technology, cleaner production, wastewater minimisation and financial framework.

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Pawar, Pratima. "Malnutrition among Children: Some reviews from India, developing and underdeveloped Countries." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.84.9943.

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Abstract: Nutrition has major effects on health. Malnutrition refers to any imbalance in satisfying nutrition requirements. Malnutrition is often cited as an important factor contributing to high morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries. Malnourished children are more likely to grow into malnourished adults who face increased risks of disease and death. A number of factors affect child nutrition, either directly or indirectly. The most commonly cited factors are food availability and dietary intake, breastfeeding, prevalence of infectious and parasitic diseases, vitamin A supplementation, maternal care during pregnancy, water supply and sanitation, socio-economic status, and health-seeking behavior. Thus malnutrition is a serious problem which directly or indirectly affects the social and economic development of a nation. The present paper focuses on the scenario of malnutrition based on the reviews in different developing countries including India.

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Udokpoh, Udeme, and Chidozie Nnaji. "Reuse of Sawdust in Developing Countries in the Light of Sustainable Development Goals." Recent Progress in Materials 05, no. 01 (January 12, 2023): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/rpm.2301006.

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The several furniture-making phases, from cutting to processing to polishing, produce a significant volume of sawdust of differing grades. The extraction and disposal of such waste in developing countries with no established or sustainable methods is an increasing problem, frequently posing environmental challenges. Sawdust is one of the most underused wood waste portions, with mounds dispersed around the region, detracting from its visual appeal and causing other ecological concerns. This study investigated potential applications of sawdust as it concerns sustainable development. It sought to employ an extensive systematic literature review to establish that sawdust, which is often a nuisance at sawmills, may be put to beneficial uses. Four cardinal focus areas of this study are (i) energy generation, (ii) environmental protection/pollution containment, (iii) building construction, and (iv) water treatment/supply. Specifically, the study dealt with the feasibility of energy generation from sawdust through sawdust cook stoves, briquetting, and pyrolysis; pollution containment through sawdust-derived adsorbent; affordable building construction through sawdust-based ceiling boards and particles boards; and (iv) water treatment using point of use (PoU) sawdust-clay water filter. Based on over two hundred (200) published papers consulted in this study, it was strongly established that sawdust had found successful wide application in all four thematic areas with strategic connection to the objectives of SDGs 3.0, 6.0, 7.0, 9.0, 11.0 and 12.0. This research believes that emphasis on sustainable sawdust management can help transform the over 1.5 million tonnes of sawdust waste burned or dumped indiscriminately into value-added products each year.

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Baig, Mirza Muhammad Usama, Yousaf Ali, and Obaid Ur Rehman. "Enhancing Resilience of Oil Supply Chains in Context of Developing Countries." Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and Applications 5, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31181/oresta210322091b.

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Oil supply chains play a vital role in the day-to-day functioning of national economies and obstruction in its services can lead to dire consequences. For this purpose, it is imperative for oil supply chains to be on guard against all probable vulnerabilities and develop adequate protection mechanisms. This research study aims to identify the most important vulnerabilities for oil supply chains in the context of Pakistan, a developing country. Subsequently, these identified vulnerabilities were used to design a protection framework, embodying different supply chain capabilities. For this purpose, this study employs a hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision Making approach. Full Consistency Method (FUCOM) has been used to prioritise vulnerabilities and Fuzzy Quality Function Deployment (QFD) has been used to identify those capabilities that can ensure protection against these vulnerabilities. Results indicate that crude oil price instability, fuel price shocks, unpredictable demand, and information and communication disruptions are the most important and catastrophic vulnerabilities in the context of Pakistan’s oil industry. For mitigation of these vulnerabilities, oil supply chains need to incorporate real-time information sharing, visibility, e-procurement, traceability, and transparency as resilience measures. These recommendations are of considerable importance to Pakistan’s oil industry and policy-making authorities. Moreover, this study fulfils the research gap by focusing on enhancing the resilience of Pakistan’s oil supply chains, with the aid of MCDM techniques.

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Baidya, Rahul, Biswajit Debnath, Sadhan Kumar Ghosh, and Seung-Whee Rhee. "Supply chain analysis of e-waste processing plants in developing countries." Waste Management & Research 38, no. 2 (November 21, 2019): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19886633.

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e-Waste is generated at the staggering rate of 6.1 kg per person. In 2016, 44.7 million tonnes was generated globally, and the amount is estimated to reach 52 million tonnes annually by 2021. The management of this huge quantity of e-waste is a major problem across the world, primarily in developing countries. An effective e-waste management system is linked to the sustainability of e-waste processing plants, and currently it is plagued with different supply chain network (SCN) issues. To address the issues and challenges of SCN, there is a need to prioritize and address the constructs. The study thus combines two multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) tools, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and quality function deployment, to prioritize the constructs identified from literature and supported by field studies. The house of quality (HOQ) has been used for analyzing different stakeholders’ requirements. The degree of importance for HOQ-1 has been derived using the AHP tool. The study revealed the most intriguing issues and challenges of e-waste processing plants considering the requirements of different stakeholders. The results showed formal collection, storage, semi-informal collection, and e-waste quality to be the major issues of processing plants. The findings obtained from MCDM analysis have been validated though two case studies in India and China. If the results obtained are applied to the existing e-waste SCN, a holistic e-waste management system can be achieved for developing countries.

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Njiru, C., and K. Sansom. "Strategic marketing of water services in developing countries." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 156, no. 2 (June 2003): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/muen.2003.156.2.143.

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Sheikh, Shakil Rehman, Syed Hassan Raza Shah, Umar Rauf, Fawad Rauf, Zareena Kausar, Umair Aziz, Muhammad Faizan Shah, Haseeb Yaqoob, and Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi. "A Low-Cost Sustainable Energy Solution for Pristine Mountain Areas of Developing Countries." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 3160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113160.

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The rise in energy requirements and its shortfall in developing countries have affected socioeconomic life. Communities in remote mountainous regions in Asia are among the most affected by energy deprivation. This study presents the feasibility of an alternate strategy of supplying clean energy to the areas consisting of pristine mountains and forest terrain. Southeast Asia has a much-diversified landscape and varied natural resources, including abundant water resources. The current study is motivated by this abundant supply of streams which provides an excellent environment for run-of-river micro vertical axis water turbines. However, to limit the scope of the study, the rivers and streams flowing in northern areas of Pakistan are taken as the reference. The study proposes a comprehensive answer for supplying low-cost sustainable energy solutions for such remote communities. The suggested solution consists of a preliminary hydrodynamic design using Qblade, further analysis using numerical simulations, and finally, experimental testing in a real-world environment. The results of this study show that the use of microturbines is a very feasible option considering that the power generation density of the microturbine comes out to be approximately 2100 kWh/year/m2, with minimal adverse effects on the environment.

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Prasad, Sameer, Jasmine Tata, and Manu Madan. "Build to order supply chains in developed and developing countries." Journal of Operations Management 23, no. 5 (December 8, 2004): 551–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2004.10.011.

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Rotival, Alexander H. "Beyond the Decade: A Framework for Global Cooperation." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0417.

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The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD) was launched by the General Assembly of the United Nations in November 1980 with the goal “to provide all people with water of safe quality and adequate quantity and basic sanitary facilities by 1990”. The World Bank estimates that despite the efforts during the Decade less than 50 percent of developing country populations have access to adequate water supplies and only 20 percent to adequate sanitation facilities. Major factors for the situation are the continuing population explosion and the economic stagnation of developing countries. Qualitative breakthroughs have been made however, through (i) improved coordination for sector inputs at the global and country levels, (ii) systematic formulation of country strategies, (iii) rationalization of the management of the sector, and most significantly through (iv) community involvement and (v) the adoption of low-cost sustainable and replicable technologies. The UNDP/World Bank Programme and the UNDP/WHO Decade Programmes have played a catalytic role in developing activities in these five areas. To maintain Decade momentum beyond 1990 and to accelerate the provision of water supply and sanitation services to all, with emphasis on the unserved rural and peri-urban poor, by using a coordinated programme “Decade” approach, a Framework for Global Cooperation has been established. A series of meetings of a Collaborative Council of External Support Agencies (ESAs) is involved, leading to a global consultation in India in 1990 for all developing countries to define and achieve consensus on a water and sanitation sector strategy for “Beyond the Decade”.

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Shah, Netra. "Technology Adoption in Food Supply Chain Management in Developing Countries: A Review." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2023): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.c3961.0212323.

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Food loss and waste is one of the major reasons for global food insecurity. Food losses occur at all stages of the food supply chain, including agricultural produce, harvesting, transport, storage, and processing. Food loss and waste are exacerbated by a lack of adequate and effective food supply chain management (FSCM). An effective food supply chain (FSC) includes designing processing and distribution centres, managing the cold chain, and designing reverse logistics. It also includes functions like allocating warehouse storage capacity, vehicle routing and material flow issues, delivery scheduling, and inventory management issues. Adoption of new information technology such as big data and Internet of Things can improve FSC performance and have a significant impact on reducing food waste and loss. An effective system for sharing information can enhance FCC performance, and intelligence in automated retail ordering can prevent food spoilage, while machine learning, and blockchain can improve FSC traceability. However, there are several obstacles to the use of technology in the FSC, particularly in developing countries. These are classified as technical, financial, social, operational, educational, and governmental. This paper provides an in-depth review of the existing literature on the FSC, technology applications in improving FSCM, key challenges associated with technology adoption, and interventions that may help overcome these challenges. It adds to the existing literature on FSCM, especially on issues related to technology adoption in the FSC by developing countries, and is a useful resource for students, researchers and food supply chain professionals.

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El Baz, Jamal, Regina Frei, and Issam Laguir. "Reverse supply chain practices in developing countries: the case of Morocco." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 29, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 198–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-04-2017-0068.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate reverse supply chain (RSC) practices and their obstacles using case studies of Moroccan companies. The authors present the main findings of case studies’ analysis along with a discussion of an RSC framework for further directions of research. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative approach was adopted and semi-structured interviews with Moroccan companies were conducted using an interview guide. Findings The authors present an RSC model that encompasses remanufacturing, refurbishing and disposal processes. The authors believe that this model would constitute a promising framework for further research. The findings show that the successful implementation of RSC depends on many factors, but the company’s attitude (proactive or conservative) is one of the most critical determinants in RSC initiatives. Furthermore, the results of the case studies indicate two types of inhibitors: external and internal. These findings confirm the results of previous research on environmental sustainability obstacles in general and RSC obstacles in particular. Research limitations/implications This study has some limitations that provide future research opportunities. Because this study is qualitative, further statistical support is needed to justify wider generalisation of its findings. Further studies might therefore investigate RSC practices in developing countries other than Morocco to increase the external validity of the results. Practical implications The findings can help firms to gain better understanding of their RSC and particularly the link between forward and RSCs. Consequently, companies can upgrade their business models to better control their RSC activities. Originality/value The relevant literature about RSC practices has mainly targeted manufacturing sectors in developed countries, and few studies have been conducted on developing countries. Research on RSC practices in developing countries in general and African countries in particular is sparse. This is one of the first articles written to address this gap by investigating RSC practices in Morocco.

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Bartone, Carl R. "International Perspective on Water Resources Management and Wastewater Reuse – Appropriate Technologies." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (May 1, 1991): 2039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0660.

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The unabated urbanization and industrialization process in many arid and semi-arid countries leads to increasing demand for municipal and industrial water supply, often in direct competition with irrigation demand. In such cases wastewater reclamation and reuse should be an integral component of water resources management strategies. National reuse policies should be developed and implemented taking into account local conditions and based on affordable approaches that ensure safe reuse practice. This paper describes research and development carried out in several developing countries on appropriate technologies for implementing reuse, as well as coordinated international efforts to provide recommended guidelines and policies for safe wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture.

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Vlachos, E. "Towards a typology of water-related conflicts in the urban environment." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 6 (March 1, 2003): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0399.

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Rapid urban population growth is occurring, particularly in developing countries, and has led to problems of providing adequate water supply and sanitation. Two dominant policy recommendations have been put forward - raise fees to existing users or increase the role of the private sector in the provision of water and sanitation services. A number of civil disturbances and riots have occurred in response to such proposals. More pragmatic policy initiatives are required to prevent and solve water-related conflicts, as well as new institutional structures to better handle competing and conflicting water demands.

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Dutta Roy, K., B. Thakur, T. S. Konar, and S. N. Chakrabarty. "Rapid evaluation of water supply project feasibility in Kolkata, India." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2010): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-3-29-2010.

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Abstract. Mega cities in developing countries are mostly dependent on external funding for improving the civic infrastructures like water supply. International and sometimes national agencies stipulate financial justifications for infrastructure funding. Expansion of drinking water network with external funding therefore requires explicit economic estimates. A methodology suitable for local condition has been developed in this study. Relevant field data were collected for estimating the cost of supply. The artificial neural network technique has been used for cost estimate. The willingness to pay survey has been used for estimating the benefits. Cost and benefit have been compared with consideration of time value of money. The risk and uncertainty have been investigated by Monte Carlo's simulation and sensitivity analysis. The results in this case indicated that consumers were willing to pay for supply of drinking water. It has been also found that supply up to 20 km from the treatment plant is economical after which new plants should be considered. The study would help to plan for economically optimal improvement of water supply. It could be also used for estimating the water tariff structure for the city.

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Karpuzcu, Mehmet, Nurdan Baykuş, and Adem Yurtsever. "AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER BY NATURAL SOIL." e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy 15, no. 4 (October 31, 2020): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/nwsa.2020.15.4.1a0462.

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In recent centuries, issues such as efficient use of water resources, water quality and water supply have become important for many countries. Countries have focused on developing strategies that can protect water and using water in the most efficient way including treatment of wastewater. In addition, it has become important to provide sustainability of the natural treatment systems instead of complex and expensive wastewater treatment facilities that are rapidly developing. On the other hand, the researches on natural treatment of wastewater are still inadequate. Therefore, the feasibility and performance of new stragtegies about natural treatment systems should be developed and evaluated. For this purpose, a pilot facility was developed which utilizes a natural soil-column with different gradations in order to provide the treatment of domestic wastewater. In this way, not only the wastewater treatment performances of different soils but also some engineering properties of soils affected by wastewater filtration were examined. As a result of this research, it was found that soil filtration can be effective in the treatment of wastewater subjected to pre-sedimentation and can be affected by the pollutant load of the filtration environment.

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Khan, Shahbaz, Rubee Singh, José Carlos Sá, Gilberto Santos, and Luís Pinto Ferreira. "Modelling of Determinants of Logistics 4.0 Adoption: Insights from Developing Countries." Machines 10, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10121242.

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With the emergence of industry 4.0, several elements of the supply chain are transforming through the adoption of smart technologies such as blockchain, the internet of things and cyber-physical systems. Logistics is considered one of the important elements of supply chain management and its digital transformation is crucial to the success of industry 4.0. In this circumstance, the existing logistics system needs to be upgraded with industry 4.0 technologies and emerge as logistics 4.0. However, the adoption/transformation of logistics 4.0 is dependent on several determinants that need to be explored. Therefore, this study has the prime objective of investigating the determinants of logistics 4.0 adoption in the context of a developing country, specifically, India. Initially, ten determinants of logistics 4.0 are established after a survey of the relevant literature and the input of industry experts. Further, a four-level structural model is developed among these determinants using the Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) approach. In addition, a fuzzy Matrix of Cross-Impact Multiplications Applied to Classification (MICMAC) analysis is also conducted for the categorization of these determinants as per their driving and dependence power. The findings show that top management supports, information technology infrastructure and financial investment are the most significant determinants towards logistics 4.0 adoption. This study facilitates the supply chain partners to focus on these high-level determinants for the effective adoption of logistics 4.0. Moreover, the findings lead to a more in-depth insight into the determinants that influence logistics 4.0 and their significance in logistics 4.0 adoption in emerging economies.

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Helweg, Otto J. "Water Planning for Food Production in Developing Countries." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 126, no. 3 (May 2000): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2000)126:3(203).

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Akbar, Syed Ali, Sadaf Mahmood, and Anwar ul Haq. "COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY AND COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS: IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIAL REASONS BEHIND DYSFUNCTIONAL RURAL WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 02 (June 30, 2022): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i2.472.

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Using the canon of qualitative research methods this study aimed at answering the pertinent question as to why rural water supply schemes become dysfunctional over a period of time and as a consequence bring untold problems in the lives of common people. The management of rural water supply schemes is a global challenge but it becomes more grievous in developing countries. An appropriate solution proposed global to cater to this problem is engaging Community based organizations (CBOs). However, CBOs too have limited capacity for implementing and monitoring all water supply schemes in the province of Punjab, with the result that around 45% remain non-operational. Using the case study method 5 villages of district Jhelum were selected and interviews were conducted with Community Based Motivators (CBMs) and chairpersons of CBOs. The content analysis of data gathered from these interviews yielded results that revealed the reasons behind the deterioration of water supply schemes. It was found that the most common reason behind the non-functioning was the execution of water supply schemes without need assessment of the areas, political pressure, community clash, theft of the engineering equipment and financial embezzlement issues. These dysfunctional water supply schemes lead to negative consequences, but they fall majorly in three categories; waterborne diseases, lack of water for sanitation and washing purposes, and fetching/ purchasing of drinking water. It can be concluded from the study that the idea of handing over of the rural water supply schemes to local people and their representatives like CBOs for operational purpose is not erroneous or less useful. There were several other socio-political reasons that conspired to have damage the rural water supply systems beyond its utility. Keywords: Rural water supply schemes, Community based organizations, Political pressure on CBOs, Water.

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Kao, Jimmy (C M. ). "Groundwater Cleanup in Developing Countries." Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management 8, no. 2 (April 2004): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-025x(2004)8:2(66).

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Rosemarin, A. "Sustainable sanitation and water in small urban centres." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 8 (April 1, 2005): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0238.

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The objective of this paper is to review the global trends in urbanization with respect to availability of adequate sanitation and water supply services. Urbanization is unrelenting and rapid increase in the urban population in the less developed countries is of major global concern regarding this topic of sustainable sanitation and water. Most global urban growth is in the smaller cities and in the developing world. Half the urban developing world lacks adequate water and sanitation. Global urban access to waterborne sanitation is not affordable and thus is not a realistic option so alternative approaches are necessary. The treatment of drinking water cannot be a substitute for sanitation. In order to achieve sustainable sanitation, a change in attitude about human excreta and use of water is required. Essential features of a sustainable sanitation system are: containment, sanitisation and recycling. To improve water supply, we need to improve management practices, use full-cost pricing, introduce watershed approaches to protection and provide improved sanitation. Small urban initiatives need to go beyond the traditional sectors and new initiatives are required like on-site urban ecostations, source-separation of urine and faeces, decentralised greywater treatment and integration of sanitation into the cost of housing.

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Pareek, N. K. "Industrial Wastewater Management in Developing Countries." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0011.

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Most developing countries around the globe are striving hard for a fast economic growth and associated industrialization. As a result, numerous industries are emerging mostly in the urban areas of developing countries. The wastewater, which is an obvious byproduct of all industries, receives lower priority in developing countries. The plant designer and supplier normally provide an in-built pollution control system for new industries. The peripheral facilities, like wastewater treatment, suffer due to limited financial resources. In addition, other factors such as lack of experience in operation, management and plant repairs, lack of spare parts, frequent shortage of power/fuel, lack of end products disposal facilities, social and political reasons contribute to inadequate wastewater management in developing countries. Absence of industrial effluent standards and corresponding legislation for enforcing them are common in developing countries. Environmental impact assessment studies for the industrial growth are commonly not carried out in developing countries. Public awareness against pollution is also at a low profile in developing countries. The industrial wastewater problems in developing countries are discussed in this paper with some typical examples. The critical appraisal of the industrial wastewater management situation in developing countries is concluded by recommendations for the course of action.

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Jimenez, B., J. A. Barrios, J. M. Mendez, and J. Diaz. "Sustainable sludge management in developing countries." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 10 (May 1, 2004): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0656.

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Worldwide, unsanitary conditions are responsible for more than three million deaths annually. One of the reasons is the low level of sanitation in developing countries. Particularly, sludge from these regions has a high parasite concentration and low heavy metal content even though the available information is limited. Different issues needed to achieve a sustainable sludge management in developing nations are analysed. Based on this analysis some conclusions arise: sludge management plays an important role in sanitation programs by helping reduce health problems and associated risks; investments in sanitation should consider sludge management within the overall projects; the main restriction for reusing sludge is the high microbial concentration, which requires a science-based decision on the treatment process, while heavy metals are generally low; adequate sludge management needs the commitment of those sectors involved in the development and enforcement of the regulations as well as those that are directly related to its generation, treatment, reuse or disposal; current regulations have followed different approaches, based mainly on local conditions, but they favour sludge reuse to fight problems like soil degradation, reduced crop production, and the increased use of inorganic fertilizers. This paper summarises an overview of these issues.

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Komarulzaman, Ahmad, Eelke de Jong, and Jeroen Smits. "Hidden Water Affordability Problems Revealed in Developing Countries." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 145, no. 4 (April 2019): 05019006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001051.

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Kumar, Pradeep, and R. J. Garde. "Upgrading Wastewater Treatment by Water Hyacinth in Developing Countries." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1990): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0241.

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With increasing stress on existing wastewater treatment systems, it is necessary either to upgrade the treatment unit(s) or install an entirely new treatment plant. Obviously, the upgrading is preferred over the alternative of having a new system. Keeping this in view, in the present project, an attempt has been made to explore the possibility of upgrading existing facultative ponds using water hyacinth. Bench-scale batch studies were designed to compare the performance of hyacinth treatment system with facultative ponds. Investigations were carried out with synthetic wastewater having COD in the range of 32.5-1090 mg/l. The efficiency of COD removal in water hyacinth ponds was 15-20 percent more than the facultative ponds. Based on the results, an empirical model has been proposed for COD removal kinetics. In the second phase of the project a hyacinth pond was continuously operated. BOD, COD, TS, TN, TP, pH, and DO were regularly monitored. However, the DO of the effluent from hyacinth treatment system was considerably reduced. Effluent should be aerated before it is discharged. The results indicate that the existing facultative ponds can be stalked with water hyacinth to improve their performance as well as hyacinth treatment systems can be installed to support the conventional treatment.

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Denny, Patrick. "Implementation of constructed wetlands in developing countries." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (March 1, 1997): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0157.

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In developing countries, the wise use of natural and artificial wetlands for water purification is particularly valuable and exploitable for the protection of water quality in catchments, rivers and lakes. Constructed wetlands are potentially good, low-cost, appropriate technological treatment systems for domestic wastewater in rural areas. Better still, they can be integrated into agricultural and fish production systems where the products are useable and/or re-cycled for optimal efficiency. However, currently, constructed wetlands are rarely installed. The reasons for this are discussed drawing attention to the limitations of aid programmes from donor countries and the need for in-house research, training and development. Recommendations for the development and wider use of constructed wetlands in developing countries are made.

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Shouman, Enas R., M. H. Sorour, and A. G. Abulnour. "Economics of Renewable Energy for Water Desalination in Developing Countries." Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 8, no. 5 (October 2015): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/jestr.085.29.

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Tarfasa, S. "How much are households willing to contribute to the cost recovery of drinking water supply? Results from a household survey." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 6, no. 1 (April 24, 2013): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-6-33-2013.

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Abstract. Financial resources are crucial to improve existing urban drinking water supply in developing countries typically characterized by low cost recovery rates and high and rapidly growing demand for more reliable services. This study examines the willingness to pay for improved urban drinking water supply employing a choice model (CM) in an urban context in Ethiopia, Hawassa, with a household survey of 170 respondents. The design of the choice model allows the estimation of the values of two attributes of urban drinking water service (extra day water delivery per week and safer water). The findings indicate that households are willing to pay up to 60% extra for improved levels of water supply over and above their current water bill. Especially those households living in the poorest part of the city with the lowest service levels demonstrate that they are willing to pay more despite significant income constraints they are facing. Women value the improvement of water quality most, while a significant effect is found for averting behavior and expenditures. The estimated economic values can be used in policy appraisals of investment decisions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water-supply engineering Developing countries'

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