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Academic literature on the topic 'Water spliting devices'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Water spliting devices"

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Caron, Simon, Marc Röger, and Michael Wullenkord. "Selection of Solar Concentrator Design Concepts for Planar Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Devices." Energies 13, no. 19 (October 5, 2020): 5196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195196.

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Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising pathway for solar-driven hydrogen production with a low environmental footprint. The utilization of solar concentrators to supply such water splitting devices with concentrated solar irradiation offers great potential to enhance the economic viability of water splitting at “sunny” site locations. In this work, we defined a set of functional requirements for solar concentrators to assess their suitability to power such water splitting devices, taking into account concentrator optical performance, device coupling efficiency, perceived system complexity, as well as technological costs and risks. We identified, classified and compared a broad range of existing solar concentrator design concepts. Our geometrical analysis, performed on a yearly basis with a one-minute time step, shows that two-axis tracking concentrators with water splitting devices positioned parallel to the optical aperture plane exhibit the highest potential, given the initial conditions applied for the device tilt constraints. Demanding an angle of at least 20° between horizontal and the front side of the water splitting device, allows the device to be operational for 97% of the daylight time in Seville, Spain. The relative loss with respect to the available direct normal irradiance is estimated to 6%. Results moderately depend on the location of application, but generally confirm that the consideration of tilt angle constraints is essential for a comprehensive performance assessment of photoelectrochemical water splitting driven by concentrated sunlight.
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Abdi, Fatwa. "(Invited) Engineering Challenges in Scaling-up Solar Water Splitting Devices." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 36 (July 7, 2022): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01361597mtgabs.

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The last decade has witnessed significant progress in the development of solar water splitting devices, with solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency as high as 30% already demonstrated. However, two major challenges remain. First, the high-efficiencies (> 15%) have only been achieved using devices based on expensive and non-scalable III-V semiconductors. On the other hand, low-cost metal-oxide based devices, mainly using BiVO4 as the absorber, have only achieved STH efficiency of < 10%. Due to stability limitations, many of these metal-oxide based devices are operated in near-neutral pH electrolytes, which presents an additional mass transport challenge. Second, the majority of the demonstrated devices are still at the laboratory scale. Reports on large-area devices start to emerge, but they typically show much lower efficiencies. This is best illustrated in a recent review:[1] even when III-V semiconductor-based devices are considered, there is no report of devices with a semiconductor absorber area larger than 10 cm2 and STH efficiency > 10%. In this talk, we will discuss the scale-up of our photoelectrochemical water splitting devices based on a complex metal oxide photoabsorber. Factors other than the semiconductor photoabsorber itself are found to be responsible for a total voltage loss of > 500 mV and therefore limit the overall performance of the large-area device.[2] To properly address this limitation, we quantify and break down the different loss mechanisms associated with the device scale-up and the practical operational conditions.[3] Concentration overpotential due to pH gradient is found to be a major contributor to the performance loss, and we show using multiphase multiphysics simulations and in-situ fluorescence measurements that careful control of natural and forced convection can overcome this limitation.[3-5] In addition, we also explore the possibility to achieve efficient product separation in devices with and without separators. The product crossover, optical and Ohmic losses are quantified using a combination of experiments and simulations, and the optimization of the device working parameters and/or separator properties to achieve the minimum overall loss will be discussed.[6,7] References J. H. Kim et al., Chem. Soc. Rev. 48, 2019, 1908 I. Y. Ahmet et al., Sust. Energy Fuels 3, 2019, 2366 F. F. Abdi et al. Sust. Energy Fuels 4, 2020, 2734 K. Obata et al. Energy Environ. Sci. 13, 2020, 5104 K. Obata & F. F. Abdi, Sust. Energy Fuels, 5, 2021, 3791 K. Obata et al. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2, 2021, 100358 C. Özen et al. in revision
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Haussener, Sophia, Mahendra Patel, and Etienne Boutin. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) Photo-Electrochemical Water and CO2 Reduction Devices Operating Under Concentrated Radiation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 36 (July 7, 2022): 1598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01361598mtgabs.

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Achieving high current densities while maintaining a high energy conversion efficiency is one of the main challenges for enhancing the economic competitiveness of solar fuel producing photo-electrochemical devices [1]. I will discuss two device implementations utilizing concentrated irradiation to achieve high current density operation. The water-splitting device is utilizing thermal integration to sustain high performance while dealing with high current density and the corresponding overpotentials [2]. I will quantify the theoretical increase in the maximum efficiencies at given current densities of photoelectrochemical devices resulting from thermal synergies. I will then discuss device implementation of such an approach and show how more realistic device models (multi-dimensional, multi-scale, multi-physics) can be used to support the device implementation and its operational understanding [3]. I will then show how the design principles developed for water splitting can be translated to CO2 reduction devices and discuss a corresponding device implementation. [1] M. Dumortier, S. Tembhurne, S. Haussener, Energy Environmental Science, 8: 3614-3628, 2015. [2] S. Tembhurne, F. Nandjou, S. Haussener, Nature Energy, 4: 399-407, 2019. [3] S. Tembhurne, S. Haussener, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 163: H1008-H1018, 2016.
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Kim, Kiwon, and Jun Hyuk Moon. "Bismuth Vanadate/Zinc Oxide Heterojunction Electrodes for High Solar Water-Splitting Efficiency at Low Bias Potential." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01, no. 31 (April 13, 2018): 1894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-01/31/1894.

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A photoanode exhibiting high water-splitting efficiency at low bias potential is essential for stand-alone water-splitting devices through a tandem system combined with a photovoltaic device. However, many previous studies employing a typical BiVO4/WO3 heterojunctions focused on water oxidation at the maximum thermodynamic water splitting potential, 1.23 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE). Here, we suggest a strategy for high water oxidation efficiency at low potential using 3D BiVO4/ZnO heterojunction photoanodes. The BiVO4/ZnO heterojunction exhibits a lower onset potential compared to the commonly used WO3 heterojunction. Due to the 3D ordered structure, the BiVO4/ZnO achieves enhanced light harvesting efficiency and improve charge separation efficiency at low bias potential by ZnO heterojunction. As a result, the BiVO4/ZnO photoanode exhibits a water-splitting photocurrent density of 3.3 ± 0.2 mA /cm2 is obtained at 0.6 VRHE under 1 sun illumination.
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Cho, Hyun-Seok, Tatsuya Kodama, Nobuyuki Gokon, Selvan Bellan, and Jong-Kyu Kim. "Development of Synthesis and Fabrication Process for Mn-CeO2 Foam via Two-Step Water-Splitting Cycle Hydrogen Production." Energies 14, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 6919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14216919.

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The effects of doping manganese ions into a cerium oxide lattice for a thermochemical two-step water-splitting cycle to produce oxygen and hydrogen and new synthesis methods were experimentally investigated. In order to comparison of oxygen/hydrogen producing performance, pristine CeO2, a coprecipitation method for Mn-CeO2, and a direct depositing method for Mn-CeO2 with different particle sizes (50~75, 100–212, over 212 μm) and doping extents (0, 5, 15 mol%) were tested in the context of synthesis and fabrication processes of reactive metal oxide coated ceramic foam devices. Sample powders were coated onto zirconia (magnesium partially stabilized zirconia oxide, MPSZ) porous foam at 30 weight percent using spin coating or a direct depositing method, tested using a solar reactor at 1400 °C as a thermal reduction step and at 1200 °C as a water decomposition step for five repeated cycles. The sample foam devices were irradiated using a 3-kWth sun-simulator, and all reactive foam devices recorded successful oxygen/hydrogen production using the two-step water-splitting cycles. Among the seven sample devices, the 5 mol% Mn-CeO2 foam device, that synthesized using the coprecipitation method, showed the greatest hydrogen production. The newly suggested direct depositing method, with its contemporaneous synthesis and coating of the Mn-CeO2 foam device, showed successful oxygen/hydrogen production with a reduction in the manufacturing time and reactants, which was lossless compared to conventional spin coating processes. However, proposed direct depositing method still needs further investigation to improve its stability and long-term device durability.
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Alfaifi, Bandar Y., Habib Ullah, Sulaiman Alfaifi, Asif A. Tahir, and Tapas K. Mallick. "Photoelectrochemical solar water splitting: From basic principles to advanced devices." Veruscript Functional Nanomaterials 2 (February 12, 2018): BDJOC3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22261/fnan.bdjoc3.

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Abstract Photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC) offers a promising path for sustainable generation of hydrogen fuel. However, improving solar fuel water splitting efficiency facing tremendous challenges, due to the energy loss related to fast recombination of the photogenerated charge carriers, electrode degradation, as well as limited light harvesting. This review focuses on the brief introduction of basic fundamental of PEC water splitting and the concept of various types of water splitting approaches. Numerous engineering strategies for the investgating of the higher efficiency of the PEC, including charge separation, light harvesting, and co-catalysts doping, have been discussed. Moreover, recent remarkable progress and developments for PEC water splitting with some promising materials are discussed. Recent advanced applications of PEC are also reviewed. Finally, the review concludes with a summary and future outlook of this hot field.
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Zhang, Chunyang, Sanket Bhoyate, Chen Zhao, Pawan Kahol, Nikolaos Kostoglou, Christian Mitterer, Steven Hinder, et al. "Electrodeposited Nanostructured CoFe2O4 for Overall Water Splitting and Supercapacitor Applications." Catalysts 9, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9020176.

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To contribute to solving global energy problems, a multifunctional CoFe2O4 spinel was synthesized and used as a catalyst for overall water splitting and as an electrode material for supercapacitors. The ultra-fast one-step electrodeposition of CoFe2O4 over conducting substrates provides an economic pathway to high-performance energy devices. Electrodeposited CoFe2O4 on Ni-foam showed a low overpotential of 270 mV and a Tafel slope of 31 mV/dec. The results indicated a higher conductivity for electrodeposited compared with dip-coated CoFe2O4 with enhanced device performance. Moreover, bending and chronoamperometry studies suggest excellent durability of the catalytic electrode for long-term use. The energy storage behavior of CoFe2O4 showed high specific capacitance of 768 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g and maintained about 80% retention after 10,000 cycles. These results demonstrate the competitiveness and multifunctional applicability of the CoFe2O4 spinel to be used for energy generation and storage devices.
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Cheng, Jinshui, Linxiao Wu, and Jingshan Luo. "Cuprous oxide photocathodes for solar water splitting." Chemical Physics Reviews 3, no. 3 (September 2022): 031306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0095088.

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Solar water splitting is a promising technique for harvesting solar energy and converting abundant sunlight into storable hydrogen fuel. The cuprous oxide photocathode, one of the best-performing oxide photocathodes, possesses a theoretical photocurrent density of up to 14.7 mA cm−2 and a photovoltage as large as 1.6 V, making it possible to convert solar energy into hydrogen energy in a low-cost way. Herein, a comprehensive review of improving the solar water splitting performance of the cuprous oxide photocathode is presented with a focus on the crucial issues of increasing photocurrent density, photovoltage, and durability from the aspects of solving the incompatibility between the electron diffusion length and optical absorption distances, improving interfacial band alignment, revealing the impact of deficiencies, and introducing protective overlayers. We also outline the development of unassisted solar water splitting tandem devices with the cuprous oxide photocathode as a component, emphasizing the critical strategies to enhance the transmittance of the cuprous oxide photocathode, laying a solid foundation to further boost solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency. Finally, a perspective regarding the future directions for further optimizing the solar water splitting performance of the cuprous oxide photocathode and boosting solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency of the unbiased tandem device is also presented.
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Zhang, Xinyi, Michael Schwarze, Reinhard Schomäcker, Roel van De Krol, and Fatwa Abdi. "Net Energy Balance Assessment for a Coupled Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Device." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 39 (July 7, 2022): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391792mtgabs.

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Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a promising renewable energy technology to produce green hydrogen for the future fossil-fuel-free society. Over the past decade, research on PEC water splitting devices has achieved significant improvements in the demonstrated solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiencies. The improved efficiencies have led to the development of large-scale devices [1,2] and the coupling of hydrogen production with the synthesis of valuable chemicals [3,4]. The co-generation approach offers a potential route towards achieving a levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) that is competitive with the current market price of hydrogen and increases the overall economic feasibility of the PEC technology. This study evaluates the potential of co-producing hydrogen and methyl succinic acid (MSA) by coupling the hydrogenation of itaconic acid (IA) into MSA inside a PEC water splitting reactor. We used a PEC device that uses BiVO4 as the top absorber and a silicon solar cell as the bottom absorber, as reported previously [1,5]. To address the feasibility of this approach, a net energy balance assessment is conducted, and the results are compared with the benchmark values for conventional MSA production. We follow the Techno-Economic Assessment & Life Cycle Assessment Guidelines for CO2 Utilization (Version 1.1) which provides a specific protocol for multi-functional PEC devices [6]. Life cycle inventory (LCI) values from the literature and Ecoinvent database [7] are used to construct the target scenarios in Simapro v9.2.0. Our results show that the energy demand of our PEC device is ca. 3800 MJ/m2, and the most energy intensive components are the photoelectrode (~70%) and the Nafion membrane (8%). Under the base case condition (i.e., STH = 5%, device longevity = 10 years) and when H2 is the only product, a negative net energy balance of ca. -160 MJ/m2/year is obtained. However, with a coupled hydrogenation reaction, a zero net energy balance (i.e., energy breakeven) can already be achieved when only 2% of the produced H2 molecules are converted into MSA (see red circle in Fig. 1a). Figure 1b shows the cumulative energy demand to produce one kg of MSA under a more optimistic scenario, in which the H2-to-MSA conversion efficiency is 0.4. Under this condition, the net energy production is ca. 3500 MJ/m2/year, which translates to a cumulative energy demand of ca. 13 MJ/kg of MSA (see red circle in Fig. 1b). This is much lower compared to MSA produced using conventional hydrogenation methods (i.e., ~90 MJ/kg MSA), which underlines the attractiveness of the coupled PEC approach. Finally, we analyze the potential for further improvement of the net energy balance. We explore possibilities of replacing device components (e.g., photoelectrode, membrane) and assess the impact to the net energy balance of the device. The result of this optimization study will be presented, and the most effective strategy will be outlined. Keywords : water splitting, (photo)electrochemistry, net energy assessment, coupled catalysis, hydrogenation References [1] Ahmet IY, Ma Y, Jang JW, Henschel T, Stannowski B, Lopes T, Vilanova A, Mendes A, Abdi FF, van De Krol R. Demonstration of a 50 cm2 BiVO4 tandem photoelectrochemical-photovoltaic water splitting device. Sustain Energy Fuels. 2019;3(9):2366–79. [2] Tolod KR, Hernández S, Russo N. Recent advances in the BiVO4 photocatalyst for sun-driven water oxidation: Top-performing photoanodes and scale-up challenges. Catalysts. 2017;7(1). [3] Mei B, Mul G, Seger B. Beyond Water Splitting: Efficiencies of Photo-Electrochemical Devices Producing Hydrogen and Valuable Oxidation Products. Adv Sustain Syst. 2017;1(1–2). [4] Luo H, Barrio J, Sunny N, Li A, Steier L, Shah N, Stephens IEL, Titirici MM. Progress and Perspectives in Photo- and Electrochemical-Oxidation of Biomass for Sustainable Chemicals and Hydrogen Production. Adv Energy Mater. 2021;11(43). [5] Abdi FF, Han L, Smets AHM, Zeman M, Dam B, van De Krol R. Efficient solar water splitting by enhanced charge separation in a bismuth vanadate-silicon tandem photoelectrode. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3195 [6] Zimmermann AW, Wang Y, Wunderlich J, Buchner GA, Schomäcker R, Müller LJ, Langhorst T, Kätelhön A, Bachmann M, Sternberg A, Bardow A, Armstrong K, Michailos S, McCord S, Zaragoza AV, Styring P, Marxen A, Naims H, Cremonese L, Strunge T, Olfe-Kräutlein B, Faber G, Mangin C, Mason F, Stokes G, Williams E, Sick V. Techno-Economic Assessment & Life Cycle Assessment Guidelines for CO2 Utilization (Version 1.1). 2020;(September). [7] Jungbluth N, Stucki M FR. Photovoltaics. In Sachbilanzen von Energiesystemen: Grundlagen für den ökologischen Vergleich von Energiesystemen und den Einbezug von Energiesystemen in Ökobilanzen für die Schweiz. ecoinvent report No. 6-XII. Swiss Cent Life Cycle Invent Dübendorf, CH. 2009;16–69(6–XII). Figure 1
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Yao, Liang, Aiman Rahmanudin, Néstor Guijarro, and Kevin Sivula. "Organic Semiconductor Based Devices for Solar Water Splitting." Advanced Energy Materials 8, no. 32 (October 4, 2018): 1802585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802585.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water spliting devices"

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Li, Fusheng. "Design of Water Splitting Devices via Molecular Engineering." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Organisk kemi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-181107.

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Converting solar energyto fuels such as hydrogen by the reaction of water splitting is a promising solution for the future sustainable energy systems. The theme of this thesis is to design water splitting devices via molecular engineering; it concerns the studies of both electrochemical-driven and photo-electrochemical driven molecular functional devices for water splitting. The first chapter presents a general introduction about Solar Fuel Conversion. It concerns molecular water splitting catalysts, light harvesting materials and fabrication methods of water splitting devices. The second chapter describes an electrode by immobilizing a molecular water oxidation catalyston carbon nanotubes through the hydrophobic interaction. This fabrication method is corresponding to the question: “How to employ catalysts in functional devices without affecting their performances?” In the third chapter, molecular water oxidation catalysts were successfully immobilized on glassy carbon electrode surface via electrochemical polymerization method. The O-O bond formation pathways of catalysts on electrode surfaces were studied. This kinetic studyis corresponding to the question: “How to get kinetic information of RDS whena catalyst is immobilized on the electrode surface?” Chapter four explores molecular water oxidation catalysts immobilized on dye-sensitized TiO2 electrodeand Fe2O3 semiconductor electrode via different fabrication methods. The reasons of photocurrent decay are discussed and two potential solutions are provided. These studies are corresponding to the question: “How to improvethe stability of photo-electrodes?” Finally, in the last chapter, two novel Pt-free Z-schemed molecular photo-electrochemical cells with both photoactive cathode and photoactive anode for visible light driven water splitting driven were demonstrated. These studies are corresponding to the question: “How to utilizethe concept of Z-schemein photosynthesis to fabricate Pt-free molecular based PEC cells?

QC 20160129

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Smith, Adam. "Transition Metal Oxides for Solar Water Splitting Devices." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19670.

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Although the terrestrial flux of solar energy is enough to support human endeavors, storage of solar energy remains a significant challenge to large-scale implementation of solar energy production. One route to energy storage involves the capture and conversion of sunlight to chemical species such as molecular hydrogen and oxygen via water splitting devices. The oxygen evolution half-reaction particularly suffers from large kinetic overpotentials. Additionally, a photoactive material that exhibits stability in oxidizing conditions present during oxygen evolution represents a unique challenge for devices. These concerns can be potentially addressed with a metal oxide photoanode coupled with efficient water oxidation electrocatalysts. Despite decades of research, structure-composition to property relationships are still needed for the design of metal oxide oxygen evolution materials. This dissertation investigates transition metal oxide materials for the oxygen evolution portion of water splitting devices. Chapter I introduces key challenges for solar driven water splitting. Chapter II elucidates the growth mechanism of tungsten oxide (WOX) nanowires (NWs), a proposed photoanode material for water splitting. Key findings include (1) a planar defect-driven pseudo-one-dimensional growth mechanism and (2) morphological control through the supersaturation of vapor precursors. Result 1 is significant as it illustrates that common vapor-phase syntheses of WOX NWs depend on the formation of planar defects through NWs, which necessitates reconsideration of WOX as a photoanode. Chapter III presents work towards (1) single crystal WOX synthesis and characterization and (2) WOX NW device fabrication. Chapter IV makes use of the key result that WOX NWs are defect rich and therefore conductive in order to utilize them as a catalyst scaffold for oxygen evolution in acidic media. Work towards utilizing NW scaffolds include key results such as stability under anodic potentials and strongly acidic conditions used for oxygen evolution. Chapter V includes work characterizing nickel oxide/oxyhydroxide oxygen evolution catalysts at near-neutral pH. Key findings include (1) previous reports of anodic conditioning resulting in greater catalytic activity are actually due to incidental incorporation of iron impurities from solution and (2) through intentional iron incorporation via electrochemical co-deposition, catalytic activity is increased ~50-fold over Fe-free catalysts. This dissertation contains previously published coauthored material.
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BOLDRINI, CHIARA LILIANA. "Materials and devices for solar generation of electricity and fuels." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/241173.

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Il primo argomento, obiettivo principale di questo lavoro, è stato ampiamente studiato, con l'obiettivo di realizzare una "foglia artificiale", un prototipo in cui la fotosintesi artificiale possa aver luogo generando combustibili (idrogeno) a partire da acqua e luce. Lo sviluppo di tecnologie rinnovabili è necessario per limitare lo sfruttamento del petrolio, ma in genere producono energia elettrica il cui stoccaggio è difficile. Lo sviluppo di un sistema in grado di produrre combustibili solari è quindi impellente. I solar fuels sono molecole che possono essere sintetizzate attraverso un processo fotoattivato ed essere facilmente immagazzinate e rilasciate quando necessario. Tale sistema è chiamato "foglia artificiale" poiché i principi di funzionamento sono gli stessi della fotosintesi naturale. Lo scopo del dispositivo che è stato studiato durante questa tesi è di eseguire il processo di ossidazione dell'acqua, ovvero produrre ossigeno e protoni dall'acqua e dalla luce grazie a un fotoanodo sensibilizzato. I protoni vengono quindi ridotti a idrogeno mediante un catodo passivo. Parallelamente, una tecnologia consolidata è stata utilizzata per la produzione di energia solare, vale a dire le Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC). In particolare, l'attenzione è stata focalizzata sulla composizione dell'elettrolita, sostituendo il solvente comunemente utilizzato, basato su composti organici volatili, con solventi ecologici e innovativi. Infatti, una parte di questo progetto di dottorato è stata dedicata allo studio di DSSC contenenti solventi eco-compatibili nella soluzione elettrolitica, ovvero i Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES). I solventi organici tradizionali usati per questo scopo (solitamente miscele di nitrili) presentano molti inconvenienti, come la volatilità e spesso la tossicità. Le perdite sono quindi un problema, perché comporterebbero vapori tossici nell'ambiente e un rapido deterioramento delle prestazioni della cella, che non può funzionare senza elettrolita. I DES invece non sono volatili e sono generalmente sicuri ed economici, con proprietà diverse, che possono essere ampiamente adattate in base alle specifiche esigenze. Sono stati studiati due diversi DES, uno idrofilo e uno idrofobo (rispettivamente una miscela di cloruro di colina, nota anche come vitamina B4, e urea, diluita con acqua, e una miscela di DL-mentolo e acido acetico, diluiti con etanolo) con coloranti adeguati assorbiti su TiO2. Sono state considerate molte variabili, come diversi precursori di TiO2 e spessore degli strati, diversi ioduri (sia liquidi inorganici e ionici, IL), diversa concentrazione di ioni, presenza di additivi e di agenti disaggreganti. L'efficienza della cella ottimizzata è stata dell'1,9% a 0,5 sun per il sistema idrofilo e del 2,5% a 1 sun per il solvente idrofobo, compatibile con le tradizionali celle con solventi organici. Per quanto riguarda la fotosintesi artificiale, in un studio sistematico sull'effetto di fotosensibilizzatori nella produzione di idrogeno per via fotoelettrochimica sono stati utilizzati sensibilizzatori organici a configurazione ramificata, con diverse porzioni di donatori eteroaromatici. I colorantim a base di fenotiazina, fenossazina e carbazolo, sono stati testati in presenza di un donatore di elettroni sacrificale (SED) per valutare i fenomeni di trasferimento di carica e l'efficienza quantica esterna (EQE) del sistema. Inoltre, i tre sensibilizzatori sono stati testati in presenza di un catalizzatore per l’ossidazione dell'acqua per valutare la stabilità nella scissione dell'acqua fotoelettrochimica e l'evoluzione dei gas. Secondo i dati sperimentali, il colorante a base di fenotiazina PTZ-Th è stato il miglior sensibilizzatore, grazie alla sua superiore capacità di raccolta della luce e l'iniezione di elettroni più efficiente nel semiconduttore.
This PhD thesis has been focused on two main themes related to solar energy exploitation for solar fuels and electricity production. The first topic, that was the main focus of this work, has been extensively studied broaching several issues, aiming to a so called “artificial leaf”, a prototype where artificial photosynthesis can take place generating fuels (hydrogen) starting from water and sunlight. The development of renewable technologies is mandatory to limit exploitation of fossil fuels, but they usually generate electricity, and stocking electric energy is a difficult task. The development of a system capable of producing solar fuels using sunlight is thus demanding. Solar fuels are molecules that can be synthesised through a photo-activated process and that can be easily stocked and released when needed. Such a system is called an “artificial leaf”, since its working principles are the same of natural photosynthesis. In particular, the aim of the device that has been studied during this thesis was to carry out the water oxidation process, that means producing oxygen and protons from water and light thanks to a photosensitized photoanode. Protons are then reduced to hydrogen by a passive cathode. In parallel, an established technology has been used for the production of solar electricity, namely Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC). In particular, the attention has been focused on the electrolyte composition, substituting the commonly used electrolyte solvent, based on volatile organic compounds, with eco-friendly and innovative solvents. In fact, one part of this PhD project has been devoted to the study of DSSC containing eco-friendly solvents in the electrolyte solution, namely Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES). Traditional organic solvents used for this scope (usually nitriles mixtures) have many drawbacks, such as volatility and often toxicity. Leaks are thus a problem, because this would involve toxic vapours in the environment and a fast deterioration of the performance of the cell, that cannot work without the liquid electrolyte. DES instead are not volatile and are generally safe and cheap, showing different properties, that can be widely tuned according to the specific need. Two different DES have been studied, a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic one (respectively, a mixture of choline chloride, also known as Vitamin B4, and urea, diluted with water, and a mixture of DL-menthol and acetic acid, diluted with ethanol) with proper dyes absorbed onto TiO2. Many variables have been considered, such as different TiO2 precursors and layer thickness, different iodides (both inorganic and ionic liquids, IL), different ions concentration, presence of additives and of disaggregating agents. The efficiency of the optimized cell was 1.9% at 0.5 sun for the hydrophilic system and 2.5% at 1 sun for the hydrophobic solvent, compatible with traditional organic-solvent-based cells. Concerning the production of hydrogen from the artificial photosynthesis process, metal-free organic sensitizers with di-branched configuration, bearing different heteroaromatic donor moieties, have been used in a systematic study upon the effect of the sensitizers at the photoanode in the photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. Namely, phenothiazine, phenoxazine and carbazole based dyes have been tested in presence of a sacrificial electron donor (SED) to evaluate charge transfer phenomena and the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the system. Moreover, the three sensitizers have been tested in presence of a common water oxidation catalyst (WOC) to preliminary evaluate the stability in photoelectrochemical water splitting and hydrogen and oxygen evolution. According to experimental data, the phenothiazine based derivative PTZ-Th has been recognized as the best performing sensitizer, considering its superior light harvesting capability and more efficient electron injection into the semiconductor, in photoelectrochemical water splitting.
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Zanatta, Michele. "Design and development of a SICM/EC device for H2/O2 detection in photoelectrocatalytic water splitting process." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427276.

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The last century has seen a skyrocketing role of energy resources. The industrial world was overwhelmed by this dramatic change, making the exploitation of renewable energy resources one of the greatest challenges of 21st century. In this context, hydrogen arises as the most promising candidate to substitute crude oil and an increased interest on this topic has been observed over the last years. In particular, last years saw an increasing interest on this topic. In particular, researchers focused on sustainable methods for hydrogen production: currently, the scientific frontier is represented by photoelectrocatalytic water splitting, the most promising method for hydrogen production through water splitting. In this work, useful results for technological advance in the field of photoelectrocatalytic water splitting are introduced. More specifically, a new, easily realised probe for investigation of catalyst is described: in particular, attention is focused on pH detection over microstructured photoelectrocatalysts during water splitting process. The study, design, fabrication and characterisation of this integrated scanning ion conductance microscope - electrochemical (SICM-EC) probe, with new electrodic material and insulating coating, are presented. Approach to hydrogen sensing through electrochemical measurements using the integrated device as sensing electrode are shown. Influence of different pH on open circuit potential of the sensing probe is described and exploited for investigation on water splitting process over macro and micro electrodes. Microelectrodes covered with Co-Pi photoelectrocatalyst, known for coupling many elements of natural photosynthesis with a self-repairing behaviour, were fabricated. They were used to perform water splitting and data from experimental tests are shown. Finally, a new microfluidic device was designed to combine advantages of photoelectrocatalysis with the positive features of microfluidic systems. Moreover, fluid dynamics in this proposed device is investigated through simulations. Further perspectives include simultaneous pH sensing and topographical imaging of photoelectrocatalysts and deep studies on their behaviour inside a microfluidic system.
Nel secolo scorso si è visto un incremento drammatico dell'importanza delle risorse energetiche. Il mondo industriale è stato segnato da questo cambiamento profondo, rendendo lo sfruttamento delle fonti energetiche rinnovabili una delle più grandi sfide del XXI secolo. In questo contesto, l'idrogeno si pone come il candidato più promettente per la sostituzione del petrolio greggio e negli ultimi anni si è visto un interesse crescente su questo argomento. In particolare, i ricercatori si sono concentrati su metodi sostenibili per la produzione di idrogeno: attualmente la frontiera scientifica è rappresentata dalla scissione dell'acqua mediante fotoelettrocatalisi, il metodo più promettente per la produzione di idrogeno mediante la scissione dell'acqua. In questo lavoro vengono introdotti risultati utili per l'avanzamento tecnologico nel campo della scissione fotoelettrocatalitica dell'acqua. Più specificatamente, viene descritta una nuova sonda per lo studio del catalizzatore, facilmente realizzata: in particolare, l'attenzione viene posta sul rilevamento del pH durante il processo di scissione dell'acqua al di sopra di fotoelettrocatalizzatori microstrutturati. Viene presentato lo studio, la progettazione, la fabbricazione e la caratterizzazione di questo dispositivo integrato microscopio a scansione di conduttanza ionica - elettrochimico (SICM-EC), preparato con materiale elettrodico e rivestimento isolante nuovi. Viene mostrato l'approccio al rilevamento di idrogeno attraverso misure elettrochimiche usando il dispositivo integrato come elettrodo di rilevamento. Viene descritta l'influenza che valori diversi di pH hanno sul potenziale di circuito aperto della sonda, sfruttata per l'analisi del processo di scissione dell'acqua su macro e microelettrodi. Sono stati fabbricati microelettrodi ricoperti da fotoelettrocatalizzatore Co-Pi, noto per combinare molti elementi della fotosintesi naturale con un comportamento auto-riparante. Questi microelettrodi sono stati usati per effettuare la scissione dell'acqua e vengono mostrati dati provenienti da prove sperimentali. Infine, è stato progettato un nuovo dispositivo microfluidico per combinare i vantaggi della fotoelettrocatalisi con le caratteristiche positive dei sistemi microfluidici. Inoltre, attraverso simulazioni è studiata la fluidodinamica che avviene in questo dispositivo proposto. Ulteriori prospettive includono il rilevamento simultaneo di pH e l'imaging topografico dei fotoelettrocatalizzatori, con studi approfonditi sul loro comportamento all'interno di un sistema microfluidico.
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Jacobsson, T. Jesper. "Highly Efficient CIGS Based Devices for Solar Hydrogen Production and Size Dependent Properties of ZnO Quantum Dots." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Oorganisk kemi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-221260.

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Materials and device concepts for renewable solar hydrogen production, and size dependent properties of ZnO quantum dots are the two main themes of this thesis. ZnO particles with diameters less than 10 nm, which are small enough for electronic quantum confinement, were synthesized by hydrolysis in alkaline zinc acetate solutions. Properties investigated include: the band gap - particle size relation, phonon quantum confinement, visible and UV-fluorescence as well as photocatalytic performance. In order to determine the absolute energetic position of the band edges and the position of trap levels involved in the visible fluorescence, methods based on combining linear sweep voltammetry and optical measurements were developed. The large band gap of ZnO prevents absorption of visible light, and in order to construct devices capable of utilizing a larger part of the solar spectrum, other materials were also investigated, like hematite , Fe2O3, and CIGS, CuIn1-xGaxSe2. The optical properties of hematite were investigated as a function of film thickness on films deposited by ALD. For films thinner than 20 nm, a blue shift was observed for both the absorption maximum, the indirect band gap as well as for the direct transitions. The probability for the indirect transition decreased substantially for thinner films due to a suppressed photon/phonon coupling. These effects decrease the visible absorption for films thin enough for effective charge transport in photocatalytic applications. CIGS was demonstrated to be a highly interesting material for solar hydrogen production. CIGS based photocathodes demonstrated high photocurrents for the hydrogen evolution half reaction. The electrode stability was problematic, but was solved by introducing a modular approach based on spatial separation of the basic functionalities in the device. To construct devices capable of driving the full reaction, the possibility to use cells interconnected in series as an alternative to tandem devices were investigated. A stable, monolithic device based on three CIGS cells interconnected in series, reaching beyond 10 % STH-efficiency, was finally demonstrated. With experimental support from the CIGS-devices, the entire process of solar hydrogen production was reviewed with respect to the underlying physical processes, with special focus on the similarities and differences between various device concepts.
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HIDALGO, DIAZ DIANA CAROLINA. "Development of innovative materials used in electrochemical devices for the renewable production of hydrogen and electricity." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2588827.

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One of the most important challenges for our society is providing powerful devices for renewable energy production. Many technologies based on renewable energy sources have been developed, which represent a clean energy sources that have a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy technologies. Nowadays, many researches focus their attention on the development of renewable energy from solar, water, organic matter and biomass, which represent abundant and renewable energy sources. This research is mainly focused on the development of promising electrode materials and their potential application on emerging technologies such as artificial photosynthesis and microbial fuel cell (MFC). According to desired proprieties of functional materials, this research was focused on two main materials: (1) TiO2 for the development of electrodes for the water splitting reaction due to its demonstrated application potential as photocatalyst material and (2) carbon-based materials for the development of electrodes for MFC. In the first part of the investigation, different TiO2 nanostructures have been studied including: synthesis, characterization and test of TiO2-based materials with the aim of improving the limiting factors of the photocatalytic reaction: charge recombination and separation/migration processes. The photo-catalytic properties of different TiO2 nanostructures were evaluated including: TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) film, TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) and ZnO@TiO2 core-shell structures. Photo-electrochemical activity measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis showed an improvement in charge collection efficiency of 1D-nanostructures, related to a more efficient electron transport in the materials. The efficient application of both the TiO2 NTs and the ZnO@TiO2 core-shell photoanodes opens important perspectives, not only in the water splitting application field, but also for other photo-catalytic applications (e.g. photovoltaic cells, degradation of organic substances), due to their chemical stability, easiness of preparation and improved transport properties. Additionally, in order to improve the photo-catalytic activity of TiO2 NPs, PANI/TiO2 composite film was synthesized. PANI/TiO2 composite film was successfully applied as anode material for the PEC water splitting reaction showing a significant increase in the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 NPs composite film essentially attributed to the efficient separation of the generated electron and hole pairs. To date, no cost-effective materials system satisfies all of the technical requirements for practical hydrogen production under zero-bias conditions. For this propose, to promote the sustainability of the process, the bias require to conduct PEC water splitting reaction could be powered by MFC systems in which many efforts have been done to improve power and electricity generation as is explained below. In this work, different strategies were also applied in order to improve the performance of anode materials for MFCs. The investigation of commercial carbon-based materials demonstrated that these materials, normally used for other ends are suitable electrodes for MFC and their use could reduce MFC costs and improve the energy sustainability of the process. In addition, to enhance power generation in MFC by using low-cost and commercial carbon-based materials, nitric acid activation (C-HNO3) and PANI deposition (C-PANI) were performed on commercial carbon felt (C-FELT) in order to increase the performance of MFC. Electrochemical determinations performed in batch-mode MFC reveled a strong reduction of the activation losses contribution and an important decrease of the internal resistance of the cell using C-HNO3 and C-PANI of about 2.3 and 4.4 times, respectively, with respect to C-FELT. Additionally, with the aim of solvent different MFC operational problems such as: biofouling, low surface area and large-scale MFC, an innovative three-dimensional material effectively developed and used as anode electrode. The conductive carbon-coated Berl saddles (C-SADDLES) were successfully used as anode electrode in batch-mode MFC. Electrochemical results suggested that C-SADDLES offer a low-cost solution to satisfy either electrical or bioreactor requirements, increasing the reliability of the MFC processes, and seems to be a valid candidate for scaled-up systems and for continuous mode application of MFC technology. In addition, the electrochemical performance and continuous energy production of the most promising materials obtained during this work were evaluated under continuous operation MFC in a long-term evaluation test. Remarkable results were obtained for continuous MFCs systems operated with three different anode materials: C-FELT, C-PANI and C-SADDLES. From polarization curves, the maximum power generation was obtained using C-SADDLES (102 mW•m-2) with respect to C-FELT (93 mW•m-2) and C-PANI (65 mW•m-2) after three months of operation. The highest amount of electrical energy was produced by C-PANI (1803 J) with respect to C-FELT (1664 J) and C-SADDLES (1674 J). However, it is worth to note that PANI activity was reduced during time by the operating conditions inside the anode chamber. In order to demonstrate the wide application potential MFC, this work reports on merging heterogeneous contributions and combining the advantages from three separate fields in a system which enables the ultra-low-power monitoring of a microbial fuel cell voltage status and enables pressure monitoring features of the internal conditions of a cell. The solution is conceived to provide an efficient energy source, harvesting wastewater, integrating energy management and health monitoring capabilities to sensor nodes which are not connected to the energy grid. Finally, this work presented a general concept of the integration of both devices into a hybrid device by interfacing PEC and MFC devices (denoted as PEC-MFC), which is proposed to generate electricity and hydrogen using as external bias the potential produce by microbial fuel cell
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Poulain, Raphaël Verfasser], Ulrike [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kramm, Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Klein, Joris Akademischer Betreuer] Proost, Denis [Akademischer Betreuer] Flandre, Karsten [Akademischer Betreuer] [Albe, Thierry [Akademischer Betreuer] Toupance, and Marian [Akademischer Betreuer] Chatenet. "Electronic and electrocatalytic properties of nickel oxide thin films and interfacing on silicon for water splitting devices / Raphaël Poulain ; Andreas Klein, Joris Proost, Ulrike Kramm, Denis Flandre, Karsten Albe, Thierry Toupance, Marian Chatenet." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2020. http://d-nb.info/120839309X/34.

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Poulain, Raphaël Verfasser], Ulrike [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kramm, Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Klein, Joris [Akademischer Betreuer] Proost, Denis [Akademischer Betreuer] Flandre, Karsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Albe, Thierry [Akademischer Betreuer] Toupance, and Marian [Akademischer Betreuer] Chatenet. "Electronic and electrocatalytic properties of nickel oxide thin films and interfacing on silicon for water splitting devices / Raphaël Poulain ; Andreas Klein, Joris Proost, Ulrike Kramm, Denis Flandre, Karsten Albe, Thierry Toupance, Marian Chatenet." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2020. http://d-nb.info/120839309X/34.

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Bai, Rakha. "Vertically aligned hetero-epitaxial ZnO/CdS and ZnO/PbS core /shell nanorodarrays: a platform for enhanced photoelectrochemical response of water spliting devices." Thesis, 2018. http://localhost:8080/iit/handle/2074/7753.

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Moreno, Garcia Julian. "Cylindrical Nanowires for Water Splitting and Spintronic Devices." Diss., 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/670351.

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Energy enables basic and innovative services to reach a seemingly ever-growing population and when its generation costs are reduced or when its usage is optimized it has the greatest impact on the reduction of poverty. Furthermore, there is a pressing need to decouple energy generation from non-renewable and carbon-heavy sources which has led mayor economies to increase research efforts in these areas. This thesis discusses research on water oxidation using nanostructured iron oxide electrodes and current-induced magnetic domain wall motion in nickel/cobalt bi-segmented nanowires. These two fields may seem disparate at first glance, but are linked by such common theme: materials for energy, and more precisely, materials for energy conversion and economy. The work presented in this document aims also to reflect this theme by using widely available materials like iron and aluminum, and optimizing the methods to produce the final samples using the least resources possible. All samples were prepared by electroplating metals (iron, cobalt and nickel) into anodized alumina templates fabricated inhouse. For water oxidation, iron nanorods were integrated into an electrode and annealed in air, while nickel/cobalt nanowires were isolated and contacted individually to test for spintronics-related effects. Spintronic-based devices aim to reduce energy usage in nowadays microelectronic devices. The nanostructured iron oxide electrode showed its usefulness for water oxidation in a laboratory environment, making it an appropriate complement to other electrodes specially designed for water reduction in a photoelectrochemical cell. This two-electrode design, allows for hydrogen and oxygen to be produced at each electrode and therefore eases their separate collection for, e.g., fuel or fertilizers. On the other hand, this work presents one of the first experimental demonstration of current-induced domain wall motion in soft/hard cylindrical magnetic nanowires at zero applied external magnetic field. These kinds of experiments are expected to be the first of many which will allow researchers in the field to test for spintronic-relevant properties and interactions in cylindrical magnetic nanowires.
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Books on the topic "Water spliting devices"

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Capel, Paul D. Evaluation of selected information on splitting devices for water samples. Sacramento, Calif: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Capel, Paul D. Precision of a splitting device for water samples. Sacramento, Calif: U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water spliting devices"

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Zhang, Guangye, Chen Xie, Peng You, and Shunpu Li. "Organic Photocatalysts for Water Splitting." In Introduction to Organic Electronic Devices, 221–34. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6091-8_8.

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Haussener, Sophia, Yannick Gaudy, and Saurabh Tembhurne. "Chapter 9. Modelling-derived Design Guidelines for Photo-electrochemical Devices." In Advances in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting, 239–65. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781782629863-00239.

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Gong, Jian Ru. "Graphene-Based Solar-Driven Water-Splitting Devices." In Graphene-based Energy Devices, 215–48. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527690312.ch7.

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Li, Guoqiang, and Weijia Zhou. "Carbon-based Electrocatalysts for Water-splitting." In Flexible Energy Conversion and Storage Devices, 459–83. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527342631.ch15.

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Singh, Meenesh R., Sophia Haussener, and Adam Z. Weber. "Chapter 13. Continuum-scale Modeling of Solar Water-splitting Devices." In Energy and Environment Series, 500–536. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788010313-00500.

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Sharma, Shailja, Babita Kumari, Nirupama Singh, Anuradha Verma, Vibha R. Satsangi, Sahab Dass, and Rohit Shrivastav. "Synthesis and Characterization of CuO-TiO2 Core Shell Nanocomposites for Hydrogen Generation Via Photoelectrochemical Splitting of Water." In Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 729–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03002-9_188.

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Duan, Lele, Lianpeng Tong, and Licheng Sun. "Towards the Visible Light-Driven Water Splitting Device: Ruthenium Water Oxidation Catalysts with Carboxylate-Containing Ligands." In Molecular Water Oxidation Catalysis, 51–76. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118698648.ch4.

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Jansi Rani, B., A. Anusiya, G. Ravi, and R. Yuvakkumar. "Free-Standing Bi-Induced ZrO2 Nanoflake Array Photoanodes Fabrication for Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Water Splitting Applications." In Recent Research Trends in Energy Storage Devices, 65–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6394-2_8.

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Tiwari, Udit, and Sahab Dass. "Moisture Stable Soot Coated Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Photoelectrodes for Hydrogen Production in Water." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 141–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_18.

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AbstractMetal halide perovskites have triggered a quantum leap in the photovoltaic technology marked by a humongous improvement in the device performance in a matter of just a few years. Despite their promising optoelectronic properties, their use in the photovoltaic sector remains restricted due to their inherent instability towards moisture. Here, we report a simple, cost-effective and highly efficient protection strategy that enables their use as photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production while being immersed in water. A uniform coating of candle soot and silica is developed as an efficient hydrophobic coating that protects the perovskite from water while allowing the photogenerated electrons to reach the counter electrode. We achieve remarkable stability with photocurrent density above 1.5 mA cm−2 at 1 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE) for ~1 h under constant illumination. These results indicate an efficient route for the development of stable perovskite photoelectrodes for solar water splitting.
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Bosserez, Tom, Jan Rongé, Lisa Geerts, Christos Trompoukis, and Johan A. Martens. "Integrated Solar Hydrogen Devices: Cell Design and Nanostructured Components in Liquid and Vapor-Phase Water Splitting." In Nanotechnology in Catalysis, 907–38. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527699827.ch34.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water spliting devices"

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Gokon, Nobuyuki, Tatsuya Kodama, Ayumi Nagasaki, Ko-ichi Sakai, and Tsuyoshi Hatamachi. "Ferrite-Loaded Ceramic Foam Devices Prepared by Spin-Coating Method for a Solar Two-Step Thermochemical Cycle." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90172.

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A two-step water-splitting thermochemical cycle using redox working material of iron-based oxide (ferrite) particles has been developed for converting solar energy into hydrogen. The two-step thermochemical cycle for producing a solar hydrogen from water requires a development of a high temperature solar-specific receiver-reactor operating at 1000–1500°C. In the present work, ferrite-loaded ceramic foams with a high porosity (7 cells per linear inch) were prepared as a water splitting device by applying ferrite/zirconia particles on a MgO-partially stabilized Zirconia (MPSZ) ceramic foam. The water splitting foam device was prepared using a new method of spin coating. A spin coating method we newly employed that has advantages of shortening preparation period and reducing of the coating process in comparison to previous preparation method reported. The water-splitting foam devices, thus prepared, were examined on hydrogen productivity and reactivity through a two-step thermochemical cycle. NiFe2O4/m-ZrO2/MPSZ and Fe3O4/c-YSZ/MPSZ foam devices were firstly tested for thermal reduction of ferrite using the laboratory scale receiver-reactor by a sun-simulator to simulate concentrated solar radiation. Subsequently, with another quartz reactor the light-irradiated device was reacted with steam by infrared furnace. As a result, it was possible to perform cyclic reactions over several times and to produce hydrogen through thermal-reduction at 1500°C and water-decomposition at 1100–1200°C. In further experiments, the NiFe2O4/m-ZrO2/MPSZ foam device was successfully demonstrated in a windowed single reactor for cyclic hydrogen production by solar-simulated Xebeam irradiation with input power of 1 kW. The NiFe2O4/m-ZrO2/MPSZ foam device produced hydrogen of 70–190μmol per gram of device through 6 cycles and reached ferrite conversion of 60% at a maximum.
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Ahsan, Syed Saad, and David Erickson. "Microfluidic Photocatalytic Water-Splitting Reactors." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87860.

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In this work, we present a novel microfluidic photocatalytic water-splitting reactor. Optofluidics offers advantages over conventional reactors in terms of improved photon transfer efficiency and mass transfer efficiency and are therefore the ideal platform for photocatalytic reactions. Our device is a planar optofluidic device which we used to study the kinetics of Platinum-Impregnated Titanium Oxide as the oxygen and hydrogen producing photocatalyst redox mediated by Iodide/Iodate species. We deposit our catalysts via a sol-gel method while the platinum co-catalyst is added by wet impregnation via reduction in Sodium Borohydride. The reactions are performed under a 100W Hg lamp and reaction rates are inferred by measuring the depletion of the two Iodine species via UV-vis absorption spectrophotometry. Our results indicate that reaction rates and efficiencies can be enhanced by using an optofluidic platform as opposed to the conventional slurry reactor used in previous experiments for this class of reaction. We believe that the micro-optofluidic platform of our device offers the benefit of measuring the kinetic properties of these class of reactions quickly and cheaply for the goals of further optimization.
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Zhang, Xinzheng, Nickolai V. Kukhtarev, Tatiana Kukhtareva, Anatoliy Glushchenko, Jiayi Wang, and Yuriy Garrbovskiy. "Photogalvanic effect for water splitting by pulsed electrolysis enhanced by magnetic fields." In Photonic Fiber and Crystal Devices: Advances in Materials and Innovations in Device Applications XII, edited by Shizhuo Yin and Ruyan Guo. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2320702.

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Zutter, Brian, Zejie Chen, Luisa Barrera, Aliya Lapp, Akihiko Kudo, Dan V. Esposito, Rohini Bala Chandran, Shane Ardo, and A. Alec T. Talin. "Charge transport in single particle SrTiO3 photocatalysts for water splitting." In Low-Dimensional Materials and Devices 2022, edited by Nobuhiko P. Kobayashi, A. Alec Talin, Albert V. Davydov, and M. Saif Islam. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2636984.

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Kodama, Tatsuya, Tomoki Hasegawa, Ayumi Nagasaki, and Nobuyuki Gokon. "Reactive Fe-YSZ Coated Foam Devices for Solar Two-Step Water Splitting." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36060.

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A thermochemical two-step water splitting cycle using a redox system of iron-based oxides or ferrites is one of the promising processes for converting solar energy into clean hydrogen in sunbelt regions. An iron-containing YSZ (Yttrium-Stabilized Zirconia) or Fe-YSZ is a promising working redox material for the two-step water splitting cycle. The Fe2+ YSZ is formed by a high-temperature reaction between YSZ, and Fe3O4 supported on the YSZ at 1400°C in an inert atmosphere. The Fe2+-YSZ reacts with steam and generate hydrogen at 1000–1100°C, to form Fe3+-YSZ that is re-activated by a thermal reduction in a separate step at temperatures above 1400°C under an inert atmosphere. In the present work, a ceramic foam coated with the Fe-YSZ particles is examined as the thermochemical water splitting device for use in a solardirectly-irradiated receiver/reactor system. The Fe-YSZ particles were coated on an Mg-partially-stabilized zirconia foam disk and the foam device was tested on the two-step water splitting cycle being performed alternately at temperatures between 1100 and 1400°C. The foam device was irradiated by concentrated visible light from a sun-simulator at the peak flux density of 1000 kW/m2 and the average flux density of 470 kW/m2 in a N2 gas stream, and then, was reacted with steam at 1100°C while heating by an infrared furnace. Hydrogen successfully continued to be produced in the repeated cycles.
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Ohmi, K., K. Sakaguchi, K. Yanagita, H. Kurisu, H. Suzuki, and T. Yonehara. "Water Jet Splitting of Thin Porous Si for ELTRAN." In 1999 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.1999.b-10-2.

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Liu, R. S. "Quantum Dots Sensitized ZnO Nanowires-array Photoelectrodes for Water Splitting." In 2013 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2013.p-5-1.

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Mikolasek, M., F. Chymo, K. Frohlich, K. Husekova, P. Ondrejka, J. Racko, I. Hotovy, J. Breza, and L. Harmatha. "MIS Structures with Ruo2 Schottky Contact for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting." In 2018 12th International Conference on Advanced Semiconductor Devices and Microsystems (ASDAM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asdam.2018.8544591.

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Hannappel, Thomas, Ohlmann Jens, Agnieszka Paszuk, Hans-Joachim Lewerenz, Matthias M. May, Lara Eggert, Supplie Oliver, et al. "Epitaxial Si-based Tandem Device Structures for Efficient Solar Water Splitting." In nanoGe Fall Meeting 2019. València: Fundació Scito, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.ngfm.2019.280.

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Hannappel, Thomas, Ohlmann Jens, Agnieszka Paszuk, Hans-Joachim Lewerenz, Matthias M. May, Lara Eggert, Supplie Oliver, et al. "Epitaxial Si-based Tandem Device Structures for Efficient Solar Water Splitting." In nanoGe Fall Meeting 2019. València: Fundació Scito, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2019.280.

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Reports on the topic "Water spliting devices"

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Garfunkel, Eric, and Charles Dismukes. Platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) integrated tandem junction photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting devices - Final Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1971134.

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2

Evaluation of selected information on splitting devices for water samples. US Geological Survey, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri954141.

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