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Journal articles on the topic 'Water spliting devices'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Caron, Simon, Marc Röger, and Michael Wullenkord. "Selection of Solar Concentrator Design Concepts for Planar Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Devices." Energies 13, no. 19 (October 5, 2020): 5196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195196.

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Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising pathway for solar-driven hydrogen production with a low environmental footprint. The utilization of solar concentrators to supply such water splitting devices with concentrated solar irradiation offers great potential to enhance the economic viability of water splitting at “sunny” site locations. In this work, we defined a set of functional requirements for solar concentrators to assess their suitability to power such water splitting devices, taking into account concentrator optical performance, device coupling efficiency, perceived system complexity, as well as technological costs and risks. We identified, classified and compared a broad range of existing solar concentrator design concepts. Our geometrical analysis, performed on a yearly basis with a one-minute time step, shows that two-axis tracking concentrators with water splitting devices positioned parallel to the optical aperture plane exhibit the highest potential, given the initial conditions applied for the device tilt constraints. Demanding an angle of at least 20° between horizontal and the front side of the water splitting device, allows the device to be operational for 97% of the daylight time in Seville, Spain. The relative loss with respect to the available direct normal irradiance is estimated to 6%. Results moderately depend on the location of application, but generally confirm that the consideration of tilt angle constraints is essential for a comprehensive performance assessment of photoelectrochemical water splitting driven by concentrated sunlight.

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2

Abdi, Fatwa. "(Invited) Engineering Challenges in Scaling-up Solar Water Splitting Devices." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 36 (July 7, 2022): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01361597mtgabs.

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The last decade has witnessed significant progress in the development of solar water splitting devices, with solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency as high as 30% already demonstrated. However, two major challenges remain. First, the high-efficiencies (> 15%) have only been achieved using devices based on expensive and non-scalable III-V semiconductors. On the other hand, low-cost metal-oxide based devices, mainly using BiVO4 as the absorber, have only achieved STH efficiency of < 10%. Due to stability limitations, many of these metal-oxide based devices are operated in near-neutral pH electrolytes, which presents an additional mass transport challenge. Second, the majority of the demonstrated devices are still at the laboratory scale. Reports on large-area devices start to emerge, but they typically show much lower efficiencies. This is best illustrated in a recent review:[1] even when III-V semiconductor-based devices are considered, there is no report of devices with a semiconductor absorber area larger than 10 cm2 and STH efficiency > 10%. In this talk, we will discuss the scale-up of our photoelectrochemical water splitting devices based on a complex metal oxide photoabsorber. Factors other than the semiconductor photoabsorber itself are found to be responsible for a total voltage loss of > 500 mV and therefore limit the overall performance of the large-area device.[2] To properly address this limitation, we quantify and break down the different loss mechanisms associated with the device scale-up and the practical operational conditions.[3] Concentration overpotential due to pH gradient is found to be a major contributor to the performance loss, and we show using multiphase multiphysics simulations and in-situ fluorescence measurements that careful control of natural and forced convection can overcome this limitation.[3-5] In addition, we also explore the possibility to achieve efficient product separation in devices with and without separators. The product crossover, optical and Ohmic losses are quantified using a combination of experiments and simulations, and the optimization of the device working parameters and/or separator properties to achieve the minimum overall loss will be discussed.[6,7] References J. H. Kim et al., Chem. Soc. Rev. 48, 2019, 1908 I. Y. Ahmet et al., Sust. Energy Fuels 3, 2019, 2366 F. F. Abdi et al. Sust. Energy Fuels 4, 2020, 2734 K. Obata et al. Energy Environ. Sci. 13, 2020, 5104 K. Obata & F. F. Abdi, Sust. Energy Fuels, 5, 2021, 3791 K. Obata et al. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2, 2021, 100358 C. Özen et al. in revision

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Haussener, Sophia, Mahendra Patel, and Etienne Boutin. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) Photo-Electrochemical Water and CO₂ Reduction Devices Operating Under Concentrated Radiation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 36 (July 7, 2022): 1598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01361598mtgabs.

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Achieving high current densities while maintaining a high energy conversion efficiency is one of the main challenges for enhancing the economic competitiveness of solar fuel producing photo-electrochemical devices [1]. I will discuss two device implementations utilizing concentrated irradiation to achieve high current density operation. The water-splitting device is utilizing thermal integration to sustain high performance while dealing with high current density and the corresponding overpotentials [2]. I will quantify the theoretical increase in the maximum efficiencies at given current densities of photoelectrochemical devices resulting from thermal synergies. I will then discuss device implementation of such an approach and show how more realistic device models (multi-dimensional, multi-scale, multi-physics) can be used to support the device implementation and its operational understanding [3]. I will then show how the design principles developed for water splitting can be translated to CO2 reduction devices and discuss a corresponding device implementation. [1] M. Dumortier, S. Tembhurne, S. Haussener, Energy Environmental Science, 8: 3614-3628, 2015. [2] S. Tembhurne, F. Nandjou, S. Haussener, Nature Energy, 4: 399-407, 2019. [3] S. Tembhurne, S. Haussener, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 163: H1008-H1018, 2016.

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4

Kim, Kiwon, and Jun Hyuk Moon. "Bismuth Vanadate/Zinc Oxide Heterojunction Electrodes for High Solar Water-Splitting Efficiency at Low Bias Potential." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01, no. 31 (April 13, 2018): 1894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-01/31/1894.

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A photoanode exhibiting high water-splitting efficiency at low bias potential is essential for stand-alone water-splitting devices through a tandem system combined with a photovoltaic device. However, many previous studies employing a typical BiVO4/WO3 heterojunctions focused on water oxidation at the maximum thermodynamic water splitting potential, 1.23 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE). Here, we suggest a strategy for high water oxidation efficiency at low potential using 3D BiVO4/ZnO heterojunction photoanodes. The BiVO4/ZnO heterojunction exhibits a lower onset potential compared to the commonly used WO3 heterojunction. Due to the 3D ordered structure, the BiVO4/ZnO achieves enhanced light harvesting efficiency and improve charge separation efficiency at low bias potential by ZnO heterojunction. As a result, the BiVO4/ZnO photoanode exhibits a water-splitting photocurrent density of 3.3 ± 0.2 mA /cm2 is obtained at 0.6 VRHE under 1 sun illumination.

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5

Cho, Hyun-Seok, Tatsuya Kodama, Nobuyuki Gokon, Selvan Bellan, and Jong-Kyu Kim. "Development of Synthesis and Fabrication Process for Mn-CeO2 Foam via Two-Step Water-Splitting Cycle Hydrogen Production." Energies 14, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 6919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14216919.

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The effects of doping manganese ions into a cerium oxide lattice for a thermochemical two-step water-splitting cycle to produce oxygen and hydrogen and new synthesis methods were experimentally investigated. In order to comparison of oxygen/hydrogen producing performance, pristine CeO2, a coprecipitation method for Mn-CeO2, and a direct depositing method for Mn-CeO2 with different particle sizes (50~75, 100–212, over 212 μm) and doping extents (0, 5, 15 mol%) were tested in the context of synthesis and fabrication processes of reactive metal oxide coated ceramic foam devices. Sample powders were coated onto zirconia (magnesium partially stabilized zirconia oxide, MPSZ) porous foam at 30 weight percent using spin coating or a direct depositing method, tested using a solar reactor at 1400 °C as a thermal reduction step and at 1200 °C as a water decomposition step for five repeated cycles. The sample foam devices were irradiated using a 3-kWth sun-simulator, and all reactive foam devices recorded successful oxygen/hydrogen production using the two-step water-splitting cycles. Among the seven sample devices, the 5 mol% Mn-CeO2 foam device, that synthesized using the coprecipitation method, showed the greatest hydrogen production. The newly suggested direct depositing method, with its contemporaneous synthesis and coating of the Mn-CeO2 foam device, showed successful oxygen/hydrogen production with a reduction in the manufacturing time and reactants, which was lossless compared to conventional spin coating processes. However, proposed direct depositing method still needs further investigation to improve its stability and long-term device durability.

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Alfaifi, Bandar Y., Habib Ullah, Sulaiman Alfaifi, Asif A. Tahir, and Tapas K. Mallick. "Photoelectrochemical solar water splitting: From basic principles to advanced devices." Veruscript Functional Nanomaterials 2 (February 12, 2018): BDJOC3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22261/fnan.bdjoc3.

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Abstract Photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC) offers a promising path for sustainable generation of hydrogen fuel. However, improving solar fuel water splitting efficiency facing tremendous challenges, due to the energy loss related to fast recombination of the photogenerated charge carriers, electrode degradation, as well as limited light harvesting. This review focuses on the brief introduction of basic fundamental of PEC water splitting and the concept of various types of water splitting approaches. Numerous engineering strategies for the investgating of the higher efficiency of the PEC, including charge separation, light harvesting, and co-catalysts doping, have been discussed. Moreover, recent remarkable progress and developments for PEC water splitting with some promising materials are discussed. Recent advanced applications of PEC are also reviewed. Finally, the review concludes with a summary and future outlook of this hot field.

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Zhang, Chunyang, Sanket Bhoyate, Chen Zhao, Pawan Kahol, Nikolaos Kostoglou, Christian Mitterer, Steven Hinder, et al. "Electrodeposited Nanostructured CoFe2O4 for Overall Water Splitting and Supercapacitor Applications." Catalysts 9, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9020176.

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To contribute to solving global energy problems, a multifunctional CoFe2O4 spinel was synthesized and used as a catalyst for overall water splitting and as an electrode material for supercapacitors. The ultra-fast one-step electrodeposition of CoFe2O4 over conducting substrates provides an economic pathway to high-performance energy devices. Electrodeposited CoFe2O4 on Ni-foam showed a low overpotential of 270 mV and a Tafel slope of 31 mV/dec. The results indicated a higher conductivity for electrodeposited compared with dip-coated CoFe2O4 with enhanced device performance. Moreover, bending and chronoamperometry studies suggest excellent durability of the catalytic electrode for long-term use. The energy storage behavior of CoFe2O4 showed high specific capacitance of 768 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g and maintained about 80% retention after 10,000 cycles. These results demonstrate the competitiveness and multifunctional applicability of the CoFe2O4 spinel to be used for energy generation and storage devices.

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8

Cheng, Jinshui, Linxiao Wu, and Jingshan Luo. "Cuprous oxide photocathodes for solar water splitting." Chemical Physics Reviews 3, no. 3 (September 2022): 031306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0095088.

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Solar water splitting is a promising technique for harvesting solar energy and converting abundant sunlight into storable hydrogen fuel. The cuprous oxide photocathode, one of the best-performing oxide photocathodes, possesses a theoretical photocurrent density of up to 14.7 mA cm−2 and a photovoltage as large as 1.6 V, making it possible to convert solar energy into hydrogen energy in a low-cost way. Herein, a comprehensive review of improving the solar water splitting performance of the cuprous oxide photocathode is presented with a focus on the crucial issues of increasing photocurrent density, photovoltage, and durability from the aspects of solving the incompatibility between the electron diffusion length and optical absorption distances, improving interfacial band alignment, revealing the impact of deficiencies, and introducing protective overlayers. We also outline the development of unassisted solar water splitting tandem devices with the cuprous oxide photocathode as a component, emphasizing the critical strategies to enhance the transmittance of the cuprous oxide photocathode, laying a solid foundation to further boost solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency. Finally, a perspective regarding the future directions for further optimizing the solar water splitting performance of the cuprous oxide photocathode and boosting solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency of the unbiased tandem device is also presented.

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9

Zhang, Xinyi, Michael Schwarze, Reinhard Schomäcker, Roel van De Krol, and Fatwa Abdi. "Net Energy Balance Assessment for a Coupled Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Device." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 39 (July 7, 2022): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391792mtgabs.

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Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a promising renewable energy technology to produce green hydrogen for the future fossil-fuel-free society. Over the past decade, research on PEC water splitting devices has achieved significant improvements in the demonstrated solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiencies. The improved efficiencies have led to the development of large-scale devices [1,2] and the coupling of hydrogen production with the synthesis of valuable chemicals [3,4]. The co-generation approach offers a potential route towards achieving a levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) that is competitive with the current market price of hydrogen and increases the overall economic feasibility of the PEC technology. This study evaluates the potential of co-producing hydrogen and methyl succinic acid (MSA) by coupling the hydrogenation of itaconic acid (IA) into MSA inside a PEC water splitting reactor. We used a PEC device that uses BiVO4 as the top absorber and a silicon solar cell as the bottom absorber, as reported previously [1,5]. To address the feasibility of this approach, a net energy balance assessment is conducted, and the results are compared with the benchmark values for conventional MSA production. We follow the Techno-Economic Assessment & Life Cycle Assessment Guidelines for CO2 Utilization (Version 1.1) which provides a specific protocol for multi-functional PEC devices [6]. Life cycle inventory (LCI) values from the literature and Ecoinvent database [7] are used to construct the target scenarios in Simapro v9.2.0. Our results show that the energy demand of our PEC device is ca. 3800 MJ/m2, and the most energy intensive components are the photoelectrode (~70%) and the Nafion membrane (8%). Under the base case condition (i.e., STH = 5%, device longevity = 10 years) and when H2 is the only product, a negative net energy balance of ca. -160 MJ/m2/year is obtained. However, with a coupled hydrogenation reaction, a zero net energy balance (i.e., energy breakeven) can already be achieved when only 2% of the produced H2 molecules are converted into MSA (see red circle in Fig. 1a). Figure 1b shows the cumulative energy demand to produce one kg of MSA under a more optimistic scenario, in which the H2-to-MSA conversion efficiency is 0.4. Under this condition, the net energy production is ca. 3500 MJ/m2/year, which translates to a cumulative energy demand of ca. 13 MJ/kg of MSA (see red circle in Fig. 1b). This is much lower compared to MSA produced using conventional hydrogenation methods (i.e., ~90 MJ/kg MSA), which underlines the attractiveness of the coupled PEC approach. Finally, we analyze the potential for further improvement of the net energy balance. We explore possibilities of replacing device components (e.g., photoelectrode, membrane) and assess the impact to the net energy balance of the device. The result of this optimization study will be presented, and the most effective strategy will be outlined. Keywords : water splitting, (photo)electrochemistry, net energy assessment, coupled catalysis, hydrogenation References [1] Ahmet IY, Ma Y, Jang JW, Henschel T, Stannowski B, Lopes T, Vilanova A, Mendes A, Abdi FF, van De Krol R. Demonstration of a 50 cm2 BiVO4 tandem photoelectrochemical-photovoltaic water splitting device. Sustain Energy Fuels. 2019;3(9):2366–79. [2] Tolod KR, Hernández S, Russo N. Recent advances in the BiVO4 photocatalyst for sun-driven water oxidation: Top-performing photoanodes and scale-up challenges. Catalysts. 2017;7(1). [3] Mei B, Mul G, Seger B. Beyond Water Splitting: Efficiencies of Photo-Electrochemical Devices Producing Hydrogen and Valuable Oxidation Products. Adv Sustain Syst. 2017;1(1–2). [4] Luo H, Barrio J, Sunny N, Li A, Steier L, Shah N, Stephens IEL, Titirici MM. Progress and Perspectives in Photo- and Electrochemical-Oxidation of Biomass for Sustainable Chemicals and Hydrogen Production. Adv Energy Mater. 2021;11(43). [5] Abdi FF, Han L, Smets AHM, Zeman M, Dam B, van De Krol R. Efficient solar water splitting by enhanced charge separation in a bismuth vanadate-silicon tandem photoelectrode. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3195 [6] Zimmermann AW, Wang Y, Wunderlich J, Buchner GA, Schomäcker R, Müller LJ, Langhorst T, Kätelhön A, Bachmann M, Sternberg A, Bardow A, Armstrong K, Michailos S, McCord S, Zaragoza AV, Styring P, Marxen A, Naims H, Cremonese L, Strunge T, Olfe-Kräutlein B, Faber G, Mangin C, Mason F, Stokes G, Williams E, Sick V. Techno-Economic Assessment & Life Cycle Assessment Guidelines for CO2 Utilization (Version 1.1). 2020;(September). [7] Jungbluth N, Stucki M FR. Photovoltaics. In Sachbilanzen von Energiesystemen: Grundlagen für den ökologischen Vergleich von Energiesystemen und den Einbezug von Energiesystemen in Ökobilanzen für die Schweiz. ecoinvent report No. 6-XII. Swiss Cent Life Cycle Invent Dübendorf, CH. 2009;16–69(6–XII). Figure 1

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Yao, Liang, Aiman Rahmanudin, Néstor Guijarro, and Kevin Sivula. "Organic Semiconductor Based Devices for Solar Water Splitting." Advanced Energy Materials 8, no. 32 (October 4, 2018): 1802585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802585.

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Yamada, Taro, and Kazunari Domen. "Development of Sunlight Driven Water Splitting Devices towards Future Artificial Photosynthetic Industry." ChemEngineering 2, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering2030036.

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The ongoing research and development of sunlight-driven water splitting in the “Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem)” is overviewed. Water splitting photocatalysts, photoelectrochemical devices, large-scale reactor panels, product gas transportation, H2/O2 gas separation devices and safety measures against explosion are included as the research objectives. ARPChem was formed as a research union of Japan’s leading chemical firms, in which related elementary technologies have been cultivated. This article introduces our general scope for artificial photosynthesis and describes present research activities, mainly on solar driven water splitting photocatalysts/photoelectrodes and briefly on the processes and plans for plant construction for future industrial extension.

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Ibn Shamsah, Sami M. "Earth-Abundant Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting: Current and Future Directions." Catalysts 11, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11040429.

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Of all the available resources given to mankind, the sunlight is perhaps the most abundant renewable energy resource, providing more than enough energy on earth to satisfy all the needs of humanity for several hundred years. Therefore, it is transient and sporadic that poses issues with how the energy can be harvested and processed when the sun does not shine. Scientists assume that electro/photoelectrochemical devices used for water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen may have one solution to solve this hindrance. Water electrolysis-generated hydrogen is an optimal energy carrier to store these forms of energy on scalable levels because the energy density is high, and no air pollution or toxic gas is released into the environment after combustion. However, in order to adopt these devices for readily use, they have to be low-cost for manufacturing and operation. It is thus crucial to develop electrocatalysts for water splitting based on low-cost and land-rich elements. In this review, I will summarize current advances in the synthesis of low-cost earth-abundant electrocatalysts for overall water splitting, with a particular focus on how to be linked with photoelectrocatalytic water splitting devices. The major obstacles that persist in designing these devices. The potential future developments in the production of efficient electrocatalysts for water electrolysis are also described.

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Jiang, Chaoran, Savio J. A. Moniz, Aiqin Wang, Tao Zhang, and Junwang Tang. "Photoelectrochemical devices for solar water splitting – materials and challenges." Chemical Society Reviews 46, no. 15 (2017): 4645–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cs00306k.

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Crovetto, Andrea, Korina Kuhar, Peter C. K. Vesborg, Ole Hansen, Monish Pandey, Karsten Jacobsen, Kristian Thygesen, Ib Chorkendorff, and Brian Seger. "Large Band Gap Photoabsorbers for Tandem Water Splitting Devices." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01, no. 31 (April 13, 2018): 1912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-01/31/1912.

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This talk will first discuss the parameters necessary for an optimal water-splitting device using a web based modeling program we developed (SolarFuelsModeling.com).1 The results from this show an optimal a tandem device for water splitting needs photoabsorbers with band gaps of ~2.0 eV and 1.1 eV. After a short review on our work on small band gap Si photoelectrodes,2-4 we will then discuss our combined computational and experimental approach to finding highly efficient large band gap photoabsorbers.5 Using computational modeling, we investigated ABS3 type sulfides and found 15 materials with a reasonable band gap, a direct band gap, low effective electron/hole mass and that are relatively defect tolerant. One of these proposed materials, LaYS3 has already been tested and shows a direct band gap near 2 eV and a fluorescence spectra indicating no significant mid gap states as shown in the image below. Seger, B.; Hansen, O.; Vesborg, P. C. K., A Flexible Web-Based Approach to Modeling Tandem Photocatalytic Devices. Solar RRL 2017, 1 (1), n/a-n/a. Mei, B.; Permyakova, A. A.; Frydendal, R.; Bae, D.; Pedersen, T.; Malacrida, P.; Hansen, O.; Stephens, I. E. L.; Vesborg, P. C. K.; Seger, B.; Chorkendorff, I., Iron-Treated NiO as a Highly Transparent p-Type Protection Layer for Efficient Si-Based Photoanodes. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2014, 5 (20), 3456-3461. Mei, B.; Seger, B.; Pedersen, T.; Malizia, M.; Hansen, O.; Chorkendorff, I.; Vesborg, P. C. K., Protection of p(+)-n-Si Photoanodes by Sputter-Deposited Ir/IrOx Thin Films. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2014, 5 (11), 1948-1952. Seger, B.; Pedersen, T.; Laursen, A. B.; Vesborg, P. C. K.; Hansen, O.; Chorkendorff, I., Using TiO2 as a Conductive Protective Layer for Photocathodic H-2 Evolution. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2013, 135 (3), 1057-1064. Kuhar, K.; Andrea, C.; Monish, P.; Kristian, S. T.; Brian, S.; Peter, V.; Ole, H.; Chorkendorff, I.; Karsten, W. J., Sulfide Perovskites for Solar Energy Conversion Applications: Computational Screening and Synthesis of the Selected Compound LaYS3. Energy & Environmental Science 2017, Accepted. Figure 1

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Shi, Yuanyuan, Carolina Gimbert-Suriñach, Tingting Han, Serena Berardi, Mario Lanza, and Antoni Llobet. "CuO-Functionalized Silicon Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Devices." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 1 (December 24, 2015): 696–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b09816.

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Hussain, Sajjad, Dhanasekaran Vikraman, Ghazanfar Nazir, Muhammad Taqi Mehran, Faisal Shahzad, Khalid Mujasam Batoo, Hyun-Seok Kim, and Jongwan Jung. "Development of Binder-Free Three-Dimensional Honeycomb-like Porous Ternary Layered Double Hydroxide-Embedded MXene Sheets for Bi-Functional Overall Water Splitting Reactions." Nanomaterials 12, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 2886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12162886.

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In this study, a honeycomb-like porous-structured nickel–iron–cobalt layered double hydroxide/Ti3C2Tx (NiFeCo–LDH@MXene) composite was successfully fabricated on a three-dimensional nickel foam using a simple hydrothermal approach. Owing to their distinguishable characteristics, the fabricated honeycomb porous-structured NiFeCo–LDH@MXene composites exhibited outstanding bifunctional electrocatalytic activity for pair hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions in alkaline medium. The developed NiFeCo–LDH@MXene electrocatalyst required low overpotentials of 130 and 34 mV to attain a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for OER and HER, respectively. Furthermore, an assembled NiFeCo–LDH@MXene‖NiFeCo–LDH@MXene device exhibited a cell voltage of 1.41 V for overall water splitting with a robust firmness for over 24 h to reach 10 mA cm−2 current density, signifying outstanding performance for water splitting reactions. These results demonstrated the promising potential of the designed 3D porous NiFeCo–LDH@MXene sheets as outstanding candidates to replace future green energy conversion devices.

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Cottre, Thorsten, Katharina Welter, Emanuel Ronge, Vladimir Smirnov, Friedhelm Finger, Christian Jooss, Bernhard Kaiser, and Wolfram Jaegermann. "Integrated Devices for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Using Adapted Silicon Based Multi-Junction Solar Cells Protected by ALD TiO2 Coatings." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 234, no. 6 (February 12, 2020): 1155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2019-1483.

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AbstractIn this study, we present different silicon based integrated devices for photoelectrochemical water splitting, which provide enough photovoltage to drive the reaction without an external bias. Thin films of titanium dioxide, prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD), are applied as a surface passivation and corrosion protection. The interfaces between the multi-junction cells and the protective coating were optimized individually by etching techniques and finding optimal parameters for the ALD process. The energy band alignment of the systems was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemically deposited platinum particles were used to reduce the HER overpotential. The prepared systems were tested in a three-electrode arrangement under AM 1.5 illumination in 0.1 M KOH. In final tests the efficiency and stability of the prepared devices were tested in a two-electrode arrangement in dependence of the pH value with a ruthenium-iridium oxide counter electrode. For the tandem-junction device solar to hydrogen efficiencies (STH) up to 1.8% were reached, and the triple-junction device showed a maximum efficiency of 4.4%.

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Sivula, Kevin. "(Invited) Bulk Heterojunction Organic Semiconductor Photoelectrodes and Photocatalysts for Solar-Driven Water Splitting." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 36 (July 7, 2022): 1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01361571mtgabs.

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The bulk heterojunction (BHJ) concept, which has been successfully developed for organic semiconductor-based photovoltaic devices, offers a promising route to high-performance and inexpensive photocatalyst nanoparticles for solar hydrogen production. However, the suitability organic semiconductors (OSs) towards robust and high efficiency photocatalytic water splitting remains an open question. Herein, efforts to understand the stability of OS-based BHJ photoelectrodes for both solar driven water reduction [1] and oxidation [2] are discussed. The integration of a BHJ photoanode and photocathode into a bias-free solar-driven water splitting device is also reported. Finally, the important aspects needed for translating these systems into nanoparticle photocatalysts are examined. ______________ References: [1]L. Yao, N. Guijarro, F. Boudoire, Y. Liu, A. Rahmanudin, R. A. Wells, A. Sekar, H.-H. Cho, J.-H. Yum, F. Le Formal, K. Sivula, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 7795. [2] H.-H. Cho, L. Yao, J.-H. Yum, Y. Liu, F. Boudoire, R. A. Wells, N. Guijarro, A. Sekar, K. Sivula, Nat. Catal. 2021, 4, 431.

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Jeong, Sang, Jaesun Song, and Sanghan Lee. "Photoelectrochemical Device Designs toward Practical Solar Water Splitting: A Review on the Recent Progress of BiVO4 and BiFeO3 Photoanodes." Applied Sciences 8, no. 8 (August 17, 2018): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8081388.

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Solar-driven water splitting technology is considered to be a promising solution for the global energy challenge as it is capable of generating clean chemical fuel from solar energy. Various strategies and catalytic materials have been explored in order to improve the efficiency of the water splitting reaction. Although significant progress has been made, there are many intriguing fundamental phenomena that need to be understood. Herein, we review recent experimental efforts to demonstrate enhancement strategies for efficient solar water splitting, especially for the light absorption, charge carrier separation, and water oxidation kinetics. We also focus on the state of the art of photoelectrochemical (PEC) device designs such as application of facet engineering and the development of a ferroelectric-coupled PEC device. Based on these experimental achievements, future challenges, and directions in solar water splitting technology will be discussed.

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Zhang, Biaobiao, Quentin Daniel, Ming Cheng, Lizhou Fan, and Licheng Sun. "Temperature dependence of electrocatalytic water oxidation: a triple device model with a photothermal collector and photovoltaic cell coupled to an electrolyzer." Faraday Discussions 198 (2017): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00206d.

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A water oxidation electrocatalyst with high activity is essential for promoting the overall efficiency of an integrated water splitting device. Herein, by investigating the prominent temperature dependence of electrocatalytic water oxidation catalyzed by first row transition metal oxides, we present how to elevate the operating temperature of the electrolyzer as an effective and universal method to improve its electrocatalytic performance. Consequently, a triple device model combining a photothermal collector with a photovoltaic (PV) cell coupled to a water splitting device is proposed to realize the comprehensive and efficient utilization of solar energy: solar heat + PV + electrolyzer.

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Liu, Bofei, Zhonghua Jin, Lisha Bai, Junhui Liang, Qixing Zhang, Ning Wang, Caichi Liu, Changchun Wei, Ying Zhao, and Xiaodan Zhang. "Molybdenum-supported amorphous MoS3 catalyst for efficient hydrogen evolution in solar-water-splitting devices." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 37 (2016): 14204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta04789k.

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Modestino, M. A., M. Dumortier, S. M. Hosseini Hashemi, S. Haussener, C. Moser, and D. Psaltis. "Vapor-fed microfluidic hydrogen generator." Lab on a Chip 15, no. 10 (2015): 2287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5lc00259a.

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Song, Zhaonng, Chongwen Li, Lei Chen, and Yanfa Yan. "(Invited) Monolithic All-Perovskite Tandem Cells for Unassisted Water Splitting." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 48 (October 9, 2022): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02481800mtgabs.

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The past decade has witnessed a rapid evolution of research on metal halide perovskite-based optoelectronic and energy devices. In light of this remarkable progress, photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells based on halide perovskite photoabsorbers have recently emerged as a promising solar fuel technology. Notably, the bandgap tunability and low-temperature processing make monolithic all-perovskite tandem cells ideal candidates for achieving efficient, cost-effective, unassisted solar-driven water electrolysis devices. Here, we report our progress on fabricating monolithic all-perovskite tandem cells consisting of two solution-processed perovskite subcells for unassisted water-splitting applications. The all-perovskite tandem devices are achieved by monolithically integrating a wide-bandgap (1.7 – 2.1 eV) Pb-based mixed-halide (Br-I) perovskite top subcell and a narrower-bandgap (1.25 - 1.55 eV) bottom subcell based on Pb-based or mixed Pb-Sn iodide perovskites. Varying the halide perovskite composition for each subcell enables us to tailor the photovoltaic performance of the tandem devices. We demonstrate that all-perovskite tandem devices with various bandgap compositions can deliver open-circuit voltages of more than 2 V. The high photovoltage provides a sufficient overpotential to drive unassisted PEC water splitting with a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of more than 10%. Additionally, we show that proper water-impermeable encapsulants are needed to prevent degradation of the halide perovskite absorbers in an aqueous environment and enable a long operational lifetime.

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Liu, Rui, Zhi Zheng, Joshua Spurgeon, and Xiaogang Yang. "Enhanced photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance of semiconductors by surface passivation layers." Energy Environ. Sci. 7, no. 8 (2014): 2504–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ee00450g.

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Gutierrez, Ronald R., and Sophia Haussener. "Modeling of Concurrent CO2and Water Splitting by Practical Photoelectrochemical Devices." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 163, no. 10 (2016): H1008—H1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0661610jes.

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Zhang, Kan, Ming Ma, Ping Li, Dong Hwan Wang, and Jong Hyeok Park. "Water Splitting Progress in Tandem Devices: Moving Photolysis beyond Electrolysis." Advanced Energy Materials 6, no. 15 (June 10, 2016): 1600602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600602.

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Xiang, Chengxiang, Adam Z. Weber, Shane Ardo, Alan Berger, YiKai Chen, Robert Coridan, Katherine T. Fountaine, et al. "Modeling, Simulation, and Implementation of Solar-Driven Water-Splitting Devices." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 55, no. 42 (October 6, 2016): 12974–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201510463.

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Bollmann, Jonas, Sudhagar Pitchaimuthu, and Moritz F. Kühnel. "Challenges of Industrial-Scale Testing Infrastructure for Green Hydrogen Technologies." Energies 16, no. 8 (April 21, 2023): 3604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083604.

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Green hydrogen is set to become the energy carrier of the future, provided that production technologies such as electrolysis and solar water splitting can be scaled to global dimensions. Testing these hydrogen technologies on the MW scale requires the development of dedicated new test facilities for which there is no precedent. This perspective highlights the challenges to be met on the path to implementing a test facility for large-scale water electrolysis, photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic water splitting and aims to serve as a much-needed blueprint for future test facilities based on the authors’ own experience in establishing the Hydrogen Lab Leuna. Key aspects to be considered are the electricity and utility requirements of the devices under testing, the analysis of the produced H2 and O2 and the safety regulations for handling large quantities of H2. Choosing the right location is crucial not only for meeting these device requirements, but also for improving financial viability through supplying affordable electricity and providing a remunerated H2 sink to offset the testing costs. Due to their lower TRL and requirement for a light source, large-scale photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry testing are less developed and the requirements are currently less predictable.

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Rajput, Nitul S., Yang Shao-Horn, Xin-Hao Li, Sang-Gook Kim, and Mustapha Jouiad. "Investigation of plasmon resonance in metal/dielectric nanocavities for high-efficiency photocatalytic device." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 26 (2017): 16989–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp03212a.

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Tiwari, Anand, Travis Novak, Xiuming Bu, Johnny Ho, and Seokwoo Jeon. "Layered Ternary and Quaternary Transition Metal Chalcogenide Based Catalysts for Water Splitting." Catalysts 8, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8110551.

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Water splitting plays an important role in the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical conversion of energy devices. Electrochemical water splitting by the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a straightforward route to producing hydrogen (H2), which requires an efficient electrocatalyst to minimize energy consumption. Recent advances have created a rapid rise in new electrocatalysts, particularly those based on non-precious metals. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent developments of ternary and quaternary 6d-group transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) based electrocatalysts for water splitting, especially for HER. Detailed discussion is organized from binary to quaternary TMCs including, surface engineering, heterostructures, chalcogen substitutions and hierarchically structural design in TMCs. Moreover, emphasis is placed on future research scope and important challenges facing these electrocatalysts for further development in their performance towards water splitting.

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CP, Keshavananda Prabhu, Shambhulinga Aralekallu, Veeresh A. Sajjan, Manjunatha Palanna, Sharath Kumar, and Lokesh Koodlur Sannegowda. "Non-precious cobalt phthalocyanine-embedded iron ore electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 5 (2021): 1448–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se01829e.

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Wang, Pan, Yixin Zong, Hao Liu, Hongyu Wen, Hai-Bin Wu, and Jian-Bai Xia. "Highly efficient photocatalytic water splitting and enhanced piezoelectric properties of 2D Janus group-III chalcogenides." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 14 (2021): 4989–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc00318f.

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Jin, Yanshuo, Xin Yue, Hongyu Du, Kai Wang, Shangli Huang, and Pei Kang Shen. "One-step growth of nitrogen-decorated iron–nickel sulfide nanosheets for the oxygen evolution reaction." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 14 (2018): 5592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta00536b.

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Tang, Jianfei, Tianle Liu, Sijia Miao, and Yuljae Cho. "Emerging Energy Harvesting Technology for Electro/Photo-Catalytic Water Splitting Application." Catalysts 11, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11010142.

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In recent years, we have experienced extreme climate changes due to the global warming, continuously impacting and changing our daily lives. To build a sustainable environment and society, various energy technologies have been developed and introduced. Among them, energy harvesting, converting ambient environmental energy into electrical energy, has emerged as one of the promising technologies for a variety of energy applications. In particular, a photo (electro) catalytic water splitting system, coupled with emerging energy harvesting technology, has demonstrated high device performance, demonstrating its great social impact for the development of the new water splitting system. In this review article, we introduce and discuss in detail the emerging energy-harvesting technology for photo (electro) catalytic water splitting applications. The article includes fundamentals of photocatalytic and electrocatalytic water splitting and water splitting applications coupled with the emerging energy-harvesting technologies using piezoelectric, piezo-phototronic, pyroelectric, triboelectric, and photovoltaic effects. We comprehensively deal with different mechanisms in water splitting processes with respect to the energy harvesting processes and their effect on the water splitting systems. Lastly, new opportunities in energy harvesting-assisted water splitting are introduced together with future research directions that need to be investigated for further development of new types of water splitting systems.

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Chen, Yubin, Wenyu Zheng, Sebastián Murcia-López, Fei Lv, Joan Ramón Morante, Lionel Vayssieres, and Clemens Burda. "Light management in photoelectrochemical water splitting – from materials to device engineering." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 11 (2021): 3726–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc06071b.

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36

Yang, Wenshu, Shuaishuai Wang, Kun Zhao, Yutao Hua, Jiangxiao Qiao, Wei Luo, Longhua Li, Jinhui Hao, and Weidong Shi. "Phosphorus doped nickel selenide for full device water splitting." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 602 (November 2021): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.013.

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37

Lopes, Tânia, Paula Dias, Luísa Andrade, and Adélio Mendes. "An innovative photoelectrochemical lab device for solar water splitting." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 128 (September 2014): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2014.05.051.

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38

Wang, Degao, Jun Hu, Benjamin D. Sherman, Matthew V. Sheridan, Liang Yan, Christopher J. Dares, Yong Zhu, et al. "A molecular tandem cell for efficient solar water splitting." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 24 (June 1, 2020): 13256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001753117.

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Artificial photosynthesis provides a way to store solar energy in chemical bonds. Achieving water splitting without an applied external potential bias provides the key to artificial photosynthetic devices. We describe here a tandem photoelectrochemical cell design that combines a dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell (DSPEC) and an organic solar cell (OSC) in a photoanode for water oxidation. When combined with a Pt electrode for H2evolution, the electrode becomes part of a combined electrochemical cell for water splitting, 2H2O → O2+ 2H2, by increasing the voltage of the photoanode sufficiently to drive bias-free reduction of H+to H2. The combined electrode gave a 1.5% solar conversion efficiency for water splitting with no external applied bias, providing a mimic for the tandem cell configuration of PSII in natural photosynthesis. The electrode provided sustained water splitting in the molecular photoelectrode with sustained photocurrent densities of 1.24 mA/cm2for 1 h under 1-sun illumination with no applied bias.

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Ghosh, Srabanti, and Rajendra N. Basu. "Multifunctional nanostructured electrocatalysts for energy conversion and storage: current status and perspectives." Nanoscale 10, no. 24 (2018): 11241–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr01032c.

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Multifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) have attracted widespread attention because of their important role in the application of various energy storage and conversion devices, such as fuel cells, metal–air, batteries and water splitting devices.

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Steier, Ludmilla, and Sarah Holliday. "A bright outlook on organic photoelectrochemical cells for water splitting." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 44 (2018): 21809–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta07036a.

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41

Jaegermann, Wolfram, Bernhard Kaiser, Friedhelm Finger, Vladimir Smirnov, and Rolf Schäfer. "Design Considerations of Efficient Photo-Electrosynthetic Cells and its Realization Using Buried Junction Si Thin Film Multi Absorber Cells." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 234, no. 4 (April 28, 2020): 549–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2019-1584.

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AbstractAs is obvious from previous work on semiconductor photoelectrochemistry, single junction semiconductors do not provide either the required maximum photovoltage or a high photocurrent for solar water splitting, which is required for efficient stand-alone devices. From these experiences we conclude, that multi-junction devices must be developed for bias-free water splitting. In this article we present our design considerations needed for the development of efficient photo-electro-synthetic cells, which have guided us during the DFG priority program 1613. At first, we discuss the fundamental requirements, which must be fulfilled to lead to effective solar water splitting devices. Buried junction and photoelectrochemical arrangements are compared. It will become clear, that the photovoltaic (PV) and electrochemical (EC) components can be optimized separately, but that maximized conversion efficiencies need photovoltages produced in the photovoltaic part of the device, which are adapted to the electrochemical performance of the electrolyzer components without energetic losses in their coupling across the involved interfaces. Therefore, in part 2 we will present the needs to develop appropriate interface engineering layers for proper chemical and electronic surface passivation. In addition, highly efficient electrocatalysts, either for the hydrogen or oxygen evolution reaction (HER, OER), must be adjusted in their energetic coupling to the semiconductor band edges and to the redox potentials in the electrolyte with minimized losses in the chemical potentials. The third part of our paper describes at first the demands and achievements on developing multijunction thin-film silicon solar cells. With different arrangements of silicon stacks a wide range of photovoltages and photocurrents can be provided. These solar cells are applied as photocathodes in integrated directly coupled PV-EC devices. For this purpose thin Pt and Ni catalyst layers are used on top of the solar cells for the HER and a wire connected RuO2 counter electrode is used for the OER. Electrochemical stability has been successfully tested for up to 10,000 s in 0.1 M KOH. Furthermore, we will illustrate our experimental results on interface engineering strategies using TiO2 as buffer layer and Pt nanostructures as HER catalyst. Based on the obtained results the observed improvements, but also the still given limitations, can be related to clearly identified non-idealities in surface engineering either related to recombination losses at the semiconductor surface reducing photocurrents or due to not properly-aligned energy states leading to potential losses across the interfaces.

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Ludvigsen, Alexandra Craft, Zhenyun Lan, and Ivano E. Castelli. "Autonomous Design of Photoferroic Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskites for Water Splitting Devices." Materials 15, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010309.

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The use of ferroelectric materials for light-harvesting applications is a possible solution for increasing the efficiency of solar cells and photoelectrocatalytic devices. In this work, we establish a fully autonomous computational workflow to identify light-harvesting materials for water splitting devices based on properties such as stability, size of the band gap, position of the band edges, and ferroelectricity. We have applied this workflow to investigate the Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite class and have identified four new compositions, which show a theoretical efficiency above 5%.

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43

Zhang, Wenrui, and Mingzhao Liu. "Modulating Carrier Transport via Defect Engineering in Solar Water Splitting Devices." ACS Energy Letters 4, no. 4 (March 5, 2019): 834–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00276.

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44

McKone, James R., Nathan S. Lewis, and Harry B. Gray. "Will Solar-Driven Water-Splitting Devices See the Light of Day?" Chemistry of Materials 26, no. 1 (October 14, 2013): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm4021518.

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45

Gurudayal, Rohit Abraham John, Pablo P. Boix, Chenyi Yi, Chen Shi, M. C. Scott, Sjoerd A. Veldhuis, et al. "Atomically Altered Hematite for Highly Efficient Perovskite Tandem Water-Splitting Devices." ChemSusChem 10, no. 11 (May 12, 2017): 2449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201700159.

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46

Nandjou, Fredy, and Sophia Haussener. "Kinetic Competition between Water‐Splitting and Photocorrosion Reactions in Photoelectrochemical Devices." ChemSusChem 12, no. 9 (March 2019): 1984–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201802558.

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Tateno, Kouta, and Kazuhide Kumakura. "Crystal Growth of Wurtzite GaP Nanowires for Solar-water-splitting Devices." NTT Technical Review 17, no. 10 (October 2019): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53829/ntr201910fa7.

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Andrei, Virgil, Kevin Bethke, and Klaus Rademann. "Thermoelectricity in the context of renewable energy sources: joining forces instead of competing." Energy & Environmental Science 9, no. 5 (2016): 1528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ee00247a.

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49

Moehl, Thomas, Wei Cui, René Wick-Joliat, and S. David Tilley. "Resistance-based analysis of limiting interfaces in multilayer water splitting photocathodes by impedance spectroscopy." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, no. 8 (2019): 2067–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00248k.

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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is used to determine the potential-dependent resistances in multilayer photocathodes for water splitting. Limitations in the devices can thereby be identified and improvements proposed and investigated.

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50

Keene, Sam, Rohini Bala Chandran, and Shane Ardo. "Calculations of theoretical efficiencies for electrochemically-mediated tandem solar water splitting as a function of bandgap energies and redox shuttle potential." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 1 (2019): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ee01828f.

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Tandem Z-scheme solar water splitting devices composed of two light-absorbers that are connected electrochemically by a soluble redox shuttle constitute a promising technology for cost-effective solar hydrogen production.

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