Academic literature on the topic 'Water status indicator'
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Journal articles on the topic "Water status indicator"
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Haddadin, Munther J. "Water characteristic curves and water status indicator." Water International 33, no. 4 (December 5, 2008): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060802542099.
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Choné, X. "Stem Water Potential is a Sensitive Indicator of Grapevine Water Status." Annals of Botany 87, no. 4 (April 2001): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1361.
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King, B. A., R. W. Wall, and J. P. Taberna Jr. "Visual soil water status indicator for improved irrigation management." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 32, no. 1 (July 2001): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1699(01)00152-1.
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Derevenskaya, Olga Yurjevna, Evgenia Sergeevna Prytkova, and Elena Nikolaevna Unkovskaya. "Zooplankton as Water Quality Indicator in Shallow Lakes." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 4486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8341.
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Long-term studies (1998–2018) of shallow lakes Krugloe and Krutoe (Russia) were carried out. The trophic status of the lakes was estimated using physicochemical parameters of water and the indicators of zooplankton. Physicochemical studies of Krugloe and Krutoe lake water make it possible to classify these reservoirs as eutrophic according to their trophic status. The lakes are characterized by low water transparency, a high content of organic substances in water, the “blooming” of water is observed periodically, accompanied by the increase of pH to 8–9 units. The zooplankton communities of Krugloe and Krutoe lakes are characterized by relatively low species richness, the dominance of a small number of species, and the predominance of species that are indicators of eutrophic waters. Quantitative indicators of zooplankton are characterized by significant fluctuations in values over the years, the prevalence of rotifers. They showed that zooplankton community is a good indicator of the trophic state of lakes. Such indicators of zooplankton communities as the composition of dominant species, their number, the presence of indicator species, the quantitative indicators of zooplankton and individual taxonomic groups, and the average individual mass of the zooplankton can be used to characterize the trophic status of lakes. They can be recommended for use during monitoring of the lake condition in the Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve.
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Nadezhdina, N. "Sap flow index as an indicator of plant water status." Tree Physiology 19, no. 13 (November 1, 1999): 885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/19.13.885.
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Nadezhdina, N. "Sap flow index as an indicator of plant water status." Tree Physiology 19, no. 14 (December 1, 1999): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/19.14.960.
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Gómez-Giráldez, Pedro J. "Integración de imágenes de sensores remotos en el desarrollo de indicadores medioambientales en cuencas mediterráneas. Aplicación al seguimiento de su estado hídrico y productividad." Revista de Teledetección, no. 58 (July 21, 2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/raet.2021.14986.
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<p>This thesis proposes the use of remote sensing images of different spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions that, combined with meteorological, hydrological and phenological data, can be used to produce indicators of different ecosystem variables related to productivity and water status in different unique systems of the Mediterranean region. Specifically, the development of three indicators closely linked to each other is proposed: an indicator of the water status of the soil at the end of the dry season from the state of different vegetation covers; an indicator of the productivity of natural pastures, the main food support for extensive livestock in dehesa ecosystems, based on their status and the climatic conditions of the period evaluated; and, finally, an indicator of the relationship between water state of the soil and the natural pasture phenological state.</p>
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Česonienė, Laima, Daiva Šileikienė, and Midona Dapkienė. "Relationship between the Water Quality Elements of Water Bodies and the Hydrometric Parameters: Case Study in Lithuania." Water 12, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020500.
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The larger and deeper lakes and ponds are, the better the conditions for spontaneous water purification, slower hydrobiological processes and slower accumulation of sediment. The goal of this research was to assess the ecological status of selected Lithuanian lentic water bodies and the impact of morphometric indicators on water quality. Multiple studies were conducted on 29 lakes and 10 ponds located throughout Lithuania in 2014–2018. The study proved that higher maxima and average depths of lakes correlate with lower Ptotal, Ntotal yield and macrophyte taxonomic composition values, indicating higher ecological status class. Higher chlorophyll a EQR, ichthyofauna taxonomic composition indicator for Lithuanian fish index LFI and Lithuanian lakes’ macroinvertebrate index indicates a higher ecological class. Larger lake areas contain smaller amounts of Ptotal and Ntotal, indicating better ecological status class; higher ichthyophane taxonomic composition in LFI, zoobenthos taxonomic composition indicator for Lithuanian lakes’ macroinvertebrates index (LLMI) and taxonomic composition of macrophytes MRI indicate better ecological status class. Larger lake areas contain lower chlorophyll a EQR values. Rapid water exchange improves the condition of the lake in addition to nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll a EQR values. The faster the water exchange in the lake is, the lower the Ptotal and Ntotal values; faster water exchange in the lake also means higher chlorophyll a EQR values. However, slower water exchange indicates better ecological status of the macrophytic taxonomic composition of the MRI, the ichthyofauna taxonomic composition and the Lithuanian lakes’ macroinvertebrates index indicator of zoobenthos.
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Völker, J., S. Richter, D. Borchardt, and V. Mohaupt. "Risk and monitoring based indicators of receiving water status: alternative or complementary elements in IWRM?" Water Science and Technology 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.526.
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The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) was enacted in the year 2000 with a stepwise approach. After legal implementation in the various member states large efforts were undertaken for the initial characterization of water bodies, risk assessment, to implement extensive monitoring schemes and to develop management plans at different aggregation levels by the year 2010. The initial characterization process and risk assessment had to be finalized by 2004 and delineated water bodies including a typological classification and identified the significant pressures and impacts in a screening procedure. In parallel, monitoring programmes and new biological indicator systems were developed in order to proof and refine the results of the risk assessment with an ecological indicator based assessment in a subsequent step which was finalized in 2009. Although the risk assessment for Germany was based on existing data that were originally collected for other purposes and came from a large variety of environmental or economical sectors, the results differ only slightly from the monitoring and indicator based information with respect to classifications of the ‘ecological status’ and ‘chemical status’. From this result we conclude that a risk assessment based on a careful application and intelligent combination of existing data sources with proven quality allows the recognition of trends and the identification of priorities for action of measures already at an early stage of a management process. However, monitoring schemes and advanced sets of ecological indicators are essential in later management steps both for narrowing uncertainties remaining from the risk assessment and to allow for effect controls of implemented measures. Moreover, these monitoring indicators should differentiate the effects of multiple stressors more factor specific and with respect to ecosystem states and functions. In conclusion, we see risk and indicator based assessments as complementary elements in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), which have to be linked in systematic and phased procedures.
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Zhu, Juanjuan, Nicolas Tremblay, and Yinli Liang. "A Corn Nitrogen Status Indicator Less Affected by Soil Water Content." Agronomy Journal 103, no. 3 (May 2011): 890–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0351.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Water status indicator"
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Dai, Ian, and Aregai Tecle. "Chevelon Canyon Trend Analysis Using Vulnerability Indicators." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296957.
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Peacock, Claude Evan. "Fresh-water mussels as indicators of prehistoric human environmental impact in the Southeastern United States." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507959.
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Ruskin, Robert H. 1952. "Bacterial indicator organisms in various classes of cisterns in the U.S. Virgin Islands." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191211.
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Because cisterns are exposed to the environment via their direct attachment to catchment surfaces, cistern water quality is often poor. In the U.S. Virgin Islands cisterns are involved in supplying the water needs for private homes, hotels, businesses and public housing, making them subject to the mandates of the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act. This study compares the results of the occurrence of various water quality indicators in Private Residential, Public Housing, and Hotels and Guest House cisterns in the U.S. Virgin Islands in a side-by-side analysis. Forty-seven separate independent variables were created and tested for correlation, of which only the rate at which chlorination was applied was significant. A high degree of correlation was found to exist between total and fecal coliforms. A moderate, but still significant correlation between the coliform and the heterotrophic levels in the cistern was also noted. There was no correlation between any of the bacterial indicators studied and the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results show, depending upon on the type and amount of chlorination received, different bacterial indicators will predominate and that there is a logical succession from one to the next with chlorination. On the unchlorinated end of the scale, normally associated with privateresidential homes, there is a correlation between the heterotrophic bacteria and total coliform. On the other end where chlorination is constant, normally associated with public water supply systems, correlation is between total coliform and fecal coliform. The proportion at which these indicators occur is a function of the diligence at which chlorination takes place. Regression analysis showed that the heterotrophs and total coliforms were the most sensitive to chlorination while the streptococci and fecal coliform were the most resistant. Thus, what is seen is fecal coliform unmasking based upon chlorination pattern. Depending upon whether the cistern is a private or public water supply which is mandated to be treated, an appropriate indicator system based upon the likelihood of treatment can be suggested. For unchlorinated private residential home cisterns the prime indicator should be the heterotrophic plate count and for chlorinated systems the take-action organism should be the fecal coliform. P. aeruginosa should be tested for in both domestic cistern water supplies and public cistern water supply systems.
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Fischer, Phillip Murray. "δ13C as indicator of soil water availability and drought stress in Pinus radiata stands in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6588.
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Thesis (MSc (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the use of carbon isotopes as a potential measure for water availability and drought stress in Pinus radiata in the Western and Southern Cape, South Africa. An understanding of water availability and its variation in space is fundamental to the implementation of increasingly site-specific management regimes that have the potential to greatly improve productivity across sites in the region. Fifteen plantation compartments situated on water shedding sites were identified where good weather data existed and a water balance model could be run. In addition, late wood samples were analysed from four co-dominant trees in the same stand to determine the δ13C values of five tree rings, each representing a specific growth year before first thinning. Detailed water balances were constructed for each trial site and drought stress indicators (a) relative canopy conductance (after Granier et al., 2000) and (b) the ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration (supply / demand ratio), were related to δ13C values in latewood. Maximum available soil water ranged from 52 to 313 mm across trial sites. The water balance model used adequately described soil water availability throughout each growing season and indicated that stand stress due to the lack of available soil water mainly occurred during the summer months of the study period (November to April). The supply / demand ratio for this period as well as the relative canopy conductance proved to be good measures of drought stress. The six-month supply demand ratio (calculated for the period November to April) ranged from 0.04 to nearly 1 (winter rainfall zone) and 0.35 to 1 (all-year rainfall zone) and were strongly related to δ13C values (p < 0.001; r2 = 0.7822). It appears that using δ13C values, it may be possible to classify sites into three water availability classes. This classification may assist in the implementation of intensive silvicultural operations on an increasingly site-specific basis. Where sites are enriched with water from lateral flow or upslope positions, δ13C may be the only reliable technique to quantify soil water availability.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die gebruik van koolstof isotope as 'n moontlike maatstaf vir die beskikbaarheid van water en droogtestremming in Pinus radiata in die Wes-en Suid-Kaap, Suid-Afrika. 'n Begrip van die beskikbaarheid van water en die ruimtelike variasie daarvan is fundamenteel vir die implementering van groeiplek-spesifieke bestuur sisteem wat die potensiaal het om baie verbeterde produktiwiteit oor persele in die streek teweeg te bring. Vyftien plantasievakke, geleë op waterskeidingsterreine is geïdentifiseer waar goeie weer data bestaan en 'n water balans model uitgevoer kon word. Daarmee saam is laathout monsters vanuit vier ko-dominante bome in dieselfde kompartement geanaliseer en die δ13C waardes van laathout in vyf jaarringe bepaal wat elk 'n spesifieke jaar van groei voor die eerste dunning verteenwoordig. Gedetailleerde water balanse is vir elke proef perseel bereken en aanwysers van droogtestremming, nl.: (a) relatiewe kroon geleiding (na Granier et al., 2000) en (b) die verhouding van die werklike teenoor potensiële evapotranspirasie (vraag / aanbod verhouding) is gekorreleer met 13C waardes in laat hout. Die maksimum hoeveelheid water beskikbaar op die verskeie proefpersele wissel van 52 tot 313 mm. Die water balans model wat gebruik is beskryf die beskikbare grondwater met genoegsame akkuraatheid. vir die hele groeiseisoen. Die model dui ook aan dat die kompartemente droogtestremming as gevolg van die gebrek aan beskikbare grond water ervaar gedurende die somer maande van die studie tydperk (November tot April). Die vraag / aanbod verhouding vir hierdie tydperk, asook die relatiewe kroon geleiding is geskik om as maatstawwe van droogtestremming gebruik te word. Die vraag / aanbod verhouding (bereken vir die tydperk November tot April) het gewissel van 0,04 tot byna 1 (Winter reënval gebied) en 0,35 tot 1 (die heel jaar reënval sone) en is sterk verwant aan 13C waardes (p <0,001; r2 = 0,7822). Dit blyk dat met die gebruik van δ13C waardes, dit moontlik kan wees om kompartemente te klassifiseer in drie klasse van water beskikbaarheid. Hierdie klassifikasie kan help met die implementering van intensiewe boskultuur bedrywighede op 'n meer vak-spesifieke basis. Waar vakkeverryk is met water vanuit laterale vloei of hoër liggende posisies, mag δ13C dalk die enigste betroubare tegniek wees om die beskikbaarheid van water te kwantifiseer.
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Nagrockienė, Erika. "Šešupės tvenkinio Marijampolėje aplinkosauginės būklės pagerinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130621_143142-51402.
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Magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti Šešupės tvenkinio būklės situaciją ir būklės gerinimo kryptis, bei ištirti investicinių projektų galimybes vandens telkinio būklei pagerinti. Šiame darbe yra nagrinėjama Šešupės tvenkinio aplinkosauginė būklė ir tiriamos investicinių projektų galimybės Šešupės tvenkinio būklei pagerinti. Tyrimai atlikti Šešupės tvenkinyje 2012 metais gegužės ir spalio mėn. Imti mėginiai vandens tyrimams iš trijų skirtingų vietų ir išanalizuoti aplinkotyros laboratorijoje. Atliekant vandens cheminės būklės tyrimus analizuoti šie vandens būklės rodikliai: PO-P4, Skendinčios medžiagos, Permanganato indeksas, Pb, pH, O2, N-NH4, N-NO2, N-NO3, Nb, BDS7. Tyrimams panaudoti duomenys gauti prieš tvenkinio tvarkymą ir prasidėjus rekonstrukcijai. Tyrimų metu nustatyta, kad vandens cheminė būklė ženkliai nepakito. Didžiausi vandens cheminės būklės pakitimai rasti nustatant bendrą azotą, kuris parodo vandens būklės pablogėjimą. Išaiškintos priežastys, dėl kurių atsirado vandens cheminės būklės pakitimai. Taip pat buvo nagrinėjamas geriausio scenarijaus pasirinkimas alternatyvų analizės būdu. Šiame projekte geriausias sprendimas pasirenkamas atlikus daugiakriterinę alternatyvų analizę.The aim of this master's final paper is to analyze the condition of the Šešupė pond and the directions for improvement of this condition and also to study the possibility to implement investment projects for improvement of the condition of the pond. This paper analyzes the environmental condition of the Šešupė pond and studies the possibility to implement investment projects for improvement of the condition of the Šešupė pond. Analyses were conducted in the Šešupė pond during the period from May to October 2012. Water samples for the analyses were collected at three different places of the pond and analyzed in an environmental science laboratory. The analysis of water chemical status included the following water status indicators: PO-P4, materials in suspension, permanganate index, Pb, pH, O2, N-NH4, N-NO2, N-NO3, Nb, BDS7. Data used for the analyses were obtained before reconstruction of the pond and at the beginning of reconstruction. The analysis has shown that the water chemical status has not changed significantly. The most significant changes of the water chemical status were found during the analysis of total nitrogen which is the indicator of water status deterioration. The reasons of the changes of the water chemical status were clarified. Also I have studied the selection of the best scenario through the analysis of the alternatives. The best solution in this project is selected after multi-criteria analysis of the alternatives.
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Guinda, Salsamendi Xabier. "Desarrollo de procedimientos aplicables a la evaluación del estado ecológico de las masas de agua costeras, sensu Directiva Marco del Agua." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Cantabria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10626.
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En la presente tesis doctoral se desarrollan una serie de procedimientos para evaluar el estado de los diversos componentes bióticos (fitoplancton, macroalgas, invertebrados bentónicos) y abióticos (calidad fisicoquímica de las aguas) del medio marino en relación a la incidencia humana sobre el mismo. El objetivo de dichos procedimientos es dar respuesta a las exigencias establecidas en la Directiva Marco del Agua (Directiva 2000/60/CE) en lo que respecta a la evaluación del estado ecológico de las masas de agua costeras. En este sentido, además de ampliar el conocimiento existente sobre las características fisicoquímicas y biológicas de las masas de agua costeras de Cantabria, constituye una importante aportación tanto desde el punto de vista científico como desde el punto de vista de la gestión. Entre las contribuciones más destacadas de esta tesis cabría mencionar el desarrollo del Índice de Calidad de Fondos Rocosos (CFR) para la valoración de las comunidades de macroalgas costeras.In this PhD. Thesis, several procedures are developed to assess human influence on the status of the marine environment biotic (phytoplankton, macroalgae, benthic invertebrates) and abiotic (physicochemical quality of water) components. The purpose of these approaches is to meet the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) regarding the ecological status assessment of coastal water bodies.In this sense, besides increasing the existing knowledge on the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the Cantabrian coastal water bodies, it provides an important contribution both from a scientific and a management point of view. One of the most outstanding contributions of this thesis is the development of the Quality of Rocky Bottoms Index (CFR) for the assessment of coastal macroalgae communities.
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Fu, Wei, and 傅薇. "Vollenweider model and trophic status indicator for reservoir water quality management." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88628072420450495354.
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碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
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Water quality index and water quality models are usually used to demonstrate the trophic states of reservoirs water quality. In Taiwan, the Carlson Trophic State Index (CTSI) is officially used by Taiwan EPA. The objectives of this study are to understand the trophic states of 20 main Taiwanese reservoirs with different water quality indices and moreover, to compare the results of Vollenweider model and water quality index used in Nanhwa reservoir. The purposes of this study were: (1) to evaluate the limited nutrient of eutrophication for the 20 reservoirs, (2) to compare the differences of various trophic indices, (3) to evaluate the pollution loadings and water quality of Nanhwa reservoir by SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) and Vollenweider model, (4) to compare the trophic states of Nanhwa reservoir by Vollenweider model and trophic indices. Moreover, trophic state index on single parameter of total phosphorus (TP) included Carlson, USEPA, OECD and OECD average. The results show that about 80% of N/P ratios are larger than 15 for the main 20 reservoirs in Taiwan, so that the limited nutrient of eutrophication is phosphorous. The total phosphorous (TP) is suggested as the target water quality for reservoir management. While using the CTSI as the trophic state index, the percentage of eutrophication of the 20 reservoirs is 31%. However, the results are different with other indices. The percentage of eutrophication according to TP is 18%(OECD average TP), 15%(OECD TP), 46% (USEPA TP) , and 34% (Carlson TP), respectively. The validated SWMM model resulted in 5,603 kg-TP/yr pollution loads from Nanhwa reservoir watershed. The results of Vollenweider model also showed that the trophic state of Nanhwa reservoir is mesotrophic state, which is consistent with the results of other indices. If the target TP concentration is set as 10 µg/L for Nanhwa reservoir, 32% and 47% of the TP loads should be reduced respectively, according to the annual average and seasonal average results from Vollenweider model.
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Lin, Hsueh-Wen, and 林學文. "Trophic status indicator for reservoir water quality management -Nan-Hua and Ching-Mien reservoirs in Taiwan." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/nub89u.
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碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
103
Carlson(1977) developed CTIS(Carlson trophic status index) using the correlation of total phosphorus (TP), transparency (SD) and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) based on data of North America reservoir. In this study, the water quality data of Nan-Hua and Ching-Mien reservoirs monitored from 1993 to 2013 was collected by Taiwan EPA. The purposes of this research were: (1) to analyze the correlation between water quality parameters and CTSI, (2) to evaluate water quality parameters associated with the CTSI, (3) to compare the ratio of eutrophic status using trophic state indices. The trophic state indices (TSI) including CTSI, OECD comprehensive index (OECD) and US EPA are employed. The US EPA, OECD and Japan classified trophic status by Chl-a and TP concentration. CTSI was applied in Lake TMDL of the United States. The results based on the data of Nan-Hua reservoir indicate that, for example, the average of N/P ratio of Nan-Hua reservoir was 38 (more than 15). The limiting nutrient might be TP for Nan-Hua reservoir. The low correlation is present SD, TP and Chl-a. The correlation coefficient(r) was 0.08 and 0.19, respectively. The consequences are different from Carlson’s results that SD between TP and Chl-a had high correlation(r= 0.93 and r= 0.846, respectively). CTSI can not apply to the management of reservoir water quality in Taiwan. The correlation between SD and SS was better than that between SD and Chl-a which means SD is mainly affected by SS. Because reservoirs had high SS concentration in Taiwan, SD is not appropriate for water quality parameters. The ratio of eutrophic status was 27% by CTSI in Nan-Hua reservoir. The ratio of eutrophic status according to TP is 3% (OECD TP), 16% (OECD average TP), 41% (USEPA TP) and 32% (Carlson TP), respectively. The ratio of eutrophic status according to Chl-a were 1%(OECD Chl-a), 5%(OECD average Chl-a), 9%(USEPA Chl-a) and 9%(Carlson Chl-a), respectively. The highest ratio of eutrophic status according to TP was 41% by USEPA (TP), because the trophic status value for eutrophication was 20 μg /L. In contrast, the highest ratio of eutrophic status was 9% by USEPA (Chl-a). The results of Ching-Mien reservoir were similar to that result of Nan-Hua reservoir. Chl-a represented the density of algae and limiting nutrient was TP. Based on this research, we suggest that TP and/or Chl-a might be applied to classify the trophic status in Taiwan reservoir/lake.
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Rahimi-Eichi, Vahid. "Water use efficiency in almonds (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb)." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/87112.
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Almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill) D. A. Webb) is a nut tree in the family Rosaceae, which compared to other nut crops, grown in Mediterranean climates, is relatively drought resistant. Due to the lack of, or high cost of water, almond growers are more inclined to improve gross production water use efficiency (WUE) by adopting water saving irrigation strategies. To this aim, the sensitivity and accuracy of different water status indicators need to be compared to design a suitable irrigation schedule. Meanwhile, instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi) [i subscript] that is a measure made at the leaf scale can also be used as a criterion for estimating WUE in breeding programs. To study the effects of different deficit irrigation strategies, sustained and regulated deficit irrigations (SDI and RDI) were applied on almond trees for two consecutive seasons (2009-2010 and 2010-2011). Five levels of water amount were applied; namely, 55, 70, 85, 100 and 120% ETc [c subscript]. Kernel yield, midday stem water potential (MSWP), stomatal conductance (gs) [s subscript], increment in trunk circumference (ΔTC) and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ¹³C) were measured for both seasons. Results obtained in the 2009-2010 season showed that regardless of irrigation strategy, kernel yield was reduced in 70% ETc [c subscript] of irrigation or less. Meanwhile kernel yield, WUE and water status indicators in this season were more sensitive to the quantity of water applied rather than to the deficit strategy (SDI or RDI). However, kernel yield was slightly lower in RDI 70% ETc [c subscript] compared to SDI 70% ETc [c subscript] treatments. Although, there were high correlations between all water status indicators and the amount of water applied, gs [s subscript] and Δ¹³C showed lower sensitivity towards water deficit compared to MSWP and ΔTC, implying an anisohydric behaviour of almond trees. Meanwhile, in the first season, the observed correlation coefficients between kernel yield and ΔTC were lower than those of other water status indicators: MSWP ≈ gs [s subscript] ≈ Δ¹³C > ΔTC. In addition, there was only a moderate correlation (R²= 0.61) between Δ¹³C and WUE in the first season indicating that Δ¹³C may not be a reliable indicator of changes in WUE in almond trees. In the 2010-2011 season, there were no significant differences in kernel yields and water status indicators between different treatments. It was probably due to the humid weather and frequent rain in the second season that negated the effects of deficit irrigation on almond trees. To study the WUEi [i subscript] in different genotypes, gs and assimilation rate (A) in 5 mixed crosses of almond were examined. The significant correlations between gs [s subscript], A and internal concentration of CO₂ (Ci) [i subscript] indicated that A was probably limited by both stomatal and non-stomatal parameters that might be affected by genotype variations. Mesophyll anatomy and gs [s subscript] between three almond varieties (Nonpareil, Carmel and Masbovera) were also compared. The results demonstrated that the post-venous hydraulic distance Dm [m subscript] and the density of mesophyll cells might indirectly affect gs [s subscript].Thesis (M.Phil.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2014
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"A histology-based fish health assessment to determine the health status and edibility of two indicator fish species from the Roodeplaat Dam." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3708.
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M.Sc.A comprehensive histology-based fish health assessment was implemented at the Roodeplaat Dam (RD), Pretoria, South Africa, to determine the health status of two fresh water fish species, Clarias gariepinus (n = 20) and Oreochromis mossambicus (n = 18), after exposure to pollutants. RD is known to be polluted, being impacted from two sewage treatment plants, industry, housing and agriculture all upstream of the reserve. Excessive nutrient loads, such as orthophosphate, resulted in the dam becoming eutrophic. The quality of water in the RD was a cause for concern, as the fish from the dam are being used as a source of food by the local people. The histology-based fish health assessment included fish necropsy, calculation of gross body indices and histological assessment. Water quality (chemical and physical) analysis was also carried. Furthermore, target chemical analysis of fish tissue (skeletal muscle) was performed to determine the levels of contaminants in the consumable parts of the fish. These results were compared with existing international guidelines to determine whether the harvested fish were safe for human consumption. All the information obtained was integrated in a qualitative and quantitative scenario-based health risk assessment.
Books on the topic "Water status indicator"
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Banerjee, Sudeshna. Trends in household coverage of modern infrastructure services in africa. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2009.
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Bauer, Steve. Aquatic habitat indicators and their application to water quality objectives within the Clean Water Act. Seattle, WA: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, 1999.
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Rabalais, Nancy N. An updated summary of status and trends in indicators of nutrient enrichment in the Gulf of Mexico. Stennis Space Center, MS: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Gulf of Mexico Program, 1993.
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Kashuba, Roxolana. Multilevel hierarchical modeling of benthic macroinvertebrate responses to urbanization in nine metropolitan regions across the conterminous United States. Reston, Va: U.S. Geological Survey, 2010.
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1952-, Ram Neil M., Calabrese Edward J. 1946-, and Christman R. F. 1936-, eds. Organic carcinogens in drinking water: Detection, treatment, and risk assessment. New York: Wiley, 1986.
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Peril in the ponds: Deformed frogs, politics, and a biologist's quest. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2012.
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Gottholm, Bernard W. Toxic contaminants in the Gulf of Maine. Rockville, Md: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment, 1992.
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Office, General Accounting. Superfund: Cleanups nearing completion indicate future challenges : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Superfund, Recycling, and Solid Waste Management, Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1993.
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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water., ed. Environmental indicators of water quality in the United States. Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1996.
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Malawi social indicators survey, 1995: A survey of the state of health, nutrition, water, sanitation, and education of children in Malawi. [Zomba]: Ministry of Economic Planning and Development, National Statistical Office and the Centre for Social Research, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Water status indicator"
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Vettorazzi, Carolina, Susana Molina, Carlos Grazioso, Manolo Mazariegos, Mei-Ling Siu, and Noel W. Solomons. "Bioelectrical Impedance Indices in Protein-Energy Malnourished Children as an Indicator of Total Body Water Status." In In Vivo Body Composition Studies, 45–49. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1473-8_6.
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Turgeon, Donna D., Suzanne B. Bricker, and Thomas P. O’Connor. "National Status and Trends Program: Chemical and Biological Monitoring of U.S. Coastal Waters." In Ecological Indicators, 425–57. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4659-7_26.
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Siderius, Christian, Robel Geressu, Martin C. Todd, Seshagiri Rao Kolusu, Julien J. Harou, Japhet J. Kashaigili, and Declan Conway. "High Stakes Decisions Under Uncertainty: Dams, Development and Climate Change in the Rufiji River Basin." In Climate Risk in Africa, 93–113. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61160-6_6.
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AbstractThe need to stress test designs and decisions about major infrastructure under climate change conditions is increasingly being recognised. This chapter explores new ways to understand and—if possible—reduce the uncertainty in climate information to enable its use in assessing decisions that have consequences across the water, energy, food and environment sectors. It outlines an approach, applied in the Rufiji River Basin in Tanzania, that addresses uncertainty in climate model projections by weighting them according to different skill metrics; how well the models simulate important climate features. The impact of different weighting approaches on two river basin performance indicators (hydropower generation and environmental flows) is assessed, providing an indication of the reliability of infrastructure investments, including a major proposed dam under different climate model projections. The chapter ends with a reflection on the operational context for applying such approaches and some of the steps taken to address challenges and to engage stakeholders.
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Cuffney, Thomas F., Michael R. Meador, Stephen D. Porter, and Martin E. Gurtz. "Responses of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Indicators of Water Quality to a Gradient of Agricultural Land Use in the Yakima River Basin, Washington." In Monitoring Ecological Condition in the Western United States, 259–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4343-1_21.
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Kharytonova, Yuliia, and Vasil Dyadichko. "LONG-TERM CHANGES OF COPEPODA (CRUSTACEA) ABUNDANCE AND BIOMASS IN THE DANUBE AND ODESA REGIONS OF THE BLACK SEA AS INDICATOR OF WATER QUALITY." In European vector of development of the modern scientific researches. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-077-3-21.
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Copepoda are the most important zooplanktonic group constituting the primary food for fish larvae and some fishes. Copepoda have the longest life cycles among the Black Sea mesozooplankton, so their biomass and percentage of total zooplankton biomass is greatly reduced by eutrophication. The percentage of Copepoda from the total biomass of zooplankton is a reliable indicator of the ecological status of the water bodies. For the Black Sea marine waters the indicator of “good” ecological status (GES) is the average annual biomass of Copepoda, which exceeds 45% of the total biomass of zooplankton. Changes of total biomass of zooplankton, biomass of Copepoda, the abundance and biomass of dominant species – Oithona davisae Ferrari F. D. & Orsi, 1984, Acartia (Acartiura) clausi Giesbrecht, 1889 and A. (Acanthacartia) tonsa Dana, 1849 in the Danube and Odesa marine regions from 1970 to 2019 were analysed. Also the ecological quality class in the Nort-Western part of Black sea by Copepoda indicators from 2004 to 2017 were established according to Water Framework Directive US. The total zooplankton biomass had been decreasing in Ukrainian waters and % of Copepoda from total zooplankton biomass was increasing. These tendencies shown a positive change in the forage base of commercial planktophagous fishes and ecological class status of the investigated aquatories. The abundance and biomass of O. davisae, A. clausi and A. tonsa were decreased from 2016 to 2019. The highest values of their metrics were in 2016 and the lowest rates observed in 2019. O. davisae, A. clausi and A. tonsa were the main components of copepods number and biomass. The Acartia species formed higher part of Copepoda biomass than O. davisae. The ecological state was “good” (GES) only in Danube-Dnieper coastal waters and Danube delta in 2004–2017 where Copepoda formed more than 45 % of total zooplankton biomass. In waters of Northwester Black Sea bays, shallow and deepwater shelfs the ecological state was “Bad” (notGES), the part of Copepoda was lower than 45 %.
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Muzammel Hossain, Md. "Perspective Chapter: Status of Dolphin in the Maritime Area of Bangladesh." In Marine Mammals [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102022.
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The aquatic mammalian species is the best indicator for the health of water specially dolphins. Due to human anthropogenic activities, dolphin survival rate and movement are reduced. The dreadful conditions of coastal habitats can have major concerns for dolphin population and distribution. Some dolphins swim in a short distance and some swim in a long distance. Southeast Asia is a significant geographical region for dolphin conservation. Several dolphins are highly important for the maritime area of Bangladesh that were sighted in the coastal and marine water such as Irrawaddy dolphin, Indo-Pacific Humpback dolphin, Bottlenose dolphin, Spotted dolphin, Spinner dolphin, and Ganges dolphins. Marine protected area (MPA) is a valuable zone for dolphin conservation as well as biological species. This primary information of dolphins helps for further investigation in the Bangladeshi water. The research action plan must be considered with coastal habitat, marine protected area and fishing community to conserve dolphins. We should be concerned about dolphin conservation through local and international community to develop the environment and the blue economy. Local community directly involved in the maritime area due to livelihood opportunities.
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Rodrigues, Sara, Ivo Pinto, Sandra Nogueira, and Sara C. Antunes. "Perspective Chapter: Daphnia magna as a Potential Indicator of Reservoir Water Quality - Current Status and Perspectives Focused in Ecotoxicological Classes Regarding the Risk Prediction." In Environmental Sciences. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105768.
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Several types of stressors come into natural water bodies, degrading their quality, and having harmful effects on aquatic biota. As a result, many attempts have been made to develop complementary techniques to those imposed by the Water Framework Directive (WFD) to improve the water quality assessment strategy in a shorter time and be more faithful to the components and contaminants of the ecosystem. Daphnia magna has been extensively used as a model organism for ecotoxicity testing, and its ecotoxicological responses to several disturbance factors have been being well characterized. From this perspective, this work aimed to evaluate the applicability of the feeding bioassays with D. magna, as well as early distress tools (biochemical biomarkers), in the assessment of water quality of natural waters of reservoirs. Samplings were performed in several sites in three Portuguese reservoirs and were conducted in the spring of 2020. Bioassays and biomarkers results showed sensitivity to different reservoirs since the sites are minimally or moderately impacted. Biological responses can be related to several environmental factors, such as surrounding areas, seston composition, and chemical analysis (WFD), among others not quantified. This set of biological responses has presented good concordance with the ecological potential of the reservoirs.
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Lv, Xin, Yifei Zhang, Xin Fang, and Zonghao Hou. "Restoration Effect Evaluation of Artificial Reefs Based on Bayesian Networks." In Modern Management based on Big Data III. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia220123.
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To meet the increasingly urgent need for ecological restoration effect evaluation, the ecosystem health status of reefs was described, and an ecosystem health evaluation model of artificial reefs (ARs) based on Bayesian networks (BNs) was established. By comparing the probability of the ecological health status between restored areas and control areas, we assessed the AR ecological restoration effect of the Qinhuangdao project in 2012. The results show that this project had a remediating effect in May and September, with clear repair effects on the water environment, sediment environment, and fishery resources. The sensitivity of each indicator was calculated, and organic carbon and benthos biomass was identified as the most sensitive factors. This study will provide the basis for the further development of restoration measures.
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Fenner, Peter J. "Drowning." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Jon G. Ayres, 1691–96. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0207.
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Drowning is a major preventable cause of death, most frequently in children and in developing countries. Aspiration (whether of salt or fresh water) is usual in drowning and near-drowning (known as non-fatal, or submersion injury) and leads to cardiac arrest within a few minutes. Death or severe neurological impairment occurs after submersion for more than 5–10 min, but much longer durations may be tolerated in hypothermic conditions. Prognosis cannot reliably be predicted, but cardiovascular status is a better prognostic indicator than neurological presentation. Patients who are neurologically responsive at the scene of immersion, in sinus rhythm and with reactive pupils, have good outcomes. Those who are asystolic on arrival at hospital and remain comatose for more than 3 h have a poor prognosis unless they are hypothermic. Patients with a normal chest radiograph on admission usually survive.
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"Global baseline status of targets and indicators." In SDG 6 Synthesis Report 2018 on Water and Sanitation, 29–102. UN, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/87edd150-en.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Water status indicator"
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Zatserkovnyi, V. I., L. V. Plichko, T. M. Malik, O. Ye Nikolaienko, and I. V. Pampukha. "MONITORING SURFACE WATER STATUS USING AN INTEGRATED INDICATOR." In Monitoring 2019. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201903239.
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Mohamed, Abdelmoneim Zakaria, Yasin Osroosh, Troy Robert Peters, Travis Bates, Colin Sanford Campbell, and Francesc Ferrer-Alegre. "Morning crop water stress index as a sensitive indicator of water status in apple trees." In 2019 Boston, Massachusetts July 7- July 10, 2019. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.201900577.
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Adamovich, B. V. "TROPHIC STATUS AS AN IMPORTANT INDICATOR OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF WATER ECOSYSTEMS." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-2-153-155.
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Trophic status is one of the key characteristics of aquatic ecosystems, which most adequately reflects the level of eutrophication of natural waters. We have shown the possibility of using the Carlson trophic state index (TSI) for assessment of the trophicity of surface waters in Belarus on the example of the lakes of the Naroch region.
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Mitryasova, Olena. "THE STATUS OF THE SMALL RIVER AS AN INDICATOR OF THE WATER SECURITY OF NATURAL SURFACE WATER." In 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017h/33/s12.049.
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Akkermann, Jan, and Marina Suhm. "Structural robustness as an extended status indicator in bridge maintenance management systems." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1049.
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<p>In infrastructure assessment in Germany, the main structural inspections classify damage according to intensity, type and influence on stability, traffic safety and durability. The structural capability of bridge structures and parts thereof to react to these damages in a vulnerable or robust manner is a key indicator for the failure probability. The structural robustness of the structure is thus an addi- tional initial information for a qualified condition assessment in maintenance management and for the prioritisation of measures. Originally designed for traffic water structures, the newly developed method for determining the structural robustness and its linkage of damage processes to a "condi- tion class" is transferred to bridge structures. This enables a typological clustering of similar types of structures with regard to damage processes as well as the prioritisation of repair measures in the structure portfolio.</p>
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Akkermann, Jan, and Marina Suhm. "Structural robustness as an extended status indicator in bridge maintenance management systems." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1049.
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<p>In infrastructure assessment in Germany, the main structural inspections classify damage according to intensity, type and influence on stability, traffic safety and durability. The structural capability of bridge structures and parts thereof to react to these damages in a vulnerable or robust manner is a key indicator for the failure probability. The structural robustness of the structure is thus an addi- tional initial information for a qualified condition assessment in maintenance management and for the prioritisation of measures. Originally designed for traffic water structures, the newly developed method for determining the structural robustness and its linkage of damage processes to a "condi- tion class" is transferred to bridge structures. This enables a typological clustering of similar types of structures with regard to damage processes as well as the prioritisation of repair measures in the structure portfolio.</p>
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Bartoszek, L., P. Koszelnik, and R. Gruca-Rokosz. "The carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes content in sediments as an indicator of the trophic status of artificial water reservoirs." In The Fifth National Congress of Environmental Engineering. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315281971-12.
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Исматуллаев, П., Сарвар Рахматуллаев, and Анвар Рахматуллаев. "ELECTRICAL DETERMINATION OF WATER CONTENT IN CRUDE OIL USING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CAPACITANCE TRANSFORMER." In Status and development trends of standardization and technical regulation in the world. Tashkent state technical university, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-conf.22.1-77-0071.
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In this paper, we consider two methods for determining the amount of water in crude oil using the electrophysical properties of electrical capacitors. An electrical circuit consisting of active and reactive elements was used as an indicator for determining the oil moisture content. The capacitance of the capacitor is directly related to the dielectric constant of the object under study. The electrical circuit of the measurement and calculation formulas for determining the capacitance are given.
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Mogîldea, Vladimir, and Iurie Bejan. "Surse punctiforme semnificative de poluare cu nutrienți a râurilor mici din subbazinul hidrografic Raut." In Impactul antropic asupra calitatii mediului. Institute of Ecology and Geography, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53380/9789975330800.05.
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The research from surface waters allowed the assessment of the distribution of ammonium ions, nitrates and phosphates in different water bodies (Răut River and its tributaries r. Copăceanca, r. Cubolta, r. Căinari, r. Cogâlnic, r. Ciuluc, r. Vatici, r. Cula, ponds, wells, springs), the role of human agglomerations in the pollution of water bodies with nutrients, from punctual sources. In the Vatici basin area the quality of surface leakage caused by precipitation and their influence on the physico-chemical parameters of the river water, from the springs to the spill in Răut river, was investigated. Using the integrative indicator - Algae Growth Potential in Different Water Bodies – allowed differentiation between the total nutrient content (determined by chemical analysis) and the nutrients available for the growth of hydrobionds, and characterizing the trophic status of the water body.
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MISEVIČIENĖ, Stefanija. "CHANGES IN CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANIC MATTER IN THE MOUTHS OF THE DOTNUVELE AND SMILGA RIVERS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.095.
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The quality of water in rivers of central Lithuania is often bad due to intensive anthropogenic activities. When rivers flow through the town’s territory, concentrated pollution, such as rainwater, industrial and productional waste water discharges, contributes to diffuse sources of pollution. If biogenic substances are the main indicators for diffuse pollution, organic matter, expressed as BOD, is the indicator for concentrated pollution. The article provides the 2013 – 2017 monitoring data on the changes of organic matter in the water of the Dotnuvele and Smilga Rivers and discusses the reasons for fluctuations in concentrations of BOD7. The aim of the research is to investigate the changes in the organic matter of the Dotnuvele and Smilga Rivers, depending on meteorological factors. For chemical analysis, water samples were taken quarterly. Water analysis was carried out by the ASU Chemical Analytical Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering Institute. The amount of organic matter (BOD7) is calculated as the difference in oxygen content after 7 days of incubation, while the amount of dissolved oxygen (O2) in the water is determined by the electrochemical probe method. The concentrations of BOD7 and O2 in the water of both rivers is compared with the criteria for assessing the ecological status of surface water bodies. The research has shown that the dissolved oxygen concentrations in rivers’ water are strongly influenced by water temperature and precipitation. The lower the temperature, the more of the dissolved oxygen is found in rivers’ water (r = -0.64). A lower precipitation amount, which reaches the rivers, increases the amount of dissolved oxygen in them (r = -0.45). The increase of BOD7 concentrations in rivers’ water was caused by higher precipitation amount (r = 0.46), higher air (r = 0.41) and lower water temperature (r = -0.41). The ecological status of the Dotnuvele River was usually good, while Smilga was average.
Reports on the topic "Water status indicator"
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Bjornstad, B. N., and S. Dudziak. 40 CFR 265 interim status indicator-evaluation ground-water monitoring plan for the 216-B-63 trench. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6212669.
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Lichvar, Robert W., David C. Finnegan, Michael P. Ericsson, and Walter Ochs. Distribution of Ordinary High Water Mark (OHWM) Indicators and Their Reliability in Identifying the Limits of Waters of the United States" in Arid Southwestern Channels". Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada444089.
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Weissinger, Rebecca. Evaluation of hanging-garden endemic-plant monitoring at Southeast Utah Group national parks, 2013–2020. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294868.
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Hanging gardens are the most common type of spring at Arches National Park (NP) and Natural Bridges National Monument (NM). They are also present at Canyonlands National Park, but hanging gardens are rare off the Colorado Plateau. Their cliffside setting provides stable access to water without flood disturbance. This combination provides unique habitat that is rich in endemic plant species. The diffuse, seeping emergence of water makes measuring springflow impossible at most sites. Park managers have an interest in monitoring hanging gardens—especially as the climate warms and aridity and water demand both increase. The Northern Colorado Plateau Net-work (NCPN) proposed methods for monitoring seven perennial endemic-plant species at hanging gardens as indicators of spring health and proxies for water availability. Because hanging gardens occur on bedrock outcrops, systematic or random sampling was not possible due to safety concerns and potential resource damage on steep, wet slopes. Examining eight years (2013–2020) of data, this report evaluates the suitability of endemic-plant count data at hanging gardens as a monitoring indicator. It also provides our first evaluation of status and trends at NCPN hanging gardens. The seven species included in monitoring were Rydberg’s thistle (Cirsium rydbergii), Kachina daisy (Erigeron kachinensis), alcove death camas (Zigadenus vaginatus), alcove bog orchid (Habenaria zothecina), cave primrose (Primula specuicola), alcove columbine (Aquilegia micrantha), and Eastwood’s monkeyflower (Mimulus eastwoodiae). Six of the seven species were found at each park. Up to 500 individuals of each species were counted at 42 hanging gardens in Arches NP, 14 hanging gardens in Natural Bridges NM, and 3 hanging gardens in Canyonlands NP. Larger populations were divided into count classes of 501–1,000, 1,001–10,000, and more than 10,000 individuals. Counts from two independent observers and from back-to-back years of sampling were compared for repeatability. Repeatability in count classes was less than 50% for Kachina daisy and Eastwood’s monkeyflower, which both propagate vegetatively via ramets and/or stolons. Repeatability was greater than 90% for only one species, Rydberg’s thistle. The remaining species were categorized in different classes between 15–40% of the time. Independent-observer comparisons were only available for 6.6% of the dataset, but these observations suggested that (1) observer bias was present and (2) the observer with more experience working in hanging gardens generally had higher counts than the observer with less experience in this system. Although repeatability was variable, it was within the range reported by other studies for most species. The NCPN, in discussion with park staff, has elected to make some modifications to the protocol but will continue using endemic plant counts as an indicator of hanging-garden health to maintain a biological variable as a complement to our physical-response data. This is due to their high value to park biodiversity and the difficulty of developing a more robust approach to monitoring in these sites. Endemic-plant monitoring will continue for the five species with the highest repeatability during pilot monitoring and will focus on detecting changes in smaller populations. Most hanging gardens have more than one endemic species present, so several populations can be tracked at each site. Our period of record is relatively brief, and the distribution of endemic-plant populations in different count classes at these sites has not yet shown any statistical trends over time. Be-cause of the large count classes, our methods are more sensitive to showing change in smaller populations (fewer than 500 individuals). Small populations are also of greatest concern to park managers because of their vulnerability to declines or extirpation due to drought. Over-all, more sites had endemic-plant populations of fewer than 100 individuals at the end...
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McClenaghan, M. B., W. A. Spirito, S. J. A. Day, M. W. McCurdy, and R. J. McNeil. Overview of GEM surficial geochemistry and indicator mineral surveys and case studies in northern Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330473.
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As part of the Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) program between 2008 and 2020, the Geological Survey of Canada carried out reconnaissance-scale to deposit-scale geochemical and indicator mineral surveys and case studies across northern Canada. In these studies, geochemical methods were used to determine the concentrations of 65 elements in lake sediment, stream sediment, stream water, lake water and till samples across approximately 1,000,000 km2 of northern Canada. State-of the-art indicator methods were used to examine the indicator mineral signatures in regional-scale stream sediment and till surveys. This research identified areas with anomalous concentrations of elements and/or indicator minerals that are indicative of bedrock mineralization, developed new mineral exploration models and protocols, trained a new generation of geoscientists and transferred knowledge to northern communities. The most immediate impact of the GEM surveys has been the stimulation of mineral exploration in Canada's north, focussing exploration efforts into high mineral potential areas identified in GEM regional-scale surveys. Regional- and deposit-scale studies demonstrated how transport data (till geochemistry, indicator minerals) and ice flow indicator data can be used together to identify and understand complex ice flow and glacial transport. Detailed studies at the Izok Lake, Pine Point, Strange Lake, Amaruq deposits and across the Great Bear Magmatic Zone demonstrate new suites of indicator minerals that can now be used in future reconnaissance- and regional-scale stream sediment and till surveys across Canada.
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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Saguaro National Park: Water year 2019. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2288717.
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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in south-ern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Saguaro National Park (NP) during water year 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Annual rainfall in the Rincon Mountain District was 27.36" (69.49 cm) at the Mica Mountain RAWS station and 12.89" (32.74 cm) at the Desert Research Learning Center Davis station. February was the wettest month, accounting for nearly one-quarter of the annual rainfall at both stations. Each station recorded extreme precipitation events (>1") on three days. Mean monthly maximum and minimum air temperatures were 25.6°F (-3.6°C) and 78.1°F (25.6°C), respectively, at the Mica Mountain station, and 37.7°F (3.2°C) and 102.3°F (39.1°C), respectively, at the Desert Research Learning Center station. Overall temperatures in WY2019 were cooler than the mean for the entire record. The reconnaissance drought index for the Mica Mountain station indicated wetter conditions than average in WY2019. Both of the park’s NOAA COOP stations (one in each district) had large data gaps, partially due to the 35-day federal government shutdown in December and January. For this reason, climate conditions for the Tucson Mountain District are not reported. The mean groundwater level at well WSW-1 in WY2019 was higher than the mean for WY2018. The water level has generally been increasing since 2005, reflecting the continued aquifer recovery since the Central Avra Valley Storage and Recovery Project came online, recharging Central Arizona Project water. Water levels at the Red Hills well generally de-clined starting in fall WY2019, continuing through spring. Monsoon storms led to rapid water level increases. Peak water level occurred on September 18. The Madrona Pack Base well water level in WY2019 remained above 10 feet (3.05 m) below measuring point (bmp) in the fall and winter, followed by a steep decline starting in May and continuing until the end of September, when the water level rebounded following a three-day rain event. The high-est water level was recorded on February 15. Median water levels in the wells in the middle reach of Rincon Creek in WY2019 were higher than the medians for WY2018 (+0.18–0.68 ft/0.05–0.21 m), but still generally lower than 6.6 feet (2 m) bgs, the mean depth-to-water required to sustain juvenile cottonwood and willow trees. RC-7 was dry in June–September, and RC-4 was dry in only September. RC-5, RC-6 and Well 633106 did not go dry, and varied approximately 3–4 feet (1 m). Eleven springs were monitored in the Rincon Mountain District in WY2019. Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included spring boxes or other modifications to flow. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails and scat. In addition, several sites exhibited slight disturbance from fires (e.g., burned woody debris and adjacent fire-scarred trees) and evidence of high-flow events. Crews observed 1–7 taxa of facultative/obligate wetland plants and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed four non-native plant species: rose natal grass (Melinis repens), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), crimson fountaingrass (Cenchrus setaceus), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and chemistry were collected at all springs. It is likely that that all springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019. However, temperature sensors to estimate surface water persistence failed...
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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Big Bend National Park: Water year 2019. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294267.
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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, streamflow, and water quality is central to assessing the condition of park resources. This report combines data collected on climate, groundwater, and springs at Big Bend National Park (NP) to provide an integrated look at climate and water conditions during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). However, this report does not address the Rio Grande or its tributaries. Annual precipitation was higher than normal (1981–2010) for Big Bend NP at four of the five National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Observer Program weather stations: 111% of normal for Chisos Basin, 122% of normal for Panther Junction, 155% of normal for Persimmon Gap, and 124% of normal for Rio Grande Village. Castolon had 88% of normal annual precipitation. All five stations had higher than normal rainfall in October and December, while rainfall totals were substantially below normal at all stations in November, February, and March. Monthly precipitation totals for April through September were more variable from station to station. Mean monthly maximum air temperatures were below normal in the fall months, with Panther Junction as much as 7.5°F below normal in October. Monthly temperatures from January through July were more variable. Temperatures in August and September were warmer than normal at every station, up to +9.4°F at Rio Grande Village and +8.7°F at Chisos Basin in July. The reconnaissance drought index values indicate generally wetter conditions (based on precipitation and evaporative demand) at Chisos Basin since WY2016 and at Panther Junction and Persimmon Gap since WY2015, except for WY2017. This report presents the manual and automatic groundwater monitoring results at nine wells. Five wells had their highest water level in or just before WY2019: Panther Junction #10 peaked at 99.94 ft below ground surface (bgs) in September 2018, Contractor’s Well peaked at 31.43 ft bgs in November 2018, T-3 peaked at 65.39 ft bgs in December 2018, K-Bar #6 Observation Well peaked at 77.78 ft bgs in February 2019, and K-Bar #7 Observation Well peaked at 43.18 ft bgs in February 2019. This was likely in response to above normal rainfall in the later summer and fall 2018. The other monitoring wells did not directly track within-season precipitation. The last measurement at Gallery Well in WY2019 was 18.60 ft bgs. Gallery Well is located 120 feet from the river and closely tracked the Rio Grande stage, generally increasing in late summer or early fall following higher flow events. Water levels in Gambusia Well were consistently very shallow, though the manual well measurement collected in April was 4.25 ft bgs—relatively high for the monitoring record—and occurred outside the normal peak period of later summer and early fall. The last manual measurement taken at TH-10 in WY2019 was 34.80 ft bgs, only 0.45 ft higher than the earliest measurement in 1967, consistent with the lack of directional change in groundwater at this location, and apparently decoupled from within-season precipitation patterns. The last water level reading in WY2019 at Oak Springs #1 was 59.91 ft bgs, indicating an overall decrease of 26.08 ft since the well was dug in 1989. The Southwest Network Collaboration (SWNC) collects data on sentinel springs annually in the late winter and early spring following the network springs monitoring protocol. In WY2019, 18 sentinel site springs were visited at Big Bend NP (February 21, 2019–March 09, 2019). Most springs had relatively few indications of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Natural disturbances included recent flooding, drying, and wildlife use. Anthropogenic disturbances included flow modifications (e.g., springboxes), hiking trails, and contemporary human use. Crews observed one to seven facultative/obligate wetland plant...
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Cohen, Shabtai, Melvin Tyree, Amos Naor, Alan N. Lakso, Terence L. Robinson, and Yehezkiel Cohen. Influence of hydraulic properties of rootstocks and the rootstock-scion graft on water use and productivity of apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7587219.bard.
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This one year exploratory project investigated hydraulic architecture of apple dwarfing rootstocks. The hypothesis was that hydraulic conductance is correlated with rootstock vigor. A previous study of trees on three rootstocks in Israel showed that dwarfed trees used less water than un-dwarfed trees. Analysis showed that if the tree maintains leaf water potentials above minimum values, then this implies that the dwarfed trees have lower leaf conductance, which may also be the cause of dwarfing. The current project studied small 2-year old unworked rootstock trees, and full sized trees bearing commercial yields. In both cases hydraulic conductance was determined with two methods - the non-destructive evaporative flux (EF)-leaf water potential (L WP) method, and a destructive method in which water was forced through the plant at known pressure using the "high pressure flow meter" (HPFM). Detailed work allowed measurement of conductance of the rootstock-scion union. This was achieved both with the HPFM and with the EF-LWP methods, the former in the US and the latter in Israel. Direct measurements of leaf conductance were made, and carbon isotope ratios ( d ¹³ C) were determined for leaves sampled at the end of the season. The latter can indicate sustained differences in leaf conductance behavior. HPFM and EF-LWP methods did not give the same results. In the small plants results were similar in magnitude, but not significantly correlated. In large trees, EF- L WP measurements were a fraction of those obtained with the HPFM. The latter indicates that some of the xylem is not normally functional but transports water when pressurized. Additional experimental work targeted this result. Xylem was stained before and after perfusion with water at high pressure. This showed that at least for one rootstock a significant amount of xylem was blocked before perfusion. The "air method" for determining xylem vessel properties was improved and employed. Length, radius and density of xylem vessels of different rootstocks were found to be similar, and significant differences found were not clearly related to rootstock vigor. Measurements in the commercial orchard in Israel showed that the graft union in a dwarfing rootstock was a large obstacle for water transport (i.e. had a high resistance). This apparently led to low leaf conductance to water vapor, as indicated by lower d ¹³ C, which implies low internal CO ₂ concentrations. In the US orchard, d ¹³ C in 2001 was correlated with rootstock vigor, and significant differences were found in leaf conductance. However, the d ¹³ C differences were not observed in 2002, were opposite to those found in the Israeli orchard, and measurements of the graft union with the HPFM did not find large resistances. We speculate that the graft union is not necessarily a large impediment to water transport unless the scion starts to separate from the rootstock. It was concluded that significant differences in hydraulic conductance exist between different dwarfing rootstocks. These differences may be caused by differences in xylem properties and in the degree of cavitation, as well as resistance in the graft union. However, no general relationship to rootstock vigor was found. Therefore, hydraulic conductance alone cannot explain dwarfing, but may be one of two or more factors that lead to dwarfing. Future work should integrate more factors with hydraulic relations, e.g. nutrient and solute transport and production of hormones.
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Hudgens, Bian, Jene Michaud, Megan Ross, Pamela Scheffler, Anne Brasher, Megan Donahue, Alan Friedlander, et al. Natural resource condition assessment: Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293943.
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Natural Resource Condition Assessments (NRCAs) evaluate current conditions of natural resources and resource indicators in national park units (parks). NRCAs are meant to complement—not replace—traditional issue- and threat-based resource assessments. NRCAs employ a multi-disciplinary, hierarchical framework within which reference conditions for natural resource indicators are developed for comparison against current conditions. NRCAs do not set management targets for study indicators, and reference conditions are not necessarily ideal or target conditions. The goal of a NRCA is to deliver science-based information that will assist park managers in their efforts to describe and quantify a park’s desired resource conditions and management targets, and inform management practices related to natural resource stewardship. The resources and indicators emphasized in a given NRCA depend on the park’s resource setting, status of resource stewardship planning and science in identifying high-priority indicators, and availability of data and expertise to assess current conditions for a variety of potential study resources and indicators. Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park (hereafter Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP) encompasses 1.7 km2 (0.7 mi2) at the base of the Mauna Loa Volcano on the Kona coast of the island of Hawaiʻi. The Kona coast of Hawaiʻi Island is characterized by calm winds that increase in the late morning to evening hours, especially in the summer when there is also a high frequency of late afternoon or early evening showers. The climate is mild, with mean high temperature of 26.2° C (79.2° F) and a mean low temperature of 16.6° C (61.9° F) and receiving on average 66 cm (26 in) of rainfall per year. The Kona coast is the only region in Hawaiʻi where more precipitation falls in the summer than in the winter. There is limited surface water runoff or stream development at Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP due to the relatively recent lava flows (less than 1,500 years old) overlaying much of the park. Kiʻilae Stream is the only watercourse within the park. Kiʻilae Stream is ephemeral, with occasional flows and a poorly characterized channel within the park. A stream gauge was located uphill from the park, but no measurements have been taken since 1982. Floods in Kiʻilae Stream do occur, resulting in transport of fluvial sediment to the ocean, but there are no data documenting this phenomenon. There are a small number of naturally occurring anchialine pools occupying cracks and small depressions in the lava flows, including the Royal Fishponds; an anchialine pool modified for the purpose of holding fish. Although the park’s legal boundaries end at the high tide mark, the sense of place, story, and visitor experience would be completely different without the marine waters adjacent to the park. Six resource elements were chosen for evaluation: air and night sky, water-related processes, terrestrial vegetation, vertebrates, anchialine pools, and marine resources. Resource conditions were determined through reviewing existing literature, meta-analysis, and where appropriate, analysis of unpublished short- and long-term datasets. However, in a number of cases, data were unavailable or insufficient to either establish a quantitative reference condition or conduct a formal statistical comparison of the status of a resource within the park to a quantitative reference condition. In those cases, data gaps are noted, and comparisons were made based on qualitative descriptions. Overall, the condition of natural resources within Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP reflects the surrounding landscape. The coastal lands immediately surrounding Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP are zoned for conservation, while adjacent lands away from the coast are agricultural. The condition of most natural resources at Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP reflect the overall condition of ecological communities on the west Hawai‘i coast. Although little of the park’s vegetation...
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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Chiricahua National Monument, Coronado National Memorial, and Fort Bowie National Historic Site: Water year 2019. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293370.
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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in southern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Chiricahua National Monument (NM), Coronado National Memorial (NMem), and Fort Bowie National Historic Site (NHS) during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Overall annual precipitation at Chiricahua NM and Coronado NMem in WY2019 was approximately the same as the normals for 1981–2010. (The weather station at Fort Bowie NHS had missing values on 275 days, so data were not presented for that park.) Fall and winter rains were greater than normal. The monsoon season was generally weaker than normal, but storm events related to Hurricane Lorena led to increased late-season rain in September. Mean monthly maximum temperatures were generally cooler than normal at Chiricahua, whereas mean monthly minimum temperatures were warmer than normal. Temperatures at Coronado were more variable relative to normal. The reconnaissance drought index (RDI) indicated that Chiricahua NM was slightly wetter than normal. (The WY2019 RDI could not be calculated for Coronado NMem due to missing data.) The five-year moving mean of annual precipitation showed both park units were experiencing a minor multi-year precipitation deficit relative to the 39-year average. Mean groundwater levels in WY2019 increased at Fort Bowie NHS, and at two of three wells monitored at Chiricahua NM, compared to WY2018. Levels in the third well at Chiricahua slightly decreased. By contrast, water levels declined in five of six wells at Coronado NMem over the same period, with the sixth well showing a slight increase over WY2018. Over the monitoring record (2007–present), groundwater levels at Chiricahua have been fairly stable, with seasonal variability likely caused by transpiration losses and recharge from runoff events in Bonita Creek. At Fort Bowie’s WSW-2, mean groundwater level was also relatively stable from 2004 to 2019, excluding temporary drops due to routine pumping. At Coronado, four of the six wells demonstrated increases (+0.30 to 11.65 ft) in water level compared to the earliest available measurements. Only WSW-2 and Baumkirchner #3 have shown net declines (-17.31 and -3.80 feet, respectively) at that park. Springs were monitored at nine sites in WY2019 (four sites at Chiricahua NM; three at Coronado NMem, and two at Fort Bowie NHS). Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included modifications to flow, such as dams, berms, or spring boxes. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails, scat, or evidence of flooding. Crews observed 0–6 facultative/obligate wetland plant taxa and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed six non-native plant species: common mullein (Verbascum thapsus), spiny sowthistle (Sonchus asper), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana), rabbitsfoot grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and water chemistry were collected at all nine sites. It is likely that that all nine springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019, though temperature sensors failed at two sites. The seven sites with continuous sensor data had water present for most of the year. Discharge was measured at eight sites and ranged from < 1 L/minute to 16.5 L/minute.
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Mersel, Matthew K., Robert W. Lichvar, Jennifer J. Gillrich, and Lindsey E. Lefebvre. Occurrence and Distribution of Ordinary High Water Mark (OHWM) Indicators in Non-Perennial Streams in the Western Mountains, Valleys, and Coast Region of the United States. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada608562.
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