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1
Wheeler, James K. "Water transport, embolism recovery and water storage in trees." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11256.
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The ability to maintain hydraulic continuity in the xylem is essential to supply leaves with the water that must be exchanged for carbon dioxide. The metastable nature of xylem sap causes this system to be inherently vulnerable to failure by rapid vaporization within the conduits. Much of the recent work on hydraulic architecture and cavitation has pursued the elusive mechanism behind apparent hydraulic recovery concurrent with tension in the bulk of the xylem, referred to as "novel refilling". An investigation into the dynamics of this behavior (Chapter 3) revealed two key artifacts that can produce the appearance of novel refilling when in fact no embolism (and therefore, no recovery) has occurred. A further implication of these artifacts is that plant xylem may be more robust against embolism than previously expected. In the absence of novel refilling, it becomes much harder to reconcile the extreme vulnerability reported for ring porous species. Studies of Robinia pseudoacacia (Chapter 4) address whether the artifacts illuminated in chapter 3 provide insight into the ongoing debate about the cavitation resistance of long-vesseled species and whether it is possible to accurately assess cavitation resistance in these species using the centrifuge method. Root pressure, as an alternative to novel refilling, provides plants with a means of reversing cavitation. Studies of Betula papyrifera (Chapter 5), however, show that recovery from embolism by root pressure is limited to early spring and point to an important role for water storage in fibers that minimizes xylem tensions and thus the risk of cavitation.
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Gallopin, Gary G. "Water Storage Technology at Tikal, Guatemala." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1299605660.
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Rodell, Matthew. "Estimating changes in terrestrial water storage /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3004367.
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Ghashami, Bahman. "A New Power Storage, Cooling Storage, and Water Production Combined Cycle (PCWCC)." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-22725.
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Fresh water shortage and hot weather are common challenges in many countries of the world. In the other hand, the air conditioning systems which are used for indoor cooling cause peak electricity demand during high temperatures hours. This peak hour demand is very important since it is more expensive and mainly is supplied by fossil fuel power plants with lower efficiencies compare to base load fossil fuel or renewable owe plants. Moreover, these peak electricity load fossil fuel power plants cause higher green house gas emission and other environmental effects. So, all these show that any solution for these problems could make life better in those countries and all over the world.In this thesis, a new idea for a Power storage, Cooling storage, and Water production Combined Cycle (PCWCC) is introduced and reviewed. PCWCC is combination of two thermal cycles, Ice Thermal Energy Storage (ITES) and desalination by freezing cycle, which are merged together to make a total solution for fresh water shortage, required cooling, and high peak power demand. ITES is a well known technology for shifting the electricity demand of cooling systems from peak hours to off-peak hours and desalination by freezing is a less known desalination system which is based on the fact that the ice crystals are pure and by freezing raw water and melting resulted ice crystals, pure water will be produced. These two systems have some common processes and equations and this thesis shows that by combining them the resulted PCWCC could be more efficient than each of them. In this thesis, the thermodynamic equations and efficiencies of each PCWCC sub-systems are analyzed and the resulted data are used in finding thermodynamics of PCWCC itself. Also, by using reMIND software, which uses Cplex to find the best combinations of input/output and related processes, the cost of produced fresh water and cooling from PCWCC is compared with total cost of fresh water and cooling produced by each sub-systems of PCWCC in three sample cities all over the world, Kerman, Dubai, and Texas. These cities are chosen since they have similar ambient temperature trend with different electricity and fresh water tariff's. The results show that, the PCWCC is economical where there is a significant electricity price difference between ice charging and ice melting hours, off-peak and peak hours, of the day or when the fresh water price is high compare to electricity price. The results also show that how the revenue from fresh water could cover the used electricity cost and make some income as well.
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Artiola, Janick F., Channah Rock, and Gary Fix. "Water Storage Tank Disinfection, Testing, and Maintenance." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/255333.
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Mousavi, Hirad. "Development of a model for optimizing water storage." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/NQ39783.pdf.
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OLIVIER, Jean-François. "Numerical Study of a Stratified Cold Water Storage." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191320.
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This master thesis contributes to the design of a stratified cold-water storage. The objective is to provide a second opinion on the design of the water distributors and charging/ discharging parameters, by means of numerical simulations. The first chapter is an introduction to district cooling, it provides some concepts essentials to the understanding of this project and details the challenges associated with the particular case of a stratified cold-water storage. The second chapter focuses on fluid dynamics considerations. The third chapter reminds the fundamentals of perforated distributors theory, derives formula for pressure evolutions in the distributor and a design criterion. The fourth and fifth chapters give the results of the numerical simulations. For the distributor’s design, the theory has been tested by numerical methods which gave coherent results. A design has been determined. Regarding thermocline formation, we observed that injection water at 14C led to a thermocline of 2.5 m. All other things remaining equal, using the district heating network to inject water at 25C leads to a thermocline of 1 m. When it comes to thermocline evolution, the results brought out the limited influence of either the number of pipes or the flow rates characteristics on the thickness evolution.Den här masteruppsatsen bidrar till designen av ett stratifierat kyllager. Syftet är att, med hjälp av numeriska simulationer, tillhandahålla en annan åsikt om designen av vattenfördelningen och laddning/urladdningsparametrar. Det första kapitlet är en introduktion till fjärrkyla, där några koncept som är essentiella för förståelsen av det här projektet redovisas och på ett detaljerat tillvägagöngssätt studerar utmaningarna associerade med det särskilda fallet av ett stratifierat kyllager. Det andra kapitlet fokuserar på fluiddynamiska teorier. Det tredje kapitlet erinrar om grundprinciperna av perforerad rörteori som erhåller formler för tryckevolution i fördelaren samt ett designkriterium. Det fjärde kapitlet visar resultaten av de numeriska simulationerna. För designen på fördelaren har teorin blivit testad av numeriska metoder som givit sammanhängande resultat. En design har blivit fastställd. Angående termoklinbildningen observerades att vatten som injicerats vid 14C ledde till en termoklin på 2.5 m. Utan att ändra de andra parametrarna blir resultatet en termoklin på 1 m när vatten injicerats vid 25C med hjälp av ett fjärrvärmenät. När det gäller termoklinevolutionen har resultaten konstaterat den limiterade influensen av antalet rör eller flödeshastighetens karaktär på tjockleksevolutionen.
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Unami, Koichi. "Optimization and Control of Water Conveyance/Storage Systems." Kyoto University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/78094.
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Cumbie, William E. "Effects of storage on water treatment plant sludges." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45542.
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The effects of in-basin storage of sludge on the iron, manganese, and TOC removal of water treatment plant (WTP) clarifiers and on the dewatering characteristics of sludge were examined. The use of chlorine dioxide as a preoxidant to retard observed detrimental effects was also investigated.
Sludge samples that were stored over a period of 120 days were found to release up to ten times the original supernatant concentration of iron and manganese from the sludge into the overlying supernatant liquor when sludge redox potential values decreased below +100 mV. Organic carbon also increased in the supernatant but to a lesser extent. Sludge dewatering characteristics as measured by specific resistance and capillary suction time were found to improve when sludge redox potential readings remained over 100 mV but varied greatly when readings were below this level.
Field monitoring and sampling of the clarifiers at Lee Hall WTP and Harwood's Mill WTP from April to July showed that the removal efficiencies of the clarifiers was not related to in-basin sludge storage. This conflicted with a later portion of the study and was thought to be due to the lack of standardized sampling techniques.
The final phase of the investigation dealt with the use of chlorine dioxide to retard the negative effects of in-basin storage of sludge. Sludge accumulation in clarifiers resulted in decreased iron and manganese removal efficiencies when chlorine dioxide was not used. Addition of chlorine dioxide improved the iron and manganese removal efficiencies of the clarifiers. Sludge dewatering characteristics were found to improve with the use of chlorine dioxide as a preoxidant.
Master of Science
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Lantagne, Daniele S. "Household water treatment and safe storage in emergencies." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.549767.
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Hassinger, Elaine, and Jack Watson. "Collection and Storage of Agricultural Animal Wastes and Wastewater." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144713.
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2 pp.The greatest management concern with animal wastes is the movement of nitrate into water supplies. Health problems in humans and livestock can result from excessive levels of nitrate in drinking water. This publication outlines the guidelines to minimizing the risk of contaminating your drinking water. It also lists a number of questions to check if your management practices in the collection and storage of animal wastes may pose a risk to your groundwater.
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Kayserilioglu, Yavuz Selim. "Heat Removal From A Large Scale Warm Water Storage." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605359/index.pdf.
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ABSTRACT
HEAT REMOVAL FROM A LARGE SCALE WARM WATER STORAGE
Kayserilioglu, Yavuz Selim
M.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Rüknettin Oskay August 2004, 88 Pages A preliminary experimental study was performed in order to investigate the charging and heat removal characteristics of a sensible heat storage. Two sets of experiments were performed at two aspect ratios. Heat removal processes of these two sets were different while the charging processes were similar. In the first set of experiments, after the charging of the storage unit with relatively warm water was complete, heat removal process was started with simple heat exchangers from different elevations within the storage while the charging of the storage unit was continued. In the second set of experiments, after the charging of the storage unit was complete, heat removal from the storage unit was started without further charging of the storage unit. Charging water was fed into the storage from the top of one side and relatively colder water was drained from the bottom of the opposite side. Internal heat exchangers were used for the heat removal. Vertical temperature profile developments during the charging and heat removal periods were investigated. Thermal stratification was observed in all experiments. Heat exchangers extracted heat from different elevations in different experiments and the trend was that more heat can be extracted in upper elevations. Comparable heat can be extracted from the same elevation of lower and higher aspect ratio. Keywords: Sensible Heat Storage, Heat Removal, Thermal Stratification, Warm Water Storage
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Olsson, Therese. "Morphological traits in hair lichens affect their water storage." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-94897.
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The aim with this study was to develop a method to estimate total area of hair lichens and to compare morphological traits and water storage in them. Hair lichens are an important component of the epiphytic flora in boreal forests. Their growth is primarily regulated by available water, and light when hydrated. Lichens have no active mechanism to regulate their water content and their water holding capacity (WHC, mg H2O/cm2) is thus an important factor for how long they remain wet and metabolically active. In this study, the water uptake and loss in five hair lichens (Alectoria sarmentosa, three Bryoria spp. and Usnea dasypoga) were compared. Their area were estimated by combining photography, scanning and a computer programme that estimates the area of objects. Total area overlap of individual branches was calculated for each species, to estimate total area of the lichen. WHC and specific thallus mass (STM) (mg DM/cm2) of the lichens were calculated. Bryoria spp. had a significantly lower STM compared to U. dasypoga and A. sarmentosa, due to its thinner branches and higher branch density. Bryoria also had a lower WHC compared to A. sarmentosa, promoting a rapid uptake and loss of water. All species had a significant relationship between STM and WHC, above a 1:1 line for all species except U. dasypoga. The lower relationship in U. dasypoga is explained by its less developed branching in combination with its thick branches.
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Hebert, Kevin D. "Site Investigation of Underground Storage Tank Contamination." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296431.
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From the Proceedings of the 1990 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 21, 1990, Arizona State University, Tempe, ArizonaNew regulations concerning the management of underground storage tanks (USTs) have resulted in increased awareness of environmental contamination resulting from leaking USTs. The objective of the typical underground storage tank investigation is to determine if any subsurface contamination has occurred as a result of tank or product line leakage, fuel spills or overfills. Soil contamination at underground storage tank sites is usually discovered during the removal and replacement of USTs. Techniques that can be used to detect the presence of soil contamination adjacent to existing USTs include soil vapor analysis, exploratory boring, and soil and ground water sampling. The lateral and vertical extent of contamination must be determined at any site which contains detectable quantities of contamination. Two common methods for determining the extent of contamination are over-excavation and borehole drilling and sampling. Boring design and location considerations include number of borings, borehole depth and spacing, and site sub -surface conditions. Differentiation between perched sub -surface water and aquifers is critical. Once an appropriate boring plan has been established, then a sampling and analysis plan must be adopted that meets the needs of the particular investigation. The determination of the extent of contamination at an underground storage tank site is the first step leading to site closure and remediation.
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Journell, Scot. "Site Remediation of Underground Storage Tank Contamination." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296432.
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From the Proceedings of the 1990 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 21, 1990, Arizona State University, Tempe, ArizonaRemedial techniques for sub-surface soil and water contamination are dependent on the lateral and vertical extent of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination and the type of petroleum hydrocarbons which have been released into the sub-surface. Specific remedial technologies are required for diesel fuel and heavy oils compared to the more volatile gasoline compounds. Available remedial technologies for vadose zone contamination include excavation and treatment; soil vapor extraction and possible vapor burning; bioremediation; and chemical treatment. Remedial technologies for ground-water contamination include water recovery, contaminant volatilization, carbon adsorption, bioremediation and water reinjection. Specialized apparatuses are utilized when petroleum hydrocarbon product floating on the water table surface must be separated from the ground water. A number of hydrologic considerations must be evaluated prior to any remediation scenario. These considerations include geologic characterization of the sub-surface soil matrix, and aquifer.
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Eriksson, Amanda. "Water storage in the lichen genus Usnea in Sweden and Norway : Can morphological and water storage traits explain the distribution and ecology of epiphytic species?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-122696.
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Lichens are poikilohydric and cannot control water uptake and loss, water relations could therefore impact their distribution. This study examines if morphological, anatomical, and water storage traits could explain distribution of epiphytic species in the lichen genus Usnea. Seven species from oceanic (Norway) and continental areas (Sweden) were studied. Total, internal, and external water holding capacity (WHC, mg H2O cm-2) along with relative water content (WC) were recorded by spraying the thalli with water and measuring mass after shaking and blotting. The specific thallus mass (STM, mg cm-2 - main driver of WHC) was calculated from images of wet thalli. Thickness of anatomical layers (cortex, medulla, and axis) was also measured. Pendent species had lower STM and water storage than shrubby species, most probably an adaptation to water uptake from humid air. Total, internal, and external WHC were higher in the shrubby species than in the pendent ones. The pendent species had the same internal WHC as earlier reports on Bryoria and Alectoria. External water storage decreased for all species as biomass increased. The ratio between total and internal water was twice as high as reported in foliose lichens. Variation in branch diameter was much higher in shrubby than in pendent species. The interspecific differences in water storage reflect regional differences in water sources – oceanic species had higher water storage than pendent continental species, but lower than the shrubby U. hirta. I conclude that both internal and external water storage help to explain distribution of Usnea in Norway and Sweden.
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Bocarro, R. A. "Water conserving WC design for developing countries." Thesis, Brunel University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379757.
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Schafer, Cynthia Anne. "Impact of Tank Material on Water Quality in Household Water Storage Systems in Cochabamba, Bolivia." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3596.
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The importance of water as a mechanism for the spread of disease is well recognized. This study conducted household surveys and measured several physical, chemical, and microbial water quality indicators in 37 elevated storage tanks constructed of different materials (polyethylene, fiberglass, cement) located in a peri-urban community near Cochabamba, Bolivia. Results show that although there is no significant difference in physical and chemical water quality between polyethylene, fiberglass and cement water storage tanks there is a difference in microbial contamination as measured by E. Coli counts (p = 0.082). Evidence points toward elevated water temperatures that increase along the distribution system (from 10.6°C leaving the treatment plant) to within the black polyethylene storage tank (temperatures as high as 33.7°C) as the most significant factor in promoting bacterial growth. Results indicate that cleaning frequency may also contribute to microbial water quality (p = 0.102).
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Borgan, Nawal Sunna'. "Microbial regrowth of water supplies in Amman distribution system and house-hold water storage tanks." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245733.
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Assam, Ukpong D. "Storage model for multibladed water pumping windmills with piston pumps." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4730.
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Palmer, Hilary R. "Bottle water storage location and its impact on microbiogical quality." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1304.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering
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Yang, Shengkun M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Household water treatment and safe storage product development in Ghana." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82828.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 95-96).
Microbial and/or chemical contaminants can infiltrate into piped water systems, especially when the system is intermittent. Ghana has been suffering from aged and intermittent piped water networks, and an added barrier of protection is needed for improved public health. Household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) products, such as ceramic pot water filters, can be great complements to piped water systems. This thesis focuses on developing a new household water treatment product, targeted middle and upper class families, to help provide safe and affordable drinking water in Ghana at the household scale. Pure Home Water (PHW), a registered nonprofit organization in Tamale, Ghana, manufactures and disseminates a ceramic pot water filter called "AfriClay Classic Filter". This thesis project was conducted in partnership with PHW to research and develop a new product to be branded as "AfriClay Deluxe Filter", and serve as a high-end product in urban areas. The research and development process has consisted of analysis of alternative products in the global market, selection of designs, field research and proof of concept, selected products evaluation, and final design recommendations. Four HWTS products have been studied and analyzed thoroughly. The field research was done in January 2013 in Ghana, and included 40 household surveys and multiple field trips to a local water treatment plant, plastic manufacturers, and Ghana Water Co Ltd, the national piped water-supply agency in Accra. The products analyses and field research data are then synthesized in two products assessments and final recommendations are made. In addition, this thesis documented PHW's concrete mold-making process, which is an essential step of manufacturing the clay filter element. At the end of the study, a new filter model as well as several product features is recommended to PHW. The organization may either use the new filter model as its high-end product, or take the recommended product features forward for further development.
by Shengkun Yang.
M.Eng.
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Zhong, Wanyun. "Chilled Water Storage for Effective Energy Management in Smart Buildings." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1396146461.
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Potgieter, Natasha. "Water storage in rural households : intervention strategies prevent waterborne diseases." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30323.
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Poor sanitation, unhygienic practices and close living associations between people and animals in rural communities increase the risk of zoonoses and add to faecal contamination of stored drinking water. Point-of-use interventions can improve the microbiological quality of household drinking water and a combination of microbial and chemical indicator tests could identify the origin of faecal pollution. The improvement of the microbiological quality of drinking water in rural households by the implementation of intervention strategies which included the use of traditional storage containers as well as an improved safe storage container (CDC, USA), with or without the addition of a sodium hypochlorite solution were determined. The origin of faecal contamination in the water sources and household stored water were determined using male specific F-RNA subgroup genotyping. This study attempted to assess the survival of indicator microorganisms and selected bacterial pathogens and viruses in the improved safe storage container in borehole and river water samples. An intervention study was conducted in two rural villages utilising different source water. Results indicated that the improved safe storage container without the addition of a stabilized sodium hypochlorite solution did not improve the microbiological quality of the stored drinking water and had counts of indicator microorganisms similar to that found in the traditional storage containers. However, the households using the 1% and the 3.5% sodium hypochlorite solutions have shown an effective reduction in the counts of indicator microorganisms in both the traditional and the improved safe storage containers. The compliance with the use of the sodium hypochlorite interventions ranged between 60% and 100%, which was in agreement with similar studies carried out in other developing countries. One village complied with the intervention while the other village did not. Reasons for this included financial factors, an unsupportive infrastructures and lack of education and knowledge on health risks by the households. Male specific F-RNA bacteriophage genotyping showed that faecal contamination in the water source samples and both the traditional and improved safe storage containers at the point-of-use were primarily of animal origin (Subgroup I). Households using river water had subgroup II F-RNA bacteriophages present in the stored household water, which was associated with human faecal pollution. However, subgroup II F-RNA bacteriophages has been isolated from faeces of cattle and poultry, which indicated that F-RNA subgroup typing might not be a specific tool to determine the origin of faecal pollution in water sources. Laboratory seeding experiments indicated that 1% sodium hypochlorite solution were less effective in reducing heterotrophic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Clostridium perfringens, F-RNA bacteriophages and coxsackie B1 virus counts in the improved safe storage containers filled with river water with a high turbidity. However, the 1% sodium hypochlorite solution did reduce the indicator and seeded microorganisms within 60 min in containers filled with borehole water with a low turbidity. The 3.5% sodium hypochlorite solution effectively decreased the numbers of microorganisms to undetectable limits within 60 min in both the borehole and river filled storage containers irrespective of the turbidity values. This study has showed that a combination of intervention strategies can provide rural communities with microbiologically safe drinking water.Thesis (PhD (Medical Virology))--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Medical Virology
PhD
unrestricted
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Melo, Manuel. "Economic Evaluation of a Solar Charged Thermal Energy Store for Space Heating." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energi och miljöteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-13299.
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A thermal energy store corrects the misalignment of heating demand in the winter relative to solar thermal energy gathered in the summer. This thesis reviews the viability of a solar charged hot water tank thermal energy store for a school at latitude 56.25N, longitude -120.85W
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Kolam, Joel. "Microbial and physico-chemical assessment of on-site water supply systems /." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20060510.114454/index.html.
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Thesis (M. Sc.) (Hons) -- University of Western Sydney, 2003."A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Hons.), University of Western Sydney, Australia, Water Research Laboratory, Centre for Water & Environmental Technology." Includes bibliography : leaves 168 - 183 and appendices.
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Han, Juchull. "Impact of green water on FPSOs." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275418.
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He, Miaomiao. "Analysis of underground thermal energy storage systems with ground water advection in subtropical regions." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38642761.
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He, Miaomiao, and 何苗苗. "Analysis of underground thermal energy storage systems with ground water advection in subtropical regions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38642761.
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Dai, Tinglong. "Inventory management in the face of a limited storage capacity /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?IELM%202006%20DAI.
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Lippa, Edoardo. "Application of Phase Change Materials for heat storage in water tanks." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20183/.
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I PCM (Phase Change Materials) mostrano un'elevata entalpia di fusione con la capacità, in un volume relativamente piccolo, di immagazzinare o rilasciare grandi quantità di energia come calore latente durante la fusione e la solidificazione. Inoltre, i PCM in pratica richiedono che le loro temperature di transizione di fase superiore e inferiore siano all'interno dell'intervallo di temperatura operativa per una data applicazione e posseggano un'elevata conducibilità termica per un efficiente trasferimento di calore con un comportamento di scambio di fase congruente per evitare la separazione irreversibile dei loro costituenti.
Durante lo sviluppo dei PCM, sono stati studiati molti gruppi diversi di materiali, tra cui composti inorganici (sale e idrati salini), composti organici come paraffine, acidi grassi e persino materiali polimerici come il PEG.
La relazione tra la struttura fondamentale e le proprietà di immagazzinamento dell'energia di questi PCM è stata esaminata negli anni per determinare i meccanismi di accumulazione/emissione di calore con riferimento alle loro caratteristiche finali di immagazzinamento dell'energia.
La tesi mira a studiare l'applicazione dei Phase Change Materials in un serbatoio d'acqua per aumentare la capacità di accumulo termico negli impianti di riscaldamento degli edifici. La possibilità di utilizzare l'acqua come acqua calda sanitaria è stata esclusa dallo studio, per cui si è ipotizzato di utilizzarla solo per il riscaldamento o il raffreddamento a pavimento.
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Hirschi, Martin. "Seasonal variations in terrestrial water storage : diagnosis and climate model analyses /." Zürich : ETH, 2006. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=16902.
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Bozkurt, Melih. "Feasibility Of A Supplementary Water Storage For Birkapili Hydroelectric Power Plant." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613588/index.pdf.
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Climate change concerns, high oil prices and increasing government support are some of the driving reasons of increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives, and commercialization. Hydroelectricity is the most widely used form of renewable energy and refers to electricity generated by hydropower. In this study, a storage facility is proposed to store some additional water and increase the profitability of the existing Birkapili Hydroelectric Power Plant. The storage facility is composed of a gravity dam and an uncontrolled spillway. With the help of the proposed storage facility, maximum utilization of the water is provided and shift of the electricity generation to peak demand periods becomes possible. Consequently, feasibility of the existing power plant is improved. A number of alternatives for a spillway are taken into account and the corresponding concrete gravity dam is designed. Stability analyses and operation studies are conducted using spreadsheets to achieve an economical solution.
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Kleiman, Shanti Lisa. "Ceramic filter manufacturing in Northern Ghana : water storage and quality control." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67230.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2011.Page 6 missing. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-70).
In 2009, Pure Home Water (PHW), a Ghana based non-profit organization working to provide affordable and safe drinking water to people in the Northern Region of Ghana, began the construction of a ceramic pot filter (CPF) factory near the city of Tamale. By 2011, the factory had the molds, supplies, and kiln necessary for large-scale filter production, but needed to both increase its own water storage capacity, and to implement quality control standards. This thesis documents elements of PHW's efforts to bring household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) to scale through local manufacturing of ceramic pot filters. Specifically, it records work done between January and April 2011 to build water infrastructure for the PHW factory and to improve quality control for CPF production. Detailed documentation of the design and construction of an underground water storage system, observations about the iterative process of establishing standardized quality control procedures, and recommendations for additional research, are provided to serve as a practical guide for PHW management and others who may engage in similar work in the future.
by Shanti Lisa Kleiman.
M.Eng.
M.C.P.
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Armstrong, Peter Michael. "Enhancing the energy storage capability of electric domestic hot water tanks." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:af140a2c-aab4-4fc9-8709-6f9474079cd5.
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Electric hot water tanks play a pivotal role as demand response assets within the UK's energy system by storing heat when energy is inexpensive and delivering domestic hot water when it is required. This role will become increasingly important if non-dispatchable renewable energy sources are to play a bigger part in the energy mix. Historically, the design standards relating to hot water tanks have focused primarily on minimising heat losses. However, in addition to preserving energy, a hot water tank should preserve the availability of heat above a useful temperature for as long as possible to avoid energy usage during peak times when it is costly or carbon intensive. To do this, thermal stratification within hot water tanks must be promoted. Unfortunately, thermal stratification leads to conditions that are conducive to bacterial growth due to the hospitable temperatures that arise during operation. For this reason, question marks have arisen over the extent to which more flexible control strategies, designed to allow for increasing penetrations of intermittent renewable energy sources, might lead to the growth of pathogenic bacteria within hot water tanks. The objective of the work discussed in this thesis was to understand the extent to which there is a conflict between thermal stratification and bacterial growth in practice, whether this conflict can be resolved and the potential implications for electric hot water tanks operating on a time of use tariff. A small field study demonstrated that there is prolific bacterial growth within conventional electric cylinders and that this can be attributed to thermal stratification with a confidence of (P<0.01). Fitting a de-stratification pump, to enhance sanitary performance, resulted in a 19% decrease in the recovery of useable hot water above 43°C. Given that the tanks tested during the field study were made of copper, the consequences of alternative material choices on thermal performance were explored. It was found that the rate of useable hot water loss, due to de-stratification associated with thermal diffusion across the thermocline, could be reduced by a factor of 2.7 by making the tank liner wall from stainless steel instead of copper. Further numerical work indicated that this improvement in stratifying performance was most significant for small tanks with high aspect ratios. In addition to de-stratification that arises due to vertical conduction, de-stratification due to inlet mixing was reduced by up to 30% by installing a spiral diffuser into the base of a test cylinder. In addition, by lowering the immersion heating element to ensure there is sufficient heat transfer to the base of the cylinder, sterilising temperatures could be attained throughout the stored volume of water in the tank during heating. This showed that the conflict between thermal and sanitary performance within electric tanks could potentially be resolved. A bespoke tank, made from stainless steel and fitted with a diffuser, was built and subjected to typical draw cycles that reflect real world operation. These tests showed that more useable hot water could be delivered in comparison to a commercial off the shelf copper tank and consequently the utilisation of the Economy 7 time of use tariff would be enhanced.
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Malyevac, David Stephen. "Modeling the flash gate board for water storage and flood control." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/80069.
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The height of an overflow dam must be designed low enough to prevent the reservoir water level from exceeding a flood plain during flooding conditions. Because of this constraint, much of the available water storage area is wasted and the available pressure head for power generation will be less than maximum during normal conditions. Crest control gates alleviate this problem by providing a variable spillway height. The Flash Gate Board is a passive automatic crest control gate. Its purpose is to regulate flood water while providing increased water pressure for power generation or for additional water storage for a municipality. The governing equations for the Flash Gate Board system are derived and used to formulate models of the system. Computer simulations are used to examine the system response in a variety of operating conditions. The results of these simulations are presented and discussed. The results include an investigation which developed an optimum gate height to maximize the potential of the Flash Gate Board. An experimental model was developed to verify analytical results and to provide additional insight. Conclusions from the study, recommendations for future work, and modifications for a trouble-free design are discussed.Master of Science
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Nowak, Katarzyna. "Carbon storage in free water surface constructed wetlands in southern Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-45070.
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Background: Wetlands store significant amounts of carbon through plant respiration and anaerobic peat formation, however, there is little knowledge on which factors affect the carbon storage distribution within wetlands. Aims: To determine how much carbon and nitrogen wetlands can store over time and whether there are patterns of high and low carbon and nitrogen storage within wetlands. Methods: Peat samples of a defined volume, cut out from three constructed wetlands were dried, weighed and analysed for their carbon and nitrogen content. To determine whether there are any patterns in carbon and nitrogen storage distribution or differences between sampling points, their values as well as their ratios were statistically analysed using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis. Results: On average 48.94 t C ha-1is stored at the constructed wetland facility which equates 3.06 t C ha-1 storage per year. There is no patterns in carbon storage within wetlands, however, the C:N mass ratio is lower at the inlet suggesting that high N concentrations in inflowing water increases N content. Conclusions: The carbon storage found is significantly lower than storage at natural inland and coastal wetlands, however, similar to anthropogenically affected wetlands. Standardisation across studies through using same sampling depths, vegetation cover measurement and climate classification may help to uncover patterns in carbon storage in the future. Focus should be placed on protecting wetlands rather than restoring them as the latter often fails to restore full functionality. This is especially important for cold climate wetlands which store significantly more carbon through slower plant respiration and subsequently slower re-uptake of carbon.
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Hermansson, Roger. "Short term water heat storage : an experimental investigation of thermal stratification." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 1989. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17844.
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Dahl, Jan. "Short term water heat storage : experimental study of temperatures and velocities." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Energivetenskap, 1989. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-16992.
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Huang, Li. "Paraffin water phase change emulsion for cold storage and distribution applications." Oberhausen Laufen, 2009. http://d-nb.info/998703575/04.
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Merck, Madeline F. "Variability of Water Storage and Instream Temperature in Beaded Arctic Streams." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/912.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate variation in water export and instream temperatures throughout the open water season in a beaded Arctic stream, consisting of small pools connected by shallow chutes. The goals are to better understand heat and mass movement through these systems, how this may impact chemical and biological processes, and the resulting shifts with changes in climate. This is accomplished by first examining the extent and variability of water storage and export through qualitative analysis of observational data. Further, heat fate and transport is examined through development of an instream temperature model. The model formulation, a simple approach to model calibration and validation, and information regarding residence and characteristic times of different pool layers are presented. Using temperatures measured at high spatial resolution within the pools and surrounding bed sediments as well as other supporting data (e.g., instream flow, specific conductivity, weather data, and bathymetry), various types of storage within the pools, banks, and marshy areas within the riparian zone, including subsurface flow paths that connect the pools, were found. Additionally, data illustrated that some pools will stay stratified during higher flow periods under certain weather conditions. Through modeling efforts, the dominant heat sources were found to vary between stratified layers. It was also found that potential increases in thaw depths surrounding these pools can shift stratification and mixing patterns. These shifts can further influence mass export dynamics and instream water quality. Given the amount and different types of storage within these systems and the influence of stratification patterns on the residence times in the pools, Imnavait Basin and similar beaded Arctic watersheds will likely experience delayed export of nutrients that are limiting in most Arctic systems.
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Nilsson, Kenneth Allan. "Improved Methodologies for Modeling Storage and Water Level Behavior in Wetlands." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1723.
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Wetlands are important elements of watersheds that influence water storage, surface water runoff, groundwater recharge/discharge processes, and evapotranspiration. To understand the cumulative effect wetlands have on a watershed, one must have a good understanding of the water-level fluctuations and the storage characteristics associated with multiple wetlands across a region. An improved analytical method is presented to describe the storage characteristics of wetlands in the absence of detailed hydrologic and bathymetric data. Also, a probabilistic approach based on frequency analysis is developed to provide insight into surface and groundwater interactions associated with isolated wetlands. The results of the work include: 1) a power-function model based on a single fitting parameter and two physically based parameters was developed and used to represent the storage of singular or multiple wetlands and lakes with acceptable error, 2) a novel hydrologic characterization applied to 56 wetlands in west-central Florida provided new information about wetland hydroperiods which indicated standing water was present in the wetlands 62% of the time and these wetlands were groundwater recharge zones 59% of the time over the seven year study, 3) the smallest extreme value probability distribution function was identified as the best-fit model to represent the water levels of five wetland categories in west-central Florida, 4) representative probability models were developed and used to predict the water levels of specific wetland categories, averaging less than 10% error between the predicted and recorded water levels, and 5) last, based on this probability analysis, the various wetland categories were shown to exhibit similar means, extremes and ranges in water-level behavior but unique slopes in frequency distributions, a here to for new finding. These results suggest that wetland types may best be differentiated by the regular variability in water levels, not by the mean and/or extreme water levels. The methods and analytical techniques presented in this dissertation can be used to help understand and quantify wetland hydrology in different climatological or anthropogenic stress conditions. Also, the methods explored in this study can be used to develop more accurate and representative hydrologic simulation models.
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Chartrand, Shawna Lee. "Field Measurement of the Soil-Water Storage Capacity of Evapotranspiration Covers Using Lysimeters." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2004. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0007_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Jefferies, Christopher. "The performance of certain combined sewer overflows with storage." Thesis, University of Abertay Dundee, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358070.
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Chen, Yiqun. "Recovery of terrestrial water storage change from low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1196098152.
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Ibrahim, Idowu David. "Development of Smart Parabolic Trough Solar Collector for Water Heating and Hybrid Polymeric Composite Water Storage Tank." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASG049.
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Les sources d’énergies utilisées pour le chauffage de l’eau dans les bâtiments commerciaux et résidentielles sont multiples. Ces ressources sont essentiellement électriques dans les milieux urbains et utilisent le bois dans les milieux ruraux. Le pourcentage de l’énergie solaire utilisé reste assez faible. Les méthodes les utilisées pour produire l’eau chaude sont pour basés pour l’essentielle sur l’utilisation des résistances électrique ou des capteurs solaire plat. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse est basé sur l’utilisation des concentrateurs solaires pour chauffer des collecteurs d’énergie. Le rendement est augmenté par le développement de nouveau matériaux pour le stockage.La structure pour le support du collecteur a été conçue et analysée utilisant le logiciel Solidworks®. Les forces agissant sur les éléments de la structure sont simulées pour assurer la fiabilité du support lors des différentes conditions de fonctionnement. L’analyse par la méthode des éléments finis a permis la vérification de la structure utilisée pour le réflecteur et son support.Les performances énergétiques ont été simulées pour cinq ans d’opération utilisant le logiciel Matlab Simulink®. Cette simulation a été basée sur l’utilisation de trois données différentes. La première est une base de données météorologique de cinq ans en Afrique du Sud dans la Ville de Tshwane. La deuxième est un profil d’utilisation pour un foyer type. La troisième est le coût de complément de chauffage en électricité dépendant de l’heure de l’utilisation. Cette simulation a permis la validation des choix de dimensions de différents éléments du système de chauffage.Cette étude a permis le développement d’une approche pour la conception d’un système de chauffage solaire en optimisant les dimensions des différents éléments pour un foyer type et une région spécifique.De plus, nous avons conçu un autre réservoir d’eau chaude. Nous avons démontré que l'utilisation de matériaux polymères et d'autres matériaux comme le polyuréthane, le sel et l'aluminium est possible pour le développement d'un réservoir de stockage d'eau chaude en fonction de leurs propriétés inhérentes.L'extension des résultats de cette thèse améliorera encore les conceptions des technologies de concentrateurs solaires et des systèmes de chauffage solaire de l'eau. Par conséquent, certaines recommandations et suggestions sont mises en évidence afin d'améliorer la conception, l'analyse et les performances globales du systèmeIn recent years, various energy sources and methods have been used to heat water in domestic and commercial buildings. The known sources for water heating include electrical energy and solar radiation energy in the urban regions or burning of firewood in the rural areas. Several water heating methods may be used such as electrical heating elements, solar concentrators, flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors. This thesis focuses on ways to further improve the system’s performance for water heating through the combined use of solar energy and solar concentrator technique. Furthermore, the study proposed an alternative design method for the hot water storage tank.The solar collector-supporting frame was designed and analysed using Solidworks®. The forces acting on the structural members were simulated to determine the capacity of the frame to sustain the load, and the possible regions on the supporting frame, which could potentially fail while in operation.Energy performance was simulated for five years of operation using Matlab Simulink® software. This simulation was based on the use of three different data. The first is a five-year weather database of the City of Tshwane in South Africa. The second is a hot water consumption profile for a typical household. The third is the cost of additional heating with electricity depending on the time of use. This simulation allowed the validation of the choices of the different elements of the heating system.This study allowed the development of an approach for the design of a solar heating system by optimising the dimensions of the different elements for a typical household and a specific region.In addition, the use of polymeric materials and other materials like polyurethane, salt and aluminium is possible for the development of a hot water storage tank based on their inherent properties.Extending the findings in this thesis will further improve the designs for solar concentrator technologies and solar water heating systems. Therefore, some recommendations and suggestions are highlighted in order to improve the overall system design, analysis and performance
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Dahl, Jan. "Short term water heat storage : studies of velocity and temperature fields and their importance for sizing of the storage." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Energivetenskap, 1993. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26541.
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Short term water heat storage's have been introduced in many district heating systems. The main reason for this is the possibilities opened by the storage for optimization of the generation of heat and electricity in combined heat and power plants. The basic task for the storage is then to bridge the timevise gap between the heat demand and supply of heat from a cogeneration plant. Water heat storage's can also be useful in district heating systems supplied with industrial waste heat. The water volume in the storage must be stratified to avoid degradation of the quality of the heat that has been charged. Experimental studies of phenomena that influence the stratification and cause a degradation of the quality has been made in model storage's of different sizes The studies include extensive temperature measurements and velocity measurements with different techniques. Laser Doppler Anemometry was used to measure the vertical velocities in the boundary layer at the outer walls. The gradient zone was found to have a strong impact on the velocity field. The maximum velocity in the boundary layer was increasing due to available height up to a certain level where it remained constant. Particle Image Velocimetry Technique were used for measuring the two dimensional velocity field in seeded water in a plane illuminated by a laser. These measurements showed that large scaled convection cells appeared both above and below the gradient zone. The exchange of water between the boundary layer and the core was also shown in these experiments. A video based PIV-technique was developed where a complete charging experiment could be recorded on a video tape. The pictures were analysed in an image processing program which made it possible to evaluate the whole velocity field. On basis of simulations for a case study representing the district heating system in Piteå it was found that heat quality degradation is not essential for the optimization of the storage volume. The different phenomena that influence the quality degradation are important however for optimizing the shape of a storage of a given size. The results from the measurements in the model heat storage's are useful mainly for validation of computer models for numerical prediction of velocity and temperature fields and as a basis for planning of experiments in larger storage's of commercial size. It was therefore decided to include in the study an evaluation of the importance of heat quality degradation for sizing of short term water heat storage's.Godkänd; 1993; 20070313 (ysko)
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Newton, Jessica. "Improving access to drinking water in the developing world through guided household water treatment and storage technology selection." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41224.
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Beginning at least as early as 1977, the international community formally recognized that drinking water and sanitation were not a reality for large percentage of the world and that it was necessary to take action to change this. Over the following three decades more actions and agreements were made, each with a progressively acute awareness of the requirements to achieve this goal and the failures of previous attempts. Poor information sharing and underestimation of cost were identified as two of the greatest recurring impediments. The Millennium Declaration made in 2000 is the newest campaign to move towards this goal, among others, and provides a metric against which progress and success can be measured.
At this point, great success has been made overall towards the Millennium Development Goals. Millions of people have gained access to improved sources of drinking water and several regions have surpassed their goals. Unfortunately this progress is not homogenous and the definitions of success are misleading. Sub-Saharan Africa is lagging significantly behind due to water scarcity, large population growth, urban versus rural disparities, and slow growth of piped infrastructure. Limitations to the sector as a whole have been identified as logistics, funding limitations, inadequate cost recovery, and inadequate operations and maintenance. Additionally, the metric of access to an "improved" source does not equate to safe drinking water and is not attached to sanitation improvements or overall health improvements.
In further examining the financial aspects of achieving the goals, it is clear that there is a great deal of inconsistency. Many donors, whether public or private, international or local, are giving money to the development goals. But the money given is often not equivalent to the original commitment, not given to the countries with the greatest need, not given to the water and sanitation sector specifically, given in the form of loans which must be repaid, given to new large scale systems which are not always appropriate, or not sufficient to achieve the desired target. This makes it very difficult to achieve and sustain progress in the areas which have been difficult to reach thus far, including Sub-Saharan Africa.
The need for progress toward safe water is clear from the perspective of health. Water is needed for hygienic practices, as well as consumption, and it is counterproductive to use water that is not clean. One of the leading causes of both death and disability worldwide is diarrheal disease which can largely be attributed to unsafe water. Studies have shown that there is a positive correlation between drinking water interventions and improved health outcomes, especially with increased proximity of the source, and for this reason there is an even greater need to tie the definition of success in improved water to overall health outcomes. It is also important that public health practitioners, engineers, and professionals from other related sectors work together to improve knowledge sharing and ultimately efficiency in achieving the goal of safe water for all.
Point-of-use interventions are among the best approaches to delivering means of water treatment to unreached communities because they can be deployed much more quickly and easily than a traditional piped system, require less expertise, and reduce recontamination that may occur during transport and storage. Such technologies utilize a variety of mechanisms to address a range of contaminants and concerns. In order for any technology to be successful though, it must be accompanied by a method of safe storage as well as education, training, and continued external support.
This information is synthesized in a technology selection guide, which attempts provide assistance in technology selection by addressing the immediate issue of water quality for the sake of health benefits, while also considering the context of the installation, the user preferences, the level of expertise of the implementers, the cost, operations and maintenance requirements, and common areas of failure. Simultaneously it allows for technologies to be compared so that the most appropriate technology may be chosen. The guide is marketed towards a non-technical audience with the intention of promoting knowledge sharing and serving as a translation between the developers of the treatment technology and those who implement it in developing countries.
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Gerla, Stephanie Rae. "Emergency Preparedness in Utah Households with Emphasis on Water and Food Storage Conditions." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3934.
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Emergency preparedness steps taken by individuals in Utah households were evaluated in 3 studies. Study 1 evaluated the 2011 landline and cell phone Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey and General Preparedness Optional Module results from two states, Louisiana and Utah, to find factors from demographic and medical data that can be used to predict emergency preparedness in individuals. Stepwise logistical regression analysis ascertained the ability of chosen variables to predict individuals' preparedness. The rate of prepared individuals was lower if they were between the ages of 18 to 54 years, when compared to the reference age group of 65 or older. Also, the rate of prepared participants was lower if they were female, had children under age 18 at home, or were unable to afford a doctor in the past year. Rate of prepared respondents was higher if they owned a home or were married (p <0.05). Study 2 evaluated water stored for emergency purposes in households throughout Utah for coliform, E. coli, free chlorine, and antimony. Ninety one percent of the stored water samples were found to be safe for human consumption. However, 9% of water samples were not considered safe due to over chlorination or the presence of coliform. Of 240 samples, 7 contained coliform and 14 samples had total chlorine levels over the Environmental Protection Agency's 4 ppm limit. Water in clear, polyethylene terephthalate soda bottles, even when stored for >18 months, did not exceed 0.3 ppb antimony, a level significantly lower than the Environmental Protection Agency limit of 6.0 ppb antimony. Study 3 measured for one year the temperature and humidity of food storage areas in 67 households within Utah. In 63% of locations, temperatures exceeded 24 °C, which can be considered abusive for food storage. The maximum temperature reached in a food storage area was 37.9 °C. Percent relative humidity exceeded 60% in 43% of food storage areas, which can be considered abusive for food stored in packaging permeable to moisture. The maximum percent relative humidity reached was 92.5%. In conclusion, most water stored for emergency purposes was considered safe, but temperature and humidity conditions for most food storage areas exceeded recommended maximums, and emergency preparedness of households within Utah needs to be improved.
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Brown, Christopher J. "Planning decision framework for brackish water aquifer, storage and recovery (ASR) projects." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013031.
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