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1
Friesen, Jan, Jessica Lundquist, and John T. Van Stan. "Evolution of forest precipitation water storage measurement methods." Hydrological Processes 29, no. 11 (November 27, 2014): 2504–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10376.
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KACHANOSKI, R. G., I. J. VAN WESENBEECK, and E. De JONG. "FIELD SCALE PATTERNS OF SOIL WATER STORAGE FROM NON-CONTACTING MEASUREMENTS OF BULK ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-056.
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Soil water storage (0–1.7 m) was measured every 10 m in a 660-m-long transect using a neutron probe and compared to bulk electrical conductivity, ECA, measurements obtained using noncontacting electomagnetic induction meters. Coherency analysis indicated a lack of correlation at scales less than 40 m. At scales greater than 40 m, ECA explained more than 80% of the variation of soil water storage. Measurement of ECA should be a simple and fast method of determining general field patterns of soil water storage. Key words: Spatial variability, soil water, coherency, electromagnetic induction
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Llorens, P., and F. Gallart. "A simplified method for forest water storage capacity measurement." Journal of Hydrology 240, no. 1-2 (December 2000): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(00)00339-5.
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Tanentzap, Fallon M., Alexandra Stempel, and Peter Ryser. "Reliability of leaf relative water content (RWC) measurements after storage: consequences for in situ measurements." Botany 93, no. 9 (September 2015): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2015-0065.
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Relative water content (RWC) is widely used to describe plant water status, and is commonly measured gravimetrically. The ephemeral nature of leaf fresh mass poses severe constraints for such measurements in field-grown plants. These constraints can be overcome by transporting the leaves in waterproof containers into the lab. However, even then, leaves lose water, and other changes may happen. The effects of a delay on the measurement of RWC have not been quantified so far. In this study, the influence of duration of storage up to 96 h and storage temperature on RWC and its components was investigated for four species. Alnus incana subsp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T. Clausen, Impatiens capensis Meerb., and Scirpus microcarpus J.Presl & C.Presl leaves were stored in plastic bags, whereas those of Comptonia peregrina (L.) J.M.Coult. were stored in plastic vials. RWC remained within 5% of the initial value during 24 h cool storage, but after that, larger changes were observed. The effects of storage were species specific, being most pronounced in species poorly protected against desiccation, and under warm conditions. The effects of storage were not only limited to water loss, but also included cellular degradation. In general, storage at 10 °C for 24 h enables measurement of RWC for field-grown plants with accuracy of a few percent, but care has to be taken with species vulnerable to desiccation, possibly requiring faster measurement and a cooler storage temperature.
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Ehalt Macedo, Heloisa, Ralph Edward Beighley, Cédric H. David, and John T. Reager. "Using GRACE in a streamflow recession to determine drainable water storage in the Mississippi River basin." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 8 (August 9, 2019): 3269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3269-2019.
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Abstract. The study of the relationship between water storage and runoff generation has long been a focus of the hydrological sciences. NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission provides monthly depth-integrated information on terrestrial water storage anomalies derived from time-variable gravity observations. As the first basin-scale storage measurement technique, these data offer potentially novel insight into the storage–discharge relationship. Here, we apply GRACE data in a streamflow recession analysis with river discharge measurements across several subdomains of the Mississippi River basin. Nonlinear regression analysis was used for 12 watersheds to determine that the fraction of baseflow in streams during non-winter months varies from 52 % to 75 % regionally. Additionally, the first quantitative estimate of absolute drainable water storage was estimated. For the 2002–2014 period, the drainable storage in the Mississippi River basin ranged from 2900±400 to 3600±400 km3.
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Lak, Zana A., Hans Sandén, Mathias Mayer, and Boris Rewald. "Specific root respiration of three plant species as influenced by storage time and conditions." Plant and Soil 453, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2020): 615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04619-9.
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Abstract Aims Specific root respiration (RRS) is a key root trait, determining i.e. nutrient foraging and uptake efficiencies. However, a considerable uncertainty exists regarding the effects of storage time and conditions on RRS measurements. Methods Fine root CO2 efflux rates of three plant types (tree seedling Carpinus betulus, legume Pisum sativum, grass Lolium perenne) were measured as depending on storage time (30–1440 min post-rinsing) and conditions (i.e. attached to plant, warm and cold water storage, and storage under dry conditions). Results Short-term storage conditions (30 min) had a significant effect on measured RRS rates, in specific, RRS rates of all three species were significantly lower under dry storage. Irrespective of plant species or temperature, storage of excised roots in water did not affect RRS for 300 min,. RRS measurements remained stable for 1 day if roots were stored cold. Conclusions Our results have important implications on measurement routines of RRS—a generally understudied root trait. Henceforth it seems reasonable to collect roots in the field and transport them, hydrated but even uncooled, to the laboratory for subsequent measurements for at least 300 min post-rinsing.
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Jarvie, H. P., J. A. Withers, and C. Neal. "Review of robust measurement of phosphorus in river water: sampling, storage, fractionation and sensitivity." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 1 (February 28, 2002): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-113-2002.
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Abstract. This paper reviews current knowledge on sampling, storage and analysis of phosphorus (P) in river waters. Potential sensitivity of rivers with different physical, chemical and biological characteristics (trophic status, turbidity, flow regime, matrix chemistry) is examined in terms of errors associated with sampling, sample preparation, storage, contamination, interference and analytical errors. Key issues identified include: The need to tailor analytical reagents and concentrations to take into account the characteristics of the sample matrix. The effects of matrix interference on the colorimetric analysis. The influence of variable rates of phospho-molybdenum blue colour formation. The differing responses of river waters to physical and chemical conditions of storage. The higher sensitivities of samples with low P concentrations to storage and analytical errors. Given high variability of river water characteristics in space and time, no single standardised methodology for sampling, storage and analysis of P in rivers can be offered. ‘Good Practice’ guidelines are suggested, which recommend that protocols for sampling, storage and analysis of river water for P is based on thorough site-specific method testing and assessment of P stability on storage. For wider sampling programmes at the regional/national scale where intensive site-specific method and stability testing are not feasible, ‘Precautionary Practice’ guidelines are suggested. The study highlights key areas requiring further investigation for improving methodological rigour. Keywords: phosphorus, orthophosphate, soluble reactive, particulate, colorimetry, stability, sensitivity, analytical error, storage, sampling, filtration, preservative, fractionation, digestion
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Yang, Bo Gang, and Jin Song Zhang. "Application of GPR in Measurement of Kunming Lake." Applied Mechanics and Materials 392 (September 2013): 787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.392.787.
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According to Chinas first census for water requirements, Beijing Institute of Surveying and Mapping measured the Kunming lake reservoir capacity for the first time. Combining with the application of measurement of Kunming Lake storage capacity with GPR, this paper give a method on city lake storage capacity measuring, and then analyses the feasibility of measurement with GPR, summary variety of advantages and disadvantages in this work. In the end, the paper give a lot of advice on Measurement of city lake storage capacity with GPR.
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Hidayatullah, Syarifuddin Aprian, Sri Wahyu Suciyati, Gurum Ahmad Pauzi, and Arif Surtono. "Design of Measurement of Water Content with Capacity Method to Determine Old Categories to Save Tapioca Flour." Journal of Energy, Material, and Instrumentation Technology 3, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jemit.v3i2.100.
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In this study, water content measurements were carried out using a physical method using a capacitive sensor. Measurement with these two methods aims to get the most efficient method for tapioca flour's water content value. The samples used were six samples of tapioca flour from the way good factory. Each sample was measured using a thermogravimetric method and a capacitive sensor measuring instrument three times per sample. The measurement results produce a polynomial graph with a coefficient of determination of 0.9702. The graph shows that the higher the water content, the higher the value detected by the capacitive sensor. The thermogravimetric method used as a reference takes 6 hours to get results, and the physical method takes less than one minute. To compare measurements, measurements were made using the thermogravimetric method to measure the percentage of water content in tapioca flour. This study indicates that the physical measurement method with a capacitive sensor instrument requires a shorter time than the thermogravimetric method. And the higher the water content, the shorter the storage time.
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Creutzfeldt, B., A. Güntner, S. Vorogushyn, and B. Merz. "The benefits of gravimeter observations for modelling water storage changes at the field scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 1715–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1715-2010.
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Abstract. Water storage is the fundamental state variable of hydrological systems. However, comprehensive data on total water storage changes (WSC) are practically inaccessible by hydrological measurement techniques at the field or catchment scale, and hydrological models are highly uncertain in representing the storage term due to the lack of adequate validation or calibration data. In this study, we assess the benefit of temporal gravimeter measurements for modelling WSC at the field scale. A simple conceptual hydrological model is calibrated and evaluated against records of a superconducting gravimeter (SG), soil moisture, and groundwater time series. The model is validated against independently estimated WSC based on lysimeter measurements. Using gravimeter data as a calibration constraint improves the model results substantially in terms of predictive capability and variation of the behavioural model runs. Thanks to their capacity to integrate over different storage components and a larger area, gravimeters provide information on total WSC that can be used to constrain the overall status of the hydrological system in a model. The general problem of specifying the internal model structure or individual parameter sets can, however, not be solved with gravimeters alone.
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te Brake, B., M. J. van der Ploeg, and G. H. de Rooij. "Water storage change estimation from in situ shrinkage measurements of clay soils." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 11 (November 21, 2012): 13117–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-13117-2012.
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Abstract. Water storage in the unsaturated zone is a major determinant of the hydrological behaviour of the soil, but methods to quantify soil water storage are limited. The objective of this study is to assess the applicability of clay soil surface elevation change measurements to estimate soil water storage changes. We measured moisture contents in soil aggregates by EC-5 sensors, and in volumes comprising multiple aggregates and intra-aggregates spaces by CS616 sensors. In a prolonged drying period, aggregate-scale storage change measurements revealed normal shrinkage for layers ≥ 30 cm depth, indicating volume loss equalled water loss. Shrinkage in a soil volume including multiple aggregates and voids was slightly less than normal, due to soil moisture variations in the profile and delayed drying of deeper soil layers upon lowering of the groundwater level. This resulted in shrinkage curve slopes of 0.89, 0.90 and 0.79 for the layers 0–60, 0–100 and 0–150 cm. Under a dynamic drying and wetting regime, shrinkage curve slopes ranged from 0.29 to 0.69 (EC-5) and 0.27 to 0.51 (CS616). Alternation of shrinkage and incomplete swelling resulted in an underestimation of volume change relatively to water storage change, due to hysteresis between swelling and shrinkage. Since the slope of the shrinkage relation depends on the drying regime, measurement scale and combined effect of different soil layers, shrinkage curves from laboratory tests on clay aggregates require suitable modifications for application to soil profiles. Then, the linear portion of the curve can help soil water storage estimation from soil surface elevation changes. These elevation changes might be measurable over larger extents by remote sensing.
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Krafčík, Milan, and Jana Peráčková. "Experimental Measurements of Hot Water Stratification in a Heat Storage Tank in Laboratory Conditions." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 63, no. 4 (June 28, 2019): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.13836.
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The paper focuses on the experimental measurement of the accumulation of hot water storage with its thermal stratificational thermal layers by means created of elementary conical elements. The basic principle of these elements is the automatic distribution of water temperatures according to temperature and volume flow for a specified time of storage of heat energy. This process involves maintaining the thermal stratification at different height levels of the storage tank, which minimizes the process of balancing the hot water. The aim of the experiments was to demonstrate the thermal energy layering in the 1050 l water storage accumulator in 1 hour depending on the different water flow rates from 250 to 1000 l/h from the heat source.
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Leonhardt, G., M. D'Oria, M. Kleidorfer, and W. Rauch. "Estimating inflow to a combined sewer overflow structure with storage tank in real time: evaluation of different approaches." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 7 (July 28, 2014): 1143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.331.
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The performance assessment of storage tanks and combined sewer overflow (CSO) structures in sewer systems requires knowledge of the total inflow from the catchment during rainfall events. Many structures are, however, only equipped with sensors to measure water level and/or outflows. Based on the geometry of the tank, expressed as a level-storage relationship, inflow can be calculated from these data using a simple conceptual storage model. This paper compares a deterministic and a Bayesian approach for estimating the inflow to a CSO structure from measurements of outflows and water level. The Bayesian approach clearly outperforms the deterministic estimation which is very sensitive to measurement errors. Although computationally more demanding, the use of a simple linear storage model allows the online application of the Bayesian approach to repeatedly estimate inflow in short time intervals of a few minutes. The method could thus be used as an online software sensor for inflow to storage structures in sewer systems.
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Tian, Siyuan, Luigi J. Renzullo, Albert I. J. M. van Dijk, Paul Tregoning, and Jeffrey P. Walker. "Global joint assimilation of GRACE and SMOS for improved estimation of root-zone soil moisture and vegetation response." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 1067–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1067-2019.
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Abstract. The lack of direct measurement of root-zone soil moisture poses a challenge to the large-scale prediction of ecosystem response to variation in soil water. Microwave remote sensing capability is limited to measuring moisture content in the uppermost few centimetres of soil. The GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) mission detected the variability in storage within the total water column. However, root-zone soil moisture cannot be separated from GRACE-observed total water storage anomalies without ancillary information on surface water and groundwater changes. In this study, GRACE total water storage anomalies and SMOS near-surface soil moisture observations were jointly assimilated into a hydrological model globally to better estimate the impact of changes in root-zone soil moisture on vegetation vigour. Overall, the accuracy of root-zone soil moisture estimates through the joint assimilation of surface soil moisture and total water storage retrievals showed improved consistency with ground-based soil moisture measurements and satellite-observed greenness when compared to open-loop estimates (i.e. without assimilation). For example, the correlation between modelled and in situ measurements of root-zone moisture increased by 0.1 (from 0.48 to 0.58) and 0.12 (from 0.53 to 0.65) on average for grasslands and croplands, respectively. Improved correlations were found between vegetation greenness and soil water storage on both seasonal variability and anomalies over water-limited regions. Joint assimilation results show a more severe deficit in soil water anomalies in eastern Australia, southern India and eastern Brazil over the period of 2010 to 2016 than the open-loop, consistent with the satellite-observed vegetation greenness anomalies. The assimilation of satellite-observed water content contributes to more accurate knowledge of soil water availability, providing new insights for monitoring hidden water stress and vegetation conditions.
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Timm, L. C., D. Dourado-Neto, O. O. S. Bacchi, W. Hu, R. P. Bortolotto, A. L. Silva, I. P. Bruno, and K. Reichardt. "Temporal variability of soil water storage evaluated for a coffee field." Soil Research 49, no. 1 (2011): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10023.
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Sampling field soils to estimate soil water content and soil water storage (S) is difficult due to the spatial variability of these variables, which demands a large number of sampling points. Also, the methodology employed in most cases is invasive and destructive, so that sampling in the same positions at different times is impossible. However, neutron moderation, time domain reflectrometry, and, more recently, frequency domain reflectrometry methodologies allow measurements at the same points over long time intervals. This study evaluates a set of neutron probe data, collected at 15 positions placed randomly along a coffee crop contour line, over 2 years at 14-day intervals. The temporal stability of S was again demonstrated, so that wetter or dryer locations remain so over time, and the definition of such positions in the field reduces the number of sampling points in future S evaluations under similar conditions. An analysis was made to determine the minimum number of sampling points to obtain the average S of the field within a chosen level of significance. Classical statistical analysis indicated that the 15 measurement positions could be reduced to four or even to one position to obtain a reliable field S average. State–time analysis showed S estimations depend more on previous measurements of rainfall P (52%) than on evapotranspiration ET (28%) and S (20%). The analysis also showed that ET was not realistically estimated from previous measurements of S; it was more dependent on previous measurements of ET (59%) than on P (30%) and S (9%). This statistical procedure showed great advantages over classical multiple regressions. Future studies of this type should be carried out at regularly spaced observation points in a grid, in order to allow a 2-D and 3-D state–space–time analysis.
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Creutzfeldt, B., A. Güntner, S. Vorogushyn, and B. Merz. "The benefits of gravimeter observations for modelling water storage changes at the field scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 2221–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-2221-2010.
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Abstract. Water storage is the fundamental state variable of hydrological systems. However, comprehensive data on total water storage changes (WSC) are practically inaccessible by hydrological measurement techniques at the field or catchment scale, and hydrological models are highly uncertain in representing the storage term due to the lack of adequate validation or calibration data. In this study, we assess the benefit of temporal gravimeter measurements for modelling WSC at the field scale. A simple conceptual hydrological model is calibrated and evaluated against records of a superconducting gravimeter, soil moisture and groundwater time series. The model is validated against independently estimated WSC data. Using gravimeter data as a calibration constraint improves the model results substantially in terms of predictive capability and variation of the behavioural model runs. Thanks to their capacity to integrate over different storage components and a larger area, gravimeters provide generalised information on total WSC that is useful to constrain the overall status of the hydrological system in a model. The general problem of specifying the internal model structure or individual parameter sets can, however, not be solved with gravimeters alone.
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KOBAYASHI, Yoshikazu, and Tadashi TANAKA. "Measurement of Stem Water Storage Used by TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) Method." Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources 14, no. 3 (2001): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.14.207.
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Nishimura, Ren, Norman L. Jones, Gustavious P. Williams, Daniel P. Ames, Bako Mamane, and Jamila Begou. "Methods for Characterizing Groundwater Resources with Sparse In Situ Data." Hydrology 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9080134.
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Accurate characterization of groundwater resources is required for sustainable management. Due to the cost of installing monitoring wells and challenges in collecting and managing in situ data, groundwater data are sparse—especially in developing countries. In this study, we demonstrate an analysis of long-term groundwater storage changes using temporally sparse but spatially dense well data, where each well had as few as one historical groundwater measurement. We developed methods to synthetically estimate groundwater table elevation (WTE) times series by clustering wells using two different methods; a uniform grid and k-means-constrained clustering to create pseudo-wells. These pseudo-wells had a more complete groundwater level time history, which we then temporally and spatially interpolated to analyze groundwater storage changes in an aquifer. We demonstrated these methods on the Beryl-Enterprise aquifer in Utah, USA, where other researchers quantified the groundwater storage depletion rate, and the wells had a large number of historical measurements. We randomly used one measurement per well and showed that our methods yielded storage depletion rates similar to published values. We applied the method to a region in southern Niger where wells had only one measurement per well, and showed that our estimated groundwater storage change trend reasonably matched that which was calculated using GRACE satellite data.
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Han, Fenghui, Zhe Wang, Hefu Zhang, Dongxing Wang, Wenhua Li, and Wenjian Cai. "Experimental Study of Large-Temperature-Range and Long-Period Monitoring for LNG Marine Auxiliary Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Measurement." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090917.
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Temperature is a key variable to evaluate the energy consumption and thermodynamic performance of traditional marine auxiliary machinery, chillers and piping systems. In particular, for the cryogenic storage tanks and fuel gas supply systems of LNG ships, explosion-proof and low-temperature-resistance properties bring new challenges to the onboard temperature measurement and monitoring. In order to promote the development of high-performance and safer monitoring systems for LNG ships, this paper adopted fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology to ensure the measurement safety and accuracy of temperature sensors, and performs a series of experiments in a large temperature range on the chiller, pipeline, and cryogenic storage tank of an LNG ship and their long-term reliabilities. Firstly, the principle and composition of the designed FBG temperature sensors are introduced in detail, and the measurement accuracy and range of different metal-coated optical fibers were tested in a large temperature range and compared against the traditional thermistors. Then, the effects of different operating conditions of the LNG marine chiller system and cryogenic storage tank on the temperature measurements were investigated. In addition, the drift degrees of the optical fibers and industrial thermistors were analyzed to figure out their reliabilities for long-term temperature measurements. The results showed that for the long-period (16 months) monitoring of LNG ships in a large temperature range (105–315 K) under different shipping conditions, the optical temperature measurement based on FBG technology has sufficient accuracy and dynamic sensitivity with a higher safety than the traditional thermoelectric measurement. Besides, the ship vibration, ambient humidity, and great temperature changes have little impact on its measurement reliability and drifts. This research can provide references and technical supports to the performance testing systems of LNG ships and other relevant vessels with stricter safety standards.
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Kim, Sung-Wan, Dong-Uk Park, Bub-Gyu Jeon, and Sung-Jin Chang. "Non-Contact Water Level Response Measurement of a Tubular Level Gauge Using Image Signals." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 14, 2020): 2217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082217.
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The occurrence of excessive fluid sloshing during an earthquake can damage structures used to store fluids and can induce secondary disasters, such as environmental destruction and human casualties, due to discharge of the stored fluids. Thus, to prevent such disasters, it is important to accurately predict the sloshing behavior of liquid storage tanks. Tubular level gauges, which visually show the fluid level of a liquid storage tank, are easy to install and economical compared to other water level gauges. They directly show the fluid level and can be applied for various fluids because they can be constructed with various materials according to the fluid characteristics and the intended use. Therefore, in this study, the shaking table test was conducted to verify the validity of the method for measuring the water level response of the tubular level gauge installed on a liquid storage tank using image signals. In addition, image enhancement methods were applied to distinguish between the float installed in the tubular level gauge and the gray level of the background.
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Wilson, M. D., M. Durand, H. C. Jung, and D. Alsdorf. "Swath altimetry measurements of the mainstem Amazon River: measurement errors and hydraulic implications." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 8 (August 6, 2014): 9399–434. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-9399-2014.
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Abstract. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission, scheduled for launch in 2020, will provide a step-change improvement in the measurement of terrestrial surface water storage and dynamics. In particular, it will provide the first, routine two-dimensional measurements of water surface elevations. In this paper, we aimed to (i) characterize and illustrate in two-dimensions the errors which may be found in SWOT swath measurements of terrestrial surface water, (ii) simulate the spatio-temporal sampling scheme of SWOT for the Amazon, and (iii) assess the impact of each of these on estimates of water surface slope and river discharge which may be obtained from SWOT imagery. We based our analysis on a "virtual mission" for a 300 km reach of the central Amazon (Solimões) River at its confluence with the Purus River, using a hydraulic model to provide water surface elevations according to SWOT spatio-temporal sampling to which errors were added based on a two-dimension height error spectrum derived from the SWOT design requirements. We thereby obtained water surface elevation measurements for the Amazon mainstem as may be observed by SWOT. Using these measurements, we derived estimates of river slope and discharge and compared them to those obtained directly from the hydraulic model. We found that cross-channel and along-reach averaging of SWOT measurements using reach lengths of greater than 4 km for the Solimões and 7.5 km for Purus reduced the effect of systematic height errors, enabling discharge to be reproduced accurately from the water height, assuming known bathymetry and friction. Using cross-section averaging and 20 km reach lengths, results show Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency values of 0.99 for the Solimões and 0.88 for the Purus, with 2.6 and 19.1% average overall error in discharge, respectively.
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Suparjo, Muhamad, Ridway Balaka, and Kadir Kadir. "Studi Potensi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikro Hidro Di Desa Masolo Raya Dalam Inovasi Turbin Pelton Dengan Sumbu Horizontal." Enthalpy : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Teknik Mesin 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.55679/enthalpy.v5i2.12621.
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The purpose of this research is to find out how much electricity is in the mango river in the Mosolo Raya village. The research method used is to measure the flow of water with a storage method, measurement of water flow velocity, measurement of water falls height and the manufacture of Pelton turbine blades. The results showed that the largest water discharge value was 0.018182 m3/s on the 4th measurement, and the smallest water discharge value was 0.014679 m3/s on the 8th measurement, the largest speed value was 7.333225 m/s on the 4th measurement and the smallest speed value was 5.920402 m/s on the 8th measurement, the largest power value is 1215,984 watts on the 4th measurement and the smallest power value is 981.7119 on the 8th measurement. So, it can be concluded that the potential value of the mango river with the average electric power generated during the measurement is 110,779 Watt.Keywords: Power plant, horizontal axis, pelton turbine, mini hydro power
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Michalec, Bogusław, Karol Pęczek, and Mateusz Strutyński. "Spatial distribution of bottom sediment deposits in water reservoirs at Zesławice." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Land Reclamation 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10060-008-0049-7.
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Spatial distribution of bottom sediment deposits in water reservoirs at Zesławice Spatial distributions of bottom sediment deposits in two small water reservoirs located on the River Dłubnia at Zesławice is presented in this paper. The distribution was elaborated according to Dendy's method on the basis of results of silting measurements performed in the 2005. Horizontal and vertical distribution of sediment deposits was shown as relation between the relative volume of deposited sediments (Sh/S) and relative storage capacity of the reservoir (Vh/V); the vertical distribution of sediment deposits was presented as relation between the relative volume of deposited sediments (Sv/S) and relative reservoir depth (D/Dm). On the basis of performed analysis of horizontal distributions of sediment deposits it was stated that in the main reservoir at Zesławice 58% of the sediment trapped in the reservoir was accumulated in the inflow (upstream part of the reservoir, whose relative volume is 0.25). In the inflow section of the assistant reservoir of relative storage capacity equal 0.22 only 29% of the sediment was deposited. Comparing curves of horizontal sediment deposits distribution in the main reservoir in its inflow part according to measurement data from the 2005 and 1986 i.e. from a comparable period of operation before desilting and building of an assistant reservoir it was stated that relative volumes of sediment trapped after desilting are over 40% higher than before desilting. In a comparable period of operation before desilting (measurement in the 1983) and after desilting (measurements in the 2005) i.e. after seventeen and sixteen years respectively in the main reservoir the accumulated sediments formed an isle - the value Sv/S equaling 0.09 for D/Dm equal 0 in consequence of a change of hydraulic conditions of water and sediment flow - due to a part of inflowing water of the River Dłubnia being directed to the assistant reservoir.
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Zhang, Xiao Kang. "Research and Design of Mine Water Warehouse Level Measurement and Control System." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.67.
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In the prevention and control of the mine water ，the water level of the dynamic monitoring storehouse play a pivotal role. Mine water warehouse water level measurement and control system which is designed by this paper is by programmable logic devices S7-200 and configuration king Wincc constitute a hardware and software. Between master of the computer and monitoring stations can bus is for data transmission. Laboratory simulation test and Field testing have a good effect, And it can realize the function of Sound and light alarm , dynamic display of water level-the time trend curve and data storage and reports, provide effective basis for coal mine water storehouse safety management and monitoring water-level.
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Bertrand-Krajewski, J. L., J. P. Bardin, M. Mourad, and Y. Béranger. "Accounting for sensor calibration, concentration heterogeneity, measurement and sampling uncertainties in monitoring urban drainage systems." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0094.
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Assessing the functioning and the performance of urban drainage systems on both rainfall event and yearly time scales is usually based on online measurements of flow rates and on samples of influent and effluent for some rainfall events per year. In order to draw pertinent scientific and operational conclusions from the measurement results, it is absolutely necessary to use appropriate methods and techniques in order to i) calibrate sensors and analytical methods, ii) validate raw data, iii) evaluate measurement uncertainties, iv) evaluate the number of rainfall events to sample per year in order to determine performance indicator with a given uncertainty. Based on previous work, the paper gives a synthetic review of required methods and techniques, and illustrates their application to storage and settling tanks. Experiments show that, despite controlled and careful experimental conditions, relative uncertainties are about 20% for flow rates in sewer pipes, 6-10% for volumes, 25-35% for TSS concentrations and loads, and 18-276% for TSS removal rates. In order to evaluate the annual pollutant interception efficiency of storage and settling tanks with a given uncertainty, efforts should first be devoted to decrease the sampling uncertainty by increasing the number of sampled events.
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O'Toole, J., M. Sinclair, T. Jeavons, and K. Leder. "Influence of sample preservation on endotoxin measurement in water." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 6 (September 1, 2009): 1615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.494.
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Appropriate preservation of a range of water types prior to analysis for endotoxin was investigated, including sample storage and addition of sodium thiosulphate. Biologically active endotoxin in water samples was assayed using a chromogenic Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay. Statistical analysis of measured mean endotoxin levels obtained for samples with and without sodium thiosulphate showed no significant difference in results. There was a 44% mean decline in the concentration of detectable endotoxin in water samples stored at −80°C for 4 weeks compared with samples stored at 4°C and analysed within 24 hours. Freezing of water samples at −80°C in pyrogen-free containers for 4 weeks or longer, then thawing may lead to considerable endotoxin loss; however the addition of sodium thiosulphate to water samples interferes minimally with the LAL assay. These results provide methodological information that can be used to assist researchers in future water endotoxin monitoring studies. The validation and standardisation of water sample preservation protocols are necessary, given the likely increase in the quantification of endotoxin levels in a variety of water sources and the use of such results for health effect determinations.
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Wilson, M. D., M. Durand, H. C. Jung, and D. Alsdorf. "Swath-altimetry measurements of the main stem Amazon River: measurement errors and hydraulic implications." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 4 (April 22, 2015): 1943–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1943-2015.
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Abstract. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission, scheduled for launch in 2020, will provide a step-change improvement in the measurement of terrestrial surface-water storage and dynamics. In particular, it will provide the first, routine two-dimensional measurements of water-surface elevations. In this paper, we aimed to (i) characterise and illustrate in two dimensions the errors which may be found in SWOT swath measurements of terrestrial surface water, (ii) simulate the spatio-temporal sampling scheme of SWOT for the Amazon, and (iii) assess the impact of each of these on estimates of water-surface slope and river discharge which may be obtained from SWOT imagery. We based our analysis on a virtual mission for a ~260 km reach of the central Amazon (Solimões) River, using a hydraulic model to provide water-surface elevations according to SWOT spatio-temporal sampling to which errors were added based on a two-dimensional height error spectrum derived from the SWOT design requirements. We thereby obtained water-surface elevation measurements for the Amazon main stem as may be observed by SWOT. Using these measurements, we derived estimates of river slope and discharge and compared them to those obtained directly from the hydraulic model. We found that cross-channel and along-reach averaging of SWOT measurements using reach lengths greater than 4 km for the Solimões and 7.5 km for Purus reduced the effect of systematic height errors, enabling discharge to be reproduced accurately from the water height, assuming known bathymetry and friction. Using cross-sectional averaging and 20 km reach lengths, results show Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency values of 0.99 for the Solimões and 0.88 for the Purus, with 2.6 and 19.1 % average overall error in discharge, respectively. We extend the results to other rivers worldwide and infer that SWOT-derived discharge estimates may be more accurate for rivers with larger channel widths (permitting a greater level of cross-sectional averaging and the use of shorter reach lengths) and higher water-surface slopes (reducing the proportional impact of slope errors on discharge calculation).
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Villajos, Jose A. "Experimental Volumetric Hydrogen Uptake Determination at 77 K of Commercially Available Metal-Organic Framework Materials." C 8, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c8010005.
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Storage is still limiting the implementation of hydrogen as an energy carrier to integrate the intermittent operation of renewable energy sources. Among different solutions to the currently used compressed or liquified hydrogen systems, physical adsorption at cryogenic temperature in porous materials is an attractive alternative due to its fast and reversible operation and the resulting reduction in storage pressure. The feasibility of cryoadsorption for hydrogen storage depends mainly on the performance of the used materials for the specific application, where metal-organic frameworks or MOFs are remarkable candidates. In this work, gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen uptakes at 77 K and up to 100 bar of commercially available MOFs were measured since these materials are made from relatively cheap and accessible building blocks. These materials also show relatively high porous properties and are currently near to large-scale production. The measuring device was calibrated at different room temperatures to calculate an average correction factor and standard deviation so that the correction deviation is included in the measurement error for better comparability with different measurements. The influence of measurement conditions was also studied, concluding that the available adsorbing area of material and the occupied volume of the sample are the most critical factors for a reproducible measurement, apart from the samples’ preparation before measurement. Finally, the actual volumetric storage density of the used powders was calculated by directly measuring their volume in the analysis cell, comparing that value with the maximum volumetric uptake considering the measured density of crystals. From this selection of commercial MOFs, the materials HKUST-1, PCN-250(Fe), MOF-177, and MOF-5 show true potential to fulfill a volumetric requirement of 40 g·L−1 on a material basis for hydrogen storage systems without further packing of the powders.
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Humaida, Nida, Krisdianto Krisdianto, and Setia Budi Peran. "ESTIMATION OF CARBON STORAGE IN WATER LETTUCE (Pistia stratiotes) AT FRESHWATER SWAMPS." TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 2, no. 2 (July 13, 2016): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v2i2.30.
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This study was conducted in Banjar Regency, in the areas of Keraton, Keramat Baru, Tungkaran, Akar Baru and Sungai Tabuk villages, South Kalimantan, from April-July 2009. The purpose of the study was to estimate the amount of carbon storage in water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) at freshwater swamps. The information obtained through this study is expected to provide benefits for the swampland management. The swamplands observed were the ones with water lettuce growing in the swamps. The sampling was carried out using purposive sampling technique with the consideration of grouping water lettuce’s distribution. The carbon storage measurement was performed by measuring biomass, organic carbon percentage in water lettuce, and total carbon storage in m2. The organic carbon was analyzed using Walkey & Black's Method. There were also analyses of crude fiber and ash in water lettuce. Data were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and hierarchical clusters. The carbon storage in water lettuce at freshwater swamps in Banjar Regency ranged between 64.07 – 237.75 g/m2. The average crude fiber ranged between 19.89 - 24.94 % and ash between 20.91 - 28.69%.
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Avisse, Nicolas, Amaury Tilmant, Marc François Müller, and Hua Zhang. "Monitoring small reservoirs' storage with satellite remote sensing in inaccessible areas." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 12 (December 18, 2017): 6445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6445-2017.
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Abstract. In river basins with water storage facilities, the availability of regularly updated information on reservoir level and capacity is of paramount importance for the effective management of those systems. However, for the vast majority of reservoirs around the world, storage levels are either not measured or not readily available due to financial, political, or legal considerations. This paper proposes a novel approach using Landsat imagery and digital elevation models (DEMs) to retrieve information on storage variations in any inaccessible region. Unlike existing approaches, the method does not require any in situ measurement and is appropriate for monitoring small, and often undocumented, irrigation reservoirs. It consists of three recovery steps: (i) a 2-D dynamic classification of Landsat spectral band information to quantify the surface area of water, (ii) a statistical correction of DEM data to characterize the topography of each reservoir, and (iii) a 3-D reconstruction algorithm to correct for clouds and Landsat 7 Scan Line Corrector failure. The method is applied to quantify reservoir storage in the Yarmouk basin in southern Syria, where ground monitoring is impeded by the ongoing civil war. It is validated against available in situ measurements in neighbouring Jordanian reservoirs. Coefficients of determination range from 0.69 to 0.84, and the normalized root-mean-square error from 10 to 16 % for storage estimations on six Jordanian reservoirs with maximal water surface areas ranging from 0.59 to 3.79 km2.
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Li, Xiang, Jianzhi Niu, Linus Zhang, Qingfu Xiao, Gregory E. McPherson, Natalie van Doorn, Xinxiao Yu, et al. "A study on crown interception with four dominant tree species: a direct measurement." Hydrology Research 47, no. 4 (November 13, 2015): 857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2015.066.
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An experiment was conducted to concentrate on the rainfall interception process of individual trees for four common species in Beijing, China, which included needle species (Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis) and broadleaf species (Quercus variabilis and Acer truncatum). Two types of interception storages, the maximum (Cmax) and the minimum interception storage (Cmin), were examined at four simulated rainfall intensities (from 11.7 to 78.5 mm h−1). Results showed that an average of 91% of Cmax for all the species was intercepted during the first 10 minutes of rainfall, while 45% of Cmax drained off after rainfall cessation. Leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area (LA) were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with Cmax and Cmin, while such significant correlations were not found between rainfall intensity and Cmax and Cmin. Average Cmax and Cmin across all the species corresponded to 3 and 1% of gross rainfall. Mean Cmax and Cmin of the needle species were 3.0 and 1.8 times larger than that for the broadleaf ones. Results revealed that interception was a dynamic process which encompassed three phases. In addition, LAI and LA were valid predictors of interception in small trees, and deserve further test in forest stands.
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Bohnen, N., D. Terwel, M. Markerink, J. A. Ten Haaf, and J. Jolles. "Pitfalls in the Measurement of Plasma Osmolality Pertinent to Research in Vasopressin and Water Metabolism." Clinical Chemistry 38, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 2278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.11.2278.
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Abstract The reliability of measurements of plasma osmolality is known to be biased by technical artifacts, such as the anticoagulant and the osmometric technique used; the resulting measurement errors therefore may cause errors in interpretation of data. In assessing the potential biasing influence of procedural variables, we found that the temperature at which fresh plasma samples were stored, the duration of storage, and the freezing and thawing of samples appeared to significantly (P < 0.01) affect osmolality values around the narrow physiological range. These factors should be considered in the interpretation of studies on the osmoregulation of vasopressin secretion. In particular, the results suggest that data obtained for any but fresh samples, whether frozen-thawed samples or samples stored at room temperature, are unreliable.
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te Brake, B., M. J. van der Ploeg, and G. H. de Rooij. "Water storage change estimation from in situ shrinkage measurements of clay soils." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 5 (May 23, 2013): 1933–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1933-2013.
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Abstract. The objective of this study is to assess the applicability of clay soil elevation change measurements to estimate soil water storage changes, using a simplified approach. We measured moisture contents in aggregates by EC-5 sensors, and in multiple aggregate and inter-aggregate spaces (bulk soil) by CS616 sensors. In a long dry period, the assumption of constant isotropic shrinkage proved invalid and a soil moisture dependant geometry factor was applied. The relative overestimation made by assuming constant isotropic shrinkage in the linear (basic) shrinkage phase was 26.4% (17.5 mm) for the actively shrinking layer between 0 and 60 cm. Aggregate-scale water storage and volume change revealed a linear relation for layers ≥ 30 cm depth. The range of basic shrinkage in the bulk soil was limited by delayed drying of deep soil layers, and maximum water loss in the structural shrinkage phase was 40% of total water loss in the 0–60 cm layer, and over 60% in deeper layers. In the dry period, fitted slopes of the ΔV–ΔW relationship ranged from 0.41 to 0.56 (EC-5) and 0.42 to 0.55 (CS616). Under a dynamic drying and wetting regime, slopes ranged from 0.21 to 0.38 (EC-5) and 0.22 to 0.36 (CS616). Alternating shrinkage and incomplete swelling resulted in limited volume change relative to water storage change. The slope of the ΔV–ΔW relationship depended on the drying regime, measurement scale and combined effect of different soil layers. Therefore, solely relying on surface level elevation changes to infer soil water storage changes will lead to large underestimations. Recent and future developments might provide a basis for application of shrinkage relations to field situations, but in situ observations will be required to do so.
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Cheng, Hai Yu, and Hui Wang. "Design of Trash Rack Water Level Measurement and Control System Based on Ultrasonic." Advanced Materials Research 542-543 (June 2012): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.542-543.194.
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Designed a new type measurement and control system based on ultrasonic sensor, which can measure the water level of hydropower station turbine inlet trash rack in front of the dam. It overcomes the defects of traditional level gauge measurement; has the water level signal after and before the gate on real-time; pressure difference; multiple points of data acquisition; processing, storage and transmission of the limit alarm function, the subsystem and hydropower PC form communication network for the centralized monitoring, centralized control and centralized management.
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Sugiyama, Shin, Renji Naruse, and Yaroslav D. Murav’yev. "Surface strain anomaly induced by the storage and drainage of englacial water in Koryto glacier, Kamchatka, Russia." Annals of Glaciology 40 (2005): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813627.
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AbstractTo investigate short-term flow-pattern variations of a temperate glacier, longitudinal surface strain was measured with a wire strainmeter in the ablation area of Koryto glacier, Kamchatka, Russia. Strain-rate anomalies were observed in late summer 2000 that were triggered by a water overflow from a moulin near the measurement site followed by the drainage of accumulated water. The strain event started with (compressive) strain rates of >–10–3 d–1 lasting for 6 hours, which then became tensile. Similar strain-rate variations were observed again on the next day. During the event, basal sliding speed measured at the margin in the lower reach of the glacier fluctuated by about ±50% of the daily mean. Smaller and larger sliding speeds corresponded to the compressive and tensile surface strains, respectively. These measurements suggest that the storage and sudden drainage of water caused spatially non-uniform water-pressure fluctuations along the glacier, changing the sliding regime over short time periods.
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Karwacki, Jarosław, and Roman Kwidziński. "Experimental investigation of PCM thermal energy storage charge and discharge process with aperiodic (ramp) temperature inputs." E3S Web of Conferences 70 (2018): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187003005.
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In recent years, the use of storages filled with phase-change material (PCM) is increasingly considered. Such design is characterized by a higher density of thermal energy accumulation in comparison with water storages. However, the optimal use of the PCM storages requires a recognition of its dynamic characteristics during the loading and unloading process. This paper presents research aimed at understanding and dynamic description of the heat transfer process in a shell-and-tube thermal energy storage. The experimental test stand and the measurement and control system are described. The investigated storage had a form of a cylindrical tank of 40 dm3 volume in which a coil made of pipes with an external diameter of 3.35 mm was immersed in the PCM. The total heat transfer area was 9.4 m2. A lumped parameter model was used to describe mathematically the storage thermal dynamics. The PCM used was commercially available RT15 material with the heat capacity of 150 kJ/kg in the temperature range of 10–17°C. In the investigations, aperiodic (ramp) temperature inputs were used. The storage tests were carried out for low (12 h) and high (6 h) speeds of charging and discharging. The amplitude of the input signal and the liquid temperature at the storage inlet were set to include the phase transition interval of the PCM used. The obtained test results allowed to determine the enthalpy as a function of temperature for the whole storage. The experimental results were also used to validate 0D mathematical model of the heat storage.
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Zhu, Yue Jun, Jian Zhang, Bo Jing, and Ye Bang Tan. "Ageing Effect on Steady Rheological Behavior in Oilfield Water of Water-Soluble, Hydrophobically Associating Polymer." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.431.
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The effect of ageing time on the macromolecular composition and conformation on intermolecular entanglement and crosslinking was investigated for a water-soluble, hydrophobically associating polymer (WSHAP), by steady-flow and oscillatory experiments at reservoir temperature (65 °C). The measurement of rheological properties was carried out with changing sample properties such as shear stress, shear rate and storage time. Moreover, for the investigated samples, the mathematical interpretation of relationship between the modulusGand the shear rate γ according to the Ostwald de Waele (power law) model, was carried out. Energy of viscous flow (Ea) has also been determined and discussed.
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Ji, Wenjun, Mi Lin, Asim Biswas, Bing C. Si, Henry W. Chau, and Hamish P. Cresswell. "Fractal behavior of soil water storage at multiple depths." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 23, no. 4 (August 15, 2016): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-23-269-2016.
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Abstract. Spatiotemporal behavior of soil water is essential to understand the science of hydrodynamics. Data intensive measurement of surface soil water using remote sensing has established that the spatial variability of soil water can be described using the principle of self-similarity (scaling properties) or fractal theory. This information can be used in determining land management practices provided the surface scaling properties are kept at deep layers. The current study examined the scaling properties of sub-surface soil water and their relationship to surface soil water, thereby serving as supporting information for plant root and vadose zone models. Soil water storage (SWS) down to 1.4 m depth at seven equal intervals was measured along a transect of 576 m for 5 years in Saskatchewan. The surface SWS showed multifractal nature only during the wet period (from snowmelt until mid- to late June) indicating the need for multiple scaling indices in transferring soil water variability information over multiple scales. However, with increasing depth, the SWS became monofractal in nature indicating the need for a single scaling index to upscale/downscale soil water variability information. In contrast, all soil layers during the dry period (from late June to the end of the growing season in early November) were monofractal in nature, probably resulting from the high evapotranspirative demand of the growing vegetation that surpassed other effects. This strong similarity between the scaling properties at the surface layer and deep layers provides the possibility of inferring about the whole profile soil water dynamics using the scaling properties of the easy-to-measure surface SWS data.
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Manjakkal, Libu, Katarina Cvejin, Jan Kulawik, Krzysztof Zaraska, and Dorota Szwagierczak. "The Effect of Sheet Resistivity and Storage Conditions on Sensitivity of RuO2 Based pH Sensors." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.457.
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The increasing fresh water deficiency due to environmental pollution demands accurate, reliable and highly sensitive sensors for online monitoring of water pollution. Solid state sensors are helpful for fabricating and implementing low cost wireless sensors for monitoring of pollution. In water pollution determination, the measurement of pH plays an important role. Among the semiconductor sensitive materials RuO2 shows good sensitivity to hydrogen ions, high accuracy and resistance to interferences caused by other dissolved ions. In this work, thick film RuO2 based pH sensitive electrodes are fabricated by screen printing. The sensors were characterized by electromotive force measurements, SEM, optical microscopy and EDS analysis. The effects of sheet resistivity of the material and storage conditions are discussed. The sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 60 mV/pH in wide pH range of 2 to 10. The obtained response was very close to the theoretical Nernstian behavior. The best performance was attained for a sensor fabricated from 10 kΩ/sq. thick film paste and stored at water for 25 days.
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Záleská, Martina, Milena Pavlíková, Zbyšek Pavlík, and Robert Černý. "Retention Curves of Different Types of Sandstone." Advanced Materials Research 982 (July 2014): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.982.44.
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Retention curve is the basic material property used in models for simulation of moisture storage in porous materials. The measurement of retention curves (also called suction curves, capillary potential curves, capillary-pressure functions and capillary-moisture relationships) is described in this paper. The water storage of different types of sandstone, the materials frequently used on the Czech territory for many centuries mainly for architectonic details and sculptures, is studied in using pressure plate apparatus. The obtained data gives information on materials behaviour in contact with liquid water and on their absorption capacity.
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Chen, Lin, Yi Fu Zhou, Jian Feng Liu, and Zhong Hua Yang. "Reservoir Capacity Measurement and its Curve Preparation Based on DEM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 2384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2384.
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A precise and reliable basic data is an important for flood control and management for each reservoir, especially DEM. The topographic map above water surface can easily be digitized based on GIS technology. The underwater digital elevation model (DEM) was measured integrated with GPSRTK technology and precision shallow water echo sounder. Therefore, DEM overall reservoir area can be built by integrating these two results. Using the methods of this paper, the reservoir capacity can be automatically generated, reservoir storage capacity table can be automatically prepared, and reservoir capacity curve can also be automatically drawn. The applications in the Guxian and Baisha Reservoir show that this method is simple and feasible.
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Lança, M. Carmo, Inês Cunha, João Paulo Marques, Eugen R. Neagu, Luis Gil, C. J. Dias, and Jose N. Marat-Mendes. "Water Content Control to Improve Space Charge Storage in a Cork Derivative." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.395.
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The influence of humidity content on the electrical and dielectric properties of a composite made from recycled TetraPak® containers and granulated cork was studied. The material components have been dried before preparation and after the composite was conditioned by keeping the samples in a dry environment (desiccator) or in an oven at high temperature (70°C in air). The differences observed in electrical properties (investigated by isothermal charge and discharge current measurement) and dielectric properties (measured using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy) show that the thermal treatment at high temperature is more efficient on removing water and slows down the re-absorption rate.
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Villordon, Arthur, Jeffrey C. Gregorie, and Don LaBonte. "Direct Measurement of Sweetpotato Surface Area and Volume Using a Low-cost 3D Scanner for Identification of Shape Features Related to Processing Product Recovery." HortScience 55, no. 5 (May 2020): 722–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14964-20.
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The growing demand for sweetpotato French fry and other processed products has increased the need for producing storage roots of desired shape profile (i.e., blocky and less tapered). Length-width ratio (LW) is the current de facto standard for characterizing sweetpotato shape. Although LW is sensitive and descriptive of some types of shape variability, this index may be inadequate to measure taper and other subtle shape variations. Prior work has shown that surface area (SA) and volume (VOL) are important shape descriptors but current direct measurement methods are tedious, inconsistent, and often destructive. A low-cost three-dimensional (3D) scanner was used to acquire digital 3D models of 210 U.S. No. 1 grade sweetpotato storage roots. The 3D models were imported into Meshmixer, a free software for cleaning and processing 3D files. Processing steps included gap filling and rendering the models water-tight to facilitate VOL measurements. The software includes a tool that enables automatic measurements of length (L), width (W), SA, and VOL. LW and SA-VOL ratio (SAVOL) were subsequently calculated. Separately, a digital caliper was used for manual measurements of L and W. The shrink-wrap method was used to measure SA, and water displacement was used to measure VOL. 3D scanner-based and manual L measurements showed high correlation, whereas VOL was lowest. Principal component analysis (PCA) of 3D scanner-based measurements showed that the first two principal components (PCs) accounted for 96.2% of the total shape variation in the data set, named Ib3D. The first PC accounted for 62.15% of the total variance, and captured variation in storage root shape through changes in VOL, SA, SAVOL, and W. The second PC accounted for 34.4% of the variance, and the main factors were LW and L. Most storage root samples that were classified as processing types were located in the fourth quadrant. The methods described in this work to nondestructively acquire 3D models of sweetpotato also can be adopted for analyzing shape in other horticultural produce like fruits, vegetables, tubers, and other storage roots that meet the specifications for 3D scanning. The data support the hypothesis that knowledge of variables that determine storage root L and W can lead to the development of methods and approaches for enhanced processing product recovery and size assortment for fresh market.
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Vlášek, Václav, Jitka Langová, and Jiří Štencl. "Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on stability of three kinds of bread." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 6 (2013): 1881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361061881.
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The study evaluates effect of ordinary and modified atmosphere N2 and CO2 on bread packaging and changes of selected bread parameters, moisture content (MC) and water activity (Aw), in real storage time. MC has a significant influence on physical properties of bread and Aw characterizes its microbiological stability. Both parameters are functionally dependent. Manometric method was used for measurement of Aw and gravimetric method was used for measurement of MC. Samples of three kinds of bread, gluten-free, Šumava bread, and Bavorský bread, packaged into barrier wrappers, were stored at the room temperature of 20 °C. MC and Aw were measured in real storage time in intervals of three days for all kinds of bread, always in crust and crumb separately. Individual measurements were finished when a mould were discovered in samples. The initial MC of crust was in the range of 21.01–29.26% MC (w.b.) and the final MC in the range of 26.79–33.58% MC (w.b.) in tested breads. MC of crumb was in the range of 34.49–46.58% MC (w.b.) at the beginning and in the range of 32.92–44.21% MC (w.b.) at the end in tested samples. Minimum differences within values of MC showed gluten-free bread during storage time. Values of Aw were in the range of 0.863–0.948 at the beginning and in the range of 0.933–0.958 at the end of measurement in crust, for all samples. Values of Aw were in the range of 0.960–0.961 at the beginning and in the range of 0.952–0.961 at the end of measurement in crumb. Minimum differences within values of Aw showed gluten-free bread again. The highest shelf-life has been achieved in CO2 atmosphere, for all kinds of bread. Mathematical models with ability for MC and Aw prediction in real time of storage were created for Šumava bread.
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Jagals, P., N. P. Nala, T. J. Tsubane, M. Moabi, and K. C. Motaung. "Measuring changes in water-related health and hygiene practices by developing-community households." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0027.
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A population sample from a community in a developing urban area (Botshabelo), which obtains its treated water supply from a communal standpipe system, was subjected to a short Health and Hygiene Awareness and Education (HHA&E) programme to improve its practices on storing water in, and handling water from, storage containers at home. The problem was that the community's practices lead to the deterioration of the microbiological quality of the water in domestic storage containers. Measuring changes in the practices, as well as the microbiological quality of water in the containers, were the instruments used to determine whether the programme had a positive educational effect. This paper reports on selected elements of the practices measurement. Structured interviews, observations and statistical analyses assessed three variables - container hygiene, container storage and hand hygiene. Results indicated insignificant improvements in practices. This was supported by insignificant improvements in the microbiological water quality, that was still above health-safety limits. This implied that short-term “quick fix” HHA&E programmes would tend to be ineffective. Results also suggested that some negative water-hygiene habits may readily change (container hygiene and storage), while behaviour of a more personal nature, such as hand-washing, was not easily changed.
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Nadezhdina, Nadezhda, Jan Čermák, Alec Downey, Valeriy Nadezhdin, Martti Perämäki, Jorge Soares David, Clara A. Pinto, and Teresa Soares David. "Sap flow index as an indicator of water storage use." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 63, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2015-0013.
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Abstract Symmetrical temperature difference also known as the sap flow index (SFI) forms the basis of the Heat Field Deformation sap flow measurement and is simultaneously collected whilst measuring the sap flow. SFI can also be measured by any sap flow method applying internal continuous heating through the additional installation of an axial differential thermocouple equidistantly around a heater. In earlier research on apple trees SFI was found to be an informative parameter for tree physiological studies, namely for assessing the contribution of stem water storage to daily transpiration. The studies presented in this work are based on the comparative monitoring of SFI and diameter in stems of different species (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea omorika, Pinus sylvestris) and tree sizes. The ability of SFI to follow the patterns of daily stem water storage use was empirically confirmed by our data. Additionally, as the HFD multipointsensors can measure sap flow at several stem sapwood depths, their use allowed to analyze the use of stored water in different xylem layers through SFI records. Radial and circumferential monitoring of SFI on large cork oak trees provided insight into the relative magnitude and timing of the contribution of water stored in different sapwood layers or stem sectors to transpiration.
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Shugurov, O. O., and T. A. Strigina. "The current level of β-radioactivity in the Zaporizhzhya storage lake." Ecology and Noospherology 28, no. 3-4 (November 18, 2017): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031712.
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The condition control of the Ukrainian rivers is an integral part of the population safety level. The change of such state can occur for several reasons. The first is the increase of pollution level from the working enterprises. The second – the efficiency reduction of protective constructions which store the radioactive wastes of (tailings dam). And the third – movement changes of water masses which are capable to lift the radio nuclides received earlier from the river bed (for example, the accident on the Chernobil atomic station). Therefore, the aim of the work was the modern level evaluation of b-nuclide pollution (90Sr and 137Cs) in water of Zaporizhzhya storage lake on the largest density points of the industrial enterprises on the Dnieper river in the sequence Kamenskoe – Dnipro – Zaporizhzhya at different seasons of the three years. Within 2014–2016 we carried out investigations of Zaporizhzhya storage lake b-radiation level for different seasons. The sampling was made at depth from 1,0 m to 1,5 m on six points. These points corresponded to the coast ones of Zaporizhzhya storage lake which are bound up with the industrial enterprises wastes of Kamenskoe and Dnipro or the small rivers fall points into the Dnieper River. The sampling points were: a coastal area 200 m below the Dneprodzerzhinsky dam, the river port, Starie Kodaki, the mouth of the river Mokra Sura, village Vojskove and Fyodorivka. The water mass of 5 kg was taken from these points and poured into the glass bottles. For radioactive pollution level determination in river's points we used two samples by 60 dm3 volume or caesium (137Cs) and strontium (90Sr) definition. 90Sr activity in water was determined radiochemically by oxalates sedimentation method with the subsequent measurement on the UMF-1500 installation. The isotope 137Cs was besieged by potassium ferrocyanide from a muriatic solution with the subsequent measurement on a small background installation The general β-radioactivity (Bq/l) was determined in the samples on the radiometer-«Beta» with the help of the SBT-13 counter by direct measurement method of samples. We showed that the levels of general β-activity water or at the investigated selection points of Zaporizhzhya storage lake fluctuated on average from 0,14 to 0,24 Bq/l, the content of 90Sr radionuclides in water is from 0,029 to 0,055 Bq/l, for 137Cs – is 0,042 Bq/l. In autumn β-activity level in Zaporozhzhya storage lake water decreased in comparison with spring – summer seasons. It is typical for storage lakes with a superficial filling which is followed by a relative increase of radioactive materials in water from deeply lying breeds bottom. For 90Sr, the effect of fluctuations in its concentration is observed, depending on the presence of industrial centers on the way of water movement along the Zaporizhzhya Reservoir. This effect not marked for 137Cs. An assessment of the level of water pollution has shown that in our time the indicators of the studied isotopes do not exceed the permissible levels of radioactivity stipulated by the norms of radiation safety of Ukraine from 1997.
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Pham-Duc, Binh, Frederic Frappart, Quan Tran-Anh, Son Tong Si, Hien Phan, Son Nguyen Quoc, Anh Pham Le, and Bach Do Viet. "Monitoring Lake Volume Variation from Space Using Satellite Observations—A Case Study in Thac Mo Reservoir (Vietnam)." Remote Sensing 14, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 4023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14164023.
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This study estimates monthly variation of surface water volume of Thac Mo hydroelectric reservoir (located in South Vietnam), during the 2016–2021 period. Variation of surface water volume is estimated based on variation of surface water extent, derived from Sentinel-1 observations, and variation of surface water level, derived from Jason-3 altimetry data. Except for drought years in 2019 and 2020, surface water extent of Thac Mo reservoir varies in the range 50–100 km2, while its water level varies in the range 202–217 m. Correlation between these two components is high (R = 0.948), as well as correlation between surface water maps derived from Sentinel-1 and free-cloud Sentinel-2 observations (R = 0.98), and correlation between surface water level derived from Jason-3 altimetry data and from in situ measurement (R = 0.99; RMSE = 0.86 m). We showed that water volume of Thac Mo reservoir varies between −0.3 and 0.4 km3 month−1, and it is in a very good agreement with in situ measurement (R = 0.95; RMSE = 0.0682 km3 month−1). This study highlights the advantages in using different types of satellite observations and data for monitoring variation of lakes’ water storage, which is very important for regional hydrological models. Similar research can be applied to monitor lakes in remote areas where in situ measurements are not available, or cannot be accessed freely.
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Meng, Wei, Xihuan Sun, Juanjuan Ma, Xianghong Guo, Tao Lei, and Ruofan Li. "Measurement and simulation of the water storage pit irrigation trees evapotranspiration in the Loess Plateau." Agricultural Water Management 226 (December 2019): 105804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105804.
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KOMIYA, Atsuki, Kengo SATO, and Junnosuke OKAJIMA. "Measurement of concentration dependency of diffusion coefficient in ethanol-water solution under different storage condition." Journal of Fluid Science and Technology 13, no. 4 (2018): JFST0030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jfst.2018jfst0030.
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