Relevant bibliographies by topics / Water stratification

Academic literature on the topic 'Water stratification'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Water stratification"

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He, Zhiguo, Liang Zhao, and Ching-Hao Yu. "HYDRODYNAMIC MECHANISM OF TURBIDITY CURRENTS IN ESTUARY STRATIFICATIONS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.80.

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Water stratification commonly exists in nature, such as thermocline in lakes and oceans and halocline in estuaries and oceans (He et al. 2017). Turbidity currents in estuary often encounter stratified sea water, which may significantly influence their propagation and deposition. This study presents high-resolution numerical simulations of lock-exchange gravity and turbidity currents in linear stratifications on a flat bed. Laboratory experiments are conducted to validate the numerical model and good agreements between numerical results and measurements are found. The evolution process, front velocity, internal wave, and entrainment ratio are analyzed based on the numerical results. For a gravity current in a strong stratification, its front velocity can be maintained as a near constant state for a long time after an initial acceleration period because of interactions between the current and internal waves. However, sedimentation of suspended particles due to the damping effect of ambient stratification on turbulence makes a turbidity current quickly lose its structure so the maintaining effect of the internal waves on its front velocity is quite weak. During the evolution process of a turbidity current, the ambient stratification is found to damp the turbulent structures, and front velocity. Stratification can also decrease the entrainment ratios between a gravity current and ambient water after the initial period, but it has an insignificant influence on the entrainment ratios of a turbidity current. This study provides a better understanding of gravity and turbidity currents in estuary stratifications.
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Hinz, Denis F., Simon Graner, and Christian Breitsamter. "Stratification in hot water pipe-flows." Energy Procedia 116 (June 2017): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.079.

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Han, Y. M., R. Z. Wang, and Y. J. Dai. "Thermal stratification within the water tank." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13, no. 5 (June 2009): 1014–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.03.001.

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Rosengarten, G., G. Morrison, and M. Behnia. "A Second Law Approach to Characterising Thermally Stratified Hot Water Storage With Application to Solar Water Heaters." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 121, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2888166.

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This paper presents a method of characterising and evaluating the performance of hot water storage systems in terms of their temperature distribution. The change in exergy from the stratified state to the delivery state depends on the stored energy and the stratification. It can thus he used to define the storage efficiency for sensible heat storage devices. A new parameter that isolates the stratification component of the exergy is defined and called the stratification efficiency. The effect of temperature distribution, delivery temperature and tank cross-section on exergy and stratification efficiency is investigated. The advantage that stratification offers over a mixed tank is examined in terms of the storage efficiency and overall solar water heating system performance. Exergy is used to assess the operation of mantle heat exchangers in solar water heating systems and it is shown that exergy and stratification efficiency, as well as energy, should be used to ascertain the performance of such heat exchangers.
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Chuo, P. Y., J. E. Ball, and I. H. Fisher. "Thermal stratification in drinking water service reservoirs." Australasian Journal of Water Resources 6, no. 2 (January 2003): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2003.11465219.

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Hariharan, K., K. Badrinarayana, S. Srinivasa Murthy, and M. V. Krishna Murthy. "Temperature stratification in hot-water storage tanks." Energy 16, no. 7 (July 1991): 977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(91)90057-s.

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Davidson, J. H., and D. A. Adams. "Fabric Stratification Manifolds for Solar Water Heating." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 116, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930071.

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The level of thermal stratification that can be maintained in forced-flow, direct solar water-heating systems using a fabric manifold is studied in a 372-liter tank with an inlet flow rate of 0.07 1/s. A rib-knit, lightweight, spun-orlon acrylic is the most effective manifold material in a comparative study of 13 synthetic and natural fabrics. Thermal stratification (or more appropriately mixing) in the tank equipped with this acrylic manifold is compared to the level of stratification achieved using a rigid, porous manifold and a conventional drop-tube inlet. Initial tank temperature profile, temperature of the water entering the tank, and test duration are varied in three testing schemes. Comparison of vertical temperature profiles and height-weighted energy stored in the tank indicate that under realistic operating conditions, the fabric manifold is 4 percent more effective than the rigid manifold, and 48 percent more effective than the conventional drop-tube inlet.
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Liu, Chang, Shiyan Wang, Liang Wang, Xiaobo Liu, Huaidong Zhou, Budong Li, and Yanliang Du. "Characteristics and driving factors of thermal stratification evolution in Daheiting Reservoir." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126104010.

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Thermal stratification which is common in water bodies is subject to such factors as the water depth of the water body (a lake or reservoir, for instance), the fluidity of the water and the local meteorological conditions. The stable thermal stratification in reservoirs will lead to changes in the physical and chemical properties of the water as well as distribution of aquatic creatures, hence leaving an impact on the water quality. The Daheiting Reservoir was taken as the research object in this study. Based on the continuous monitored water temperature data in the reservoir, the tempo-spatial change features of the water temperature structure in the reservoir were analyzed, and the driving factors of thermal stratification in the reservoir was studied. The research found that air temperature, wind speed, and hydrodynamic factors are the driving factors for the thermal stratification and corresponding water temperature change patterns in Daheiting Reservoir. Among these factors, air temperature is the fundamental precondition, the wind speed is the auxiliary precondition, and the hydrodynamic factors are the disturbance factors for thermal stratification in the Reservoir. All these factors act together to cause the thermal stratification pattern and evolution features in Daheiting Reservoir.
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Struve, Daniel K., Brian A. Oleksak, Takayuki Kawahara, and Ayako Kanazashi. "Germination of Japanese Stewartia Seeds: The Effects of Warm and Cold Stratification." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 17, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-17.4.197.

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Abstract Japanese Stewartia (Stewartia pseudocamellia (Maxim.)) is a species with outstanding landscape qualities, but is not widely available because reliable propagation protocols have not been developed, including procedures for overcoming seed dormancy. Three experiments were conducted to determine the warm and cold stratification requirements of Japanese Stewartia seeds. In the first experiment, seeds given a 3-day aerated water soak in 1 mM GA3, followed by 3 months warm moist stratification at 25C (77F) had greater germination 173 to 297 days after initiation of cold (7C, 45F) stratification than seeds given a 3-day aerated water soak and similar warm and cold stratification treatments. Final germination was 70%, but germination was not synchronous, it occurred over 172 days. In the second experiment, germination was low (less than 1%) for seeds given either 9 months cold moist stratification or 3 months warm moist stratification at 20C (68F) before 6 months cold moist stratification. Seeds given a 3-month warm moist stratification at an alternating 12 hr 20/12C (68/54F) cycles and 10 months cold moist stratification germinated from 30 to 93%, depending on mother tree. Germination was asynchronous, beginning after 150 days cold stratification and continuing for the next 165 days. In the third experiment, germination was not enhanced by a 3-day aerated water soak in either 1 mM GA3 or water, compared with seeds given no aerated water soak prior to cold moist stratification. Germination was greatest, 35%, for seeds given a 3-month warm moist stratification at 15C (59F) followed by at least 4 months cold moist stratification. However, germination was asynchronous. The results begin to identify the warm and cold stratification treatments that result in high germination.
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KIMURA, Nobuaki, and Yasushi ISERI. "COMPARISON OF STRATIFICATION INDEXES BY WATER DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN WATER BODIES." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 74, no. 5 (2018): I_505—I_510. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.74.5_i_505.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water stratification"

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Belabbassi, Leila. "Examination of the relationship of river water to occurrences of bottom water with reduced oxygen concentrations in the northern Gulf of Mexico." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5018.

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Six years of comprehensive data sets collected over the northern continental shelf and upper slope of the Gulf of Mexico during the LATEX-A and NEGOM-COH programs showed that low-oxygen waters (<2.4 mL·L-1) are found only in spring and summer and only in water depths between 10 and 60 m. Four regions in the northern Gulf show considerable differences in the occurrence of low-oxygen waters. Lowoxygen waters are observed almost exclusively in regions subject to large riverine influences: the Louisiana and Mississippi-Alabama shelves. Hypoxic waters (oxygen concentrations <1.4 mL·L-1) are found only over the Louisiana shelf. No low-oxygen water is found over the Florida shelf which has minimum riverine influence. Lowoxygen water is found at only one station on the Texas shelf; this is during spring when the volume of low-salinity water is at maximum. The distributions of low-salinity water influenced the different distributions of low-oxygen and hypoxic waters in the four regions. Low-oxygen occurrences are clearly related to vertical stratification. Lowoxygen occurred only in stable water columns with maximum Brunt-Väisälä frequency (Nmax) greater than 40 cycles·h-1. When Nmax exceeded 100 cycles·h-1 in summer over the Louisiana shelf, oxygen concentrations dropped below 1.4 mL·L-1, and the bottom waters became hypoxic. Salinity is more important than temperature in controlling vertical stratification. Locations where temperature influence was larger were found in summer in water depth greater than 20 m over the Louisiana shelf, along the near shore areas of the Mississippi-Alabama shelf west of 87ºW, and in the inner shelf waters of the Texas shelf. The extent of oxygen removal at the bottom of these stable water columns is reflected in the amount of remineralized silicate. Silicate concentrations are highest closest to the Mississippi River Delta and decrease east and west of the Delta. EOF analyses show that more than 65% of the oxygen variance is explained by the first mode. The amplitude functions of the first EOF modes of bottom oxygen, water column Brunt- Väisälä maxima, and bottom silicate are well correlated, indicating that much of the variance in bottom oxygen is explained by water column stratification and bottom remineralization.
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Sangameswaran, Sivaramakrishnan. "Water quality modeling of a storm water channel." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2003. http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/u?/NOD,52.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of New Orleans, 2003.
Title from electronic submission form. "A thesis ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Engineering"--Thesis t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Hermansson, Roger. "Short term water heat storage : an experimental investigation of thermal stratification." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 1989. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17844.

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Aiken, Anne M. "The effects of seasonal change, impoundment, and stratification on trihalomethane precursors." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11072008-063149/.

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Smyth, Mervyn A. "Design and development of a heat retaining integrated collection/storage solar water heater." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264693.

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Westlake, P. C. "Interfacial and internal waves generated by a submerged prolate spheroid." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242629.

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Browne, Richard Gregory. "The effects of hypolimnetic oxygenation on the chemical, physical, and biological properties of a shallow drinking water reservoir." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23823.

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Hypolimnetic anoxia can result in higher internal phosphorus (P) loads from the sediments to the water column, thereby increasing nutrient availability, making preventing anoxia a major goal for lake managers to improve water quality. Side-stream saturation (SSS), a type of hypolimnetic oxygenation system, has been developed to maintain oxygenated conditions at the sediments by withdrawing oxygen-depleted water from the hypolimnion to an on-site facility and injecting it with oxygen under high pressure before returning it to the hypolimnion. While this technique has been studied in select water bodies, to date it has not been successfully deployed in a shallow lake. This study investigated the effects of an SSS system deployed at Falling Creek Reservoir, a shallow drinking water reservoir located in Vinton, Virginia, USA. Specifically, we examined the effects of the SSS system on several chemical, physical, and biological response variables to ascertain the short-term impacts of hypolimnetic oxygenation on reservoir water quality. We found that the SSS system was successful in increasing dissolved oxygen concentrations in the reservoir hypolimnion without weakening stratification, warming the sediments, or increasing turbidity; however, we were unable to detect any short-term effects of SSS operation on P concentrations, P loading, pH, chlorophyll a, or algal density. Interestingly, we also observed an increase in oxygen demand in response to SSS operation, which must be taken into account when deploying oxygenation systems in the future. Continued monitoring is necessary to more completely assess the long-term impacts of SSS operation on water quality at Falling Creek Reservoir.
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Winsor, Peter. "Studies of dense shelf water, vertical stratification and sea ice thickness of the Arctic ocean /." Göteborg : Department of oceanography, Earth sciences centre, Göteborg university, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41081604j.

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Elam, Kevin Patrick. "Effects of a surface circulator on temperature, dissolved oxygen, water velocity, and photosynthetic yield in Falling Creek Reservoir." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36454.

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Cyanobacteria are a naturally occurring component of reservoir aquatic ecosystems. Given that some species possess the ability to control their depth within the water column, they have a competitive advantage over other species of photosynthetic organisms. This leads to the potential for cyanobacteria blooms, and because of taste and odor problems, as well as possible toxin production associated with certain species of cyanobacteria, these organisms can cause major problems in drinking water production. The Western Virginia Water Authority installed a solar-powered circulator in Falling Creek Reservoir, located in Bedford County, Virginia, in an attempt to limit the growth of these organisms through limiting light exposure by circulating them deeper within the reservoir. Experiments were performed during the summer of 2008 to quantify the effect of the circulator on the reservoir. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, water velocity, and photosynthetic yield were monitored before and during operation of the unit. The overall effect of the mixer was limited to the first 10 m immediately adjacent to the unit during the afternoon. The effect was stronger during the morning when the difference in density between the intake water and the surface of the reservoir was smaller, allowing the water to travel up to 80 m away from the unit. Although the circulator was only intended to mix and possibly deepen the epilimnion, the entire reservoir became mixed about two weeks after the circulator was put into operation. The reservoir is quite shallow, leading to a weak stratification that is easily disrupted by the operation of the circulator.
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Armstrong, Peter Michael. "Enhancing the energy storage capability of electric domestic hot water tanks." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:af140a2c-aab4-4fc9-8709-6f9474079cd5.

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Electric hot water tanks play a pivotal role as demand response assets within the UK's energy system by storing heat when energy is inexpensive and delivering domestic hot water when it is required. This role will become increasingly important if non-dispatchable renewable energy sources are to play a bigger part in the energy mix. Historically, the design standards relating to hot water tanks have focused primarily on minimising heat losses. However, in addition to preserving energy, a hot water tank should preserve the availability of heat above a useful temperature for as long as possible to avoid energy usage during peak times when it is costly or carbon intensive. To do this, thermal stratification within hot water tanks must be promoted. Unfortunately, thermal stratification leads to conditions that are conducive to bacterial growth due to the hospitable temperatures that arise during operation. For this reason, question marks have arisen over the extent to which more flexible control strategies, designed to allow for increasing penetrations of intermittent renewable energy sources, might lead to the growth of pathogenic bacteria within hot water tanks. The objective of the work discussed in this thesis was to understand the extent to which there is a conflict between thermal stratification and bacterial growth in practice, whether this conflict can be resolved and the potential implications for electric hot water tanks operating on a time of use tariff. A small field study demonstrated that there is prolific bacterial growth within conventional electric cylinders and that this can be attributed to thermal stratification with a confidence of (P<0.01). Fitting a de-stratification pump, to enhance sanitary performance, resulted in a 19% decrease in the recovery of useable hot water above 43°C. Given that the tanks tested during the field study were made of copper, the consequences of alternative material choices on thermal performance were explored. It was found that the rate of useable hot water loss, due to de-stratification associated with thermal diffusion across the thermocline, could be reduced by a factor of 2.7 by making the tank liner wall from stainless steel instead of copper. Further numerical work indicated that this improvement in stratifying performance was most significant for small tanks with high aspect ratios. In addition to de-stratification that arises due to vertical conduction, de-stratification due to inlet mixing was reduced by up to 30% by installing a spiral diffuser into the base of a test cylinder. In addition, by lowering the immersion heating element to ensure there is sufficient heat transfer to the base of the cylinder, sterilising temperatures could be attained throughout the stored volume of water in the tank during heating. This showed that the conflict between thermal and sanitary performance within electric tanks could potentially be resolved. A bespoke tank, made from stainless steel and fitted with a diffuser, was built and subjected to typical draw cycles that reflect real world operation. These tests showed that more useable hot water could be delivered in comparison to a commercial off the shelf copper tank and consequently the utilisation of the Economy 7 time of use tariff would be enhanced.
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Books on the topic "Water stratification"

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M, Robertson Dale. One-dimensional simulation of stratification and dissolved oxygen in McCook Reservoir, Illinois. Middleton, Wis: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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Robertson, Dale M. One-dimensional simulation of stratification and dissolved oxygen in McCook Reservoir, Illinois. Middleton, Wis: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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Robertson, Dale M. One-dimensional simulation of stratification and dissolved oxygen in McCook Reservoir, Illinois. Middleton, Wis: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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M, Robertson Dale. One-dimensional simulation of stratification and dissolved oxygen in McCook Reservoir, Illinois. Middleton, Wis: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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Robertson, Dale M. One-dimensional simulation of stratification and dissolved oxygen in McCook Reservoir, Illinois. Middleton, Wis: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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Robertson, Dale M. One-dimensional simulation of stratification and dissolved oxygen in McCook Reservoir, Illinois. Middleton, Wis: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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Bubeck, Robert C. Changes in chloride concentrations, mixing patterns, and stratification characteristics of Irondequoit Bay, Monroe County, New York, after decreased use of road-deicing salts, 1974-1984. Albany, N.Y: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1989.

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Bubeck, Robert C. Changes in chloride concentrations, mixing patterns, and stratification characteristics of Irondequoit Bay, Monroe County, New York, after decreased use of road-deicing salts, 1974-1984. Albany, N.Y: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1989.

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Bubeck, Robert C. Changes in chloride concentrations, mixing patterns, and stratification characteristics of Irondequoit Bay, Monroe County, New York, after decreased use of road-deicing salts, 1974-1984. Albany, N.Y: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1989.

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Hwang, du-Hyun Dwayne. Flow quality measurement based on stratification of flow in nitrogen gas-water and HFC-134a refrigerant-PAG oil two-phase flow systems. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water stratification"

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Møller, Jacob Steen. "Water masses, stratification and circulation." In Eutrophication in Coastal Marine Ecosystems, 51–66. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ce052p0051.

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Radach, Günther, and Andreas Moll. "The Importance of Stratification for the Development of Phytoplankton Blooms — A Simulation Study." In Estuarine Water Quality Management, 389–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75413-5_57.

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Hahne, E., R. Kübler, and J. Kallweit. "Convection Effects on Stratification During Charging of a Hot Water Store." In Energy Storage Systems, 449–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2350-8_19.

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Lazreg, Mohamed, Touhami Baki, and Driss Nehari. "Effect of Parameters on the Stratification of a Solar Water Heater." In ICREEC 2019, 117–25. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5444-5_15.

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Radach, Günther, and Andreas Moll. "The importance of stratification for the development of phytoplankton blooms—A simulation study." In Estuarine Water Quality Management Monitoring, Modelling and Research, 389–94. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ce036p0389.

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Meyer, Gabriela K., Ilya Masliev, and László Somlyódy. "Impact of Climate Change on Sensitivity of Lake Stratification: A Global Perspective." In Water Resources Management in the Face of Climatic/Hydrologic Uncertainties, 225–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0207-7_9.

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Sigman, Daniel M., Agatha M. de Boer, and Gerald H. Haug. "Antarctic stratification, atmospheric water vapor, and Heinrich Events: A hypothesis for Late Pleistocene deglaciations." In Ocean Circulation: Mechanisms and Impacts—Past and Future Changes of Meridional Overturning, 335–49. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/173gm21.

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Katsaros, K. B. "Turbulent flux of water vapor in relation to the wave field and atmospheric stratification." In Physical Processes in Lakes and Oceans, 37–46. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ce054p0037.

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Niebler, H. S., H. W. Hubberten, and R. Gersonde. "Oxygen Isotope Values of Planktic Foraminifera: A Tool for the Reconstruction of Surface Water Stratification." In Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography, 165–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58646-0_6.

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Ariyani, Ika Fitri, Solichatun, Suratman, and Sugiyarto. "Application of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) and Coconut Water with Stratification on Morphological, Anatomical, and Germination of Cherry Seed (Prunus jamasakura)." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Life Sciences and Biotechnology (ICOLIB 2021), 15–23. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-062-6_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water stratification"

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Andersen, Elsa, Simon Furbo, and Ziqian Chen. "Thermal Stratification in Hot Water Storage Tanks with Fabric Stratification Inlet Pipes." In ISES Solar World Congress 2011. Freiburg, Germany: International Solar Energy Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18086/swc.2011.29.01.

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Castell, A., C. Sole´, M. Medrano, M. Nogue´s, and L. F. Cabeza. "Comparison of Stratification in a Water Tank and a PCM-Water Tank." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36074.

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Most of the storage systems available on the market use water as storage medium. Enhancing the storage performance is necessary to increase the performance of most systems. The stratification phenomenon is employed to improve the efficiency of storage tanks. Heat at an intermediate temperature, not high enough to heat up the top layer, can still be used to heat the lower, colder layers. There are a lot of parameters to study the stratification in a water tank such as the Mix Number and the Richardson Number among others. The idea studied here was to use these stratification parameters to compare two tanks with the same dimensions during charging and discharging processes. One of them is a traditional water tank and the other is a PCM-water (a water tank with a Phase Change Material). A PCM is good because it has high energy density if there is a small temperature change, since then the latent heat is much larger than the sensible heat. On the other hand, the temperature change in the top layer of a hot water store with stratification is usually small as it is held as close as possible at or above the temperature for usage. In the system studied the Phase Change Material is placed at the top of the tank, therefore the advantages of the stratification still remain. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that the use of PCM in the upper part of a water tank holds or improves the benefit of the stratification phenomenon.
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Lai, Yong G., Todd H. Buxton, and Ben Abban. "3D CFD Modeling of River Pool Stratification Characteristics." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2022. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484258.018.

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Yeh, Tzu-hao, Esther Eke, and Gary Parker. "The Effect of Sediment-Induced Stratification in Channel Bends." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41173(414)245.

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Miller, Peter I., and Benjamin R. Loveday. "Revealing the timing of ocean stratification using remotely sensed ocean fronts." In Remote Sensing of the Ocean, Sea Ice, Coastal Waters, and Large Water Regions 2017, edited by Charles R. Bostater, Stelios P. Mertikas, Xavier Neyt, and Sergey Babichenko. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2278150.

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Grelowska, Grazyna, Eugeniusz Kozaczka, and Dominika Witos-Okrasinska. "Vertical Temperature Stratification of the Gulf of Gdansk Water." In 2018 Joint Conference - Acoustics. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acoustics.2018.8502387.

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Nazariha, Mehrdad, Erfan Danaei, Seyyed Hosein Hashemi, and Amir Hosein Izad Doustdar. "Prediction of Thermal Stratification in Proposed Bakhtyari Reservoir with CE-QUAL-W2." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)398.

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Shi, Hongyuan, and Dov Kruger. "Acoustic sensor coverage variation due to water stratification in estuaries." In 2009 18th Annual Wireless and Optical Communications Conference (WOCC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wocc.2009.5312942.

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Yang, Zhaoqing, Tarang Khangaonkar, Curtis DeGasperi, Steve Breithaupt, and Kevin Marshall. "Temperature Stratification and Water Quality Modeling for Lake Simtustus, Oregon." In Seventh International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40628(268)49.

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Hui, Yuan, Zhenduo Zhu, and Joseph F. Atkinson. "Analyzing the Effects of Wind and Stratification on Surface Currents in a Large Lake." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2019. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482346.027.

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Reports on the topic "Water stratification"

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K. Futa, B.D. Marshall, and Z.E. Peterman. Evidence for Gropun-Water Stratification Near Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/893595.

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Buckingham, M., and G. Deane. Geo-acoustic Stratification Deep in the Sea Bed from Ambient Noise in Shallow Water. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada333313.

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Berger, Rutherford C. Foundational Principles in the Development of AdH-SW3, the Three-Dimensional Shallow Water Hydrodynamics and Transport Module within the Adaptive Hydraulics/Hydrology Model. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44560.

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Abstract:
This report details the design and development of the three-dimensional shallow water hydrodynamics formulation within the Adaptive Hydraulics/Hydrology model (AdH-SW3) for simulation of flow and transport in rivers, estuaries, reservoirs, and other similar hydrologic environments. The report is intended to communicate principles of the model design for the interested and diligent user. The design relies upon several layers of consistency to produce a stable, accurate, and conservative model. The mesh design can handle rapid changes in bathymetry (e.g., steep-sided navigation channels in estuaries) and maintain accuracy in density-driven transport phenomena (e.g., thermal, or saline stratification and intrusion of salinity).
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